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Trivedi PJ, Hirschfield GM, Adams DH, Vierling JM. Immunopathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis: Themes and Concepts. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:995-1019. [PMID: 38342195 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases include primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis, a family of chronic immune-mediated disorders that target hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Treatments remain nonspecific, variably effective, and noncurative, and the need for liver transplantation is disproportionate to their rarity. Development of effective therapies requires better knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms, including the roles of genetic risk, and how the environment and gut dysbiosis cause immune cell dysfunction and aberrant bile acid signaling. This review summarizes key etiologic and pathogenic concepts and themes relevant for clinical practice and how such learning can guide the development of new therapies for people living with autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John M Vierling
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Zhao W, Li M, Song S, Zhi Y, Huan C, Lv G. The role of natural killer T cells in liver transplantation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1274361. [PMID: 38250325 PMCID: PMC10796773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKTs) are innate-like lymphocytes that are abundant in the liver and participate in liver immunity. NKT cells express both NK cell and T cell markers, modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and Type II NKT cells are classified according to the TCR usage, while they recognize lipid antigen in a non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule CD1d-restricted manner. Once activated, NKT cells can quickly produce cytokines and chemokines to negatively or positively regulate the immune responses, depending on the different NKT subsets. In liver transplantation (LTx), the immune reactions in a series of processes determine the recipients' long-term survival, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloresponse, and post-transplant infection. This review provides insight into the research on NKT cells subpopulations in LTx immunity during different processes, and discusses the shortcomings of the current research on NKT cells. Additionally, the CD56-expressing T cells are recognized as a NK-like T cell population, they were also discussed during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shifei Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Poddighe D, Maulenkul T, Zhubanova G, Akhmaldtinova L, Dossybayeva K. Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells in Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Evidence from Basic and Clinical Research. Cells 2023; 12:2854. [PMID: 38132174 PMCID: PMC10742140 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unconventional T cells that are activated by glycolipid antigens. They can produce a variety of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and, therefore, modulate multiple aspects of the immune response in different pathological settings, including autoimmunity. NKT cells have also been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis, and in this review we summarize and analyze the main studies investigating the involvement and/or homeostasis of NKT cells in this disease. In detail, the evidence from both basic and clinical research has been specifically analyzed. Even though the experimental murine models supported a relevant role of NKT cells in immune-mediated hepatic injury, very few studies specifically investigated NKT cell homeostasis in patients with autoimmune hepatitis; however, these initial studies reported some alterations of NKT cells in these patients, which may also correlate with the disease activity to some extent. Further clinical studies are needed to investigate the potential role and use of NKT cell analysis as a disease marker of clinical relevance, and to better understand the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms by which NKT cells contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Poddighe
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kerei-Zhanibek Str. 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, University Medical Center, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Tilektes Maulenkul
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kerei-Zhanibek Str. 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, University Medical Center, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulsamal Zhubanova
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kerei-Zhanibek Str. 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Akhmaldtinova
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kerei-Zhanibek Str. 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanysh Dossybayeva
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Kerei-Zhanibek Str. 5/1, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Chen L, Zhou J, Ren B, Chen H. The progress of autoimmune hepatitis research and future challenges. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230823. [PMID: 38025543 PMCID: PMC10655690 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver inflammatory disease with various immune system manifestations, showing a global trend of increased prevalence. AIH is diagnosed through histological abnormalities, clinical manifestations, and biochemical indicators. The biochemical markers involve interfacial hepatitis, transaminase abnormalities, positive autoantibodies, etc. Although AIH pathogenesis is unclear, gene mutations and immunological factors could be the leading factors. AIH usually presents as a chronic liver disease and sometimes as acute hepatitis, making it challenging to distinguish it from drug-related hepatitis due to similar clinical symptoms. Normalizing transaminases and serum IgG levels is essential in assessing the remission status of AIH treatment. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine are the first-line AIH treatment, with lifelong maintenance therapy in some patients. The quality of life and survival can be improved after appropriate treatment. However, certain limitations jeopardize the quality of treatment, including long treatment cycles, side effects, poor patient compliance, and inability to inhibit liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Accurate AIH animal models will help us understand the pathophysiology of the disease while providing fresh perspectives for avoiding and treating AIH. This review will help us understand AIH better, from the cellular and molecular causes to the clinical features, and will provide insight into new therapy techniques with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Graduate Department of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Dehe Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Binbin Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Aquino RCADE, Barros BRS, Silva GAS, Sousa GFDE, Souza EBDE, Silva DRC, Nascimento AVDO, Sá IWADE, Lima ELSDE, Silva BO, Lima LPODE, Vieira AM, Barbosa Neto AG, Marcos BFS, Silva AJD, Oliveira THADE, Carvalho BM, Muniz MTC, Freitas ACDE, Campelo Júnior EB, Melo CMLDE. Healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients present an inflammatory status and Th2/Th17/Th22 immune profile: findings from before vaccine application in Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220502. [PMID: 37255169 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers present an increased risk of contagion for the SARS-CoV-2 virus due to their labor exposure. Here, we describe the clinical, laboratory, and immunological characteristics of healthcare workers, before vaccine application, exposed to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information from 50 professionals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Clinical Hospital of the Northwest in Brazil. The results showed that most workers are women, over 50 years old, and worked as nursing technicians. Approximately 56% of workers were positive for a previous infection by RT-PCR and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2-immunoglobulin tests. Increased levels of hematocrit, neutrophils, NK lymphocytes, and fibrinogen, were found in positive healthcare workers, suggesting a light inflammatory status. The immunological findings showed an increase in IL-17 production and a Th2/Th17/Th22 profile followed by high serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. Those data reveal the importance of studies with healthcare workers to investigate if the continuous exposition to the virus may result in chronic activation of the immune system and/or pulmonary inflammation in this target group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cesar A DE Aquino
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rafaela S Barros
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antonio S Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Georon F DE Sousa
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edson B DE Souza
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dyego R C Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Arione V DO Nascimento
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Igor W A DE Sá
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elker L S DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara O Silva
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luísa P O DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda M Vieira
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adauto G Barbosa Neto
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bianca F São Marcos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Anna Jéssica D Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Talita Helena Araújo DE Oliveira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Carvalho
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza C Muniz
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos DE Freitas
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Evônio B Campelo Júnior
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M L DE Melo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Liu S, Huang B, Cao J, Wang Y, Xiao H, Zhu Y, Zhang H. ROS fine-tunes the function and fate of immune cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110069. [PMID: 37150014 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The redox state is essential to the process of cell life, which determines cell fate. As an important signaling molecule of the redox state, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial for the homeostasis of immune cells and participate in the pathological processes of different diseases. We discuss the underlying mechanisms and possible signaling pathways of ROS to fine-tune the proliferation, differentiation, polarization and function of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived inhibitory cells (MDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs). We further emphasize how excessive ROS lead to programmed immune cell death such as apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, NETosis and necroptosis, providing valuable insights for future therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Benqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Jingdong Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
| | - Huali Zhang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
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Gu X, Chu Q, Ma X, Wang J, Chen C, Guan J, Ren Y, Wu S, Zhu H. New insights into iNKT cells and their roles in liver diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035950. [PMID: 36389715 PMCID: PMC9643775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKTs) are an important part of the immune system. Since their discovery in the 1990s, researchers have gained deeper insights into the physiology and functions of these cells in many liver diseases. NKT cells are divided into two subsets, type I and type II. Type I NKT cells are also named iNKT cells as they express a semi-invariant T cell-receptor (TCR) α chain. As part of the innate immune system, hepatic iNKT cells interact with hepatocytes, macrophages (Kupffer cells), T cells, and dendritic cells through direct cell-to-cell contact and cytokine secretion, bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. A better understanding of hepatic iNKT cells is necessary for finding new methods of treating liver disease including autoimmune liver diseases, alcoholic liver diseases (ALDs), non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs), and liver tumors. Here we summarize how iNKT cells are activated, how they interact with other cells, and how they function in the presence of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Zheng Q, Xue C, Gu X, Shan D, Chu Q, Wang J, Zhu H, Chen Z. Multi-Omics Characterizes the Effects and Mechanisms of CD1d in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830702. [PMID: 35465315 PMCID: PMC9024148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a class of metabolic-associated liver diseases. Aberrant lipid consumption plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. It has been shown CD1d can bind to multiple different lysophospholipids and associated with NAFLD progression. However, the mechanism of CD1d regulation in NAFLD is not completely understood. In this study, we established a NAFLD mouse model by feeding C57/BL6J mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. Subsequently, we performed integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses to thoroughly probe the role of CD1d in NAFLD progression. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD1d expression was significantly decreased in our murine model of NAFLD. Additionally, we show CD1d knockdown (CD1d KO) in HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice induced NAFLD, which resulted in weight gain, exaggerated liver injury, and hepatic steatosis. We uncover the crucial roles of CD1d deficiency results in accumulated lipid accumulation. We further explored the CD1d deficiency in NAFLD regarding the transcriptional landscapes, microbiota environment, metabolomics change, and transcriptomics differences. In conclusion, our data demonstrate CD1d plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the further therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhi Chen
- *Correspondence: Zhi Chen, ; Haihong Zhu,
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9
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Vogt S, Mattner J. NKT Cells Contribute to the Control of Microbial Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:718350. [PMID: 34595131 PMCID: PMC8477047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.718350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate (-like) T lymphocytes such as natural killer T (NKT) cells play a pivotal role in the recognition of microbial infections and their subsequent elimination. They frequently localize to potential sites of pathogen entry at which they survey extracellular and intracellular tissue spaces for microbial antigens. Engagement of their T cell receptors (TCRs) induces an explosive release of different cytokines and chemokines, which often pre-exist as constitutively expressed gene transcripts in NKT cells and underlie their poised effector state. Thus, NKT cells regulate immune cell migration and activation and subsequently, bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast to conventional T cells, which react to peptide antigens, NKT cells recognize lipids presented by the MHC class I like CD1d molecule on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, each NKT cell TCR can recognize various antigen specificities, whereas a conventional T lymphocyte TCR reacts mostly only to one single antigen. These lipid antigens are either intermediates of the intracellular APC`s-own metabolism or originate from the cell wall of different bacteria, fungi or protozoan parasites. The best-characterized subset, the type 1 NKT cell subset expresses a semi-invariant TCR. In contrast, the TCR repertoire of type 2 NKT cells is diverse. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors (NKRs) that contribute to their primarily TCR-mediated rapid, innate like immune activation and even allow an adaption of their immune response in an adoptive like manner. Dueto their primary localization at host-environment interfaces, NKT cells are one of the first immune cells that interact with signals from different microbial pathogens. Vice versa, the mutual exchange with local commensal microbiota shapes also the biology of NKT cells, predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. Following infection, two main signals drive the activation of NKT cells: first, cognate activation upon TCR ligation by microbial or endogenous lipid antigens; and second, bystander activation due to cytokines. Here we will discuss the role of NKT cells in the control of different microbial infections comparing pathogens expressing lipid ligands in their cell walls to infectious agents inducing endogenous lipid antigen presentation by APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disease characterized by a lymphocyte infiltrate in the liver. For decades, nonspecific immunosuppression has been used to limit chronic liver inflammation. The high risk of relapse, the treatments side effects, and the significant number of refractory patients are the main clinical issues that require efforts to understand AIH immune mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS The balance between regulatory CD4 T cells, known to control autoimmunity, and effector CD4 T cells, that recognize liver self-antigens and mediate the liver inflammation, appears central in AIH immune mechanisms. Recent advances in the identification of pathogenic auto-reactive CD4 T cells, and of new mechanisms of immune regulatory defects in AIH patients, give new insights into the pathophysiology of this disease. SUMMARY In this review, we propose an overview of the central role of CD4 T cells (both regulatory and pathogenic) in mechanisms of AIH, with a focus on recent advances regarding defective regulatory mechanisms and immune profile of auto-reactive CD4 T cells. These findings may have implication for the orientation of new therapeutic strategies to treat AIH, such as regulatory T-cell infusion or targeting B cells and cytokines released by pathogenic CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Cardon
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
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11
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Bile Acids and Microbiota: Multifaceted and Versatile Regulators of the Liver-Gut Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031397. [PMID: 33573273 PMCID: PMC7866539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After their synthesis from cholesterol in hepatic tissues, bile acids (BAs) are secreted into the intestinal lumen. Most BAs are subsequently re-absorbed in the terminal ileum and are transported back for recycling to the liver. Some of them, however, reach the colon and change their physicochemical properties upon modification by gut bacteria, and vice versa, BAs also shape the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. This mutual interplay of both BAs and gut microbiota regulates many physiological processes, including the lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism of the host. Emerging evidence also implies an important role of this enterohepatic BA circuit in shaping mucosal colonization resistance as well as local and distant immune responses, tissue physiology and carcinogenesis. Subsequently, disrupted interactions of gut bacteria and BAs are associated with many disorders as diverse as Clostridioides difficile or Salmonella Typhimurium infection, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, asthma, metabolic syndrome, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and epilepsy. As we cannot address all of these interesting underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms here, we summarize the current knowledge about the physiologic and pathogenic interplay of local site microbiota and the enterohepatic BA metabolism using a few selected examples of liver and gut diseases.
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12
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Tan X, Sun L, Li Q, Qi C, Fu C, Zhu H, Yang X, Feng H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen G. Secoemestrin C inhibits activation of NKT/conventional T cells and protects against concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:3389-3401. [PMID: 32774707 PMCID: PMC7407708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secoemestrin C is an epitetrathiodioxopiperazine isolated from Aspergillus nidulans, which has only been reported in terms of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Here, we determined the immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects of secoemestrin C in a mouse model of acute autoimmune hepatitis. In an in vitro assay, purified hepatic mononuclear cells (MNCs) from C57BL/6J mice were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in the presence of secoemestrin C, and cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured. In an in vivo assay, mice with or without secoemestrin C pretreatment were injected with Con A to induce acute hepatitis. The secoemestrin C treatment dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in Con A-stimulated hepatic MNCs in vitro. In Con A-challenged mice, pre-injection with secoemestrin C significantly decreased the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and ameliorated liver injury. Furthermore, pretreatment with secoemestrin C significantly inhibited the Con A-induced activation of NKT and conventional T cells, and decreased IFN-γ production by these two cell populations. We conclude that secoemestrin C has an immunosuppressive effect on NKT and conventional T cells and has hepatoprotective activity in mouse autoimmune hepatitis. These findings provide new insights into the use of fungus-derived natural products for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Tan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Lingjuan Sun
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changxing Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Yakun Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC and Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeople’s Republic of China
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13
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Zhang M, Zhang S. T Cells in Fibrosis and Fibrotic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1142. [PMID: 32676074 PMCID: PMC7333347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue, and it is characterized by the accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Fibrosis is essential for wound healing and tissue repair in response to a variety of triggers, which include infection, inflammation, autoimmune disorder, degenerative disease, tumor, and injury. Fibrotic remodeling in various diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), can impair organ function, causing high morbidity and mortality. Both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in fibrogenesis. Although the roles of macrophages in fibrogenesis have been studied for many years, the underlying mechanisms concerning the manner in which T cells regulate fibrosis are not completely understood. The T cell receptor (TCR) engages the antigen and shapes the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. Based on the divergent expression of surface molecules and cell functions, T cells are subdivided into natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), regulatory T (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, and T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In this review, we summarize the pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic roles and distinct mechanisms of different T cell subsets. On reviewing the literature, we conclude that the T cell regulations are commonly disease-specific and tissue-specific. Finally, we provide perspectives on microbiota, viral infection, and metabolism, and discuss the current advancements of technologies for identifying novel targets and developing immunotherapies for intervention in fibrosis and fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Guo J, Shirozu K, Akahoshi T, Mizuta Y, Murata M, Yamaura K. The farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib protects against autoimmune hepatitis induced by Concanavalin A. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106462. [PMID: 32251961 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
No effective treatment has been established for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), except for liver transplantation in the fatal stage. Little is known about the roles and mechanisms of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) in treating AIH. Thus, we investigated the specific role of the FTI, tipifarnib, in a Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced model of hepatitis. The effects of tipifarnib (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) were studied in Con A (20 mg/kg, intravenous injection)-challenged mice by histological, biochemical, and immunological analyses. Tipifarnib-treated mice were compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Con A caused liver injury characterized by increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and marked histological changes. The increased serum ALT, interleukin-6, or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were observed at 2 or 8 h; tumor necrosis factor-α levels at 2 h post-Con A administration decreased significantly in the tipifarnib group. Tipifarnib also suppressed Con A-induced activation of CD4+ cells (but not CD8+ T cells) in the liver and spleen, and also reversed the Con A-induced decrease of natural killer T (NKT) cells in the liver. Tipifarnib significantly inhibited IFN-γ production and STAT1 phosphorylation from CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+ T and NKT cells) in the liver at 2 h post-Con A administration. Tipifarnib significantly inhibited IFN-γ production by splenic CD4+ T cells at 48 h post-Con A injection in vitro. Tipifarnib also inhibited the expression of farnesylated proteins induced by Con A administration. In conclusion, tipifarnib inhibited IFN-γ derived from Con A-induced CD4+ T cell activation due to downregulated STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that Tipifarnib can protect against AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shirozu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Akahoshi
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukie Mizuta
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaura
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Lai ACY, Chi PY, Thio CLP, Han YC, Kao HN, Hsieh HW, Gervay-Hague J, Chang YJ. α-Lactosylceramide Protects Against iNKT-Mediated Murine Airway Hyperreactivity and Liver Injury Through Competitive Inhibition of Cd1d Binding. Front Chem 2019; 7:811. [PMID: 31850305 PMCID: PMC6893574 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which are activated by T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent recognition of lipid-based antigens presented by the CD1d molecule, have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma and liver injury. Previous studies have shown the inhibition of iNKT cell activation using lipid antagonists can attenuate iNKT cell-induced disease pathogenesis. Hence, the development of iNKT cell-targeted glycolipids can facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated α-lactosylceramide (α-LacCer), an α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) analog with lactose substitution for the galactose head and a shortened acyl chain in the ceramide tail, toward iNKT cell activation. We demonstrated that α-LacCer was a weak inducer for both mouse and human iNKT cell activation and cytokine production, and the iNKT induction by α-LacCer was CD1d-dependent. However, when co-administered with α-GalCer, α-LacCer inhibited α-GalCer-induced IL-4 and IFN-γ production from iNKT cells. Consequently, α-LacCer also ameliorated both α-GalCer and GSL-1-induced airway hyperreactivity and α-GalCer-induced neutrophilia when co-administered in vivo. Furthermore, we were able to inhibit the increases of ConA-induced AST, ALT and IFN-γ serum levels through α-LacCer pre-treatment, suggesting α-LacCer could protect against ConA-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, we discerned that α-LacCer suppressed α-GalCer-stimulated cytokine production through competing for CD1d binding. Since iNKT cells play a critical role in the development of AHR and liver injury, the inhibition of iNKT cell activation by α-LacCer present a possible new approach in treating iNKT cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Po-Yu Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yun-Chiann Han
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Neng Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gerth E, Mattner J. The Role of Adaptor Proteins in the Biology of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31293596 PMCID: PMC6603179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins contribute to the selection, differentiation and activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate(-like) lymphocyte population endowed with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Distinct from conventional T lymphocytes NKT cells preferentially home to the liver, undergo a thymic maturation and differentiation process and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells. NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which combines the Vα14-Jα18 chain with a Vβ2, Vβ7, or Vβ8 chain in mice and the Vα24 chain with the Vβ11 chain in humans. The avidity of interactions between their TCR, the presented glycolipid antigen and CD1d govern the selection and differentiation of NKT cells. Compared to TCR ligation on conventional T cells engagement of the NKT cell TCR delivers substantially stronger signals, which trigger the unique NKT cell developmental program. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of primarily inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) that control their self-reactivity and avoid autoimmune activation. Adaptor proteins influence NKT cell biology through the integration of TCR, NKR and/or SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) receptor signals or the variation of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation. TCR and NKR ligation engage the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa slp-76 whereas the SLAM associated protein SAP serves as adaptor for the SLAM receptor family. Indeed, the selection and differentiation of NKT cells selectively requires co-stimulation via SLAM receptors. Furthermore, SAP deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with multiple immune defects including a lack of circulating NKT cells. While a deletion of slp-76 leads to a complete loss of all peripheral T cell populations, mutations in the SH2 domain of slp-76 selectively affect NKT cell biology. Furthermore, adaptor proteins influence the expression and trafficking of CD1d in antigen presenting cells and subsequently selection and activation of NKT cells. Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), for example, is required for the efficient presentation of glycolipid antigens which require internalization and processing. Thus, our review will focus on the complex contribution of adaptor proteins to the delivery of TCR, NKR and SLAM receptor signals in the unique biology of NKT cells and CD1d-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gerth
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Biagioli M, Carino A, Fiorucci C, Marchianò S, Di Giorgio C, Roselli R, Magro M, Distrutti E, Bereshchenko O, Scarpelli P, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. GPBAR1 Functions as Gatekeeper for Liver NKT Cells and provides Counterregulatory Signals in Mouse Models of Immune-Mediated Hepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:447-473. [PMID: 31226434 PMCID: PMC6718949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GPBAR1, also known as TGR5, is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by bile acids. Hepatic innate immune cells are involved in the immunopathogenesis of human liver diseases and in several murine hepatitis models. Here, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that GPBAR1 ligation attenuates the inflammation in rodent models of hepatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hepatitis was induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or α-galactosyl-ceramide (α-GalCer). 6b-Ethyl-3a,7b-dihydroxy-5b-cholan-24-ol (BAR501), a selective agonist of GPBAR1, was administrated by o.s. RESULTS In the mouse models of hepatitis, the genetic ablation of Gpabar1 worsened the severity of liver injury and resulted in a type I NKT cells phenotype that was biased toward a NKT1, a proinflammatory, IFN-γ producing, NKT cells subtype. Further on, NKT cells from GPBAR1-/- mice were sufficient to cause a severe hepatitis when transferred to naïve mice. In contrast, GPBAR1 agonism rescued wild-type mice from acute liver damage and redirects the NKT cells polarization toward a NKT10, a regulatory, IL-10 secreting, type I NKT cell subset. In addition, GPBAR1 agonism significantly expanded the subset of IL-10 secreting type II NKT cells. RNAseq analysis of both NKT cells type confirmed that IL-10 is a major target for GPABR1. Accordingly, IL-10 gene ablation abrogated protection afforded by GPBAR1 agonism in the Con A model. CONCLUSION Present results illustrate a role for GPBAR1 in regulating liver NKT ecology. Because NKT cells are an essential component of liver immune system, our data provide a compelling evidence for a GPBAR1-IL-10 axis in regulating of liver immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Magro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpelli
- University of Perugia, Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Stefano Fiorucci, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy. fax: (+39) 075 5858405.
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18
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Orola MJ, Tizian C, Zhu C, Andersen L, Gülich AF, Alteneder M, Stojakovic T, Wiedermann U, Trauner M, Ellmeier W, Sakaguchi S. The zinc-finger transcription factor MAZR regulates iNKT cell subset differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4391-4404. [PMID: 31065747 PMCID: PMC6803753 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a subgroup of innate-like T cells and play an important role in immune responses against certain pathogens. In addition, they have been linked to autoimmunity and antitumor immunity. iNKT cells consist of several subsets with distinct functions; however, the transcriptional networks controlling iNKT subset differentiation are still not fully characterized. Myc-associated zinc-finger-related factor (MAZR, also known as PATZ1) is an essential transcription factor for CD8+ lineage differentiation of conventional T cells. Here, we show that MAZR plays an important role in iNKT cells. T-cell lineage-specific deletion of MAZR resulted in an iNKT cell-intrinsic defect that led to an increase in iNKT2 cell numbers, concurrent with a reduction in iNKT1 and iNKT17 cells. Consistent with the alteration in the subset distribution, deletion of MAZR also resulted in an increase in the percentage of IL-4-producing cells. Moreover, MAZR-deficient iNKT cells displayed an enhanced expression of Erg2 and ThPOK, key factors for iNKT cell generation and subset differentiation, indicating that MAZR controls iNKT cell development through fine-tuning of their expression levels. Taken together, our study identified MAZR as an essential transcription factor regulating iNKT cell subset differentiation and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jonah Orola
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medical Centre Berlin (CBF), 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ci Zhu
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liisa Andersen
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Franziska Gülich
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlis Alteneder
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shinya Sakaguchi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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General Principles of Immunotherapy in Neurological Diseases. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The Role of Invariant NKT in Autoimmune Liver Disease: Can Vitamin D Act as an Immunomodulator? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:8197937. [PMID: 30046564 PMCID: PMC6038587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8197937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells which express both the T cell receptor (TCR) and natural killer (NK) cell markers. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bear an invariant TCR and recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d (nonclassical MHC-I). CD1d-restricted iNKT cells are regulators of immune responses and produce cytokines that may be proinflammatory (such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) or anti-inflammatory (such as IL-4). iNKT cells also appear to play a role in B cell regulation and antibody production. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a derivative of the marine sponge, is a potent stimulator of iNKT cells and has been proposed as a therapeutic iNKT cell activator. Invariant NKT cells have been implicated in the development and perpetuation of several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Animal models of SLE have shown abnormalities in iNKT cells numbers and function, and an inverse correlation between the frequency of NKT cells and IgG levels has also been observed. The role of iNKT cells in autoimmune liver disease (AiLD) has not been extensively studied. This review discusses the current data with regard to iNKT cells function in AiLD, in addition to providing an overview of iNKT cells function in other autoimmune conditions and animal models. We also discuss data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on iNKT cells, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target, given that deficiencies in vitamin D have been reported in various autoimmune disorders.
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de Mingo Pulido Á, de Gregorio E, Chandra S, Colell A, Morales A, Kronenberg M, Marí M. Differential Role of Cathepsins S and B In Hepatic APC-Mediated NKT Cell Activation and Cytokine Secretion. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541077 PMCID: PMC5836516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells exhibit a specific tissue distribution, displaying the liver the highest NKT/conventional T cell ratio. Upon antigen stimulation, NKT cells secrete Th1 cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), and Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 that recruit and activate other innate immune cells to exacerbate inflammatory responses in the liver. Cysteine cathepsins control hepatic inflammation by regulating κB-dependent gene expression. However, the contribution of cysteine cathepsins other than Cathepsin S to NKT cell activation has remained largely unexplored. Here we report that cysteine cathepsins, cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin S (CTSS), regulate different aspects of NKT cell activation. Inhibition of CTSB or CTSS reduced hepatic NKT cell expansion in a mouse model after LPS challenge. By contrast, only CTSS inhibition reduced IFNγ and IL-4 secretion after in vivo α-GalCer administration. Accordingly, in vitro studies reveal that only CTSS was able to control α-GalCer-dependent loading in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), probably due to altered endolysosomal protein degradation. In summary, our study discloses the participation of cysteine cathepsins, CTSB and CTSS, in the activation of NKT cells in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro de Mingo Pulido
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shilpi Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC) and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Effects of self-reported sensitivity and road-traffic noise levels on the immune system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187084. [PMID: 29084230 PMCID: PMC5662213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to noise, particularly road traffic noise, can increase cortisol levels and result in changes in immune system biomarkers. Therefore, continuous exposure to noise can have an effect on immune function, hormonal levels, and cardiovascular function, leading to hypertension and stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in stress-and immune system-related biomarkers according to the self-reported sensitivity to noise and exposure to road traffic noise, to ultimately determine the potential effects of noise on health. A survey was conducted through questionnaire (ISO/TS 15666) sent to 172 female subjects in Korea, including 128 from Ulsan and 44 from Seoul. The average noise level was calculated, and blood samples were collected for measurements of cortisol levels, Natural killer (NK) / Natural killer T (NKT) cell populations, and NK cell activity (through measurements of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) concentrations). Multivariate linear regression analysis of the measured biomarkers according to the road traffic noise level and self-reported noise sensitivity was conducted adjusting for the effects of age, alcohol status, smoking status, regular exercise, and residence period. IL-12 levels increased, whereas the NKT cell population decreased with increasing noise levels. The results further suggested that cortisol levels are more influenced by the subject’s sensitivity to noise than to the level of chronic road traffic noise. Therefore, noise appears to have the largest effect on IL-12 levels as well as the population and activity of NKT cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that low-level road traffic noise and sensitivity to noise can affect health by causing changes in the immune response through mechanisms other than increased cortisol.
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23
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Kim YH, Kumar A, Chang CH, Pyaram K. Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate the Inflammatory Function of NKT Cells through Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3478-3487. [PMID: 29021374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of aerobic metabolism and contribute to both physiological and pathological conditions as second messengers. ROS are essential for activation of T cells, but how ROS influence NKT cells is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of ROS in NKT cell function. We found that NKT cells, but not CD4 or CD8 T cells, have dramatically high ROS in the spleen and liver of mice but not in the thymus or adipose tissues. Accordingly, ROS-high NKT cells exhibited increased susceptibility and apoptotic cell death with oxidative stress. High ROS in the peripheral NKT cells were primarily produced by NADPH oxidases and not mitochondria. We observed that sorted ROS-high NKT cells were enriched in NKT1 and NKT17 cells, whereas NKT2 cells were dominant in ROS-low cells. Furthermore, treatment of NKT cells with antioxidants led to reduced frequencies of IFN-γ- and IL-17-expressing cells, indicating that ROS play a role in regulating the inflammatory function of NKT cells. The transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) seemed to control the ROS levels. NKT cells from adipose tissues that do not express PLZF and those from PLZF haplodeficient mice have low ROS. Conversely, ROS were highly elevated in CD4 T cells from mice ectopically expressing PLZF. Thus, our findings demonstrate that PLZF controls ROS levels, which in turn governs the inflammatory function of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeung-Hyen Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kalyani Pyaram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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24
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Kim HM, Lee BR, Lee ES, Kwon MH, Huh JH, Kwon BE, Park EK, Chang SY, Kweon MN, Kim PH, Ko HJ, Chung CH. iNKT cells prevent obesity-induced hepatic steatosis in mice in a C-C chemokine receptor 7-dependent manner. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:270-279. [PMID: 28811651 PMCID: PMC5803573 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are characterized by an increase in hepatic triglyceride content with infiltration of immune cells, which can cause steatohepatitis and hepatic insulin resistance. C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is primarily expressed in immune cells, and CCR7 deficiency leads to the development of multi-organ autoimmunity, chronic renal disease and autoimmune diabetes. Here, we investigated the effect of CCR7 on hepatic steatosis in a mouse model and its underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that body and liver weights were higher in the CCR7−/− mice than in the wild-type (WT) mice when they were fed a high-fat diet. Further, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were markedly diminished in CCR7−/− mice. The number of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells was reduced in the livers of the CCR7−/− mice. Moreover, liver inflammation was detected in obese CCR7−/− mice, which was ameliorated by the adoptive transfer of hepatic mononuclear cells from WT mice, but not through the transfer of hepatic mononuclear cells from CD1d−/− or interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice. Overall, these results suggest that CCR7+ mononuclear cells in the liver could regulate obesity-induced hepatic steatosis via induction of IL-10-expressing iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kim
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - B R Lee
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - E S Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - M H Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - J H Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - B-E Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - E-K Park
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - S-Y Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - M-N Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - P-H Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - H-J Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - C H Chung
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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25
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Mattner J. Impact of Microbes on the Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111864. [PMID: 27834858 PMCID: PMC5133864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represent the major clinical entities of chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Both disorders are characterized by portal inflammation and slowly progress to obliterative fibrosis and eventually liver cirrhosis. Although immune-pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PBC and PSC, neither disorder is considered to be a classical autoimmune disease, as PSC and PBC patients do not respond to immune-suppressants. Furthermore, the decreased bile flow resulting from the immune-mediated tissue assault and the subsequent accumulation of toxic bile products in PBC and PSC not only perpetuates biliary epithelial damage, but also alters the composition of the intestinal and biliary microbiota and its mutual interactions with the host. Consistent with the close association of PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the polyclonal hyper IgM response in PBC and (auto-)antibodies which cross-react to microbial antigens in both diseases, an expansion of individual microbes leads to shifts in the composition of the intestinal or biliary microbiota and a subsequent altered integrity of epithelial layers, promoting microbial translocation. These changes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both devastating disorders. Thus, we will discuss here these recent findings in the context of novel and alternative therapeutic options.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Translocation
- Bile/drug effects
- Bile/microbiology
- Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnostic imaging
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/drug therapy
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/immunology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstr. 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Activated NKT cells facilitated functional switch of myeloid-derived suppressor cells at inflammation sites in fulminant hepatitis mice. Immunobiology 2016; 222:440-449. [PMID: 27523745 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) confer immunosuppressive properties, but their roles in fulminant hepatitis have not been well defined. In this study, we systematically examined the distribution of MDSCs in bone marrow (BM), liver and spleen, and their functional and differentiation status in an acute fulminant hepatitis mouse model induced by lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS-GalN). Moreover, the interaction between NKT cells and MDSCs was determined. Our study revealed that BM contained the largest pool of MDSCs during pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis compared with liver and spleen. MDSCs in liver/spleen expressed higher levels of chemokine receptors such as CCR2, CX3CR1 and CXCR2. At inflamed tissues such as liver or spleen, activated NKT cells induced differentiation of MDSCs through cell-cell interaction, which markedly dampened the immunosuppressive effects and promoted MDSCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and activate inflammatory cells. Our findings thus demonstrated an unexpected pro-inflammatory state for MDSCs, which was mediated by the activated NKT cells that precipitated the differentiation and functional evolution of these MDSCs at sites of inflammation.
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27
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NK Cell Subtypes as Regulators of Autoimmune Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:6903496. [PMID: 27462349 PMCID: PMC4947642 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6903496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As major components of innate immunity, NK cells not only exert cell-mediated cytotoxicity to destroy tumors or infected cells, but also act to regulate the functions of other cells in the immune system by secreting cytokines and chemokines. Thus, NK cells provide surveillance in the early defense against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells. However, the effecter function of NK cells must be exquisitely controlled to prevent inadvertent attack against normal “self” cells. In an organ such as the liver, where the distinction between immunotolerance and immune defense against routinely processed pathogens is critical, the plethora of NK cells has a unique role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Once self-tolerance is broken, autoimmune liver disease resulted. NK cells act as a “two-edged weapon” and even play opposite roles with both regulatory and inducer activities in the hepatic environment. That is, NK cells act not only to produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, but also to alter the proliferation and activation of associated lymphocytes. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms at work in autoimmune liver diseases remain to be identified. In this review, we focus on recent research with NK cells and their potential role in the development of autoimmune liver disease.
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28
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Danzer C, Koller A, Baier J, Arnold H, Giessler C, Opoka R, Schmidt S, Willers M, Mihai S, Parsch H, Wirtz S, Daniel C, Reinhold A, Engelmann S, Kliche S, Bogdan C, Hoebe K, Mattner J. A mutation within the SH2 domain of slp-76 regulates the tissue distribution and cytokine production of iNKT cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2121-36. [PMID: 27349342 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TCR ligation is critical for the selection, activation, and integrin expression of T lymphocytes. Here, we explored the role of the TCR adaptor protein slp-76 on iNKT-cell biology. Compared to B6 controls, slp-76(ace/ace) mice carrying a missense mutation (Thr428Ile) within the SH2-domain of slp-76 showed an increase in iNKT cells in the thymus and lymph nodes, but a decrease in iNKT cells in spleens and livers, along with reduced ADAP expression and cytokine response. A comparable reduction in iNKT cells was observed in the livers and spleens of ADAP-deficient mice. Like ADAP(-/-) iNKT cells, slp-76(ace/ace) iNKT cells were characterized by enhanced CD11b expression, correlating with an impaired induction of the TCR immediate-early gene Nur77 and a decreased adhesion to ICAM-1. Furthermore, CD11b-intrinsic effects inhibited cytokine release, concanavalin A-mediated inflammation, and iNKT-cell accumulation in the liver. Unlike B6 and ADAP(-/-) mice, the expression of the transcription factors Id3 and PLZF was reduced, whereas NP-1-expression was enhanced in slp-76(ace/ace) mice. Blockade of NP-1 decreased the recovery of iNKT cells from peripheral lymph nodes, identifying NP-1 as an iNKT-cell-specific adhesion factor. Thus, slp-76 contributes to the regulation of the tissue distribution, PLZF, and cytokine expression of iNKT cells via ADAP-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Danzer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Koller
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Baier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Arnold
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Giessler
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Opoka
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Schmidt
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maike Willers
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sidonia Mihai
- Zentrallabor, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Parsch
- Zentrallabor, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Nephropathologische Abteilung, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Swen Engelmann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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29
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Horst AK, Neumann K, Diehl L, Tiegs G. Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:277-92. [PMID: 27041638 PMCID: PMC4856800 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized first in pigs in spite of major histo-compatibility complex mismatch, and termed the "liver tolerance effect". Furthermore, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted with only low-dose immunosuppression, and induce tolerance for non-hepatic co-transplanted allografts of the same donor. Although this immunotolerogenic environment is favorable in the setting of organ transplantation, it is detrimental in chronic infectious liver diseases like hepatitis B or C, malaria, schistosomiasis or tumorigenesis, leading to pathogen persistence and weak anti-tumor effects. The liver is a primary site of T-cell activation, but it elicits poor or incomplete activation of T cells, leading to their abortive activation, exhaustion, suppression of their effector function and early death. This is exploited by pathogens and can impair pathogen control and clearance or allow tumor growth. Hepatic priming of T cells is mediated by a number of local conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which promote tolerance by immune deviation, induction of T-cell anergy or apoptosis, and generating and expanding regulatory T cells. This review will focus on the communication between classical and nonclassical APCs and lymphocytes in the liver in tolerance induction and will discuss recent insights into the role of innate lymphocytes in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
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30
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Bandyopadhyay K, Marrero I, Kumar V. NKT cell subsets as key participants in liver physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:337-46. [PMID: 26972772 PMCID: PMC4856801 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that generally recognize lipid antigens and are enriched in microvascular compartments of the liver. NKT cells can be activated by self- or microbial-lipid antigens and by signaling through toll-like receptors. Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thereby determine the milieu for subsequent immunity or tolerance. It is becoming clear that two different subsets of NKT cells-type I and type II-have different modes of antigen recognition and have opposing roles in inflammatory liver diseases. Here we focus mainly on the roles of both NKT cell subsets in the maintenance of immune tolerance and inflammatory diseases in liver. Furthermore, how the differential activation of type I and type II NKT cells influences other innate cells and adaptive immune cells to result in important consequences for tissue integrity is discussed. It is crucial that better reagents, including CD1d tetramers, be used in clinical studies to define the roles of NKT cells in liver diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Idania Marrero
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Vyrla D, Nikolaidis G, Oakley F, Perugorria MJ, Tsichlis PN, Mann DA, Eliopoulos AG. TPL2 Kinase Is a Crucial Signaling Factor and Mediator of NKT Effector Cytokine Expression in Immune-Mediated Liver Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4298-310. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Mathews S, Feng D, Maricic I, Ju C, Kumar V, Gao B. Invariant natural killer T cells contribute to chronic-plus-binge ethanol-mediated liver injury by promoting hepatic neutrophil infiltration. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:206-16. [PMID: 25661730 PMCID: PMC4786627 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration is a hallmark of alcoholic steatohepatitis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding synergistically induces hepatic recruitment of neutrophils, which contributes to liver injury. In this paper, we investigated the roles of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. Wild-type and two strains of iNKT cell-deficient mice (CD1d- and Jα18-deficient mice) were subjected to chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding. Liver injury and inflammation were examined. Chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding synergistically increased the number of hepatic iNKT cells and induced their activation, compared with chronic feeding or binge alone. iNKT cell-deficient mice were protected from chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration and liver injury. Moreover, chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding markedly upregulated the hepatic expression of several genes associated with inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in wild-type mice, but induction of these genes was abrogated in iNKT cell-deficient mice. Importantly, several cytokines and chemokines (e.g., MIP-2, MIP-1, IL-4, IL-6 and osteopontin) involved in neutrophil infiltration were upregulated in hepatic NKT cells isolated from chronic-plus-binge ethanol-fed mice compared to pair-fed mice. Finally, treatment with CD1d blocking antibody, which blocks iNKT cell activation, partially prevented chronic-plus-binge ethanol-induced liver injury and inflammation. Chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding activates hepatic iNKT cells, which play a critical role in the development of early alcoholic liver injury, in part by releasing mediators that recruit neutrophils to the liver, and thus, iNKT cells represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mathews
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Integrated Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Liu X, Jiang X, Liu R, Wang L, Qian T, Zheng Y, Deng Y, Huang E, Xu F, Wang JY, Chu Y. B cells expressing CD11b effectively inhibit CD4+ T-cell responses and ameliorate experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2015. [PMID: 26207521 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing evidence in recent years has suggested that B cells act as a crucial regulator in autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about their role in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we show that B cells ameliorated experimental AIH (EAH) by suppressing CD4+ T-cell responses and that CD11b expression on B cells was required for the regulatory function of B cells. In vitro studies reveal that the suppressive function of CD11b was mediated by the impairment of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling transduction and the promotion of TCR down-regulation. Moreover, we show that the increased CD11b expression on B cells was interleukin (IL)-10 dependent and that additional IL-10 stimulation promoted CD11b expression on B cells, thereby enhancing B-cell regulatory effects. CONCLUSION These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for CD11b in B-cell regulatory function and its protective effect on EAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengkai Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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34
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Czaja AJ. Transitioning from Idiopathic to Explainable Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2881-900. [PMID: 25999246 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis lacks an identifiable cause, and its diagnosis requires the exclusion of etiologically defined diseases that resemble it. Insights into its pathogenesis are moving autoimmune hepatitis from an idiopathic to explainable disease, and the goal of this review is to describe the insights that are hastening this transition. Two types of autoimmune hepatitis are justified by serological markers, but they also have distinctive genetic associations (DRB1 and DQB1 genes) and autoantigens. DRB1 alleles are the principal susceptibility factors in white adults, and a six amino acid sequence encoded in the antigen-binding groove of class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex can influence the selection of autoantigens. Polymorphisms, including variants of SH2B3 and CARD10 genes, may affect immune reactivity and disease severity. The cytochrome mono-oxygenase, CYP2D6, is the autoantigen associated with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, and it shares homologies with multiple viruses that might promote self-intolerance by molecular mimicry. Chemokines, especially CXCL9 and CXCL10, orchestrate the migration of effector cells to sites of injury and are associated with disease severity. Cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses promote tissue damage, and possible deficiencies in the number and function of regulatory T cells may facilitate the injurious process. Receptor-mediated apoptosis is the principal mechanism of hepatocyte loss, and cell-mediated and antibody-dependent mechanisms of cytotoxicity also contribute. Insights that explain autoimmune hepatitis will allow triggering exogenous antigens to be characterized, risk management to be improved, prognostic indices to be refined, and site-specific therapeutic interventions to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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35
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Montano-Loza AJ, Czaja AJ. Cell mediators of autoimmune hepatitis and their therapeutic implications. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1528-42. [PMID: 25487192 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is associated with interactive cell populations of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and these populations are amenable to therapeutic manipulation. The goals of this review are to describe the key cell populations implicated in autoimmune hepatitis and to identify investigational opportunities to develop cell-directed therapies for this disease. Studies cited in PubMed from 1972 to 2014 for autoimmune hepatitis, innate and adaptive immune systems, and therapeutic interventions were examined. Dendritic cells can promote immune tolerance to self-antigens, present neo-antigens that enhance the immune response, and expand the regulatory T cell population. Natural killer cells can secrete pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and modulate the activity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T lymphocytes. T helper 2 lymphocytes can inhibit the cytotoxic activities of T helper 1 lymphocytes and limit the expansion of T helper 17 lymphocytes. T helper 17 lymphocytes can promote inflammatory activity, and they can also up-regulate genes that protect against oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis. Natural killer T cells can expand the regulatory T cell population; gamma delta lymphocytes can secrete interleukin-10, stimulate hepatic regeneration, and induce the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells; and antigen-specific regulatory T cells can dampen immune cell proliferation and function. Pharmacological agents, neutralizing antibodies, and especially the adoptive transfer of antigen-specific regulatory T cells that have been freshly generated ex vivo are evolving as management strategies. The cells within the innate and adaptive immune systems are key contributors to the occurrence of autoimmune hepatitis, and they are attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo J Montano-Loza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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36
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Jiao GH, Wang BM, Zhou L. Role of natural killer cells and vitamin signaling in autoimmune liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5643-5647. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i36.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a major group of human hepatic lymphocytes. Their precursors undergo a maturation process that leads to the acquisition of their effecter functions to regulate the innate and acquired immune responses. With the changes in the expression of chemotactic receptors and adhesion molecules, NK cells migrate to the target organ, leading to the immune-related liver diseases. The discovery of the vitamin signaling and vitamin receptor expression in NK cell lineage, particularly the interaction with nuclear receptors, suggests a novel role for vitamin signaling in modulating immunological function and in the development or prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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37
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Weng X, Liao CM, Bagchi S, Cardell SL, Stein PL, Wang CR. The adaptor protein SAP regulates type II NKT-cell development, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity against lymphoma. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3646-57. [PMID: 25236978 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells represent a unique lineage of immunoregulatory T cells that are divided into two groups, type I and type II, based on their TCR usage. Because there are no specific tools to identify type II NKT cells, little is known about their developmental requirements and functional regulation. In our previous study, we showed that signaling lymphocytic activation molecule associated protein (SAP) is essential for the development of type II NKT cells. Here, using a type II NKT-cell TCR transgenic mouse model, we demonstrated that CD1d-expressing hematopoietic cells, but not thymic epithelial cells, meditate efficient selection of type II NKT cells. Furthermore, we showed that SAP regulates type II NKT-cell development by controlling early growth response 2 protein and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger expression. SAP-deficient 24αβ transgenic T cells (24αβ T cells) exhibited an immature phenotype with reduced Th2 cytokine-producing capacity and diminished cytotoxicity to CD1d-expressing lymphoma cells. The impaired IL-4 production by SAP-deficient 24αβ T cells was associated with reduced IFN regulatory factor 4 and GATA-3 induction following TCR stimulation. Collectively, these data suggest that SAP is critical for regulating type II NKT cell responses. Aberrant responses of these T cells may contribute to the immune dysregulation observed in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease caused by mutations in SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mechanisms of innate lymphoid cell and natural killer T cell activation during mucosal inflammation. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:546596. [PMID: 24987710 PMCID: PMC4058452 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in the airways and the gastrointestinal tract are critical for the interactions of the host with its environment. Due to their abundance at mucosal tissue sites and their powerful immunomodulatory capacities, the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and natural killer T (NKT) cells in the maintenance of mucosal tolerance has recently moved into the focus of attention. While NKT cells as well as ILCs utilize distinct transcription factors for their development and lineage diversification, both cell populations can be further divided into three polarized subpopulations reflecting the distinction into Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in the adaptive immune system. While bystander activation through cytokines mediates the induction of ILC and NKT cell responses, NKT cells become activated also through the engagement of their canonical T cell receptors (TCRs) by (glyco)lipid antigens (cognate recognition) presented by the atypical MHC I like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells (APCs). As both innate lymphocyte populations influence inflammatory responses due to the explosive release of copious amounts of different cytokines, they might represent interesting targets for clinical intervention. Thus, we will provide an outlook on pathways that might be interesting to evaluate in this context.
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