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Wertman E. Essential New Complexity-Based Themes for Patient-Centered Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia and Predementia in Older People: Multimorbidity and Multilevel Phenomenology. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4202. [PMID: 39064242 PMCID: PMC11277671 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a highly prevalent condition with devastating clinical and socioeconomic sequela. It is expected to triple in prevalence by 2050. No treatment is currently known to be effective. Symptomatic late-onset dementia and predementia (SLODP) affects 95% of patients with the syndrome. In contrast to trials of pharmacological prevention, no treatment is suggested to remediate or cure these symptomatic patients. SLODP but not young onset dementia is intensely associated with multimorbidity (MUM), including brain-perturbating conditions (BPCs). Recent studies showed that MUM/BPCs have a major role in the pathogenesis of SLODP. Fortunately, most MUM/BPCs are medically treatable, and thus, their treatment may modify and improve SLODP, relieving suffering and reducing its clinical and socioeconomic threats. Regrettably, the complex system features of SLODP impede the diagnosis and treatment of the potentially remediable conditions (PRCs) associated with them, mainly due to failure of pattern recognition and a flawed diagnostic workup. We suggest incorporating two SLODP-specific conceptual themes into the diagnostic workup: MUM/BPC and multilevel phenomenological themes. By doing so, we were able to improve the diagnostic accuracy of SLODP components and optimize detecting and favorably treating PRCs. These revolutionary concepts and their implications for remediability and other parameters are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Wertman
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190500, Israel;
- Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190500, Israel
- Or’ad: Organization for Cognitive and Behavioral Changes in the Elderly, Jerusalem 9458118, Israel
- Merhav Neuropsychogeriatric Clinics, Nehalim 4995000, Israel
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Zhang M, Zhang X, Pei J, Guo B, Zhang G, Li M, Huang L. Identification of phytochemical compounds of Fagopyrum dibotrys and their targets by metabolomics, network pharmacology and molecular docking studies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14029. [PMID: 36911881 PMCID: PMC9977108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinically severe lung illness with high incidence rate and mortality. Especially, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a serious threat to world wide governmental fitness. It has distributed to almost from corner to corner of the universe, and the situation in the prevention and control of COVID-19 remains grave. Traditional Chinese medicine plays a vital role in the precaution and therapy of sicknesses. At present, there is a lack of drugs for treating these diseases, so it is necessary to develop drugs for treating COVID-19 related ALI. Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) Hara is an annual plant of the Polygonaceae family and one of the long-history used traditional medicine in China. In recent years, its rhizomes (medicinal parts) have attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad due to their significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer activities. It can work on SARS-COV-2 with numerous components, targets, and pathways, and has a certain effect on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related acute lung injury (ALI). However, there are few systematic studies on its aerial parts (including stems and leaves) and its potential therapeutic mechanism has not been studied. The phytochemical constituents of rhizome of F. dibotrys were collected using TCMSP database. And metabolites of F. dibotrys' s aerial parts were detected by metabonomics. The phytochemical targets of F. dibotrys were predicted by the PharmMapper website tool. COVID-19 and ALI-related genes were retrieved from GeneCards. Cross targets and active phytochemicals of COVID-19 and ALI related genes in F. dibotrys were enriched by gene ontology (GO) and KEGG by metscape bioinformatics tools. The interplay network entre active phytochemicals and anti COVID-19 and ALI targets was established and broke down using Cytoscape software. Discovery Studio (version 2019) was used to perform molecular docking of crux active plant chemicals with anti COVID-19 and ALI targets. We identified 1136 chemicals from the aerial parts of F. dibotrys, among which 47 were active flavonoids and phenolic chemicals. A total of 61 chemicals were searched from the rhizome of F. dibotrys, and 15 of them were active chemicals. So there are 6 commonly key active chemicals at the aerial parts and the rhizome of F. dibotrys, 89 these phytochemicals's potential targets, and 211 COVID-19 and ALI related genes. GO enrichment bespoken that F. dibotrys might be involved in influencing gene targets contained numerous biological processes, for instance, negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation, regulation of DNA metabolic process, which could be put down to its anti COVID-19 associated ALI effects. KEGG pathway indicated that viral carcinogenesis, spliceosome, salmonella infection, coronavirus disease - COVID-19, legionellosis and human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection pathway are the primary pathways obsessed in the anti COVID-19 associated ALI effects of F. dibotrys. Molecular docking confirmed that the 6 critical active phytochemicals of F. dibotrys, such as luteolin, (+) -epicatechin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, (+) -catechin, and (-) -catechin gallate, can combine with kernel therapeutic targets NEDD8, SRPK1, DCUN1D1, and PARP1. In vitro activity experiments showed that the total antioxidant capacity of the aerial parts and rhizomes of F. dibotrys increased with the increase of concentration in a certain range. In addition, as a whole, the antioxidant capacity of the aerial part of F. dibotrys was stronger than that of the rhizome. Our research afford cues for farther exploration of the anti COVID-19 associated ALI chemical compositions and mechanisms of F. dibotrys and afford scientific foundation for progressing modern anti COVID-19 associated ALI drugs based on phytochemicals in F. dibotrys. We also fully developed the medicinal value of F. dibotrys' s aerial parts, which can effectively avoid the waste of resources. Meanwhile, our work provides a new strategy for integrating metabonomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques which was an efficient way for recognizing effective constituents and mechanisms valid to the pharmacologic actions of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Key Words
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- BC, BetweennessCentrality
- CC, ClosenessCentrality
- CHM, Chinese herbal medicines
- COVID-19 related ALI, Coronavirus disease 2019 related acute lung injury
- Coronavirus disease 2019 related acute lung injury
- DL, drug-like properties
- Fagopyrum dibotrys
- GO, Gene Ontology
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Metabolomics
- Molecular docking
- NC, NeighborhoodConnectivity
- NSCLC, Non-small cell lung carcinoma
- Network pharmacology
- OB, oral bioavailability
- PARP-1, Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1
- PDB, Protein Data Bank database
- PPI network, protein-protein interaction network
- RMSD, Root mean square deviation
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TCMSP, traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform
- WTM, widely targeted metabolome
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- A Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- A Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- A Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- A Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- A Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Corresponding author.
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Cheng Y, Zamrini E, Ahmed A, Wu WC, Shao Y, Zeng-Treitler Q. Medication-Wide Association Study Plus (MWAS+): A Proof of Concept Study on Drug Repurposing. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:48. [PMID: 36135833 PMCID: PMC9503040 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cost and time for developing a new drug or repositioning a partially-developed drug has fueled interest in "repurposing" drugs. Drug repurposing is particularly of interest for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD-related dementias (ADRD) because there are no unrestricted disease-modifying treatments for ADRD. We have designed and pilot tested a 3-Step Medication-Wide Association Study Plus (MWAS+) approach to rigorously accelerate the identification of drugs with a high potential to be repurposed for delaying and preventing AD/ADRD: Step 1 is a hypothesis-free exploration; Step 2 is mechanistic filtering; And Step 3 is hypothesis testing using observational data and prospective cohort design. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of the MWAS+ approach. The Step 1 analysis identified potential candidate drugs including atorvastatin and GLP1. The literature search in Step 2 found evidence supporting the mechanistic plausibility of the statin-ADRD association. Finally, Step 3 confirmed our hypothesis that statin may lower the risk of incident ADRD, which was statistically significant using a target trial design that emulated randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Center for Data Science and Outcome Research, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Edward Zamrini
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Center for Data Science and Outcome Research, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Division of Neurology, Irvine Clinical Research, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Ali Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Center for Data Science and Outcome Research, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yijun Shao
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Center for Data Science and Outcome Research, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Qing Zeng-Treitler
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Center for Data Science and Outcome Research, Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Arciniega-Martínez IM, García-Marín ID, Correa-Basurto J, Rosales-Hernández MC. Chronic Administration of Scopolamine Increased GSK3βP9, Beta Secretase, Amyloid Beta, and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus of Wistar Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3979-3988. [PMID: 32638218 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increase of amyloid beta (Aβ) release and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein represents the main events related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, the sporadic type represents the most common form of AD. Therefore, the establishment of a non-transgenic animal model that resembles the characteristics of the disease is of particular importance. Scopolamine has been linked to increases in both Aβ production and oxidative stress in rat and mice brains. Thus, the purpose of the present work was to identify changes in biomarkers that are related to AD after chronic administration of scopolamine (2 mg/kg i.p., during 6 and 12 weeks) to male Wistar rats. The results showed increased Aβ deposition at rat hippocampus which could be due to an increase of β-site amyloid-β-protein precursor cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression and activity. These findings could be related to the increase of glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylated (GSK3βP9) expression. Finally, the establishment of a state of oxidative stress in groups treated with scopolamine was demonstrated by an increase in free radical content and MDA levels. The present study facilitates our understanding of the changes that occur in biomolecules related to AD in Wistar rats after the chronic administration of scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Iohanan Daniel García-Marín
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid: Can the repetitive failures of amyloid-targeted therapeutics inform future approaches to dementia drug discovery? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang Z, Yi P, Yang J, Huang J, Xu P, Hu M, Zhang C, Wang B, Peng W. Integrated network pharmacology analysis and serum metabolomics to reveal the cognitive improvement effect of Bushen Tiansui formula on Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112371. [PMID: 31683034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bushen Tiansui Formula (BSTSF) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used clinically to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) for many years. Previously, we have partially elucidated the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of BSTSF on AD. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to further investigate the therapeutic effects of BSTSF on AD using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and serum metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rat models of AD were established using Aβ 1-42 injection, and morris water maze test was used to evaluate the efficacy of BSTSF on AD. Next, network pharmacology analysis was applied to identify the active compounds and target genes, which might be responsible for the effect of BSTSF. Then, a metabolomics strategy has been developed to find the possible significant serum metabolites and metabolic pathway induced by BSTSF. Additionally, two parts of the results were integrated to confirm each other. RESULTS The results of the network pharmacology analysis showed 37 compounds and 64 potential target genes related to the treatment of AD with BSTSF. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that the potential mechanism was mainly associated with the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Based on metabolomics, 78 differential endogenous metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers related to the BSTSF for treating AD. These metabolites were mainly involved in the relevant pathways of linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. These findings were partly consistent with the findings of the network pharmacology analysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results solidly supported and enhanced out current understanding of the therapeutic effects of BSTSF on AD. Meanwhile, our work revealed that the proposed network pharmacology-integrated metabolomics strategy was a powerful means for identifying active components and mechanisms contributing to the pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Pengji Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Muli Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Dembitsky VM, Dzhemileva L, Gloriozova T, D'yakonov V. Natural and synthetic drugs used for the treatment of the dementia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:772-783. [PMID: 32037088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to comparative pharmacological analysis of synthetic drugs such as memantine and its isomers, as well as tacrine, velnacrine, rivastigmine, and donepezil, with natural alkaloids, terpenoids, and triterpenoid peroxides, which are used to treat dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, myasthenia gravis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Recently discovered by French scientists from Marseille triterpenoid hydroperoxides demonstrate high activity as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of dementia. The information presented in this review is of great interest to pharmacologists, medical chemists, physiologists, neurologists and doctors, as well as for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada.
| | - Lilya Dzhemileva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450075, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
| | - Vladimir D'yakonov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450075, Russia.
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin with neprilysin and p-Tau antibodies induces superior neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:145-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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