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McClean N, Hasday JD, Shapiro P. Progress in the development of kinase inhibitors for treating asthma and COPD. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 98:145-178. [PMID: 37524486 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies to mitigate inflammatory responses involved in airway remodeling and associated pathological features of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are limited and largely ineffective. Inflammation and the release of cytokines and growth factors activate kinase signaling pathways that mediate changes in airway mesenchymal cells such as airway smooth muscle cells and lung fibroblasts. Proliferative and secretory changes in mesenchymal cells exacerbate the inflammatory response and promote airway remodeling, which is often characterized by increased airway smooth muscle mass, airway hyperreactivity, increased mucus secretion, and lung fibrosis. Thus, inhibition of relevant kinases has been viewed as a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate the debilitating and, thus far, irreversible airway remodeling that occurs in asthma and COPD. Despite FDA approval of several kinase inhibitors for the treatment of proliferative disorders, such as cancer and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis, none of these drugs have been approved to treat asthma or COPD. This review will provide a brief overview of the role kinases play in the pathology of asthma and COPD and an update on the status of kinase inhibitors currently in clinical trials for the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, potential issues associated with the current kinase inhibitors, which have limited their success as therapeutic agents in treating asthma or COPD, and alternative approaches to target kinase functions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel McClean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeffery D Hasday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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2
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Begg M, Amour A, Jarvis E, Tang T, Franco SS, Want A, Beerahee M, Fernando D, Karkera Y, Sander C, Southworth T, Singh D, Clark J, Nejentsev S, Okkenhaug K, Condliffe A, Chandra A, Cahn A, Hall EB. An open label trial of nemiralisib, an inhaled PI3 kinase delta inhibitor for the treatment of Activated PI3 kinase Delta Syndrome. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 79:102201. [PMID: 36841351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS) is a rare inherited inborn error of immunity caused by mutations that constitutively activate the p110 delta isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kδ), resulting in recurring pulmonary infections. Currently no licensed therapies are available. Here we report the results of an open-label trial in which five subjects were treated for 12 weeks with nemiralisib, an inhaled inhibitor of PI3Kδ, to determine safety, systemic exposure, together with lung and systemic biomarker profiles (Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT02593539). Induced sputum was captured to measure changes in phospholipids and inflammatory mediators, and blood samples were collected to assess pharmacokinetics of nemiralisib, and systemic biomarkers. Nemiralisib was shown to have an acceptable safety and tolerability profile, with cough being the most common adverse event, and no severe adverse events reported during the study. No meaningful changes in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3; the enzyme product of PI3Kδ) or downstream inflammatory markers in induced sputum, were observed following nemiralisib treatment. Similarly, there were no meaningful changes in blood inflammatory markers, or lymphocytes subsets. Systemic levels of nemiralisib were higher in subjects in this study compared to previous observations. While nemiralisib had an acceptable safety profile, there was no convincing evidence of target engagement in the lung following inhaled dosing and no downstream effects observed in either the lung or blood compartments. We speculate that this could be explained by nemiralisib not being retained in the lung for sufficient duration, suggested by the increased systemic exposure, perhaps due to pre-existing structural lung damage. In this study investigating a small number of subjects with APDS, nemiralisib appeared to be safe and well-tolerated. However, data from this study do not support the hypothesis that inhaled treatment with nemiralisib would benefit patients with APDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Begg
- Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK.
| | - Augustin Amour
- Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Emily Jarvis
- Clinical Statistics, Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Teresa Tang
- Global Medical Safety, Development, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK House, London, UK
| | - Sara Santos Franco
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Want
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Misba Beerahee
- Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Disala Fernando
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yakshitha Karkera
- Clinical Statistics, Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Prestige Trade Tower, Palace Road, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Thomas Southworth
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony Cahn
- Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Edward Banham Hall
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Novel Immunomodulatory Therapies for Respiratory Pathologies. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8238403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Fahy WA, Homayoun-Valiani F, Cahn A, Robertson J, Templeton A, Meeraus WH, Wilson R, Lowings M, Marotti M, West SL, Tabberer M, Hessel EM. Nemiralisib in Patients with an Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1637-1646. [PMID: 34113095 PMCID: PMC8184152 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s309320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is sometimes inadequate leading to either prolonged duration and/or an increased risk of recurrent exacerbations in the period following the initial event. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled nemiralisib, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ inhibitor, in patients experiencing an acute exacerbation of COPD. Patients and Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, COPD patients (40-80 years, ≥10 pack-year smoking history, current moderate/severe acute exacerbation of COPD requiring standard-of-care treatment) were randomized to placebo or nemiralisib 12.5 µg, 50 µg, 100 µg, 250 µg, 500 µg, or 750 µg (ratio of 3:1:1:1:1:1:3; N=938) for 12 weeks with an exploratory 12-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in post-bronchodilator FEV1 at week 12. Key secondary endpoints were rate of re-exacerbations, patient-reported outcomes (Exacerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool, COPD Assessment Test, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire-COPD), plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety/tolerability. Results There was no difference in change from baseline FEV1 at week 12 between the nemiralisib and placebo treatment groups (posterior adjusted median difference, nemiralisib 750 µg and placebo: -0.004L (95% CrI: -0.051L to 0.042L)). Overall, there were also no differences between nemiralisib and placebo in secondary endpoints, including re-exacerbations. Plasma PK increased in a dose proportional manner. The most common adverse event for nemiralisib was post-inhalation cough which appeared to be dose-related. Conclusion The addition of nemiralisib to standard-of-care treatment for 12 weeks did not improve lung function or re-exacerbations in patients with, and following an acute exacerbation of COPD. However, this study demonstrated that large clinical trials recruiting acutely exacerbating patients can successfully be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Fahy
- Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | | | - Anthony Cahn
- Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | - Wilhelmine H Meeraus
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | | | - Mike Lowings
- Regulatory Affairs, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | - Miriam Marotti
- Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | - Sarah L West
- Global Clinical Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | - Maggie Tabberer
- Value Evidence and Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, GSK House, Brentford, UK
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
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Baloira A, Abad A, Fuster A, García Rivero JL, García-Sidro P, Márquez-Martín E, Palop M, Soler N, Velasco JL, González-Torralba F. Lung Deposition and Inspiratory Flow Rate in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Using Different Inhalation Devices: A Systematic Literature Review and Expert Opinion. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1021-1033. [PMID: 33907390 PMCID: PMC8064620 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s297980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to describe: 1) lung deposition and inspiratory flow rate; 2) main characteristics of inhaler devices in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyze the features and results of inhaler devices in COPD patients. These devices included pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and a soft mist inhaler (SMI). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, as well as search strategies (Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to April 2019). In vitro and in vivo studies were included. Two reviewers selected articles, collected and analyzed data independently. Narrative searches complemented the SLR. We discussed the results of the reviews in a nominal group meeting and agreed on various general principles and recommendations. RESULTS The SLR included 71 articles, some were of low-moderate quality, and there was great variability regarding populations and outcomes. Lung deposition rates varied across devices: 8%-53% for pMDIs, 7%-69% for DPIs, and 39%-67% for the SMI. The aerosol exit velocity was high with pMDIs (more than 3 m/s), while it is much slower (0.84-0.72 m/s) with the SMI. In general, pMDIs produce large-sized particles (1.22-8 μm), DPIs produce medium-sized particles (1.8-4.8 µm), and 60% of the particles reach an aerodynamic diameter <5 μm with the SMI. All inhalation devices reach central and peripheral lung regions, but the SMI distribution pattern might be better compared with pMDIs. DPIs' intrinsic resistance is higher than that of pMDIs and SMI, which are relatively similar and low. Depending on the DPI, the minimum flow inspiratory rate required was 30 L/min. pMDIs and SMI did not require a high inspiratory flow rate. CONCLUSION Lung deposition and inspiratory flow rate are key factors when selecting an inhalation device in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Baloira
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Antonia Fuster
- Hospital Unvidersitario Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | - Eduardo Márquez-Martín
- Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - J L Velasco
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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Xu Y, Thakur A, Zhang Y, Foged C. Inhaled RNA Therapeutics for Obstructive Airway Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020177. [PMID: 33525500 PMCID: PMC7912103 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive airway diseases, e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, represent leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the efficacy of currently available inhaled therapeutics is not sufficient for arresting disease progression and decreasing mortality, hence providing an urgent need for development of novel therapeutics. Local delivery to the airways via inhalation is promising for novel drugs, because it allows for delivery directly to the target site of action and minimizes systemic drug exposure. In addition, novel drug modalities like RNA therapeutics provide entirely new opportunities for highly specific treatment of airway diseases. Here, we review state of the art of conventional inhaled drugs used for the treatment of COPD and asthma with focus on quality attributes of inhaled medicines, and we outline the therapeutic potential and safety of novel drugs. Subsequently, we present recent advances in manufacturing of thermostable solid dosage forms for pulmonary administration, important quality attributes of inhalable dry powder formulations, and obstacles for the translation of inhalable solid dosage forms to the clinic. Delivery challenges for inhaled RNA therapeutics and delivery technologies used to overcome them are also discussed. Finally, we present future prospects of novel inhaled RNA-based therapeutics for treatment of obstructive airways diseases, and highlight major knowledge gaps, which require further investigation to advance RNA-based medicine towards the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.X.); (A.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.X.); (A.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yibang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.X.); (A.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (Y.X.); (A.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3533-6402
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7
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Bheemanaboina RR. Isoform-Selective PI3K Inhibitors for Various Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1074-1092. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200106141717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of ubiquitously distributed lipid kinases that
control a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Over the years, PI3K has emerged as an attractive
target for the development of novel pharmaceuticals to treat cancer and various other diseases.
In the last five years, four of the PI3K inhibitors viz. Idelalisib, Copanlisib, Duvelisib, and Alpelisib
were approved by the FDA for the treatment of different types of cancer and several other PI3K inhibitors
are currently under active clinical development. So far clinical candidates are non-selective kinase
inhibitors with various off-target liabilities due to cross-reactivities. Hence, there is a need for the discovery
of isoform-selective inhibitors with improved efficacy and fewer side-effects. The development
of isoform-selective inhibitors is essential to reveal the unique functions of each isoform and its corresponding
therapeutic potential. Although the clinical effect and relative benefit of pan and isoformselective
inhibition will ultimately be determined, with the development of drug resistance and the demand
for next-generation inhibitors, it will continue to be of great significance to understand the potential
mechanism of isoform-selectivity. Because of the important role of type I PI3K family members in
various pathophysiological processes, isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors may ultimately have considerable
efficacy in a wide range of human diseases. This review summarizes the progress of isoformselective
PI3K inhibitors in preclinical and early clinical studies for anticancer and other various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rammohan R.Y. Bheemanaboina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sokol Institute for Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
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8
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Defnet AE, Hasday JD, Shapiro P. Kinase inhibitors in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:11-18. [PMID: 32361678 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are major causes of death and reduced quality of life. Characteristic of chronic pulmonary disease is excessive lung inflammation that occurs in response to exposure to inhaled irritants, chemicals, and allergens. Chronic inflammation leads to remodeling of the airways that includes excess mucus secretion, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and fibrosis. Protein kinases have been implicated in mediating inflammatory signals and airway remodeling associated with reduced lung function in chronic pulmonary disease. This review will highlight the role of protein kinases in the lung during chronic inflammation and examine opportunities to use protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Defnet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Jeffery D Hasday
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States.
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9
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Patel A, Wilson R, Harrell AW, Taskar KS, Taylor M, Tracey H, Riddell K, Georgiou A, Cahn AP, Marotti M, Hessel EM. Drug Interactions for Low-Dose Inhaled Nemiralisib: A Case Study Integrating Modeling, In Vitro, and Clinical Investigations. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:307-316. [PMID: 32009006 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro data for low-dose inhaled phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitor nemiralisib revealed that it was a substrate and a potent metabolism-dependent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. An integrated in silico, in vitro, and clinical approach including a clinical drug interaction study as well as a bespoke physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to assess the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. Inhaled nemiralisib (100 µg, single dose) was coadministered with itraconazole, a potent P4503A4/P-gp inhibitor, following 200 mg daily administrations for 10 days in 20 male healthy subjects. Systemic exposure to nemiralisib (AUC0-inf) increased by 2.01-fold versus nemiralisib alone. To extrapolate the clinical data to other P4503A4 inhibitors, an inhaled PBPK model was developed using Simcyp software. Retrospective simulation of the victim risk showed good agreement between simulated and observed data (AUC0-inf ratio 2.3 vs. 2.01, respectively). Prospective DDI simulations predicted a weak but manageable drug interaction when nemiralisib was coadministered with other P4503A4 inhibitors, such as the macrolides clarithromycin and erythromycin (simulated AUC0-inf ratio of 1.7), both common comedications in the intended patient populations. PBPK and static mechanistic models were also used to predict a negligible perpetrator DDI effect for nemiralisib on other P4503A4 substrates, including midazolam (a sensitive probe substrate of P4503A4) and theophylline (a narrow therapeutic index drug and another common comedication). In summary, an integrated in silico, in vitro, and clinical approach including an inhalation PBPK model has successfully discharged any potential patient DDI risks in future nemiralisib clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This paper describes the integration of in silico, in vitro, and clinical data to successfully discharge potential drug-drug interaction risks for a low-dose inhaled drug. This work featured assessment of victim and perpetrator risks of drug transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes, utilizing empirical and mechanistic approaches combined with clinical data (drug interaction and human absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches to facilitate bespoke risk assessment in target patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Patel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Robert Wilson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Andrew W Harrell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Maxine Taylor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Helen Tracey
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Kylie Riddell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Alex Georgiou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Anthony P Cahn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Miriam Marotti
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.P., A.W.H., K.S.T., M.T., H.T.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom (R.W.); Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (A.P.C.); Safety and Medical Governance, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (M.M.); and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.)
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10
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Harrell AW, Wilson R, Man YL, Riddell K, Jarvis E, Young G, Chambers R, Crossman L, Georgiou A, Pereira A, Kenworthy D, Beaumont C, Marotti M, Wilkes D, Hessel EM, Fahy WA. An Innovative Approach to Characterize Clinical ADME and Pharmacokinetics of the Inhaled Drug Nemiralisib Using an Intravenous Microtracer Combined with an Inhaled Dose and an Oral Radiolabel Dose in Healthy Male Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1457-1468. [PMID: 31649125 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative open-label, crossover clinical study was used to investigate the excretion balance, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of nemiralisib-an inhaled phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitor being developed for respiratory diseases. Six healthy men received a single intravenous microtracer of 10 µg [14C]nemiralisib with a concomitant inhaled nonradiolabeled 1000 µg dose followed by an oral 800 µg dose of [14C]nemiralisib 14 days later. Complementary methods including accelerator mass spectrometry allowed characterization of a range of parameters including oral absorption (Fabs), proportion of nemiralisib escaping gut wall metabolism (Fg), hepatic extraction (Eh), fraction of dose absorbed from inhaled dose (Flung), and renal clearance. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of nemiralisib were characterized by low blood clearance (10.0 l/h), long terminal half-life (55 hours), and high volume of distribution at steady state (728 l). Nemiralisib exhibited moderate inhaled and oral bioavailability (38% and 35%) while Flung was 29%. Absorption and first-pass parameters were corrected for blood renal clearance and compared with values without correction. Any swallowed nemiralisib was relatively well absorbed (Fabs, 0.48) with a high fraction escaping gut wall metabolism and low extraction by the liver (Fg and Eh being 0.83 and 0.10, respectively). There were no major human plasma metabolites requiring further qualification in animal studies. Both unchanged nemiralisib and its oxidative/conjugative metabolites were secreted in bile, with nemiralisib likely subject to further metabolism through enterohepatic recirculation. Direct renal clearance and metabolism followed by renal clearance were lesser routes of elimination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A number of innovative features have been combined into one small clinical study enabling a comprehensive description of the human pharmacokinetics and metabolism of an inhaled molecule. Design elements included an intravenous 14C tracer administration concomitant with an inhalation dose that enabled derivation of parameters such as fraction absorbed (Fabs), the proportion of drug escaping first-pass extraction through the gut wall and liver (Fg and Fh) and hepatic extraction (Eh). Entero-test bile sampling enabled characterization of biliary elimination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Harrell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Robert Wilson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Yau Lun Man
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Kylie Riddell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Emily Jarvis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Graeme Young
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Robert Chambers
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Lee Crossman
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Alex Georgiou
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Adrian Pereira
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - David Kenworthy
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Claire Beaumont
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Miriam Marotti
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Denisa Wilkes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
| | - William A Fahy
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.W.H., G.Y., R.C., D.K.) and Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers (A.G., A.P.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, United Kingdom; RD Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences (R.W.), Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.B.), Discovery Medicine (Y.L.M.), Biostatistics (E.J.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D and Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (E.M.H.); Safety and Medical Governance (M.M.) and Discovery Medicine (W.A.F.), GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; Global Clinical and Data Operations, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ermington, Australia (K.R.); Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom (L.C.); and Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom (D.W.)
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