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Guo Y, Xu K, Cai J, Wang Z. Decoding aging: examining the non-evolutionary event from an evolutionary perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:2026-2029. [PMID: 38691266 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Guo
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Protein Science Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Xie G, Shao Z. SPP-5 affects larval arrest via insulin signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:491-502. [PMID: 38869752 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Diapause is an endocrine-mediated metabolic and growth arrest state in response to unfavorable external environments. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can enter diapause/arrest during embryonic, larval, or adult stages when subjected to detrimental external environments. Larval stage 1 (L1) arrest happens when animals hatch without food. Previous work has shown that the insulin pathway plays a prominent role in regulating L1 arrest. However, the downstream signal molecular mechanisms and biomarkers are still missing. In this study, we showed that SaPosin-like Protein family member SPP-5 is significantly upregulated during L1 arrest, suggesting that it could act as an L1 arrest biomarker. Using RNA interference we demonstrated that spp-5 knockdown accelerated larval development, while the overexpression resulted in L1 arrest. Consistently, SPP-5 level was significantly up-regulated in the L1 arrest daf-2(e1370) mutants, and spp-5(RNAi) suppressed the daf-2(e1370) induced L1 arrest. These results suggest that SPP-5 can serve as an L1 arrest biomarker and promote the arrest probably via the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Roux AE, Yuan H, Podshivalova K, Hendrickson D, Kerr R, Kenyon C, Kelley D. Individual cell types in C. elegans age differently and activate distinct cell-protective responses. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112902. [PMID: 37531250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a global decline in physiological function. However, by constructing a complete single-cell gene expression atlas, we find that Caenorhabditis elegans aging is not random in nature but instead is characterized by coordinated changes in functionally related metabolic, proteostasis, and stress-response genes in a cell-type-specific fashion, with downregulation of energy metabolism being the only nearly universal change. Similarly, the rates at which cells age differ significantly between cell types. In some cell types, aging is characterized by an increase in cell-to-cell variance, whereas in others, variance actually decreases. Remarkably, multiple resilience-enhancing transcription factors known to extend lifespan are activated across many cell types with age; we discovered new longevity candidates, such as GEI-3, among these. Together, our findings suggest that cells do not age passively but instead react strongly, and individualistically, to events that occur during aging. This atlas can be queried through a public interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Han Yuan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Rex Kerr
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - David Kelley
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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4
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Lee Y, Choi S, Kim KW. Dithianon exposure induces dopaminergic neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114752. [PMID: 36924561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dithianon is a conventional broad-spectrum protectant fungicide widely used in agriculture, but its potential neurotoxic risk to animals remains largely unknown. In this study, neurotoxic effects of Dithianon and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were investigated using the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, as a model system. Upon chronic exposure of C. elegans to Dithianon, dopaminergic neurons were found to be vulnerable, with significant degeneration in terms of structure and function in a concentration-dependent manner. In examining toxicity mechanisms, we observed significant Dithianon-induced increases in oxidative stress and mitochondrial fragmentation, both of which are often associated with cellular stress. The present study suggests that Dithianon exposure causes dopaminergic neurotoxicity in C. elegans, by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Dithianon's neurotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Sooji Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea; Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea.
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5
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Busack I, Bringmann H. A sleep-active neuron can promote survival while sleep behavior is disturbed. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010665. [PMID: 36917595 PMCID: PMC10038310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is controlled by neurons that induce behavioral quiescence and physiological restoration. It is not known, however, how sleep neurons link sleep behavior and survival. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the sleep-active RIS neuron induces sleep behavior and is required for survival of starvation and wounding. Sleep-active neurons such as RIS might hypothetically promote survival primarily by causing sleep behavior and associated conservation of energy. Alternatively, RIS might provide a survival benefit that does not depend on behavioral sleep. To probe these hypotheses, we tested how activity of the sleep-active RIS neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans controls sleep behavior and survival during larval starvation. To manipulate the activity of RIS, we expressed constitutively active potassium channel (twk-18gf and egl-23gf) or sodium channel (unc-58gf) mutant alleles in this neuron. Low levels of unc-58gf expression in RIS increased RIS calcium transients and sleep. High levels of unc-58gf expression in RIS elevated baseline calcium activity and inhibited calcium activation transients, thus locking RIS activity at a high but constant level. This manipulation caused a nearly complete loss of sleep behavior but increased survival. Long-term optogenetic activation also caused constantly elevated RIS activity and a small trend towards increased survival. Disturbing sleep by lethal blue-light stimulation also overactivated RIS, which again increased survival. FLP-11 neuropeptides were important for both, induction of sleep behavior and starvation survival, suggesting that FLP-11 might have divergent roles downstream of RIS. These results indicate that promotion of sleep behavior and survival are separable functions of RIS. These two functions may normally be coupled but can be uncoupled during conditions of strong RIS activation or when sleep behavior is impaired. Through this uncoupling, RIS can provide survival benefits under conditions when behavioral sleep is disturbed. Promoting survival in the face of impaired sleep might be a general function of sleep neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Busack
- BIOTEC, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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6
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The metabolite alpha-ketobutyrate extends lifespan by promoting peroxisomal function in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:240. [PMID: 36646719 PMCID: PMC9842765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is intimately linked to aging. There is a growing number of studies showing that endogenous metabolites may delay aging and improve healthspan. Through the analysis of existing transcriptome data, we discover a link between activation of the transsulfuration pathway and a transcriptional program involved in peroxisome function and biogenesis in long-lived glp-1(e2141ts) mutant Caenorhabditis elegans worms. Subsequently, we show that supplementation with α-ketobutyrate, an intermediate of the transsulfuration pathway, extends lifespan in wild-type worms. Alpha-ketobutyrate augments the production of NAD+ via the lactate dehydrogenase LDH-1, leading to SIR-2.1/SIRT1-mediated enhanced peroxisome function and biogenesis, along with a concomitant increase in the expression of acox-1.2/ACOX1 in the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. ACOX-1.2/ACOX1 promotes H2O2 formation, thereby resulting in activation of SKN-1/NRF2. This transcription factor in turn extends the lifespan of worms by driving expression of autophagic and lysosomal genes. Finally, we show that α-ketobutyrate also delays the cellular senescence in fibroblast cells through the SIRT1-ACOX1-H2O2-NRF2 pathway. This finding uncovers a previously unknown role for α-ketobutyrate in organismal lifespan and healthspan by coordinating the NAD+-SIRT1 signaling and peroxisomal function.
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7
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Uma Naresh N, Kim S, Shpilka T, Yang Q, Du Y, Haynes CM. Mitochondrial genome recovery by ATFS-1 is essential for development after starvation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111875. [PMID: 36577367 PMCID: PMC9922093 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient availability regulates the C. elegans life cycle as well as mitochondrial physiology. Food deprivation significantly reduces mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) numbers and leads to aging-related phenotypes. Here we show that the bZIP (basic leucine zipper) protein ATFS-1, a mediator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), is required to promote growth and establish a functional germline after prolonged starvation. We find that recovery of mtDNA copy numbers and development after starvation requires mitochondrion-localized ATFS-1 but not its nuclear transcription activity. We also find that the insulin-like receptor DAF-2 functions upstream of ATFS-1 to modulate mtDNA content. We show that reducing DAF-2 activity represses ATFS-1 nuclear function while causing an increase in mtDNA content, partly mediated by mitochondrion-localized ATFS-1. Our data indicate the importance of the UPRmt in recovering mitochondrial mass and suggest that atfs-1-dependent mtDNA replication precedes mitochondrial network expansion after starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhitha Uma Naresh
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tomer Shpilka
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yunguang Du
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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8
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Webster AK, Chitrakar R, Taylor SM, Baugh LR. Alternative somatic and germline gene-regulatory strategies during starvation-induced developmental arrest. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111473. [PMID: 36223742 PMCID: PMC9608353 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient availability governs growth and quiescence, and many animals arrest development when starved. Using C. elegans L1 arrest as a model, we show that gene expression changes deep into starvation. Surprisingly, relative expression of germline-enriched genes increases for days. We conditionally degrade the large subunit of RNA polymerase II using the auxin-inducible degron system and analyze absolute expression levels. We find that somatic transcription is required for survival, but the germline maintains transcriptional quiescence. Thousands of genes are continuously transcribed in the soma, though their absolute abundance declines, such that relative expression of germline transcripts increases given extreme transcript stability. Aberrantly activating transcription in starved germ cells compromises reproduction, demonstrating important physiological function of transcriptional quiescence. This work reveals alternative somatic and germline gene-regulatory strategies during starvation, with the soma maintaining a robust transcriptional response to support survival and the germline maintaining transcriptional quiescence to support future reproductive success. Webster et al. show that the transcriptional response to starvation is mounted early in larval somatic cells supporting survival but that it wanes over time. In contrast, they show that the germline remains transcriptionally quiescent deep into starvation, supporting reproductive potential, while maintaining its transcriptome via transcript stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Webster
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Present address: Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Rojin Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Seth M. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - L. Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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9
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Murley A, Wickham K, Dillin A. Life in lockdown: Orchestrating endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome homeostasis for quiescent cells. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3526-3537. [PMID: 36044901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular quiescence-reversible exit from the cell cycle-is an important feature of many cell types important for organismal health. Quiescent cells activate protective mechanisms that allow their persistence in the absence of growth and division for long periods of time. Aging and cellular dysfunction compromise the survival and re-activation of quiescent cells over time. Counteracting this decline are two interconnected organelles that lie at opposite ends of the secretory pathway: the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. In this review, we highlight recent studies exploring the roles of these two organelles in quiescent cells from diverse contexts and speculate on potential other roles they may play, such as through organelle contact sites. Finally, we discuss emerging models of cellular quiescence, utilizing new cell culture systems and model organisms, that are suited to the mechanistic investigation of the functions of these organelles in quiescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wickham
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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10
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Webster AK, Chitrakar R, Powell M, Chen J, Fisher K, Tanny RE, Stevens L, Evans K, Wei A, Antoshechkin I, Andersen EC, Baugh LR. Using population selection and sequencing to characterize natural variation of starvation resistance in C. elegans. eLife 2022; 11:80204. [PMID: 35727141 PMCID: PMC9262388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starvation resistance is important to disease and fitness, but the genetic basis of its natural variation is unknown. Uncovering the genetic basis of complex, quantitative traits such as starvation resistance is technically challenging. We developed a synthetic-population (re)sequencing approach using molecular inversion probes (MIP-seq) to measure relative fitness during and after larval starvation in C. elegans. We applied this competitive assay to 100 genetically diverse, sequenced, wild strains, revealing natural variation in starvation resistance. We confirmed that the most starvation-resistant strains survive and recover from starvation better than the most starvation-sensitive strains using standard assays. We performed genome-wide association (GWA) with the MIP-seq trait data and identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for starvation resistance, and we created near isogenic lines (NILs) to validate the effect of these QTL on the trait. These QTL contain numerous candidate genes including several members of the Insulin/EGF Receptor-L Domain (irld) family. We used genome editing to show that four different irld genes have modest effects on starvation resistance. Natural variants of irld-39 and irld-52 affect starvation resistance, and increased resistance of the irld-39; irld-52 double mutant depends on daf-16/FoxO. DAF-16/FoxO is a widely conserved transcriptional effector of insulin/IGF signaling (IIS), and these results suggest that IRLD proteins modify IIS, though they may act through other mechanisms as well. This work demonstrates efficacy of using MIP-seq to dissect a complex trait and it suggests that irld genes are natural modifiers of starvation resistance in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Webster
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Rojin Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Maya Powell
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jingxian Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Kinsey Fisher
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Robyn E Tanny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Angela Wei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
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11
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Stojanovski K, Großhans H, Towbin BD. Coupling of growth rate and developmental tempo reduces body size heterogeneity in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3132. [PMID: 35668054 PMCID: PMC9170734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals increase by orders of magnitude in volume during development. Therefore, small variations in growth rates among individuals could amplify to a large heterogeneity in size. By live imaging of C. elegans, we show that amplification of size heterogeneity is prevented by an inverse coupling of the volume growth rate to the duration of larval stages and does not involve strict size thresholds for larval moulting. We perturb this coupling by changing the developmental tempo through manipulation of a transcriptional oscillator that controls the duration of larval development. As predicted by a mathematical model, this perturbation alters the body volume. Model analysis shows that an inverse relation between the period length and the growth rate is an intrinsic property of genetic oscillators and can occur independently of additional complex regulation. This property of genetic oscillators suggests a parsimonious mechanism that counteracts the amplification of size differences among individuals during development. Animals must reach the correct size during development, despite stochastic differences in their growth rate. Here, Stojanovski et al. show that a coupling of growth and development by an oscillatory timer buffers fluctuations in the growth of the nematode C. elegans to ensure its correct size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin D Towbin
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Viney M, Morris R. Approaches to studying the developmental switch of Strongyloides – moving beyond the dauer hypothesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 249:111477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Dutta N, Garcia G, Higuchi-Sanabria R. Hijacking Cellular Stress Responses to Promote Lifespan. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:860404. [PMID: 35821861 PMCID: PMC9261414 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.860404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are constantly exposed to stress both from the external environment and internally within the cell. To maintain cellular homeostasis under different environmental and physiological conditions, cell have adapted various stress response signaling pathways, such as the heat shock response (HSR), unfolded protein responses of the mitochondria (UPRMT), and the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER). As cells grow older, all cellular stress responses have been shown to deteriorate, which is a major cause for the physiological consequences of aging and the development of numerous age-associated diseases. In contrast, elevated stress responses are often associated with lifespan extension and amelioration of degenerative diseases in different model organisms, including C. elegans. Activating cellular stress response pathways could be considered as an effective intervention to alleviate the burden of aging by restoring function of essential damage-clearing machinery, including the ubiquitin-proteosome system, chaperones, and autophagy. Here, we provide an overview of newly emerging concepts of these stress response pathways in healthy aging and longevity with a focus on the model organism, C. elegans.
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14
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Samaddar M, Goudeau J, Sanchez M, Hall DH, Bohnert KA, Ingaramo M, Kenyon C. A genetic screen identifies new steps in oocyte maturation that enhance proteostasis in the immortal germ lineage. eLife 2021; 10:e62653. [PMID: 33848238 PMCID: PMC8043744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells age and die, but the germ-cell lineage is immortal. In Caenorhabditis elegans, germline immortality involves proteostasis renewal at the beginning of each new generation, when oocyte maturation signals from sperm trigger the clearance of carbonylated proteins and protein aggregates. Here, we explore the cell biology of this proteostasis renewal in the context of a whole-genome RNAi screen. Oocyte maturation signals are known to trigger protein-aggregate removal via lysosome acidification. Our findings suggest that lysosomes are acidified as a consequence of changes in endoplasmic reticulum activity that permit assembly of the lysosomal V-ATPase, which in turn allows lysosomes to clear the aggregates via microautophagy. We define two functions for mitochondria, both of which appear to be independent of ATP generation. Many genes from the screen also regulate lysosome acidification and age-dependent protein aggregation in the soma, suggesting a fundamental mechanistic link between proteostasis renewal in the germline and somatic longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Goudeau
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Melissa Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David H Hall
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - K Adam Bohnert
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Maria Ingaramo
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoUnited States
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15
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Developmental plasticity and the response to nutrient stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2021; 475:265-276. [PMID: 33549550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity refers the ability of an organism to adapt to various environmental stressors, one of which is nutritional stress. Caenorhabditis elegans require various nutrients to successfully progress through all the larval stages to become a reproductive adult. If nutritional criteria are not satisfied, development can slow or completely arrest. In poor growth conditions, the animal can enter various diapause stages, depending on its developmental progress. In C. elegans, there are three well-characterized diapauses: the L1 arrest, the dauer diapause, and adult reproductive diapause, each associated with drastic changes in metabolism and germline development. At the centre of these changes is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a metabolic regulator that maintains energy homeostasis, particularly during times of nutrient stress. Without AMPK, metabolism is disrupted during dauer, leading to the rapid consumption of lipid stores as well as misregulation of metabolic enzymes, leading to reduced survival. During the L1 arrest and dauer diapause, AMPK is responsible for ensuring germline quiescence by modifying the germline chromatin landscape to maintain germ cell integrity until conditions improve. Similar to classic hormonal signalling, small RNAs also play a critical role in regulating development and behaviour in a cell non-autonomous fashion. Thus, during the challenges associated with developmental plasticity, AMPK summons an army of signalling pathways to work collectively to preserve reproductive fitness during these periods of unprecedented uncertainty.
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16
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Bhoi A, Palladino F, Fabrizio P. Auxin confers protection against ER stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.057992. [PMID: 33495210 PMCID: PMC7875485 DOI: 10.1242/bio.057992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxins are plant growth regulators that influence most aspects of plant development through complex mechanisms. The development of an auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system has enabled rapid, conditional protein depletion in yeast and cultured cells. More recently, the system was successfully adapted to Caenorhabditiselegans to achieve auxin-dependent degradation of targets in all tissues and developmental stages. Whether auxin treatment alone has an impact on nematode physiology is an open question. Here we show that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the auxin most commonly used to trigger AID in worms, functions through the conserved IRE-1/XBP-1 branch of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to promote resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because the UPR not only plays a central role in restoring ER homeostasis, but also promotes lipid biosynthesis and regulates lifespan, we suggest that extreme caution should be exercised when using the AID system to study these and related processes. Summary: Auxin, commonly used to induce conditional protein degradation, promotes ER stress resistance in C. elegans through the unfolded protein response (UPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bhoi
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Palladino
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Paola Fabrizio
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, INSERM U1210, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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17
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Lee SK. Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis and Stress Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:279-303. [PMID: 34050871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive regulatory pathway that alleviates protein-folding defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Physiological demands, environmental perturbations and pathological conditions can cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER and the stress signal is transmitted to the nucleus to turn on a series of genes to respond the challenge. In metazoan, the UPR pathways consisted of IRE1/XBP1, PEK-1 and ATF6, which function in parallel and downstream transcriptional activation triggers the proteostasis networks consisting of molecular chaperones, protein degradation machinery and other stress response pathways ((Labbadia J, Morimoto RI, F1000Prime Rep 6:7, 2014); (Shen X, Ellis RE, Lee K, Annu Rev Biochem 28:893-903, 2014)). The integrated responses act on to resolve the ER stress by increasing protein folding capacity, attenuating ER-loading translation, activating ER-associated proteasomal degradation (ERAD), and regulating IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Therefore, the effective UPR to internal and external causes is linked to the multiple pathophysiological conditions such as aging, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent development in the research of the UPR includes cell-nonautonomous features of the UPR, interplay between the UPR and other stress response pathways, unconventional UPR inducers, and noncanonical UPR independent of the three major branches, originated from multiple cellular and molecular machineries in addition to ER. Caenorhabditis elegans model system has critically contributed to these unprecedented aspects of the ER UPR and broadens the possible therapeutic targets to treat the ER-stress associated human disorders and time-dependent physiological deterioration of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Özbey NP, Imanikia S, Krueger C, Hardege I, Morud J, Sheng M, Schafer WR, Casanueva MO, Taylor RC. Tyramine Acts Downstream of Neuronal XBP-1s to Coordinate Inter-tissue UPR ER Activation and Behavior in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2020; 55:754-770.e6. [PMID: 33232669 PMCID: PMC7758879 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In C. elegans, expression of the UPRER transcription factor xbp-1s in neurons cell non-autonomously activates the UPRER in the intestine, leading to enhanced proteostasis and lifespan. To better understand this signaling pathway, we isolated neurons from animals expressing neuronal xbp-1s for transcriptomic analysis, revealing a striking remodeling of transcripts involved in neuronal signaling. We then identified signaling molecules required for cell non-autonomous intestinal UPRER activation, including the biogenic amine tyramine. Expression of xbp-1s in just two pairs of neurons that synthesize tyramine, the RIM and RIC interneurons, induced intestinal UPRER activation and extended longevity, and exposure to stress led to splicing and activation of xbp-1 in these neurons. In addition, we found that neuronal xbp-1s modulates feeding behavior and reproduction, dependent upon tyramine synthesis. XBP-1s therefore remodels neuronal signaling to coordinately modulate intestinal physiology and stress-responsive behavior, functioning as a global regulator of organismal responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neşem P Özbey
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Soudabeh Imanikia
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christel Krueger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Iris Hardege
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julia Morud
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ming Sheng
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - William R Schafer
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Rebecca C Taylor
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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19
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Mata-Cabana A, Pérez-Nieto C, Olmedo M. Nutritional control of postembryonic development progression and arrest in Caenorhabditis elegans. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2020; 107:33-87. [PMID: 33641748 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programs are under strict genetic control that favors robustness of the process. In order to guarantee the same outcome in different environmental situations, development is modulated by input pathways, which inform about external conditions. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the process of postembryonic development involves a series of stereotypic cell divisions, the progression of which is controlled by the nutritional status of the animal. C. elegans can arrest development at different larval stages, leading to cell arrest of the relevant divisions of the stage. This means that studying the nutritional control of development in C. elegans we can learn about the mechanisms controlling cell division in an in vivo model. In this work, we reviewed the current knowledge about the nutrient sensing pathways that control the progression or arrest of development in response to nutrient availability, with a special focus on the arrest at the L1 stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd. Reina Mercedes, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Nieto
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd. Reina Mercedes, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avd. Reina Mercedes, Sevilla, Spain.
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20
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Baugh LR, Hu PJ. Starvation Responses Throughout the Caenorhabditiselegans Life Cycle. Genetics 2020; 216:837-878. [PMID: 33268389 PMCID: PMC7768255 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans survives on ephemeral food sources in the wild, and the species has a variety of adaptive responses to starvation. These features of its life history make the worm a powerful model for studying developmental, behavioral, and metabolic starvation responses. Starvation resistance is fundamental to life in the wild, and it is relevant to aging and common diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Worms respond to acute starvation at different times in the life cycle by arresting development and altering gene expression and metabolism. They also anticipate starvation during early larval development, engaging an alternative developmental program resulting in dauer diapause. By arresting development, these responses postpone growth and reproduction until feeding resumes. A common set of signaling pathways mediates systemic regulation of development in each context but with important distinctions. Several aspects of behavior, including feeding, foraging, taxis, egg laying, sleep, and associative learning, are also affected by starvation. A variety of conserved signaling, gene regulatory, and metabolic mechanisms support adaptation to starvation. Early life starvation can have persistent effects on adults and their descendants. With its short generation time, C. elegans is an ideal model for studying maternal provisioning, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and developmental origins of adult health and disease in humans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of starvation responses throughout the C. elegans life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 and
| | - Patrick J Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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21
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Cassart C, Yague-Sanz C, Bauer F, Ponsard P, Stubbe FX, Migeot V, Wery M, Morillon A, Palladino F, Robert V, Hermand D. RNA polymerase II CTD S2P is dispensable for embryogenesis but mediates exit from developmental diapause in C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eabc1450. [PMID: 33298437 PMCID: PMC7725455 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Serine 2 phosphorylation (S2P) within the CTD of RNA polymerase II is considered a Cdk9/Cdk12-dependent mark required for 3'-end processing. However, the relevance of CTD S2P in metazoan development is unknown. We show that cdk-12 lesions or a full-length CTD S2A substitution results in an identical phenotype in Caenorhabditis elegans Embryogenesis occurs in the complete absence of S2P, but the hatched larvae arrest development, mimicking the diapause induced when hatching occurs in the absence of food. Genome-wide analyses indicate that when CTD S2P is inhibited, only a subset of growth-related genes is not properly expressed. These genes correspond to SL2 trans-spliced mRNAs located in position 2 and over within operons. We show that CDK-12 is required for maximal occupancy of cleavage stimulatory factor necessary for SL2 trans-splicing. We propose that CTD S2P functions as a gene-specific signaling mark ensuring the nutritional control of the C. elegans developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cassart
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - C Yague-Sanz
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - F Bauer
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - P Ponsard
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - F X Stubbe
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - V Migeot
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - M Wery
- ncRNA, epigenetic and genome fluidity, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3244, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - A Morillon
- ncRNA, epigenetic and genome fluidity, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3244, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - F Palladino
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - V Robert
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Hermand
- URPHYM-GEMO, The University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000 Belgium.
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22
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Mata-Cabana A, Gómez-Delgado L, Romero-Expósito FJ, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Artal-Sanz M, Olmedo M. Social Chemical Communication Determines Recovery From L1 Arrest via DAF-16 Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588686. [PMID: 33240886 PMCID: PMC7683423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a population, chemical communication determines the response of animals to changing environmental conditions, what leads to an enhanced resistance against stressors. In response to starvation, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans arrest post-embryonic development at the first larval stage (L1) right after hatching. As arrested L1 larvae, C. elegans become more resistant to diverse stresses, allowing them to survive for several weeks expecting to encounter more favorable conditions. L1 arrested at high densities display an enhanced resistance to starvation, dependent on soluble compounds released beyond hatching and the first day of arrest. Here, we show that this chemical communication also influences recovery after prolonged periods in L1 arrest. Animals at high density recovered faster than animals at low density. We found that the density effect on survival depends on the final effector of the insulin signaling pathway, the transcription factor DAF-16. Moreover, DAF-16 activation was higher at high density, consistent with a lower expression of the insulin-like peptide DAF-28 in the neurons. The improved recovery of animals after arrest at high density depended on soluble compounds present in the media of arrested L1s. In an effort to find the nature of these compounds, we investigated the disaccharide trehalose as putative signaling molecule, since its production is enhanced during L1 arrest and it is able to activate DAF-16. We detected the presence of trehalose in the medium of arrested L1 larvae at a low concentration. The addition of this concentration of trehalose to animals arrested at low density was enough to rescue DAF-28 production and DAF-16 activation to the levels of animals arrested at high density. However, despite activating DAF-16, trehalose was not capable of reversing survival and recovery phenotypes, suggesting the participation of additional signaling molecules. With all, here we describe a molecular mechanism underlying social communication that allows C. elegans to maintain arrested L1 larvae ready to quickly recover as soon as they encounter nutrient sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - María J. Rodríguez-Palero
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Junta de Andalucía – Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Junta de Andalucía – Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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23
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Goodman JS, King GA, Ünal E. Cellular quality control during gametogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112247. [PMID: 32882217 PMCID: PMC7572901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is the progressive accumulation of cellular damage. Age-induced damage arises due to a decrease in organelle function along with a decline in protein quality control. Although somatic tissues deteriorate with age, the germline must maintain cellular homeostasis in order to ensure the production of healthy progeny. While germline quality control has been primarily studied in multicellular organisms, recent evidence suggests the existence of gametogenesis-specific quality control mechanisms in unicellular eukaryotes, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of meiotic events beyond chromosome morphogenesis. Notably, budding yeast eliminates age-induced damage during meiotic differentiation, employing novel organelle and protein quality control mechanisms to produce young and healthy gametes. Similarly, organelle and protein quality control is present in metazoan gametogenesis; however, whether and how these mechanisms contribute to cellular rejuvenation requires further investigation. Here, we summarize recent findings that describe organelle and protein quality control in budding yeast gametogenesis, examine similar quality control mechanisms in metazoan development, and identify research directions that will improve our understanding of meiotic cellular rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Grant A King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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24
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Adir O, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Arbib S, Henis-Korenblit S, Broday L. Inactivation of the Caenorhabditis elegans RNF-5 E3 ligase promotes IRE-1-independent ER functions. Autophagy 2020; 17:2401-2414. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1827778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ulrike Bening-Abu-Shach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shir Arbib
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sivan Henis-Korenblit
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Limor Broday
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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25
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Mata-Cabana A, Romero-Expósito FJ, Olmedo M. Aging during C. elegans L1 quiescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17756-17758. [PMID: 32986012 PMCID: PMC7585126 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | | | - María Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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26
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Houri-Zeevi L, Korem Kohanim Y, Antonova O, Rechavi O. Three Rules Explain Transgenerational Small RNA Inheritance in C. elegans. Cell 2020; 182:1186-1197.e12. [PMID: 32841602 PMCID: PMC7479518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiences trigger transgenerational small RNA-based responses in C. elegans nematodes. Dedicated machinery ensures that heritable effects are reset, but how the responses segregate in the population is unknown. We show that isogenic individuals differ dramatically in the persistence of transgenerational responses. By examining lineages of more than 20,000 worms, three principles emerge: (1) The silencing each mother initiates is distributed evenly among her descendants; heritable RNAi dissipates but is uniform in every generation. (2) Differences between lineages arise because the mothers that initiate heritable responses stochastically assume different "inheritance states" that determine the progeny's fate. (3) The likelihood that an RNAi response would continue to be inherited increases the more generations it lasts. The inheritance states are determined by HSF-1, which regulates silencing factors and, accordingly, small RNA levels. We found that, based on the parents' inheritance state, the descendants' developmental rate in response to stress can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Houri-Zeevi
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Yael Korem Kohanim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Antonova
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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27
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Gerisch B, Tharyan RG, Mak J, Denzel SI, Popkes-van Oepen T, Henn N, Antebi A. HLH-30/TFEB Is a Master Regulator of Reproductive Quiescence. Dev Cell 2020; 53:316-329.e5. [PMID: 32302543 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
All animals have evolved the ability to survive nutrient deprivation, and nutrient signaling pathways are conserved modulators of health and disease. In C. elegans, late-larval starvation provokes the adult reproductive diapause (ARD), a long-lived quiescent state that enables survival for months without food, yet underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that ARD is distinct from other forms of diapause, showing little requirement for canonical longevity pathways, autophagy, and fat metabolism. Instead it requires the HLH-30/TFEB transcription factor to promote the morphological and physiological remodeling involved in ARD entry, survival, and recovery, suggesting that HLH-30 is a master regulator of reproductive quiescence. HLH-30 transcriptome and genetic analyses reveal that Max-like HLH factors, AMP-kinase, mTOR, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial fusion are target processes that promote ARD longevity. ARD thus rewires metabolism to ensure long-term survival and may illuminate similar mechanisms acting in stem cell quiescence and long-term fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Gerisch
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Rebecca George Tharyan
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Jennifer Mak
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Sarah I Denzel
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Till Popkes-van Oepen
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Nadine Henn
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Adam Antebi
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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28
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Olmedo M, Mata‐Cabana A, Jesús Rodríguez‐Palero M, García‐Sánchez S, Fernández‐Yañez A, Merrow M, Artal‐Sanz M. Prolonged quiescence delays somatic stem cell-like divisions in Caenorhabditis elegans and is controlled by insulin signaling. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13085. [PMID: 31852031 PMCID: PMC6996950 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can enter quiescence in adverse conditions and resume proliferation when the environment becomes favorable. Prolonged quiescence comes with a cost, reducing the subsequent speed and potential to return to proliferation. Here, we show that a similar process happens during Caenorhabditis elegans development, providing an in vivo model to study proliferative capacity after quiescence. Hatching under starvation provokes the arrest of blast cell divisions that normally take place during the first larval stage (L1). We have used a novel method to precisely quantify each stage of postembryonic development to analyze the consequences of prolonged L1 quiescence. We report that prolonged L1 quiescence delays the reactivation of blast cell divisions in C. elegans, leading to a delay in the initiation of postembryonic development. The transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO is necessary for rapid recovery after extended arrest, and this effect is independent from its role as a suppressor of cell proliferation. Instead, the activation of DAF-16 by decreased insulin signaling reduces the rate of L1 aging, increasing proliferative potential. We also show that yolk provisioning affects the proliferative potential after L1 arrest modulating the rate of L1 aging, providing a possible mechanistic link between insulin signaling and the maintenance of proliferative potential. Furthermore, variable yolk provisioning in embryos is one of the sources of interindividual variability in recovery after quiescence of genetically identical animals. Our results support the relevance of L1 arrest as an in vivo model to study stem cell-like aging and the mechanisms for maintenance of proliferation potential after quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Olmedo
- Departamento de GenéticaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
| | | | - María Jesús Rodríguez‐Palero
- Andalusian Center for Developmental BiologyConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical EngineeringUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
| | | | - Antonio Fernández‐Yañez
- Andalusian Center for Developmental BiologyConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical EngineeringUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
| | - Martha Merrow
- Institute of Medical PsychologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Marta Artal‐Sanz
- Andalusian Center for Developmental BiologyConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical EngineeringUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevilleSpain
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29
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Mitochondrial Perturbations Couple mTORC2 to Autophagy in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1399-1409.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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30
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Webster AK, Hung A, Moore BT, Guzman R, Jordan JM, Kaplan REW, Hibshman JD, Tanny RE, Cook DE, Andersen E, Baugh LR. Population Selection and Sequencing of Caenorhabditis elegans Wild Isolates Identifies a Region on Chromosome III Affecting Starvation Resistance. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:3477-3488. [PMID: 31444297 PMCID: PMC6778785 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand the genetic basis of complex traits, it is important to be able to efficiently phenotype many genetically distinct individuals. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, individuals have been isolated from diverse populations around the globe and whole-genome sequenced. As a result, hundreds of wild strains with known genome sequences can be used for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, phenotypic analysis of these strains can be laborious, particularly for quantitative traits requiring multiple measurements per strain. Starvation resistance is likely a fitness-proximal trait for nematodes, and it is related to metabolic disease risk in humans. However, natural variation in C. elegans starvation resistance has not been systematically characterized, and precise measurement of the trait is time-intensive. Here, we developed a population-selection-and-sequencing-based approach to phenotype starvation resistance in a pool of 96 wild strains. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to infer the frequency of each strain among survivors in a mixed culture over time during starvation. We used manual starvation survival assays to validate the trait data, confirming that strains that increased in frequency over time are starvation-resistant relative to strains that decreased in frequency. Further, we found that variation in starvation resistance is significantly associated with variation at a region on chromosome III. Using a near-isogenic line (NIL), we showed the importance of this genomic interval for starvation resistance. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using population selection and sequencing in an animal model for phenotypic analysis of quantitative traits, documents natural variation of starvation resistance in C. elegans, and identifies a genomic region that contributes to such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Webster
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, and
| | - Anthony Hung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Brad T Moore
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Ryan Guzman
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Rebecca E W Kaplan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, and
| | - Jonathan D Hibshman
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, and
| | - Robyn E Tanny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Daniel E Cook
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Erik Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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31
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Perez MF, Lehner B. Vitellogenins - Yolk Gene Function and Regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1067. [PMID: 31551797 PMCID: PMC6736625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenins are a family of yolk proteins that are by far the most abundant among oviparous animals. In the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the 6 vitellogenins are among the most highly expressed genes in the adult hermaphrodite intestine, which produces copious yolk to provision eggs. In this article we review what is known about the vitellogenin genes and proteins in C. elegans, in comparison with vitellogenins in other taxa. We argue that the primary purpose of abundant vitellogenesis in C. elegans is to support post-embryonic development and fertility, rather than embryogenesis, especially in harsh environments. Increasing vitellogenin provisioning underlies several post-embryonic phenotypic alterations associated with advancing maternal age, demonstrating that vitellogenins can act as an intergenerational signal mediating the influence of parental physiology on progeny. We also review what is known about vitellogenin regulation - how tissue-, sex- and stage-specificity of expression is achieved, how vitellogenins are regulated by major signaling pathways, how vitellogenin expression is affected by extra-intestinal tissues and how environmental experience affects vitellogenesis. Lastly, we speculate whether C. elegans vitellogenins may play other roles in worm physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Francisco Perez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben Lehner
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Williams AB, Heider F, Messling JE, Rieckher M, Bloch W, Schumacher B. Restoration of Proteostasis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Reverses an Inflammation-Like Response to Cytoplasmic DNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 212:1259-1278. [PMID: 31248887 PMCID: PMC6707470 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses protect organisms against various insults, but may lead to tissue damage when aberrantly activated. In higher organisms, cytoplasmic DNA can trigger inflammatory responses that can lead to tissue degeneration. Simpler metazoan models could shed new mechanistic light on how inflammatory responses to cytoplasmic DNA lead to pathologies. Here, we show that in a DNase II-defective Caenorhabditis elegans strain, persistent cytoplasmic DNA leads to systemic tissue degeneration and loss of tissue functionality due to impaired proteostasis. These pathological outcomes can be therapeutically alleviated by restoring protein homeostasis, either via ectopic induction of the ER unfolded protein response or N-acetylglucosamine treatment. Our results establish C. elegans as an ancestral metazoan model for studying the outcomes of inflammation-like conditions caused by persistent cytoplasmic DNA and provide insight into potential therapies for human conditions involving chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Williams
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Felix Heider
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Messling
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Matthias Rieckher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Germany
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Son HG, Altintas O, Kim EJE, Kwon S, Lee SV. Age-dependent changes and biomarkers of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12853. [PMID: 30734981 PMCID: PMC6413654 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is an exceptionally valuable model for aging research because of many advantages, including its genetic tractability, short lifespan, and clear age‐dependent physiological changes. Aged C. elegans display a decline in their anatomical and functional features, including tissue integrity, motility, learning and memory, and immunity. Caenorhabditis elegans also exhibit many age‐associated changes in the expression of microRNAs and stress‐responsive genes and in RNA and protein quality control systems. Many of these age‐associated changes provide information on the health of the animals and serve as valuable biomarkers for aging research. Here, we review the age‐dependent changes in C. elegans and their utility as aging biomarkers indicative of the physiological status of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heehwa G. Son
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - Ozlem Altintas
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - Eun Ji E. Kim
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - Sujeong Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
| | - Seung‐Jae V. Lee
- Department of Life Sciences Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang South Korea
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Hibshman JD, Leuthner TC, Shoben C, Mello DF, Sherwood DR, Meyer JN, Baugh LR. Nonselective autophagy reduces mitochondrial content during starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C781-C792. [PMID: 30133321 PMCID: PMC6336938 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00109.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Starvation significantly alters cellular physiology, and signs of aging have been reported to occur during starvation. Mitochondria are essential to the regulation of cellular energetics and aging. We sought to determine whether mitochondria exhibit signs of aging during starvation and whether quality control mechanisms regulate mitochondrial physiology during starvation. We describe effects of starvation on mitochondria in the first and third larval stages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. When starved, C. elegans larvae enter developmental arrest. We observed fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, a reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and accumulation of DNA damage during starvation-induced developmental arrest. Mitochondrial function was also compromised by starvation. Starved worms had lower basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration. These observations are consistent with reduced mitochondrial quality, similar to mitochondrial phenotypes during aging. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that worms deficient for autophagy were short-lived during starvation and recovered poorly from extended starvation, indicating sensitivity to nutrient stress. Autophagy mutants unc-51/Atg1 and atg-18/Atg18 maintained greater mtDNA content than wild-type worms during starvation, suggesting that autophagy promotes mitochondrial degradation during starvation. unc-51 mutants also had a proportionally smaller reduction in oxygen consumption rate during starvation, suggesting that autophagy also contributes to reduced mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as selective mitophagy of damaged mitochondria did not affect mitochondrial content during starvation. Our results demonstrate the profound influence of starvation on mitochondrial physiology with organismal consequences, and they show that these physiological effects are influenced by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,2University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,3Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tess C. Leuthner
- 4Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chelsea Shoben
- 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Danielle F. Mello
- 4Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David R. Sherwood
- 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,2University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- 4Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - L. Ryan Baugh
- 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,2University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Wu Y, Masurat F, Preis J, Bringmann H. Sleep Counteracts Aging Phenotypes to Survive Starvation-Induced Developmental Arrest in C. elegans. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3610-3624.e8. [PMID: 30416057 PMCID: PMC6264389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is ancient and fulfills higher brain functions as well as basic vital processes. Little is known about how sleep emerged in evolution and what essential functions it was selected for. Here, we investigated sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans across developmental stages and physiological conditions to find out when and how sleep in a simple animal becomes essential for survival. We found that sleep in worms occurs during most stages and physiological conditions and is typically induced by the sleep-active RIS neuron. Food quality and availability determine sleep amount. Extended starvation, which induces developmental arrest in larvae, presents a major sleep trigger. Conserved nutrient-sensing regulators of longevity and developmental arrest, AMP-activated kinase and FoxO, act in parallel to induce sleep during extended food deprivation. These metabolic factors can act in multiple tissues to signal starvation to RIS. Although sleep does not appear to be essential for a normal adult lifespan, it is crucial for survival of starvation-induced developmental arrest in larvae. Rather than merely saving energy for later use, sleep counteracts the progression of aging phenotypes, perhaps by allocating resources. Thus, sleep presents a protective anti-aging program that is induced by nutrient-sensing longevity pathways to survive starvation-induced developmental arrest. All organisms are threatened with the possibility of experienced famine in their life, which suggests that the molecular coupling of starvation, development, aging, and sleep was selected for early in the evolution of nervous systems and may be conserved in other species, including humans. C. elegans sleep across most physiological conditions, including developmental arrest The sleep-active RIS neuron generally induces physiological sleep Insulin and sirtuin signaling control AMPK and FoxO to induce sleep during starvation Sleep is required to survive developmental arrest and counteracts aging phenotypes
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florentin Masurat
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Preis
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Bringmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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36
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Denzel MS, Lapierre LR, Mack HID. Emerging topics in C. elegans aging research: Transcriptional regulation, stress response and epigenetics. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 177:4-21. [PMID: 30134144 PMCID: PMC6696993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Key discoveries in aging research have been made possible with the use of model organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans is a short-lived nematode that has become a well-established system to study aging. The practicality and powerful genetic manipulations associated with this metazoan have revolutionized our ability to understand how organisms age. 25 years after the publication of the discovery of the daf-2 gene as a genetic modifier of lifespan, C. elegans remains as relevant as ever in the quest to understand the process of aging. Nematode aging research has proven useful in identifying transcriptional regulators, small molecule signals, cellular mechanisms, epigenetic modifications associated with stress resistance and longevity, and lifespan-extending compounds. Here, we review recent discoveries and selected topics that have emerged in aging research using this incredible little worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Denzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Hu CK, Brunet A. The African turquoise killifish: A research organism to study vertebrate aging and diapause. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12757. [PMID: 29573324 PMCID: PMC5946070 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The African turquoise killifish has recently gained significant traction as a new research organism in the aging field. Our understanding of aging has strongly benefited from canonical research organisms—yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice. Many characteristics that are essential to understand aging—for example, the adaptive immune system or the hypothalamo‐pituitary axis—are only present in vertebrates (zebrafish and mice). However, zebrafish and mice live more than 3 years and their relatively long lifespans are not compatible with high‐throughput studies. Therefore, the turquoise killifish, a vertebrate with a naturally compressed lifespan of only 4–6 months, fills an essential gap to understand aging. With a recently developed genomic and genetic toolkit, the turquoise killifish not only provides practical advantages for lifespan and longitudinal experiments, but also allows more systematic characterizations of the interplay between genetics and environment during vertebrate aging. Interestingly, the turquoise killifish can also enter a long‐term dormant state during development called diapause. Killifish embryos in diapause already have some organs and tissues, and they can last in this state for years, exhibiting exceptional resistance to stress and to damages due to the passage of time. Understanding the diapause state could give new insights into strategies to prevent the damage caused by aging and to better preserve organs, tissues, and cells. Thus, the African turquoise killifish brings two interesting aspects to the aging field—a compressed lifespan and a long‐term resistant diapause state, both of which should spark new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging; Stanford CA USA
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38
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Sands B, Burnaevskiy N, Yun SR, Crane MM, Kaeberlein M, Mendenhall A. A toolkit for DNA assembly, genome engineering and multicolor imaging for C. elegans. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2018; 2:1-10. [PMID: 33693300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One way scientists can observe and quantify processes in living cells is to engineer the genomes of animals to express multiple fluorescent proteins and then quantify those signals by various imaging techniques. To allow our laboratories to confidently quantify mixed (overlapping) fluorescent signals for our studies in the basic biology of gene expression and aging in C. elegans, we developed a comprehensive toolkit for C. elegans that we describe here. The Toolkit consists of two components: 1) a series of vectors for DNA assembly by homologous recombination (HR) in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and 2) a set of ten worm strains that each express a single, spectrally distinct fluorescent protein, under control of either the daf21 or eft-3 promoters. We measured the in vivo emission spectrum (3nm resolution) for each fluorescent protein in live C. elegans and showed that we can use those pure spectra to unmix overlapping fluorescent signals in spectral images of intestine cells. Seven of ten fluorescent proteins had signals that appeared to be localized in vesicular/elliptical foci or tubules in the hypodermis. We conducted fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments and showed that these structures have recovery kinetics more consistent with freely diffusing protein than aggregates (Q35::YFP). This toolkit will allow researchers to quickly and efficiently generate mutlti-fragment DNA assemblies for genome editing in C. elegans. Additionally, the transgenic C. elegans and the measured emission spectra should serve as a resource for scientists seeking to perform, or test their ability to perform, multidimensional (multi-color) imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Sands
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Burnaevskiy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Soo R Yun
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mathew M Crane
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Mendenhall
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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40
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Bohnert KA, Kenyon C. A lysosomal switch triggers proteostasis renewal in the immortal C. elegans germ lineage. Nature 2017; 551:629-633. [PMID: 29168500 PMCID: PMC5936623 DOI: 10.1038/nature24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although individuals age and die with time, an animal species can continue indefinitely, because of its immortal germ-cell lineage. How the germline avoids transmitting damage from one generation to the next remains a fundamental question in biology. Here we identify a lysosomal switch that enhances germline proteostasis before fertilization. We find that Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes whose maturation is arrested by the absence of sperm exhibit hallmarks of proteostasis collapse, including protein aggregation. Remarkably, sperm-secreted hormones re-establish oocyte proteostasis once fertilization becomes imminent. Key to this restoration is activation of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), a proton pump that acidifies lysosomes. Sperm stimulate V-ATPase activity in oocytes by signalling the degradation of GLD-1, a translational repressor that blocks V-ATPase synthesis. Activated lysosomes, in turn, promote a metabolic shift that mobilizes protein aggregates for degradation, and reset proteostasis by enveloping and clearing the aggregates. Lysosome acidification also occurs during Xenopus oocyte maturation; thus, a lysosomal switch that enhances oocyte proteostasis in anticipation of fertilization may be conserved in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adam Bohnert
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Russell JJ, Theriot JA, Sood P, Marshall WF, Landweber LF, Fritz-Laylin L, Polka JK, Oliferenko S, Gerbich T, Gladfelter A, Umen J, Bezanilla M, Lancaster MA, He S, Gibson MC, Goldstein B, Tanaka EM, Hu CK, Brunet A. Non-model model organisms. BMC Biol 2017; 15:55. [PMID: 28662661 PMCID: PMC5492503 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Model organisms are widely used in research as accessible and convenient systems to study a particular area or question in biology. Traditionally only a handful of organisms have been widely studied, but modern research tools are enabling researchers to extend the set of model organisms to include less-studied and more unusual systems. This Forum highlights a range of 'non-model model organisms' as emerging systems for tackling questions across the whole spectrum of biology (and beyond), the opportunities and challenges, and the outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Russell
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Microbiology & Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Pranidhi Sood
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Wallace F Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Laura F Landweber
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics and Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Jessica K Polka
- Visiting Scholar, Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Therese Gerbich
- 516 Fordham Hall, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- 516 Fordham Hall, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | | | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shuonan He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Biology Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging at Stanford, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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42
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Hibshman JD, Hung A, Baugh LR. Maternal Diet and Insulin-Like Signaling Control Intergenerational Plasticity of Progeny Size and Starvation Resistance. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006396. [PMID: 27783623 PMCID: PMC5081166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects of environmental conditions produce intergenerational phenotypic plasticity. Adaptive value of these effects depends on appropriate anticipation of environmental conditions in the next generation, and mismatch between conditions may contribute to disease. However, regulation of intergenerational plasticity is poorly understood. Dietary restriction (DR) delays aging but maternal effects have not been investigated. We demonstrate maternal effects of DR in the roundworm C. elegans. Worms cultured in DR produce fewer but larger progeny. Nutrient availability is assessed in late larvae and young adults, rather than affecting a set point in young larvae, and maternal age independently affects progeny size. Reduced signaling through the insulin-like receptor daf-2/InsR in the maternal soma causes constitutively large progeny, and its effector daf-16/FoxO is required for this effect. nhr-49/Hnf4, pha-4/FoxA, and skn-1/Nrf also regulate progeny-size plasticity. Genetic analysis suggests that insulin-like signaling controls progeny size in part through regulation of nhr-49/Hnf4, and that pha-4/FoxA and skn-1/Nrf function in parallel to insulin-like signaling and nhr-49/Hnf4. Furthermore, progeny of DR worms are buffered from adverse consequences of early-larval starvation, growing faster and producing more offspring than progeny of worms fed ad libitum. These results suggest a fitness advantage when mothers and their progeny experience nutrient stress, compared to an environmental mismatch where only progeny are stressed. This work reveals maternal provisioning as an organismal response to DR, demonstrates potentially adaptive intergenerational phenotypic plasticity, and identifies conserved pathways mediating these effects. Information from a mother’s environment can be transmitted to her offspring. In theory, the way mothers provision offspring can be beneficial or pathological depending on whether the environments of the mother and her offspring match. We find that roundworms fed a restricted diet produce fewer but larger offspring. These offspring recover better from starvation, growing faster and having increased fertility. Thus, we find that worms are more likely to thrive after early-life starvation if their mothers have been preconditioned with limited nutrient availability. We describe a genetic network that mediates effects of a mother’s diet on the size and starvation resistance of her offspring. The same genes required to extend the lifespan of worms fed a restricted diet are also required for the differential maternal provisioning we describe. In particular, insulin-like signaling, pha-4/FoxA, skn-1/Nrf, and nhr-49/Hnf4 function in the mother to transmit information about her diet to her offspring. Our work underscores the impact of maternal diet on reproductive health, with consequences for offspring physiology. The conserved genetic network controlling such effects of diet across generations is likely relevant to human diseases related to nutrient sensing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony Hung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - L. Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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