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Ren L, Xu B, Xu J, Li J, Jiang J, Ren Y, Liu P. A Machine Learning Model to Predict Survival and Therapeutic Responses in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076683. [PMID: 37047654 PMCID: PMC10095137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous hematologic tumor. Ubiquitin proteasome pathways (UPP) play a vital role in its initiation and development. We used cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selector operation (LASSO) to select ubiquitin proteasome pathway associated genes (UPPGs) correlated with the overall survival (OS) of MM patients in a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset, and we formed this into ubiquitin proteasome pathway risk score (UPPRS). The association between clinical outcomes and responses triggered by proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and UPPRS were evaluated. MMRF CoMMpass was used for validation. We applied machine learning algorithms to MM clinical and UPPRS in the whole cohort to make a prognostic nomogram. Single-cell data and vitro experiments were performed to unravel the mechanism and functions of UPPRS. UPPRS consisting of 9 genes showed a strong ability to predict OS in MM patients. Additionally, UPPRS can be used to sort out the patients who would gain more benefits from PIs. A machine learning model incorporating UPPRS and International Staging System (ISS) improved survival prediction in both datasets compared to the revisions of ISS. At the single-cell level, high-risk UPPRS myeloma cells exhibited increased cell adhesion. Targeted UPPGs effectively inhibited myeloma cells in vitro. The UPP genes risk score is a helpful tool for risk stratification in MM patients, particularly those treated with PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ren
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiadai Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jifeng Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhong Ren
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Bashiri H, Tabatabaeian H. Autophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Tackle Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076019. [PMID: 37046991 PMCID: PMC10094562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy. In the past few years, the survival of MM patients has increased due to the emergence of novel drugs and combination therapies. Nevertheless, one of the significant obstacles in treating most MM patients is drug resistance, especially for individuals who have experienced relapses or developed resistance to such cutting-edge treatments. One of the critical processes in developing drug resistance in MM is autophagic activity, an intracellular self-digestive process. Several possible strategies of autophagy involvement in the induction of MM-drug resistance have been demonstrated thus far. In multiple myeloma, it has been shown that High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)-dependent autophagy can contribute to drug resistance. Moreover, activation of autophagy via proteasome suppression induces drug resistance. Additionally, the effectiveness of clarithromycin as a supplemental drug in treating MM has been reported recently, in which autophagy blockage is proposed as one of the potential action mechanisms of CAM. Thus, a promising therapeutic approach that targets autophagy to trigger the death of MM cells and improve drug susceptibility could be considered. In this review, autophagy has been addressed as a survival strategy crucial for drug resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Bashiri
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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Napodano C, Pocino K, Gulli F, Rossi E, Rapaccini GL, Marino M, Basile U. Mono/polyclonal free light chains as challenging biomarkers for immunological abnormalities. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 108:155-209. [PMID: 35659060 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Free light chain (FLC) kappa (k) and lambda (λ) consist of low molecular weight proteins produced in excess during immunoglobulin synthesis and secreted into the circulation. In patients with normal renal function, over 99% of FLCs are filtered and reabsorbed. Thus, the presence of FLCs in the serum is directly related to plasma cell activity and the balance between production and renal clearance. FLCs are bioactive molecules that may exist as monoclonal (m) and polyclonal (p) FLCs. These have been detected in several body fluids and may be key indicators of ongoing damage and/or illness. International guidelines now recommend mFLC for screening, diagnosis and monitoring multiple myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasias. In current clinical practice, FLCs in urine indicate cast nephropathy and other renal injury, whereas their presence in cerebrospinal fluid is important for identifying central nervous system inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Increased pFLCs have also been detected in various conditions characterized by B cell activation, i.e., chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease and HCV infection. Monitoring the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic by analysis of salivary FLCs presents a significant opportunity in clinical immunology worthy of scientific pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Napodano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, UOC Gastroenterologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Pocino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, UOC Gastroenterologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gulli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Rossi
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Ludovico Rapaccini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, UOC Gastroenterologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Marino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Basile
- Dipartimento di Scienze di laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Pinto V, Bergantim R, Caires HR, Seca H, Guimarães JE, Vasconcelos MH. Multiple Myeloma: Available Therapies and Causes of Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E407. [PMID: 32050631 PMCID: PMC7072128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common blood cancer. Treatments for MM include corticosteroids, alkylating agents, anthracyclines, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, histone deacetylase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Survival outcomes have improved substantially due to the introduction of many of these drugs allied with their rational use. Nonetheless, MM patients successively relapse after one or more treatment regimens or become refractory, mostly due to drug resistance. This review focuses on the main drugs used in MM treatment and on causes of drug resistance, including cytogenetic, genetic and epigenetic alterations, abnormal drug transport and metabolism, dysregulation of apoptosis, autophagy activation and other intracellular signaling pathways, the presence of cancer stem cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we highlight the areas that need to be further clarified in an attempt to identify novel therapeutic targets to counteract drug resistance in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pinto
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCTUC–Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Bergantim
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Seca
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E. Guimarães
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Liu H, Yang Y, Jiang J, Wang X, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Hong L, Huang H. Coexistence Of A Huge Venous Thromboembolism And Bleeding Tendency In Cytokine Release Syndrome During CAR-T Therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8955-8960. [PMID: 31802905 PMCID: PMC6826178 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s223697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy is increasingly administered for hematological malignancies. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a common and severe complication of CAR-T therapy. In the present case, a 62-year-old male patient was diagnosed with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Treated with CART-CD19/BCMA therapy, his symptoms remitted, during which occasional but severe CRS associated with coagulation disorder still appeared, as evidenced by the coexistence of a huge thrombosis and bleeding tendency. Through the First Generation Sequencing, we extracted genomic DNA from the patient’s peripheral blood to analyze the distribution of polymorphism at the –572C/G site of the promoter of IL-6 gene. The results showed that the genotype of –572C/G promoter polymorphism was CC, indicating that high level of IL-6 and –572C/G polymorphism might be associated with the risk of thrombotic disorders. We concluded that immediate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of coagulopathy could reduce CRS-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lemin Hong
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
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Xu H, Han H, Song S, Yi N, Qian C, Qiu Y, Zhou W, Hong Y, Zhuang W, Li Z, Li B, Zhuang W. Exosome-Transmitted PSMA3 and PSMA3-AS1 Promote Proteasome Inhibitor Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:1923-1935. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Characterization and use of the novel human multiple myeloma cell line MC-B11/14 to study biological consequences of CRISPR-mediated loss of immunoglobulin A heavy chain. Exp Hematol 2017; 57:42-49.e1. [PMID: 29030084 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genetic abnormalities underlying multiple myeloma (MM) are notoriously complex and intraclonal heterogeneity is a common disease feature. In the current study, we describe the establishment of a monoclonal immunoglobulin A (IgA) kappa (κ) MM cell line designated MC-B11/14. Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of the original and relapse patient samples revealed that the MM clone was nonhyperdiploid and possessed an 11;14 chromosomal translocation. The MC-B11/14 cell line, established from the relapse sample, is tetraploid and houses the t(11;14) abnormality. Given our long-standing interest in Ig function and secretion, we next used CRISPR technology to knock out IgA heavy-chain expression in the MC-B11/14 cells to assess the biological consequences of converting this cell line to one only expressing κ light chains. As expected, secretion of intact IgA was undetectable from MC-B11/14IgA- cells. Sensitivity to pomalidomide treatment was similar between the MC-B11/14WT and MC-B11/14IgA- cells; however, MC-B11/14IgA- cells were found to be significantly more resistant to bortezomib treatment. This study describes the establishment of a new human MM cell line tool with which to study disease biology and the use of CRISPR technology to create a potentially useful model with which to study MM light-chain escape.
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Caldini A, Nozzoli C, Terreni A, Staderini M, Berardi M, Biagioli T, Brogi M, Bosi A. New patterns of relapse in multiple myeloma: a case of “light chain escape” in which FLC predicted relapse earlier than urine and serum immunofixation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:991-5. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is characterized, in about 80% of cases, by the production of monoclonal intact immunoglobulin and more than 95% of them have elevated concentrations of involved (i.e. of the same class of intact immunoglobulin) free light chain (FLC). The introduction of novel therapeutic strategies has changed the natural history of the disease, leading to new manifestations of relapse. Light chain escape (LCE) is a pattern of relapse in which the FLC increase is not accompanied by a concomitant raise of the original monoclonal component (MC). Here we present a case of a 55-year-old man with an IgG kappa MM stage III diagnosed in September 2007. At presentation an IgG kappa MC and urine Bence Jones protein (BJP) kappa were present. Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) showed the presence of 80% monotypic kappa plasma cells (PCs). The patient received bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone before undergoing a double autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in October 2008 and April 2009. In May 2011 he relapsed showing the same pattern of presentation and treatment with lenalidomide and dexamethasone was started. ln May 2013 serum and urine immunofixation and FLC became negative. In September 2014, an increase of kappa FLC was observed, while serum and urine immunofixations remained negative until January 2015, when urine immunofixation became positive. Eventually, in February 2015, serum immunofixation revealed the presence of a free kappa MC. After a new BMB showing 80% of monotypic kappa PCs, a LCE relapse was diagnosed and the patient started the treatment with bendamustine, bortezomib and dexamethasone. In the present case, the increase of kappa FLC has indicated relapse 4 and 5 months earlier than urine and serum IFE, respectively. Our observation confirms that it is advisable to routinely perform FLC or BJP during follow up of MM patients undergoing ASCT and/or treatment with biological drugs to ensure that LCE is not missed.
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Laubach J, Garderet L, Mahindra A, Gahrton G, Caers J, Sezer O, Voorhees P, Leleu X, Johnsen HE, Streetly M, Jurczyszyn A, Ludwig H, Mellqvist UH, Chng WJ, Pilarski L, Einsele H, Hou J, Turesson I, Zamagni E, Chim CS, Mazumder A, Westin J, Lu J, Reiman T, Kristinsson S, Joshua D, Roussel M, O'Gorman P, Terpos E, McCarthy P, Dimopoulos M, Moreau P, Orlowski RZ, Miguel JS, Anderson KC, Palumbo A, Kumar S, Rajkumar V, Durie B, Richardson PG. Management of relapsed multiple myeloma: recommendations of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia 2015; 30:1005-17. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lopez A, Mateos MV, Oriol A, Valero M, Martínez J, Lorenzo JI, Perez M, Martinez R, de Paz R, Granell M, De Arriba F, Blanchard MJ, Peñalver FJ, Bello JL, Martin ML, Bargay J, Blade J, Lahuerta JJ, San Miguel JF, de la Rubia J. Patterns of relapse and outcome of elderly multiple myeloma patients treated as front-line therapy with novel agents combinations. Leuk Res Rep 2015; 4:64-9. [PMID: 26500850 PMCID: PMC4588395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the characteristics of relapse, treatment response, and outcomes of 145 elderly patients with multiple myeloma in first relapse after front-line treatment with VMP or VTP. Reappearance of CRAB symptoms (113 patients) and more aggressive forms of disease (32 patients) were the most common patterns of relapse. After second-line therapy, 75 (51.7%) patients achieved at partial response and 16 (11%) complete response (CR). Overall survival was longer among patients receiving VMP as front-line induction (21.4 vs. 14.4 months, P=0.037), in patients achieving CR (28.3 vs. 14.8 months; P=0.04), and in patients without aggressive relapse (28.6 vs. 7.6 months; P=0.0007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Lopez
- Hematology, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Albert Oriol
- Hematology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Valero
- Hematology, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Martinez
- Hematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel de Paz
- Hematology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Granell
- Hematology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jose Luis Bello
- Hematology, Complejo Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Joan Bargay
- Hematology, Hospital Sont Llatzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Blade
- Hematology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier de la Rubia
- Hematology Service, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Avda. Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain ; Universidad Católica "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
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Niewerth D, Jansen G, Assaraf YG, Zweegman S, Kaspers GJ, Cloos J. Molecular basis of resistance to proteasome inhibitors in hematological malignancies. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 18:18-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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