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Boutachkourt A, Drążyk D, Missal M. Gazing into spatiotemporal 'known unknowns': the influence of uncertainty on pupil size and saccadic eye movements. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17509. [PMID: 39080377 PMCID: PMC11289384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Expectation of a future stimulus increases the preparedness to act once it actually appears and results in reduced latency of the appropriate motor response. Real world events are uncertain both spatially and/or temporally but this uncertainty could itself be expected. In the presence of both expected spatial and temporal uncertainty, which one should be prioritized by the motor system could depend on the context. Therefore, we investigated the relative weight of expected spatial and temporal uncertainty during the preparation of a saccadic eye movement. A reaction time task was used with a variable foreperiod between a warning and an imperative visual stimuli. Expected temporal and/or spatial uncertainty associated with the stimulus was cued. We found that before imperative stimulus onset, pupil dilation increased with expected temporal uncertainty but was unaltered by spatial uncertainty. After imperative stimulus onset, both types of expected uncertainty affected saccade latency. Maximum eye velocity was modulated by expected spatial uncertainty only. In conclusion, expected temporal and spatial uncertainty do not have the same impact on preparation and execution of a motor response. There could be a prioritization of the relevant information as a function of the evolving expected uncertainty context during the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Boutachkourt
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Cognition and System (COSY), Université Catholique de Louvain, 53 Av Mounier, B1.53.04 COSY, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominika Drążyk
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Cognition and System (COSY), Université Catholique de Louvain, 53 Av Mounier, B1.53.04 COSY, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcus Missal
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Cognition and System (COSY), Université Catholique de Louvain, 53 Av Mounier, B1.53.04 COSY, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Duyar A, Carrasco M. Eyes on the past: Gaze stability differs between temporal expectation and temporal attention. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.598015. [PMID: 38895241 PMCID: PMC11185784 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.598015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Temporal expectation and temporal attention distinctly improve performance and gaze stability, and interact at the behavioral and neural levels. Foreperiod-the interval between the preparatory signal and stimulus onset-facilitates temporal expectation. Preceding foreperiod-the foreperiod in the previous trial-modulates expectation at behavioral and oculomotor levels. Here, we investigated whether preceding foreperiod guides temporal attention. Regardless of the preceding foreperiod, temporal attention improved performance, particularly at early moments,and consistently accelerated gaze stability onset and offset by shifting microsaccade timing. However, only with preceding expected foreperiods, attention inhibited microsaccade rates. Moreover, preceding late foreperiods weakened expectation effects on microsaccade rates, but such a weakening was overridden by attention. Altogether, these findings reveal that the oculomotor system's flexibility does not translate to performance, and suggest that although selection history can be utilized as one of the sources of expectation in subsequent trials, it does not necessarily determine, strengthen, or guide attentional deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Duyar
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Korolczuk I, Burle B, Coull JT, Ogińska H, Ociepka M, Senderecka M, Śmigasiewicz K. Temporal unpredictability increases error monitoring as revealed by EEG-EMG investigation. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14442. [PMID: 37724801 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Reacting in an unpredictable context increases error monitoring as evidenced by greater error-related negativity (ERN), an electrophysiological marker linked to an evaluation of response outcomes. We investigated whether ERN also increased when participants evaluated their responses to events that appeared in unpredictable versus predictable moments in time. We complemented electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis of cortical activity by measuring performance monitoring processes at the peripheral level using electromyography (EMG). Specifically, we used EMG data to quantify how temporal unpredictability would affect motor time (MT), the interval between the onset of muscle activity, and the mechanical response. MT increases following errors, indexing online error detection, and an attempt to stop incorrect actions. In our temporally cued version of the stop-signal task, symbolic cues predicted (temporally predictable condition) or not (temporally unpredictable condition) the onset of a target. In 25% of trials, an auditory signal occurred shortly after the target presentation, informing participants that they should inhibit their response completely. Response times were slower, and fewer inhibitory errors were made during temporally unpredictable than predictable trials, indicating enhanced control of unwanted actions when target onset time was unknown. Importantly, the ERN to inhibitory errors was greater in temporally unpredictable relative to temporally predictable conditions. Similarly, EMG data revealed prolonged MT when reactions to temporally unpredictable targets had not been stopped. Taken together, our results show that a temporally unpredictable environment increases the control of unwanted actions, both at cortical and peripheral levels, suggesting a higher subjective cost of maladaptive responses to temporally uncertain events.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Korolczuk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - B Burle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - J T Coull
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - H Ogińska
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Ociepka
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Senderecka
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Śmigasiewicz
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, Marseille, France
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Bussu G, Portugal AM, Wilsson L, Kleberg JL, Falck-Ytter T. Manipulation of phasic arousal by auditory cues is associated with subsequent changes in visual orienting to faces in infancy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22072. [PMID: 38086954 PMCID: PMC10716513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This eye-tracking study investigated the effect of sound-induced arousal on social orienting under different auditory cue conditions in 5-month-old (n = 25; n = 13 males) and 10-month-old infants (n = 21; n = 14 males) participating in a spontaneous visual search task. Results showed: (1) larger pupil dilation discriminating between high and low volume (b = 0.02, p = 0.007), but not between social and non-social sounds (b = 0.004, p = 0.64); (2) faster visual orienting (b = - 0.09, p < 0.001) and better social orienting at older age (b = 0.94, p < 0.001); (3) a fast habituation effect on social orienting after high-volume sounds (χ2(2) = 7.39, p = 0.025); (4) a quadratic association between baseline pupil size and target selection (b = - 1.0, SE = 0.5, χ2(1) = 4.04, p = 0.045); (5) a positive linear association between pupil dilation and social orienting (b = 0.09, p = 0.039). Findings support adaptive gain theories of arousal, extending the link between phasic pupil dilation and task performance to spontaneous social orienting in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bussu
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ana Maria Portugal
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lowe Wilsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundin Kleberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Von Kraemers Alle 1C, 754 32, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Egeland J, Lund O, Kowalik-Gran I, Aarlien AK, Söderlund GBW. Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1301771. [PMID: 38144987 PMCID: PMC10748431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction "The moderate brain arousal model" claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners' Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Lund
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iwona Kowalik-Gran
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Göran B. W. Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nobre AC, van Ede F. Attention in flux. Neuron 2023; 111:971-986. [PMID: 37023719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective attention comprises essential infrastructural functions supporting cognition-anticipating, prioritizing, selecting, routing, integrating, and preparing signals to guide adaptive behavior. Most studies have examined its consequences, systems, and mechanisms in a static way, but attention is at the confluence of multiple sources of flux. The world advances, we operate within it, our minds change, and all resulting signals progress through multiple pathways within the dynamic networks of our brains. Our aim in this review is to raise awareness of and interest in three important facets of how timing impacts our understanding of attention. These include the challenges posed to attention by the timing of neural processing and psychological functions, the opportunities conferred to attention by various temporal structures in the environment, and how tracking the time courses of neural and behavioral modulations with continuous measures yields surprising insights into the workings and principles of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Freek van Ede
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081BT, the Netherlands.
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Duyar A, Denison RN, Carrasco M. Exogenous temporal attention varies with temporal uncertainty. J Vis 2023; 23:9. [PMID: 36928299 PMCID: PMC10029770 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal attention is the selection and prioritization of information at a specific moment. Exogenous temporal attention is the automatic, stimulus driven deployment of attention. The benefits and costs of exogenous temporal attention on performance have not been isolated. Previous experimental designs have precluded distinguishing the effects of attention and expectation about stimulus timing. Here, we manipulated exogenous temporal attention and the uncertainty of stimulus timing independently and investigated visual performance at the attended and unattended moments with different levels of temporal uncertainty. In each trial, two Gabor patches were presented consecutively with a variable stimulus onset. To drive exogenous attention and test performance at attended and unattended moments, a task-irrelevant, brief cue was presented 100 ms before target onset, and an independent response cue was presented at the end of the trial. Exogenous temporal attention slightly improved accuracy, and the effects varied with temporal uncertainty, suggesting a possible interaction of temporal attention and expectations in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Duyar
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel N Denison
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Snapiri L, Kaplan Y, Shalev N, Landau AN. Rhythmic modulation of visual discrimination is linked to individuals' spontaneous motor tempo. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:646-656. [PMID: 36512369 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of external rhythmic structure on perception has been demonstrated across different modalities and experimental paradigms. However, recent findings emphasize substantial individual differences in rhythm-based perceptual modulation. Here, we examine the link between spontaneous rhythmic preferences, as measured through the motor system, and individual differences in rhythmic modulation of visual discrimination. As a first step, we measure individual rhythmic preferences using the spontaneous tapping task. Then we assess perceptual rhythmic modulation using a visual discrimination task in which targets can appear either in-phase or out-of-phase with a preceding rhythmic stream of visual stimuli. The tempo of the preceding stream was manipulated over different experimental blocks (0.77 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 2 Hz). We find that visual rhythmic stimulation modulates discrimination performance. The modulation is dependent on the tempo of stimulation, with maximal perceptual benefits for the slowest tempo of stimulation (0.77 Hz). Most importantly, the strength of modulation is also linked to individuals' spontaneous motor tempo. Individuals with slower spontaneous tempi show greater rhythmic modulation compared to individuals with faster spontaneous tempi. This finding suggests that different tempi affect the cognitive system with varying levels of efficiency and that self-generated rhythms impact our ability to utilize rhythmic structure in the environment for guiding perception and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Snapiri
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Shalev
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ayelet N Landau
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Cognitive Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Consequences of predictable temporal structure in multi-task situations. Cognition 2022; 225:105156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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