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F-waves induced by motor point stimulation are facilitated during handgrip and motor imagery tasks. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:527-537. [PMID: 36622384 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The F-wave is a motor response elicited via the antidromic firings of motor nerves by the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, which reflects the motoneuron pool excitability. However, the F-wave generally has low robustness i.e., low persistence and small amplitude. We recently found that motor point stimulation (MPS), which provides the muscle belly with electrical stimulation, shows different neural responses compared to nerve stimulation, e.g., MPS elicits F-waves more robustly than nerve stimulation. Here, we investigated whether F-waves induced by MPS can identify changes in motoneuron pool excitability during handgrip and motor imagery. Twelve participants participated in the present study. We applied MPS on their soleus muscle and recorded F-waves during eyes-open (EO), eyes-closed (EC), handgrip (HG), and motor imagery (MI) conditions. In the EO and EC conditions, participants relaxed with their eyes open and closed, respectively. In the HG, participants matched the handgrip force level to 30% of the maximum voluntary force with visual feedback. In the MI, they performed kinesthetic MI of plantarflexion at the maximal strength with closed eyes. In the HG and MI, the amplitudes of the F-waves induced by MPS were increased compared with those in the EO and EC, respectively. These results indicate that the motoneuron pool excitability was facilitated during the HG and MI conditions, consistent with findings in previous studies. Our findings suggest that F-waves elicited by MPS can be a good tool in human neurophysiology to assess the motoneuron pool excitability during cognitive and motor tasks.
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2
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Kato T, Kaneko N, Sasaki A, Endo N, Yuasa A, Milosevic M, Watanabe K, Nakazawa K. Corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limb muscle during upper limb voluntary or electrically induced muscle contractions. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1810-1824. [PMID: 35274383 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural interactions between upper and lower limbs underlie motor coordination in humans. Specifically, upper limb voluntary muscle contraction can facilitate spinal and corticospinal excitability of the lower limb muscles. However, little remains known on the involvement of somatosensory information in arm-leg neural interactions. Here, we investigated effects of voluntary and electrically induced wrist flexion on corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs. In Experiment 1, we measured transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the resting soleus (SOL) muscle at rest or during voluntary or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-induced wrist flexion. The wrist flexion force was matched to 10% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). We found that SOL MEPs were significantly increased during voluntary, but not NMES-induced, wrist flexion, compared to the rest (P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, we examined somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following tibial nerve stimulation under the same conditions. The results showed that SEPs were unchanged during both voluntary and NMES-induced wrist flexion. In Experiment 3, we examined the modulation of SEPs during 10%, 20%, and 30% MVC voluntary wrist flexion. During 30% MVC voluntary wrist flexion, P50-N70 SEP component was significantly attenuated compared to the rest (P = 0.003). Our results propose that the somatosensory information generated by NMES-induced upper limb muscle contractions may have a limited effect on corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs. However, voluntary wrist flexion modulated corticospinal excitability and somatosensory information processing of the lower limbs via motor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Endo
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yuasa
- Department of rehabilitation medicine I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Intra-limb modulations of posterior root-muscle reflexes evoked from the lower-limb muscles during isometric voluntary contractions. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3035-3043. [PMID: 34363090 PMCID: PMC8536641 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although voluntary muscle contraction modulates spinal reflex excitability of contracted muscles and other muscles located at other segments within a limb (i.e., intra-limb modulation), to what extent corticospinal pathways are involved in intra-limb modulation of spinal reflex circuits remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify differences in the involvement of corticospinal pathways in intra-limb modulation of spinal reflex circuits among lower-limb muscles during voluntary contractions. Ten young males performed isometric plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion, knee extension, and knee flexion at 10% of each maximal torque. Electromyographic activity was recorded from soleus, tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles. Motor evoked potentials and posterior root-muscle reflexes during rest and isometric contractions were elicited from the lower-limb muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation, respectively. Motor evoked potential and posterior root-muscle reflex amplitudes of soleus during knee extension were significantly increased compared to rest. The motor evoked potential amplitude of biceps femoris during dorsi-flexion was significantly increased, whereas the posterior root-muscle reflex amplitude of biceps femoris during dorsi-flexion was significantly decreased compared to rest. These results suggest that corticospinal and spinal reflex excitabilities of soleus are facilitated during knee extension, whereas intra-limb modulation of biceps femoris during dorsi-flexion appeared to be inverse between corticospinal and spinal reflex circuits.
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4
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de Souza BC, Carteri RB, Lopes AL, Teixeira BC. Teeth clenching can modify the muscle contraction strength of the lower or upper limbs: systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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5
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Sasada S, Tazoe T, Nakajima T, Omori S, Futatsubashi G, Komiyama T. Arm cycling increases the short-latency reflex from ankle dorsiflexor afferents to knee extensor muscles. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:110-119. [PMID: 33146064 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00299.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) evokes a short latency reflex in the heteronymous knee extensor muscles (referred to as the CPN reflex). The CPN reflex is facilitated at a heel strike during walking, contributing to body weight support. However, the origin of the CPN reflex increase during walking remains unclear. We speculate that this increase originates from multiple sources due to a body of evidence suggesting the presence of neural coupling between the arms and legs. Therefore, we investigated the extent to which the CPN reflex is modulated during rhythmic arm cycling. Twenty-eight subjects sat in an armchair and were asked to perform arm cycling at a moderate cadence using a stationary ergometer while performing isometric contraction of the knee extensors, such that the CPN reflex was evoked. The CPN reflex was evoked by stimulating the CPN [0.9-2.0× the motor threshold (MT) in the tibialis anterior muscle] at the level of the neck of the fibula. The CPN-reflex amplitude was measured from the vastus lateralis (VL). The biphasic reflex response in the VL was evoked within 27-45 ms following CPN stimulation. The amplitude of the CPN reflex increased during arm cycling compared with that before cycling. The modulation of the CPN reflex during arm cycling was detected only for CPN stimulation intensity around 1.2× MT. Furthermore, CPN-reflex modulation was not observed during the isometric contraction of the arm or passive arm cycling. Our results suggest the presence of neural coupling between the CPN-reflex pathways and neural systems generating locomotive arm movement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether locomotive arm movements contribute to the control of the reflex pathway from ankle dorsiflexor afferents to knee extensor muscles [common peroneal nerve (CPN)-reflex] is an unresolved issue. The CPN reflex in the stationary leg was facilitated only by arm cycling, and not by passive or isometric motor tasks. Our results suggest that the arm locomotor system modulates the reflex pathway from ankle dorsiflexor afferents to the knee extensor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syusaku Sasada
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Sagami Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Health and Sport Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tazoe
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Graduate School of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Health and Sport Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Sasaki A, Kaneko N, Masugi Y, Milosevic M, Nakazawa K. Interlimb neural interactions in corticospinal and spinal reflex circuits during preparation and execution of isometric elbow flexion. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:652-667. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00705.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that upper limb muscle contractions facilitated corticospinal circuits controlling lower limb muscles even during motor preparation, whereas motor execution of the task was required to facilitate spinal circuits. We also found that facilitation did not depend on whether contralateral or ipsilateral hands were contracted or if they were contracted bilaterally. Overall, these findings suggest that training of unaffected upper limbs may be useful to enhance facilitation of affected lower limbs in paraplegic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Kato T, Sasaki A, Yokoyama H, Milosevic M, Nakazawa K. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary commands on the spinal reflex excitability of remote limb muscles. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3195-3205. [PMID: 31602493 PMCID: PMC6882749 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that contracting the upper limbs can affect spinal reflexes of the lower limb muscle, via intraneuronal networks within the central nervous system. However, it remains unknown whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which can generate muscle contractions without central commands from the cortex, can also play a role in such inter-limb facilitation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of unilateral upper limb contractions using NMES and voluntary unilateral upper limb contractions on the inter-limb spinal reflex facilitation in the lower limb muscles. Spinal reflex excitability was assessed using transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to elicit responses bilaterally in multiple lower limb muscles, including ankle and thigh muscles. Five interventions were applied on the right wrist flexors for 70 s: (1) sensory-level NMES; (2) motor-level NMES; (3) voluntary contraction; (4) voluntary contraction and sensory-level NMES; (5) voluntary contraction and motor-level NMES. Results showed that spinal reflex excitability of ankle muscles was facilitated bilaterally during voluntary contraction of the upper limb unilaterally and that voluntary contraction with motor-level NMES had similar effects as just contracting voluntarily. Meanwhile, motor-level NMES facilitated contralateral thigh muscles, and sensory-level NMES had no effect. Overall, our results suggest that inter-limb facilitation effect of spinal reflex excitability in lower limb muscles depends, to a larger extent, on the presence of the central commands from the cortex during voluntary contractions. However, peripheral input generated by muscle contractions using NMES might have effects on the spinal reflex excitability of inter-limb muscles via spinal intraneuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yokoyama
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, ON, M4G 3V9, Canada
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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8
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Masugi Y, Sasaki A, Kaneko N, Nakazawa K. Remote muscle contraction enhances spinal reflexes in multiple lower-limb muscles elicited by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1793-1803. [PMID: 31053895 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a useful technique for the clinical assessment of neurological disorders. However, the characteristics of the spinal cord circuits activated by tSCS are not yet fully understood. In this study, we examined whether remote muscle contraction enhances the spinal reflexes evoked by tSCS in multiple lower-limb muscles. Eight healthy men participated in the current experiment, which required them to grip a dynamometer as fast as possible after the presentation of an auditory cue. Spinal reflexes were evoked in multiple lower-limb muscles with different time intervals (50-400 ms) after the auditory signals. The amplitudes of the spinal reflexes in all the recorded leg muscles significantly increased at 50-250 ms after remote muscle activation onset. This suggests that remote muscle contraction simultaneously facilitates the spinal reflexes in multiple lower-limb muscles. In addition, eight healthy men performed five different tasks (i.e., rest, hand grip, pinch grip, elbow flexion, and shoulder flexion). Compared to control values recorded just before each task, the spinal reflexes evoked at 250 ms after the auditory signals were significantly enhanced by the above tasks except for the rest task. This indicates that such facilitatory effects are also induced by remote muscle contractions in different upper-limb areas. The present results demonstrate the existence of a neural interaction between remote upper-limb muscles and spinal reflex circuits activated by tSCS in multiple lower-limb muscles. The combination of tSCS and remote muscle contraction may be useful for the neurological examination of spinal cord circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Masugi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Tokyo International University, 2509 Matoba, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-1198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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9
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Sasaki A, Milosevic M, Sekiguchi H, Nakazawa K. Evidence for existence of trunk-limb neural interaction in the corticospinal pathway. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:31-36. [PMID: 29309857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, trunk muscles have an essential role in postural control as well as walking. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interaction with different muscles, especially related to how trunk muscles interact with the limbs. Contraction of muscles can modulate the corticospinal excitability not only of the contracted muscle, but also of other muscles even in the remote segments of the body. However, "remote effect" mechanism has only been examined for inter-limb interactions. The aim of our current study was to test if there are trunk-limb interactions in the corticospinal pathways. We examined corticospinal excitability of: (a) trunk muscles at rest when hands, legs and jaw muscles were contracted and; (b) hand, leg, and jaw muscles at rest when trunk muscles were contracted. We measured motor evoked potentials elicited using transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rectus abdominis, flexor digitorum superficialis, masseter, tibialis anterior muscles under the following experimental conditions: (1) participants remained relaxed (Rest); (2) during trunk contraction (Trunk); (3) during bilateral hand clenching (Hands); (4) during jaw clenching (Jaw); and (5) during bilateral ankle dorsiflexion (Legs). Each condition was performed at three different stimulation intensities and conditions were randomized between participants. We found that voluntary contraction of trunk muscle facilitated the corticospinal excitability of upper-limb and lower-limb muscles during rest state. Furthermore, voluntary contraction of upper-limb muscle also facilitated the corticospinal excitability of trunk muscles during rest state. Overall, these results suggest the existence of trunk-limb interaction in the corticospinal pathway, which is likely depended on proximity of the trunk and limb representation in the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sekiguchi
- Sports & Health Management Program, Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, 634-1 Toyazukamachi, Isesaki, Gunma, 372-8588, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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10
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Does spinal excitability scale to the difficulty of the dual-task? Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1629-1640. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Tazoe T, Komiyama T. Interlimb neural interactions in the corticospinal pathways. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gallegos BG, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Galpin AJ, Cazas VL. No effect of a single remote voluntary contraction on performance in women soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 27:416-20. [PMID: 23222074 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827de1b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Remote voluntary contractions (RVCs) are defined as muscle contractions remote from, yet concurrent with, the prime mover. Previous studies suggest this phenomenon may produce an ergogenic effect on performance. Currently, little research has examined the effects of a single RVC on complex performance in women athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of RVC on kick velocity and throw-in velocity in women soccer players. Fourteen women with competitive soccer experience in the past 2 years participated. Subjects performed 3 maximal effort kicks and 3 maximal effort throw-ins with and without RVC. The RVC condition consisted of maximal jaw clenching on a mouth guard during the concentric phase of each kick and each throw-in. During the control condition (CON), subjects were instructed to keep their mouths open, and no mouth guards were used. Analyses demonstrated RVC had no effect on kick velocity (CON: 65.65 ± 8.38 km·hr(-1), RVC: 66.90 ± 9.40 km·hr(-1) or throw-in velocity (CON: 49.55 ± 5.65 km·hr(-1), RVC: 49.31 ± 3.81 km·hr(-1)). In conclusion, RVC via jaw clenching does not appear to enhance or negate kick or throw-in velocity in women soccer players. Therefore, athletes and coaches may choose to use mouth guards as they see fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna G Gallegos
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, Human Performance Laboratory, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
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13
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The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on vibratory-induced presynaptic inhibition of the soleus H reflex. Exp Brain Res 2012; 220:223-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Cherry EA, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Noffal GJ. Effect of Remote Voluntary Contractions on Knee Extensor Torque and Rate of Velocity Development. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2564-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e7f961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Tazoe T, Sakamoto M, Nakajima T, Endoh T, Shiozawa S, Komiyama T. Remote facilitation of supraspinal motor excitability depends on the level of effort. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1297-305. [PMID: 19769593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stretch reflexes and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) of a muscle are facilitated when performing intensive contraction of muscles located in a different segment (remote effect). We investigated to what extent the remote effect on MEPs in the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) in humans is modulated during sustained maximal and submaximal voluntary contractions of the ipsilateral quadriceps (remote muscle). We found that even when the force of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the remote muscle declined during sustained MVC, the magnitude of the remote effect on MEPs remained constant. Maximal electrical stimulation of the remote muscle and transcranial magnetic stimulation of the corresponding motor cortex revealed that the level of voluntary activation gradually decreased during the sustained MVC. The motor response in the FCR following magnetic stimulation at the level of the foramen magnum, which preferentially elicits muscle response as a direct response of the corticospinal tract, was not modified by the remote effect during the sustained MVC. This finding suggested that the excitability of the spinal motoneuron pool remained constant. In contrast to the sustained MVC, during sustained submaximal contraction of the remote muscle, the magnitude of the remote effect on MEPs gradually increased as muscle fatigue developed. These findings suggest that the remote effect on MEPs was dependent on the level of effort driving the remote muscle, but not on the actual level of force output of the remote muscle, and that the origin of the remote effect was supraspinal, putatively upstream of the primary motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Division of Health and Sport Education, United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Nardone A, Schieppati M. Inhibitory effect of the Jendrassik maneuver on the stretch reflex. Neuroscience 2008; 156:607-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Nakajima T, Kamibayashi K, Takahashi M, Komiyama T, Akai M, Nakazawa K. Load-related modulation of cutaneous reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle during passive walking in humans. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1566-76. [PMID: 18364029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although cutaneous reflexes are known to be strongly modulated in a phase-dependent manner during walking in both human and cat, it is not clear whether the movement-related or the load-sensitive afferent feedback plays a more important role in regulating this modulation. To address this issue in humans, we investigated modulation of the cutaneous reflex in the tibialis anterior muscles (TA) of 17 subjects during passive walking with a load (0%, 33%, 66% unloading of body weight) and without a load (100% unloading). These walking tasks were performed passively with a robotic gait trainer system. Cutaneous reflexes in TA, elicited by electrical stimulation to the distal tibial (Tib) and superficial peroneal (SP) nerves, were recorded during 10 different phases of the walking cycle, and the middle latency responses (MLR, 70-120 ms) were analysed. During loaded walking, the magnitudes of the MLR induced by Tib nerve stimulation were strongly increased during the late stance-to-early swing phase irrespective of the amount of load (phase modulation), a phenomenon that also occurred without background electromyogram in the TA. Predominant suppression of the MLR following SP nerve stimulation at the early stance phase changed to facilitation at the late stance. By contrast, the MLR following either Tib or SP nerve stimulation was not at all modulated by the stepping phase during both unloaded walking (100% unloading) and standing. These results suggest that phasic changes in the load-related afferent information in concert with rhythmic lower limb movement play a key role in modulating cutaneous reflexes during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Motor Control Section, Department of Rehabilitation for the Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan.
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Tazoe T, Sakamoto M, Nakajima T, Endoh T, Komiyama T. Effects of remote muscle contraction on transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potentials and silent periods in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1204-12. [PMID: 17449319 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine to what extent tonic contraction of the testing muscle modulates the effect of remote muscle contraction on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) in resting and active proximal and distal muscles following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In addition, we tested whether the remote effect on MEP was observable when the test MEP was small. METHODS While performing tonic abductions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), flexor carpi radialis, or anterior deltoid muscles, subjects made phasic dorsiflexions of the right ankle at various forces. MEPs and CSPs were induced by separately optimized TMS intensities and locations in the left motor cortex and recorded electromyographically. RESULTS Phasic dorsiflexion increased MEP amplitude and shortened CSP duration in a dorsiflexion intensity-dependent manner in all muscles tested. At test MEPs <10% of Mmax, remote effects on MEP amplitude and CSP duration were significantly attenuated while the testing muscle was active. CONCLUSIONS Phasic contraction of remote muscles potentiates excitatory- and suppresses inhibitory intracortical neuronal pathways converging on corticospinal tract cells innervating the upper limb muscles even when they are active. However, the magnitude of the remote effect on MEP amplitude strongly depends on the test MEP amplitude. SIGNIFICANCE Although remote effects on MEP amplitude and CSP duration are observed even when the test muscle is active, the magnitude of the remote effect strongly depends on TMS intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Division of Health and Sport Education, United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Chiba, Japan
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Tazoe T, Endoh T, Nakajima T, Sakamoto M, Komiyama T. Disinhibition of upper limb motor area by voluntary contraction of the lower limb muscle. Exp Brain Res 2006; 177:419-30. [PMID: 16977446 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that monosynaptic spinal reflexes and motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are reinforced during phasic and intensive voluntary contraction in the remote segment (remote effect). However, the remote effect on the cortical silent period (CSP) is less known. The purpose of the present study is to determine to what extent the CSP in the intrinsic hand muscle following TMS is modified by voluntary ankle dorsiflexion and to elucidate the origin of the modulation of CSP by the remote effect. CSP was recorded in the right first dorsal interosseous while subjects performed phasic dorsiflexion in the ipsilateral side under self-paced and reaction-time conditions. Modulation of the peripherally-induced silent period (PSP) induced by electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve was also investigated under the same conditions. In addition, modulation of the CSP was investigated during ischemic nerve block of the lower limb and during application of vibration to the tibialis anterior tendon. The duration of CSP was significantly shortened by phasic dorsiflexion, and the extent of shortening was proportional to dorsiflexion force. Shortening of the CSP duration was also observed during tonic dorsiflexion. In contrast, the PSP duration following ulnar nerve stimulation was not altered during phasic dorsiflexion. Furthermore, the remote effect on the CSP duration was seen during ischemic nerve block of the lower limb and the pre-movement period in the reaction-time paradigm, but shortening of the CSP was not observed during tendon vibration. These findings suggest that phasic muscle contraction in the remote segment results in a decrease in intracortical inhibitory pathways to the corticospinal tract innervating the muscle involved in reflex testing and that the remote effect on the CSP is predominantly cortical in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tazoe
- Division of Health and Sport Education, United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba City 263-8522, Japan.
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