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Wu J, Satish G, Ruesch A, Jayet B, Komolibus K, Andersson-Engels S, Debreczeny MP, Kainerstorfer JM. Sensitivity analysis of transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry using MRI-based simulations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:5280-5295. [PMID: 39296401 PMCID: PMC11407250 DOI: 10.1364/boe.531149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry offers a promising approach to improve fetal monitoring and reduce unnecessary interventions. Utilizing realistic 3D geometries derived from MRI scans of pregnant women, we conducted photon simulations to determine optimal source-detector configurations for detecting fetal heart rate and oxygenation. Our findings demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of measuring fetal signals at depths up to 30 mm using source-detector (SD) distances greater than 100 mm and wavelengths between 730 and 850 nm. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of customizing SD configurations based on fetal position and maternal anatomy. These insights pave the way for enhanced non-invasive fetal monitoring in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gopika Satish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexander Ruesch
- Neurolscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Baptiste Jayet
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Komolibus
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- School of Physicss, University College Cork, College Road, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Jana M Kainerstorfer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Neurolscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Liu SJ, Lee SY, Pivetti C, Kulubya E, Wang A, Farmer DL, Ghiasi S, Yang W. Recovering fetal signals transabdominally through interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6031-6047. [PMID: 38021126 PMCID: PMC10659808 DOI: 10.1364/boe.500898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry can provide clinicians critical assessment of fetal health and potentially contribute to improved management of childbirth. Conventional pulse oximetry through continuous wave (CW) light has challenges measuring the signals from deep tissue and separating the weak fetal signal from the strong maternal signal. Here, we propose a new approach for transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry through interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS). This approach provides pathlengths of photons traversing the tissue, which facilitates the extraction of fetal signals by rejecting the very strong maternal signal from superficial layers. We use a multimode fiber combined with a mode-field converter at the detection arm to boost the signal of iNIRS. Together, we can detect signals from deep tissue (>∼1.6 cm in sheep abdomen and in human forearm) at merely 1.1 cm distance from the source. Using a pregnant sheep model, we experimentally measured and extracted the fetal heartbeat signals originating from deep tissue. This validated a key step towards transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry through iNIRS and set a foundation for further development of this method to measure the fetal oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jiuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christopher Pivetti
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Edwin Kulubya
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diana L. Farmer
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Soheil Ghiasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Weijian Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Azudin K, Gan KB, Jaafar R, Ja'afar MH. The Principles of Hearable Photoplethysmography Analysis and Applications in Physiological Monitoring-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6484. [PMID: 37514778 PMCID: PMC10384007 DOI: 10.3390/s23146484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Not long ago, hearables paved the way for biosensing, fitness, and healthcare monitoring. Smart earbuds today are not only producing sound but also monitoring vital signs. Reliable determination of cardiovascular and pulmonary system information can explore the use of hearables for physiological monitoring. Recent research shows that photoplethysmography (PPG) signals not only contain details on oxygen saturation level (SPO2) but also carry more physiological information including pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and arterial-related information. The analysis of the PPG signal from the ear has proven to be reliable and accurate in the research setting. (1) Background: The present integrative review explores the existing literature on an in-ear PPG signal and its application. This review aims to identify the current technology and usage of in-ear PPG and existing evidence on in-ear PPG in physiological monitoring. This review also analyzes in-ear (PPG) measurement configuration and principle, waveform characteristics, processing technology, and feature extraction characteristics. (2) Methods: We performed a comprehensive search to discover relevant in-ear PPG articles published until December 2022. The following electronic databases: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were utilized to conduct the studies addressing the evidence of in-ear PPG in physiological monitoring. (3) Results: Fourteen studies were identified but nine studies were finalized. Eight studies were on different principles and configurations of hearable PPG, and eight studies were on processing technology and feature extraction and its evidence in in-ear physiological monitoring. We also highlighted the limitations and challenges of using in-ear PPG in physiological monitoring. (4) Conclusions: The available evidence has revealed the future of in-ear PPG in physiological monitoring. We have also analyzed the potential limitation and challenges that in-ear PPG will face in processing the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Azudin
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Beng Gan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosmina Jaafar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasni Ja'afar
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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A multistage deep neural network model for blood pressure estimation using photoplethysmogram signals. Comput Biol Med 2020; 120:103719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fong DD, Knoesen A, Motamedi M, O'Neill T, Ghiasi S. Recovering the fetal signal in transabdominal fetal pulse oximetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smhl.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chetlur Adithya P, Sankar R, Moreno WA, Hart S. Trends in fetal monitoring through phonocardiography: Challenges and future directions. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oweis RJ, As'ad H, Aldarawsheh A, Al-Khdeirat R, Lwissy K. A PC-aided optical foetal heart rate detection system. J Med Eng Technol 2013; 38:23-31. [PMID: 24195701 DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2013.849299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Safe monitoring of foetal heart rate is a valuable tool for the healthy evolution and wellbeing of both foetus and mother. This paper presents a non-invasive optical technique that allows for foetal heart rate detection using a photovoltaic infrared (IR) detector placed on the mother's abdomen. The system presented here consists of a photoplethysmography (PPG) circuit, abdomen circuit and a personal computer equipped with MATLAB. A near IR beam having a wavelength of 880 nm is transmitted through the mother's abdomen and foetal tissue. The received abdominal signal that conveys information pertaining to the mother and foetal heart rate is sensed by a low noise photodetector. The PC receives the signal through the National Instrumentation Data Acquisition Card (NIDAQ). After synchronous detection of the abdominal and finger PPG signals, the designed MATLAB-based software saves, analyses and extracts information related to the foetal heart rate. Extraction is carried out using recursive least squares adaptive filtration. Measurements on eight pregnant women with gestational periods ranging from 35-39 weeks were performed using the proposed system and CTG. Results show a correlation coefficient of 0.978 and a correlation confidence interval between 88-99.6%. The t test results in a p value of 0.034, which is less than 0.05. Low power, low cost, high signal-to-noise ratio, reduction of ambient light effect and ease of use are the main characteristics of the proposed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Oweis
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology , PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110 , Jordan
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Han H, Kim J. Artifacts in wearable photoplethysmographs during daily life motions and their reduction with least mean square based active noise cancellation method. Comput Biol Med 2011; 42:387-93. [PMID: 22206810 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Signal distortion of photoplethysmographs (PPGs) due to motion artifacts has been a limitation for developing real-time, wearable health monitoring devices. The artifacts in PPG signals are analyzed by comparing the frequency of the PPG with a reference pulse and daily life motions, including typing, writing, tapping, gesturing, walking, and running. Periodical motions in the range of pulse frequency, such as walking and running, cause motion artifacts. To reduce these artifacts in real-time devices, a least mean square based active noise cancellation method is applied to the accelerometer data. Experiments show that the proposed method recovers pulse from PPGs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonyoung Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 373-1, Guseong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kok Beng Gan, Zahedi E, Ali M. Transabdominal Fetal Heart Rate Detection Using NIR Photopleythysmography: Instrumentation and Clinical Results. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 56:2075-82. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2021578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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