1
|
Ottria R, Porta MD, Xynomilakis O, Casati S, Cazzola R, Ciuffreda P. Lipids and lipid signaling molecules in human milk and infant formula, a chemical characterization of relevant biochemical components. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 126:109580. [PMID: 38272323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is the gold standard in infant nutrition and continuous researches aim to optimize infant formula composition as the best alternative available. Human milk lipid content provides more than 50% of energy requirements for infants together with essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other bioactive components. While fatty acids and vitamins human milk content has been extensively studied and, when needed those have been added to infant formulas, less is known about polyunsaturated fatty acids functional derivatives and other bioactive components. Here we describe the comparison of lipid compositions in breast milk from 22 healthy volunteers breastfeeding mothers and the six most common infant formula devoting particular attention to two families of signaling lipids, endocannabinoids, and eicosanoids. The main differences between breast milk and formulas lie in a variety of saturated fatty and unsaturated fatty acids, in the total amount (45-95% less in infant formula) and a variety of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (2-AG, 5(s)HETE, 15(S)-HETE and 14,15-EET).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy.
| | - Matteo Della Porta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Ornella Xynomilakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Sara Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Cazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20157, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
HPLC-DAD Analysis of Hemp Oil Supplements for Determination of Four Cannabinoids: Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, Cannabinol and Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing consumer interest in hemp oilseed supplements requires quality control. Therefore, appropriate, effective and verified analytical methods are needed for the determination of some bioactive cannabinoids in them. The aim of the study is to present an extended (compared to our previous research) validated high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the determination of four cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabinol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in an oil matrix, which was used to determine these cannabinoids in seven commercial hemp oil supplements. In our method, the isolation of the target compounds was based on liquid extraction with acetonitrile combined with the freezing (at −41 °C) of the oil phase. The results show that in some cases, the determined concentrations of cannabinoids in the tested supplements differ significantly from those declared by the manufacturers. As for the main medicinal cannabinoid (CBD) in hemp oil supplements, in two cases, the measured concentration was significantly lower (1.45 and 1.81%) than the declared (5 and 5%), and in the other supplements, the obtained results confirm the declared amount of CBD within the error range from 3.29 to 9.2%. Therefore, to ensure the safe and beneficial use of these supplements by consumers, it is necessary to monitor their cannabinoid composition.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kesner AJ, Lovinger DM. Cannabinoids, Endocannabinoids and Sleep. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:125. [PMID: 32774241 PMCID: PMC7388834 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital function of the nervous system that contributes to brain and bodily homeostasis, energy levels, cognitive ability, and other key functions of a variety of organisms. Dysfunctional sleep induces neural problems and is a key part of almost all human psychiatric disorders including substance abuse disorders. The hypnotic effects of cannabis have long been known and there is increasing use of phytocannabinoids and other formulations as sleep aids. Thus, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of the neurobiological basis of cannabis drug effects on sleep, as well as the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in sleep physiology. In this review article, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning sleep-related endogenous cannabinoid function derived from research on humans and rodent models. We also review information on acute and chronic cannabinoid drug effects on sleep in these organisms, and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to these effects. We point out the potential benefits of acute cannabinoids for sleep improvement, but also the potential sleep-disruptive effects of withdrawal following chronic cannabinoid drug use. Prescriptions for future research in this burgeoning field are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kesner
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David M Lovinger
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brunetti P, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Busardò FP, del Rio A. Herbal Preparations of Medical Cannabis: A Vademecum for Prescribing Doctors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56050237. [PMID: 32429074 PMCID: PMC7279290 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for therapeutic purposes. In the last century, the plant was demonized due to its high abuse liability and supposedly insufficient health benefits. However, recent decriminalization policies and new scientific evidence have increased the interest in cannabis therapeutic potential of cannabis and paved the way for the release of marketing authorizations for cannabis-based products. Although several synthetic and standardized products are currently available on the market, patients’ preferences lean towards herbal preparations, because they are easy to handle and self-administer. A literature search was conducted on multidisciplinary research databases and international agencies or institutional websites. Despite the growing popularity of medical cannabis, little data is available on the chemical composition and preparation methods of medical cannabis extracts. The authors hereby report the most common cannabis preparations, presenting their medical indications, routes of administration and recommended dosages. A practical and helpful guide for prescribing doctors is provided, including suggested posology, titration strategies and cannabinoid amounts in herbal preparations obtained from different sources of medical cannabis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Brunetti
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, “Politecnica delle Marche” University of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Simona Pichini
- Analytical Pharmacotoxicology Unit Head, National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Analytical Pharmacotoxicology Unit Head, National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità V.Le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (R.P.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, “Politecnica delle Marche” University of Ancona, Via Tronto 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0715-964-727
| | - Alessandro del Rio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarzi-Puttini P, Batticciotto A, Atzeni F, Bazzichi L, Di Franco M, Salaffi F, Marotto D, Ceribelli A, Ablin JN, Hauser W. Medical cannabis and cannabinoids in rheumatology: where are we now? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1019-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1665997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Batticciotto
- Rheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, ASST Settelaghi, Ospedale Di Circolo - Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Di Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Rheumatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Salaffi
- Rheumatological Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Jesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Marotto
- Rheumatology Unit, P-Dettori Hospital Tempio Pausania, Tempio Pausania, Italy
| | - Angela Ceribelli
- Rheumatology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacob N Ablin
- Internal Medicine H, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Winfred Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Klinikum Saarbrücken, D-66119 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaitán AV, Wood JT, Solomons NW, Donohue JA, Ji L, Liu Y, Nikas SP, Zhang F, Allen LH, Makriyannis A, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Milk from Guatemalan Women Living in the Western Highlands. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz018. [PMID: 31111118 PMCID: PMC6517780 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognized as the gold-standard ideal fare, human milk has a unique composition that meets infants' needs throughout development. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds [endocannabinoid metabolome (ECM)] are endogenous lipid mediators derived from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on animal models, it has been proposed that endocannabinoid arachidonoyl glycerol (AG) plays a role in establishing the suckling response during lactation. In addition, endocannabinoid ethanolamides have been shown to stimulate food intake. The mechanisms of action and the role of the ECM in human milk are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to characterize and quantify the ECM in human milk samples from an underserved population in Guatemala. METHODS Human milk samples were collected from lactating women (n = 26) for ECM characterization and quantification. Samples were taken at 3 different time points between 4 and 6 mo of lactation during maternal fasting. Human milk samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identified members of the ECM were: arachidonoyl ethanolamide, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), oleoyl ethanolamide, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide, eicoapentaenoyl ethanolamide, eicosenoyl ethanolamide, AG, palmitoyl glycerol, oleoyl glycerol, docosahexaenoyl glycerol, eicosapentaenoyl glycerol, eicosenoyl glycerol, arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). RESULTS Overall, concentrations in the ethanolamide group were lower than the glycerols. A time effect was observed for ARA, DHA, EPA, and PEA across the 3 time points (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified the ECM in mature human milk and provides the first report for a population with health disparities within a developing country. The few studies available have been conducted in developed countries. Hypotheses for future studies can be developed based on this study's data to help elucidate specific roles for members of the ECM and how this biological system modulates infant health and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana V Gaitán
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - JodiAnne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Noel W Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Guatemala
| | - Juliana A Donohue
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center; University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Lipin Ji
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center; University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Carol J Lammi-Keefe
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endocannabinoid system affects several physiological functions. A family of endocannabinoid receptors is susceptible to cannabis constituents. Cannabis is widely used in our society and following its recent legalization in Canada, we focus on how exposure to cannabis and pharmacologic cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) inhibition affect lipoprotein levels. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have reported that exposure to cannabis does not increase weight despite the marked increase in caloric intake. In observational studies, the effect of smoked cannabis exposure on plasma lipids is variable. Some studies in specific patient populations with longer exposure to cannabis seemed to identify slightly more favorable lipoprotein profiles in the exposed group. Several larger controlled clinical trials using orally administered rimonabant, a CB1 receptor antagonist, have consistently shown relative improvements in weight and plasma levels of triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among patients receiving the treatment. SUMMARY The widely variable findings on the relationship of cannabis in various forms with plasma lipids preclude any definitive conclusions. Cannabis has complex effects on the cardiovascular system and its effects on lipid profile must be considered in this overall context. Further properly controlled research is required to better understand this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Lazarte
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Transitional and Mature Human Milk. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091294. [PMID: 30213124 PMCID: PMC6165354 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognized as the gold standard, human milk (HM) is an extremely complex yet fascinating biofluid tailored to meet an infant's nutritional requirements throughout development. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds (endocannabinoid metabolome, ECM) are endogenous lipid mediators derived from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been identified in HM. Previous research has shown that arachidonoylglycerol might play a role in establishing the infant's suckling response during lactation by activating the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in the infant's brain. The mechanisms of action and the role of the ECM in HM are not fully understood. Transitional and mature milk samples were collected from lactating women (n = 24) for ECM characterization, quantification, and to evaluate differences among the two stages. HM samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Identified members of the ECM were: arachidonoylethanolamine, palmitoylethanolamine, oleoylethanolamine, docosahexaenoylethanolamine, eicoapentaenoylethanolamine, eicosenoylethanolamine, arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoyglycerol, oleoylglycerol, docosahexaenoylglycerol, eicosapentaenoylglycerol, eiconenooylglycerol, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Only docosahexaenoylglycerol was different across transitional and mature milk (p ≤ 0.05). Data from this cohort suggest that bioactive constituents in HM may also play a role in infant health and development. Future studies can be developed based on this study's data to help elucidate specific roles for each ECM member in addition to understanding how the ECM modulates infant health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Clark CS. Medical Cannabis: The Oncology Nurse's Role in Patient Education About the Effects of Marijuana on Cancer Palliation
. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2018; 22:E1-E6. [PMID: 29350699 DOI: 10.1188/18.cjon.e1-e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is legal either medicinally or recreationally in 29 states and the District of Columbia, with a majority of the U.S. adult population now living in states where cannabis is legal for medicinal use. As an advocate for patient autonomy and informed choice, the oncology nurse has an ethical responsibility to educate patients about and support their use of cannabis for palliation.
. OBJECTIVES This article aims to discuss the human endocannabinoid system as a basis for better understanding the palliative and curative nature of cannabis as a medicine, as well as review cannabis delivery methods and the emerging role of the oncology nurse in this realm.
. METHODS This article examines the literature and uses a theoretical-conceptual method to explore the oncology nurse's role in supporting the use of medicinal cannabis by patients with cancer.
. FINDINGS The oncology nurse can play a pivotal role in supporting patients' use of cannabis for palliation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Katchan V, David P, Shoenfeld Y. Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:513-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part II: Plants with hepato-, neuro-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Xu C, Hermes DJ, Mackie K, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Cannabinoids Occlude the HIV-1 Tat-Induced Decrease in GABAergic Neurotransmission in Prefrontal Cortex Slices. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:316-31. [PMID: 26993829 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is now considered a chronic disease that specifically targets the brain and causes HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Endocannabinoids exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in several central nervous system (CNS) disease models, but their effects in HAND are poorly understood. To address this issue, whole-cell recordings were performed on young (14-24 day old) C57BL/6J mice. We investigated the actions of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (1 μM) and the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide; AEA, 1 μM) in the presence of HIV-1 Tat on GABAergic neurotransmission in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) slices. We found a Tat concentration-dependent (5-50 nM) decrease in the frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist rimonabant (1 μM) and zero extracellular calcium prevented the significant Tat-induced decrease in mIPSCs. Further, bath-applied WIN55,212-2 or AEA by itself, significantly decreased the frequency, but not amplitude of mIPSCs and/or spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs), and occluded a further downregulation of IPSCs by Tat. Pretreatment with rimonabant but not the CB2R antagonist AM630 (1 μM) prevented the WIN55,212-2- and AEA-induced decrease in IPSCs frequency without any further Tat effect. Results indicated a Tat-induced decrease in GABAergic neurotransmission, which was occluded by cannabinoids via a CB1R-related mechanism. Understanding the relationship between Tat toxicity and endocannabinoid signaling has the potential to identify novel therapeutic interventions to benefit individuals suffering from HAND and other cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Szlavicz E, Perera PS, Tomboly C, Helyes Z, Zador F, Benyhe S, Borsodi A, Bojnik E. Further Characterization of Hemopressin Peptide Fragments in the Opioid and Cannabinoid Systems. Anesth Analg 2016; 121:1488-94. [PMID: 26465932 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemopressin, so-called because of its hypotensive effect, belongs to the derivatives of the hemoglobin α-chain. It was isolated from rat brain membrane homogenate by the use of catalytically inactive forms of endopeptidase 24.15 and neurolysin. Hemopressin has antihyperalgesic features that cannot be prevented by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. METHODS In the present study, we investigated whether hemopressin (PVNFKFLSH) and its C-terminally truncated fragment hemopressin 1-7 (PVNFKFL) have any influence on opioid-dependent signaling. Peptides have been analyzed using G-protein-stimulating functional and receptor bindings in this experimental setup. RESULTS These 2 compounds efficiently activated the G-proteins, and naloxone slightly blocked this stimulation. At the same time, they were able to displace radiolabeled [3H]DAMGO, a selective ligand for μ-opioid system, at micromolar concentrations. Displacement caused by the heptapeptide was more modest compared with hemopressin. Experiments performed on cell lines overexpressing μ-opioid receptors verified the opioid activity of both hemopressins. Moreover, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, AM251, significantly decreased their G-protein stimulatory effect. CONCLUSIONS Here, we further confirm that hemopressins can modulate CB1 receptors and can have a slight modulatory effect on the opioid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szlavicz
- From the *Laboratory of Opioid Research, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary; †Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; and ‡Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aghaei I, Rostampour M, Shabani M, Naderi N, Motamedi F, Babaei P, Khakpour-Taleghani B. Palmitoylethanolamide attenuates PTZ-induced seizures through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Epilepsy Res 2015; 117:23-8. [PMID: 26370914 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders. Though there are effective medications available to reduce the symptoms of the disease, their side effects have limited their usage. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to attenuate seizure in different animal models. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in this attenuation. Male wistar rats were used for the current experiment. PTZ was injected to induce chemical kindling in animals. After verification of kindling in animals, treatment was performed with PEA, AM251 and AM630 in different groups. Latency to induce seizure, seizure stages and latency and duration of fifth stage of seizure was recorded for each animal. Injection of PTZ led to seizure in the animals. Pretreatment with PEA increased the latency to initiate seizures and reduced the duration of seizure. Pretreatment with different dosages of AM251 had contrary effects so that at lower doses they increased the seizure in animals but at higher doses led to the attenuation of seizure. AM630 increased seizures in a dose dependent manner. Combination of the antagonists increased the seizure parameters and attenuated the effect of PEA on seizure. PEA attenuated the PTZ-induced seizures and pretreatment with CB1 and CB2 antagonists diminished this effect of PEA, but still PEA was effective, which might be attributed to the contribution of other receptors in PEA anti-epileptic properties. Findings of the current study implied that endocannabinoid signaling pathway might have an important role in the effects of PEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostampour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Nima Naderi
- Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Babaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Khakpour-Taleghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caltana LR, Heimrich B, Brusco A. Further Evidence for the Neuroplastic Role of Cannabinoids: A Study in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:773-781. [PMID: 25645684 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are present in the CNS and modulate synaptic activity. By using an in vitro model, two concentrations of CB1R agonist ACEA at 0.5 and 5 μM doses and CB1R antagonist AM251 at 1 and 10 μM doses were administered in organotypic slice cultures of mouse hippocampus, and their effects on neurons and glial cells were analyzed at different time points. Exposure to low concentrations of ACEA (0.5 μM) did not seem to affect tissue organization, neuronal morphology, or glial response. In contrast, at a higher concentration of ACEA, many neurons in the dentate gyrus exhibited strong caspase-3 immunoreactivity. After treatment with AM251, we observed an increase in caspase-3 immunoreactivity and a downregulation of CB1R expression. Results show that long-term hippocampal slice cultures respond to both CB1R activation and inactivation by changing neuronal protein expression patterns. In the present study, we demonstrate that CB1R agonist ACEA promotes alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton as well as changes in CB1R expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, and that CB1R antagonist AM251 promotes neuronal death and astroglial reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romina Caltana
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina.
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ryan-Ibarra S, Induni M, Ewing D. Prevalence of medical marijuana use in California, 2012. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; 34:141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Induni
- Survey Research Group; Public Health Institute; Sacramento California USA
| | - Danielle Ewing
- Survey Research Group; Public Health Institute; Sacramento California USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Q, Cui N, Du Y, Ma H, Zhang Y. Anandamide reduces intracellular Ca2+ concentration through suppression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current in rat cardiac myocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63386. [PMID: 23667607 PMCID: PMC3646750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anandamide, one of the endocannabinoids, has been reported to exhibit cardioprotective properties, particularly in its ability to limit the damage produced by ischemia reperfusion injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect are not well known. This study is to investigate whether anandamide alter Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Methods Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current (INCX) was recorded and analysed by using whole-cell patch-clamp technique and [Ca2+]i was measured by loading myocytes with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fura-2/AM. Results We found that INCX was enhanced significantly after perfusion with simulated ischemic external solution; [Ca2+]i was also significantly increased by simulated ischemic solution. The reversal potential of INCX was shifted to negative potentials in simulated ischemic external solution. Anandamide (1–100 nM) failed to affect INCX and [Ca2+]i in normal solution. However, anandamide (1–100 nM) suppressed the increase in INCX in simulated ischemic external solution concentration-dependently and normalized INCX reversal potential. Furthermore, anandamide (100 nM) significantly attenuated the increase in [Ca2+]i in simulated ischemic solution. Blocking CB1 receptors with the specific antagonist AM251 (500 nM) failed to affect the effects of anandamide on INCX and [Ca2+]i in simulated ischemic solution. CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 (100 nM) eliminated the effects of anandamide on INCX and [Ca2+]i in simulated ischemic solution, and CB2 receptor agonist JWH133 (100 nM) simulated the effects of anandamide that suppressed the increase in INCX and [Ca2+]i in simulated ischemic solution. In addition, pretreatment with the Gi/o-specific inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTX, 500 ng/ml) eliminated the effects of anandamide and JWH133 on INCX in simulated ischemic solution. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggest that anandamide suppresses calcium overload through inhibition of INCX during perfusion with simulated ischemic solution; the effects may be mediated by CB2 receptor via PTX-sensitive Gi/o proteins. This mechanism is importantly involved in the anti-ischemia injury caused by endocannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Reproduction, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanjie Du
- Department of Reproduction, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carroll CB, Zeissler ML, Hanemann CO, Zajicek JP. Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 38:535-47. [PMID: 22236282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although CB1 receptors are increased within the basal ganglia of PD patients and animal models, current evidence suggests a role for CB1 receptor-independent mechanisms. Here, we utilized a human neuronal cell culture PD model to further investigate the protective properties of Δ⁹-THC. METHODS Differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to PD-relevant toxins: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), lactacystin and paraquat. Changes in CB1 receptor level were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cannabinoids and modulatory compounds were co-administered with toxins for 48 h and the effects on cell death, viability, apoptosis and oxidative stress assessed. RESULTS We found CB1 receptor up-regulation in response to MPP+, lactacystin and paraquat and a protective effect of Δ⁹-THC against all three toxins. This neuroprotective effect was not reproduced by the CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 or blocked by the CB1 antagonist AM251. Furthermore, the antioxidants α-tocopherol and butylhydroxytoluene as well as the antioxidant cannabinoids, nabilone and cannabidiol were unable to elicit the same neuroprotection as Δ⁹-THC. However, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) antagonist T0070907 dose-dependently blocked the neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of Δ⁹-THC, while the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone resulted in protection from MPP+-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, Δ⁹-THC increased PPARγ expression in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells, another indicator of PPARγ activation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated up-regulation of the CB1 receptor in direct response to neuronal injury in a human PD cell culture model, and a direct neuronal protective effect of Δ⁹-THC that may be mediated through PPARγ activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Carroll
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Idris AI. The promise and dilemma of cannabinoid therapy: lessons from animal studies of bone disease. BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:224. [PMID: 24363927 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in numerous physiological processes and represents a potential drug target for diseases ranging from brain disorders to cancer. Recent preclinical studies implicated endocannabinoids and their receptors in the regulation of bone cell activity and in the pathogenesis of bone loss. Cells and intervening nerves in the skeleton express cannabinoid receptors and the machinery for the synthesis and breakdown of endocannabinoids. In healthy adult mice, pharmacological and genetic inactivation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) and putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 (G protein-coupled receptor 55) inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and increase bone mass, suggesting that both receptors have a negative role in early bone development. Although no distinct abnormalities in bone development were observed in healthy adult mice deficient in cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2), pharmacological blockage of this receptor was effective in suppressing bone loss associated with increased bone turnover, particularly in mouse models of osteoporosis, arthritis and osteolytic bone disease. In the aging skeleton, CB1 deficiency causes accelerated osteoporosis characterized mainly by a significant reduction in bone formation coupled to enhanced adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow. A similar acceleration of bone loss was also reported in aging CB2-deficient mice but found to be associated with enhanced bone turnover. This perspective describes the role of cannabinoid ligands and their receptors in bone metabolism and highlights the promise and dilemma of therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system for treatment of bone disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen I Idris
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital , Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Idris AI, Ralston SH. Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:136. [PMID: 23181053 PMCID: PMC3499879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in regulating a variety of physiological processes such as appetite control and energy balance, pain perception, and immune responses. Recent studies have implicated the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of bone cell activity and bone remodeling. These studies showed that endogenous cannabinoid ligands, cannabinoid receptors, and the enzymes responsible for ligand synthesis and breakdown all play important roles in bone mass and in the regulation of bone disease. These findings suggest that the endocannabinoid pathway could be of value as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. Here, we review the role of the skeletal endocannabinoid system in the regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen I. Idris
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, The Centre for Molecular Medicine, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leach JP, Mohanraj R, Borland W. Alcohol and drugs in epilepsy: pathophysiology, presentation, possibilities, and prevention. Epilepsia 2012; 53 Suppl 4:48-57. [PMID: 22946721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The potentially serious outcomes from ingestion of and dependence on toxins make this an important topic for epileptologists. We must be aware of the potential for harm from compounds that may be freely available, yet patients may try to conceal their use. Problematic compounds may cause seizures either acutely or on withdrawal: Their use may reduce effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs, or may simply promote and enhance chaotic lifestyles. Any or all of these factors may worsen seizure control or even directly cause seizures. This article highlights the pathophysiology behind provoked seizures, provides clues to diagnosis, and then outlines the steps that clinicians should take to reduce the deleterious effects of toxic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Leach
- Institute of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cosenza-Nashat MA, Bauman A, Zhao ML, Morgello S, Suh HS, Lee SC. Cannabinoid receptor expression in HIV encephalitis and HIV-associated neuropathologic comorbidities. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:464-83. [PMID: 21450051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabinoids have been proposed for treating various neurodegenerative disorders and as adjunct therapy for HIV+ patients with neurologic sequelae. The expression of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) has been reported in neurodegenerative diseases and in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, yet the receptor expression in the central nervous system of HIV+ individuals is not known. METHODS An anti-CB1 antibody and two anti-CB2 antibodies were employed for immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex and white matter of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) and HIV-associated comorbidities, as well as control brains (HIV- and HIV+). RESULTS By quantitative image analysis, we observed that CB1 was increased in HIVE brains and those with comorbidities, while CB2 was significantly increased in the white matter of HIVE. Morphologically, CB1 was present in neurones, and both CB1 and CB2 were present in meningeal macrophages and subpial glia in all brains. In HIVE, CB1 was found in white matter microglia and perivascular cells, while CB2 was increased in microglia, astrocytes and perivascular macrophages. Double immunofluorescence with cell-specific markers and immunoblots on primary cultured microglia and astrocytes substantiated the glial localization of the cannabinoid receptors and specificity of the antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that cannabinoid receptor expression occurs in glia in HIVE brains, and this may have ramifications for the potential use of cannabinoid ligands in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Cosenza-Nashat
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx Department of Pathology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Idris AI. Cannabinoid receptors as target for treatment of osteoporosis: a tale of two therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:243-53. [PMID: 21358974 PMCID: PMC3001217 DOI: 10.2174/157015910792246173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system plays an important role in regulating bone metabolism in health and in disease with a number of neurotransmitters been reported to influence bone cell activity through a central relay. In keeping with this, recent studies demonstrated that endocannabinoids and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol are found in the skeleton and numerous studies also showed that bone cells express the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and the orphan receptor GPR55. Pharmacological and genetic inactivation of CB1, CB2 and GPR55 in adult mice suppress bone resorption, increase bone mass and protect against bone loss, suggesting that inverse agonists/antagonists of these receptors may serve as anti-resorptive agents. In the ageing skeleton however CB1 and CB2 receptors have a protective effect against age-dependent bone loss in both male and female mice. CB1 receptor deficiency in aged mice results in accelerated age-dependent osteoporosis due to marked increase in bone resorption and significant reduction in bone formation coupled to enhanced adipocyte accumulation in the bone marrow compartment. Similar acceleration of bone loss was also reported in CB2 deficient mice of similar age but found to be associated with enhanced bone turnover. This review summarises in vitro and in vivo findings relating to the influence of cannabinoid ligands on bone metabolism and argues in favour of the exploitation of cannabinoid receptors as targets for both anabolic and anti-resorptive therapy for treatment of complex multifaceted bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen I Idris
- Bone Research Group, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ramsden CE, Mann JD, Faurot KR, Lynch C, Imam ST, MacIntosh BA, Hibbeln JR, Loewke J, Smith S, Coble R, Suchindran C, Gaylord SA. Low omega-6 vs. low omega-6 plus high omega-3 dietary intervention for chronic daily headache: protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2011; 12:97. [PMID: 21496264 PMCID: PMC3096579 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted analgesic dietary interventions are a promising strategy for alleviating pain and improving quality of life in patients with persistent pain syndromes, such as chronic daily headache (CDH). High intakes of the omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) may promote physical pain by increasing the abundance, and subsequent metabolism, of LA and AA in immune and nervous system tissues. Here we describe methodology for an ongoing randomized clinical trial comparing the metabolic and clinical effects of a low n-6, average n-3 PUFA diet, to the effects of a low n-6 plus high n-3 PUFA diet, in patients with CDH. Our primary aim is to determine if: A) both diets reduce n-6 PUFAs in plasma and erythrocyte lipid pools, compared to baseline; and B) the low n-6 plus high n-3 diet produces a greater decline in n-6 PUFAs, compared to the low n-6 diet alone. Secondary clinical outcomes include headache-specific quality-of-life, and headache frequency and intensity. METHODS Adults meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for CDH are included. After a 6-week baseline phase, participants are randomized to a low n-6 diet, or a low n-6 plus high n-3 diet, for 12 weeks. Foods meeting nutrient intake targets are provided for 2 meals and 2 snacks per day. A research dietitian provides intensive dietary counseling at 2-week intervals. Web-based intervention materials complement dietitian advice. Blood and clinical outcome data are collected every 4 weeks. RESULTS Subject recruitment and retention has been excellent; 35 of 40 randomized participants completed the 12-week intervention. Preliminary blinded analysis of composite data from the first 20 participants found significant reductions in erythrocyte n-6 LA, AA and %n-6 in HUFA, and increases in n-3 EPA, DHA and the omega-3 index, indicating adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01157208).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Douglas Mann
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keturah R Faurot
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chanee Lynch
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Syed Taha Imam
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth A MacIntosh
- North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Loewke
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunyata Smith
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Coble
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chirayath Suchindran
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan A Gaylord
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Davison SN, Davison JS. Is there a legitimate role for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids for symptom management in chronic kidney disease? J Pain Symptom Manage 2011; 41:768-78. [PMID: 21269798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common and debilitating symptom experienced in the context of numerous other physical and emotional symptoms by many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Management of pain with opioids in CKD can be problematic given the prominence of adverse effects of opioids in CKD, which may exacerbate symptoms, such as nausea, anorexia, pruritus, and insomnia, all of which impact negatively on patients' health-related quality of life. Novel therapeutic approaches for pain and symptom management in CKD are required. Recent research in the area of cannabinoids (CBs) is legitimizing the use of cannabis-based medicine. In this review, we describe the symptom burden borne by patients with CKD and review some of the key basic science and clinical literature to evaluate the potential use of CBs for the management of overall symptom burden in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Davison
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karst M, Wippermann S, Ahrens J. Role of cannabinoids in the treatment of pain and (painful) spasticity. Drugs 2011; 70:2409-38. [PMID: 21142261 DOI: 10.2165/11585260-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Both the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its role in the control of pain and habituation to stress, as well as the significant analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects in animal studies, suggest the usefulness of cannabinoids in pain conditions. However, in human experimental or clinical trials, no convincing reduction of acute pain, which may be caused by a pronociceptive, ECS-triggered mechanism on the level of the spinal cord, has been demonstrated. In contrast, in chronic pain and (painful) spasticity, an increasing number of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have shown the efficacy of cannabinoids, which is combined with a narrow therapeutic index. Patients with unsatisfactory response to other methods of pain therapy and who were characterized by failed stress adaptation particularly benefited from treatment with cannabinoids. None of the attempts to overcome the disadvantage of the narrow therapeutic index, either by changing the route of application or by formulating balanced cannabinoid preparations, have resulted in a major breakthrough. Therefore, different methods of administration and other types of cannabinoids, such as endocannabinoid modulators, should be tested in future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karst
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Farrimond JA, Mercier MS, Whalley BJ, Williams CM. Cannabis sativa and the endogenous cannabinoid system: therapeutic potential for appetite regulation. Phytother Res 2011; 25:170-88. [PMID: 21213357 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The herb Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) has been used in China and on the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years as a medicine. However, since it was brought to the UK and then the rest of the western world in the late 19th century, its use has been a source of controversy. Indeed, its psychotropic side effects are well reported but only relatively recently has scientific endeavour begun to find valuable uses for either the whole plant or its individual components. Here, we discuss evidence describing the endocannabinoid system, its endogenous and exogenous ligands and their varied effects on feeding cycles and meal patterns. Furthermore we also critically consider the mounting evidence which suggests non-Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoids play a vital role in C. sativa-induced feeding pattern changes. Indeed, given the wide range of phytocannabinoids present in C. sativa and their equally wide range of intra-, inter- and extra-cellular mechanisms of action, we demonstrate that non-Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol phytocannabinoids retain an important and, as yet, untapped clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Farrimond
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
López EM, Tagliaferro P, Onaivi ES, López-Costa JJ. Distribution of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in adult rat retina. Synapse 2010; 65:388-92. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
29
|
Li Q, Ma HJ, Zhang H, Qi Z, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Electrophysiological effects of anandamide on rat myocardium. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:2022-9. [PMID: 20050190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid, anandamide, has anti-arrhythmic effects. The aim of the present study was to explore the electrophysiological effects of anandamide on rat myocardium. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Evoked action potentials (APs) were recorded using intracellular recording technique in rat cardiac papillary muscles. In addition, L-type Ca2+ current was measured and analysed using whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique in isolated rat cardiac ventricular myocytes. KEY RESULTS In cardiac papillary muscles, anandamide (1, 10, 100 nM) decreased AP duration in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, 100 nM anandamide decreased AP amplitude, overshoot and Vmax in partially depolarized papillary muscles. These effects were abolished by AM251 (100 nM), a selective antagonist for CB1 receptors, but not AM630 (100 nM), a CB2 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, an agonist of L-type Ca2+ channels, Bay K 8644 (0.5 microM), a K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (20 mM) and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (1 mM) had no effect on anandamide-induced decrease in AP duration. In isolated ventricular myocytes, anandamide (1, 10, 100 nM) decreased L-type Ca2+ current concentration-dependently, and shifted the current-voltage relationship curve of the Ca2+ current. Anandamide (100 nM) shifted the steady-state inactivation curve to the left and the recovery curve to the right. Blockade of CB1 receptors with AM251 (100 nM), but not CB2 receptors with AM630 (100 nM), eliminated the effect of anandamide on L-type Ca2+ currents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that anandamide suppressed AP and L-type Ca2+ current in cardiac myocytes through CB1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Karst M, Wippermann S. Cannabinoids against pain. Efficacy and strategies to reduce psychoactivity: a clinical perspective. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:125-33. [PMID: 19236260 DOI: 10.1517/13543780802691951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of cannabinoids is currently a topic of interest not exclusively, but most importantly, concerning different areas of pain therapy. One of the major obstacles in developing clinically acceptable compounds is the cannabimimetic side-effect profile of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. This article gives a brief overview of the endocannabinoid system, its components and functions and explains the current approaches to avoiding cannabimimetic side effects by separating them from the therapeutic effects. One of these approaches is the addition of cannabidiol (CBD) as well as the use of preparations suitable for oromucosal application. Also cannabinoids, which primarily stimulate peripheral cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors or selectively cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors, can further separate analgesic activity from cannabimimetic activity. Local or topical modes of application are another attempt aiming in the same direction. Modulating the endogenous cannabinoid tone (via the inhibition of endocannabinoid-metabolising enzymes) is another strategy. The combination of THC in low, non-psychoactive doses with opioids has a synergistic effect and reduces opioid tolerance effects. Available data from these approaches are summarised and their more and less promising aspects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karst
- Pain Clinic, Hannover Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hanus LO. Pharmacological and therapeutic secrets of plant and brain (endo)cannabinoids. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:213-71. [PMID: 18777572 DOI: 10.1002/med.20135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids has reached enormous proportions, with approximately 15,000 articles on Cannabis sativa L. and cannabinoids and over 2,000 articles on endocannabinoids. The present review deals with the history of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, its uses, constituent compounds and their biogeneses, and similarity to compounds from Radula spp. In addition, details of the pharmacology of natural cannabinoids, as well as synthetic agonists and antagonists are presented. Finally, details regarding the pioneering isolation of the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as the pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of endocannabinoid congeners are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Ondrej Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gonzalez R. Acute and non-acute effects of cannabis on brain functioning and neuropsychological performance. Neuropsychol Rev 2008; 17:347-61. [PMID: 17680367 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-007-9036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has an ancient history of human use and is currently one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. Understanding its impact on neurobehavioral functioning is of significant public health concern. In recent decades, substantial progress has been made in understanding the impact of cannabis use on neurobehavioral functioning. This has been fueled, in part, by characterization of an endocannabinoid signaling system in the brain through which cannabis exerts its psychoactive effects. Acute intoxication with cannabis causes marked changes in subjective mental status, brain functioning, and neuropsychological performance. Some of these changes are consistently detected and well characterized, yet others are not. Changes in brain functioning and neuropsychological performance are also reported after abstinence, but appear to be mild, circumscribed, and transient. On the other hand, functional neuroimaging often reveals subtle differences in the brain functioning of abstinent cannabis users compared with controls. The persistence and clinical significance of these differences, however, remains to be determined. Neuropsychological deficits and differences in brain functioning are most consistently observed only among frequent, heavy users, who are those most likely addicted to cannabis. The dire impact of drug addiction on a person's life and everyday functioning suggests that the large number of individuals addicted to cannabis experience substantial negative effects from its use. This manuscript reviews the scientific literature on the aforementioned topics in detail, providing evidence for converging findings, and highlighting areas in need of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Street, MC 912, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|