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Sadri Nahand J, Khanaliha K, Khatami A, Aminjavaheri P, Abbasi-Kolli M, Mirzaei H, Motlaghzadeh S, Nahid-Samiei R, Bokharaei-Salim F. Expression pattern analysis of the long non-coding RNAs (TINCR, RP11-573D15.8, RP11-156E8.1), and their target genes (AKT1, FOXO1 and MAPK3) in patients with HIV infection, and elite controllers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30900. [PMID: 38803943 PMCID: PMC11128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) defined as a small subclass of subjects with HIV capable of controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in the lack of antiretroviral treatment. One class of RNA molecules that serve as vital components in the network of HIV-related transcriptional regulation, are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The critical part that they take is in transcriptional regulation of HIV through monitoring various cellular signaling pathways. Reportedly, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways serve a crucial role in modulation of HIV infection. In the current investigation, we utilized bioinformatics tools to predict the lncRNAs that have the ability to interact with MAPK3, AKT, and FOXO1. Then, PBMC expression levels of lncRNAs and their target genes (AKT, FOXO1 and MAPK3) measured in the ECs (n = 15), HIV-positive (n = 40) patients and healthy control subjects (n = 40). We found a significant increase and decrease in the level of AKT and FOXO1 expression within the ECs group, respectively than in the HIV + group (P-value <0.0001 and 0.04, respectively). In the ECs group, the level of TINCR and RP11-156E8.1 was overexpressed compared to the HIV + group (P-value: 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). While RP11-573D15.8 level in ECs exhibited a significant suppression in contrast to HIV + group (P-value: 0.02). According to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve results, AKT and TINCR could serve as useful biomarkers for screening ECs groups from HIV + patients and healthy control groups. Overall, different expression patterns of selected factors and ROC curve results showed these factors could critically contribute to HIV controlling and be considered as diagnostic markers for ECs from HIV + samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AliReza Khatami
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisasadat Aminjavaheri
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Saeed Motlaghzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Nahid-Samiei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Oboho IK, Esber AL, Dear N, Paulin HN, Iroezindu M, Bahemana E, Kibuuka H, Owuoth J, Maswai J, Shah N, Crowell TA, Ake JA, Polyak CS. Advanced HIV disease in East Africa and Nigeria, in The African Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:51-60. [PMID: 38427929 PMCID: PMC11008437 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) may decrease progression to advanced HIV disease (AHD) with CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter or clinical sequelae. We assessed factors associated with AHD among people living with HIV before and during the "test and treat" era. SETTING The African Cohort Study prospectively enrolls adults with and without HIV from 12 clinics in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria. METHODS Enrollment evaluations included clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for factors associated with CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter at study visits. RESULTS From 2013 to 2021, 3059 people living with HIV with available CD4 at enrollment were included; median age was 38 years [interquartile range: 30-46 years], and 41.3% were men. From 2013 to 2021, the prevalence of CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter decreased from 10.5% to 3.1%, whereas the percentage on ART increased from 76.6% to 100% ( P <0.001). Factors associated with higher odds of CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter were male sex (adjusted odds ratio 1.56 [confidence interval: 1.29 to 1.89]), being 30-39 years (1.42 [1.11-1.82]) or older (compared with <30), have World Health Organization stage 2 disease (1.91 [1.48-2.49]) or higher (compared with stage 1), and HIV diagnosis eras 2013-2015 (2.19 [1.42-3.37]) or later (compared with <2006). Compared with ART-naive, unsuppressed participants, being viral load suppressed on ART, regardless of ART duration, was associated with lower odds of CD4 count of <200 cells per cubic millimeter (<6 months on ART: 0.45 [0.34-0.58]). CONCLUSION With ART scale-up, AHD has declined. Efforts targeting timely initiation of suppressive ART may further reduce AHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikwo K. Oboho
- HIV Care and Treatment Branch, Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Allahna L. Esber
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation (HJF) for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicole Dear
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation (HJF) for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather N. Paulin
- HIV Care and Treatment Branch, Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael Iroezindu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- HJF Medical Research International, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Bahemana
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- HJF Medical Research International, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Owuoth
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu, Kenya; and
| | - Jonah Maswai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Neha Shah
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Trevor A. Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation (HJF) for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD
| | - Julie A. Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Christina S. Polyak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation (HJF) for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD
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Peng Y, Xiao S, Zuo W, Xie Y, Xiao Y. Potential diagnostic value of miRNAs in sexually transmitted infections. Gene 2024; 895:147992. [PMID: 37977319 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that have been demonstrated to be involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing, regulating a number of metabolic functions in the human body, including immune response, cellular physiology, organ development, angiogenesis, signaling, and other aspects. As popular molecules that have been studied in previous years, given their extensive regulatory functions, miRNAs hold considerable promise as non-invasive biomarkers. Sexually transmitted infections(STIs) are still widespread and have an adverse effect on individuals, communities, and society worldwide. miRNAs in the regulatory networks are generally involved in their molecular processes of formation and development. In this review, we discuss the value of miRNAs for the diagnosis of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchi Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuangwen Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yongjian Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Ivanov SM, Tarasova OA, Poroikov VV. Transcriptome-based analysis of human peripheral blood reveals regulators of immune response in different viral infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199482. [PMID: 37795081 PMCID: PMC10546413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are difficulties in creating direct antiviral drugs for all viruses, including new, suddenly arising infections, such as COVID-19. Therefore, pathogenesis-directed therapy is often necessary to treat severe viral infections and comorbidities associated with them. Despite significant differences in the etiopathogenesis of viral diseases, in general, they are associated with significant dysfunction of the immune system. Study of common mechanisms of immune dysfunction caused by different viral infections can help develop novel therapeutic strategies to combat infections and associated comorbidities. Methods To identify common mechanisms of immune functions disruption during infection by nine different viruses (cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, Hepatitis B and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, Dengue virus, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2), we analyzed the corresponding transcription profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the originally developed pipeline that include transcriptome data collection, processing, normalization, analysis and search for master regulators of several viral infections. The ten datasets containing transcription data from patients infected by nine viruses and healthy people were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. The analysis of the data was performed by Genome Enhancer pipeline. Results We revealed common pathways, cellular processes, and master regulators for studied viral infections. We found that all nine viral infections cause immune activation, exhaustion, cell proliferation disruption, and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Using network analysis, we identified PBMC receptors, representing proteins at the top of signaling pathways that may be responsible for the observed transcriptional changes and maintain the current functional state of cells. Discussion The identified relationships between some of them and virus-induced alteration of immune functions are new and have not been found earlier, e.g., receptors for autocrine motility factor, insulin, prolactin, angiotensin II, and immunoglobulin epsilon. Modulation of the identified receptors can be investigated as one of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of severe viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Ivanov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Moyano A, Ndlovu B, Mbele M, Naidoo K, Khan N, Mann JK, Ndung'u T. Differing natural killer cell, T cell and antibody profiles in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 viraemic controllers with and without protective HLA alleles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286507. [PMID: 37267224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggests that HIV controllers with protective human leukocyte antigen class I alleles (VC+) possess a high breadth of Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses, while controllers without protective alleles (VC-) have a different unknown mechanism of control. We aimed to gain further insight into potential mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-. We studied 15 VC+, 12 VC- and 4 healthy uninfected individuals (UI). CD8+ T cell responses were measured by ELISpot. Flow cytometry was performed to analyse surface markers for activation, maturation, and exhaustion on natural killer (NK) cell and T cells, as well as cytokine secretion from stimulated NK cells. We measured plasma neutralization activity against a panel of 18 Env-pseudotyped viruses using the TZM-bl neutralization assay. We found no significant differences in the magnitude and breadth of CD8+ T cell responses between VC+ and VC-. However, NK cells from VC- had higher levels of activation markers (HLA-DR and CD38) (p = 0.03), and lower cytokine expression (MIP-1β and TNF-α) (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively) than NK cells from VC+. T cells from VC- had higher levels of activation (CD38 and HLA-DR co-expression) (p = 0.05), as well as a trend towards higher expression of the terminal differentiation marker CD57 (p = 0.09) when compared to VC+. There was no difference in overall neutralization breadth between VC+ and VC- groups, although there was a trend for higher neutralization potency in the VC- group (p = 0.09). Altogether, these results suggest that VC- have a more activated NK cell profile with lower cytokine expression, and a more terminally differentiated and activated T cell profile than VC+. VC- also showed a trend of more potent neutralizing antibody responses that may enhance viral clearance. Further studies are required to understand how these NK, T cell and antibody profiles may contribute to differing mechanisms of control in VC+ and VC-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moyano
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Ndlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Msizi Mbele
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kewreshini Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nasreen Khan
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Muvarak N, Li H, Lahusen T, Galvin JA, Kumar PN, Pauza CD, Bordon J. Safety and durability of AGT103-T autologous T cell therapy for HIV infection in a Phase 1 trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1044713. [PMID: 36452901 PMCID: PMC9701732 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1044713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cell and gene therapy product AGT103-T was designed to restore the Gag-specific CD4+ T cell response in persons with chronic HIV disease who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. This autologous, genetically engineered cell product is under investigation in a Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03215004). Trial participants were conditioned with cyclophosphamide approximately 1 week before receiving a one-time low (< 109 genetically modified CD4+ T cells) or high (≥109 genetically modified CD4+ T cells) dose of AGT103-T, delivering between 2 and 21 million genetically modified cells per kilogram (kg) body weight. There were no serious adverse events (SAEs) and all adverse events (AEs) were mild. Genetically modified AGT103-T cells were detected in most of the participant blood samples collected 6 months after infusion, which was the last scheduled monitoring visit. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected after cell product infusion were tested to determine the abundance of Gag-specific T cells as a measure of objective responses to therapy. Gag-specific CD4+ T cells were detected in all treated individuals and were substantially increased by 9 to 300-fold compared to baseline, by 14 days after cell product infusion. Gag-specific CD8+ T cells were increased by 1.7 to 10-fold relative to baseline, by 28 days after cell product infusion. Levels of Gag-specific CD4+ T cells remained high (~2 to 70-fold higher relative to baseline) throughout 3-6 months after infusion. AGT103-T at low or high doses was safe and effective for improving host T cell immunity to HIV. Further studies, including antiretroviral treatment interruption, are warranted to evaluate the product's efficacy in HIV disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT03215004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Muvarak
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Galvin
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Princy N. Kumar
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - C. David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - José Bordon
- Washington Health Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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Capa L, Ayala-Suárez R, De La Torre Tarazona HE, González-García J, Del Romero J, Alcamí J, Díez-Fuertes F. Elite controllers long-term non progressors present improved survival and slower disease progression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16356. [PMID: 36175445 PMCID: PMC9522853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different phenotypes exhibiting no evidences of disease progression have been described in ART-naïve HIV-1 positive individuals. Long-term non progressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC) are low frequent examples of immunological and virological control in HIV-1 positive subjects, respectively. The combination of both phenotypes is even less frequent and studied despite being considered as models of HIV-1 functional cure. A multicenter, prospective study in retrospect including clinical and epidemiological data collected from 313 LTNP of 21 Spanish hospitals was carried out. LTNPs maintaining CD4+ T cell counts over 500 cells/µl and viral loads (VL) under 10,000 copies/mL for at least 10 years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy were followed for a median of 20.8 years (IQR = 15.6–25.5). A 52.1% were considered EC (undetectable VL) and LTNP (EC-LTNP) and a total of 171 (54.8%) and 42 (13.5%) out of the 313 participants maintained LTNP status for at least 20 and 30 years, respectively. EC-LTNP showed lower CD4+ T cell count loss (9.9 vs 24.2 cells/µl/year), higher CD4/CD8 ratio (0.01 vs − 0.09 in ratio), and lesser VL increase (no increase vs 197.2 copies/mL/year) compared with LTNPs with detectable VL (vLTNP). Survival probabilities for all-cause mortality at 30 years from HIV + diagnosis were 0.90 for EC-LTNP and 0.70 for vLTNP (p = 2.0 × 10−3), and EC-LTNP phenotype was the only factor associated with better survival in multivariate analyses (HR = 0.28; 95% CI 0.10–0.79). The probability to preserve LTNP status at 30 years was 0.51 for EC-LTNP and 0.18 for vLTNP (p < 2.2 × 10−16). Risk factors associated to the loss of LTNP status was: higher age at diagnosis and the increase of VL, whereas the increase of CD4+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio, the initial EC-LTNP phenotype and HCV coinfection were protective factors. EC-LTNP phenotype was associated with improved survival and slower disease progression compared with other phenotypes of LTNP. EC-LTNP individuals represent one of the most favorable phenotypes of immune activation against HIV-1 found in nature and, therefore, are strong candidates to be considered a model of functional cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Capa
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén Ayala-Suárez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Humberto Erick De La Torre Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Idipaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, IBIDAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.
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De La Torre-Tarazona E, Ayala-Suárez R, Díez-Fuertes F, Alcamí J. Omic Technologies in HIV: Searching Transcriptional Signatures Involved in Long-Term Non-Progressor and HIV Controller Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926499. [PMID: 35844607 PMCID: PMC9284212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the main discoveries achieved by transcriptomic approaches on HIV controller (HIC) and long-term non-progressor (LTNP) individuals, who are able to suppress HIV replication and maintain high CD4+ T cell levels, respectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Different studies using high throughput techniques have elucidated multifactorial causes implied in natural control of HIV infection. Genes related to IFN response, calcium metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, among others, are commonly differentially expressed in LTNP/HIC individuals. Additionally, pathways related with activation, survival, proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation, can be deregulated in these individuals. Likewise, recent transcriptomic studies include high-throughput sequencing in specific immune cell subpopulations, finding additional gene expression patterns associated to viral control and/or non-progression in immune cell subsets. Herein, we provide an overview of the main differentially expressed genes and biological routes commonly observed on immune cells involved in HIV infection from HIC and LTNP individuals, analyzing also different technical aspects that could affect the data analysis and the future perspectives and gaps to be addressed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick De La Torre-Tarazona
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Ayala-Suárez
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Francisco Díez-Fuertes
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Díez-Fuertes,
| | - José Alcamí
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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11
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Novel Naturally Occurring Dipeptides and Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide Act as Entry Inhibitors and Exhibit a Strong Synergistic Anti-HIV-1 Profile. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:1103-1116. [PMID: 35391633 PMCID: PMC9124260 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The availability of new classes of antiretroviral drugs is critical for treatment-experienced patients due to drug resistance to and unwanted side effects from current drugs. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of a new set of antivirals, dipeptides (WG-am or VQ-am) combined with a single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON). The dipeptides were identified as naturally occurring and enriched in feces and systemic circulation in HIV-1-infected elite controllers and were proposed to act as entry inhibitors by binding to HIV-1 gp120. The ssON is DNA 35-mer, stabilized by phosphorothioate modifications, which acts on the endocytic step by binding to cell host receptors and inhibiting viruses through interference with binding to nucleolin. Methods Chou–Talalay’s Combination Index method for quantifying synergism was used to evaluate the drug combinations. Patient-derived chimeric viruses encoding the gp120 (env region) were produced by transient transfection and used to evaluate the antiviral profile of the combinations by drug susceptibility assays. Results We found that the combination WG-am:ssON or VQ-am:ssON had low combination index values, suggesting strong antiviral synergism. Of the two combinations, WG-am:ssON (1 mM:1 μM) had high efficacy against all prototype or patient-derived HIV-1 isolates tested, independent of subtype including the HIV-1-A6 sub-subtype. In addition, the antiviral effect was independent of co-receptor usage in patient-derived strains. Conclusion WG-am and ssON alone significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication regardless of viral subtype and co-receptor usage, and the combination WG-am:ssON (1 mM:1 μM) was even more effective due to synergism.
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12
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Moyano A, Blanch-Lombarte O, Tarancon-Diez L, Pedreño-Lopez N, Arenas M, Alvaro T, Casado C, Olivares I, Vera M, Rodriguez C, Del Romero J, López-Galíndez C, Ruiz-Mateos E, Prado JG, Pernas M. Immunoescape of HIV-1 in Env-EL9 CD8 + T cell response restricted by HLA-B*14:02 in a Non progressor who lost twenty-seven years of HIV-1 control. Retrovirology 2022; 19:6. [PMID: 35346235 PMCID: PMC8962528 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-Term Non-Progressors (LTNPs) are untreated Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals able to control disease progression for prolonged periods. However, the LTNPs status is temporary, as viral load increases followed by decreases in CD4 + T-cell counts. Control of HIV-1 infection in LTNPs viremic controllers, have been associated with effective immunodominant HIV-1 Gag-CD8 + T-cell responses restricted by protective HLA-B alleles. Individuals carrying HLA-B*14:02 control HIV-1 infection is related to an immunodominant Env-CD8 + T-cell response. Limited data are available on the contribution of HLA-B*14:02 CD8 + T -cells in LTNPs. Results In this study, we performed a virological and immunological detailed analysis of an HLA-B*14:02 LNTP individual that lost viral control (LVC) 27 years after HIV-1 diagnosis. We analysed viral evolution and immune escape in HLA-B*14:02 restricted CD8 + T -cell epitopes and identified viral evolution at the Env-EL9 epitope selecting the L592R mutation. By IFN-γ ELISpot and immune phenotype, we characterized HLA- B*14:02 HIV-1 CD8 + T cell responses targeting, Gag-DA9 and Env-EL9 epitopes before and after LVC. We observed an immunodominant response against the Env-EL9 epitope and a decreased of the CD8 T + cell response over time with LVC. Loss of Env-EL9 responses was concomitant with selecting K588R + L592R mutations at Env-EL9. Finally, we evaluated the impact of Env-EL9 escape mutations on HIV-1 infectivity and Env protein structure. The K588R + L592R escape variant was directly related to HIV-1 increase replicative capacity and stability of Env at the LVC. Conclusions These findings support the contribution of immunodominant Env-EL9 CD8 + T-cell responses and the imposition of immune escape variants with higher replicative capacity associated with LVC in this LNTP. These data highlight the importance of Env-EL9 specific-CD8 + T-cell responses restricted by the HLA-B*14:02 and brings new insights into understanding long-term HIV-1 control mediated by Env mediated CD8 + T-cell responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00591-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moyano
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.,Max Von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta Canyet SN, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Molecular Immunobiology Laboratory, Immunology Section, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.,IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta Canyet SN, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Arenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,CINBIO, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tamara Alvaro
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vera
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilio López-Galíndez
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)/Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Crta Canyet SN, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain. .,Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - María Pernas
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Pozuelo a Majadahonda Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Pérez-Yanes S, Pernas M, Marfil S, Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Ortiz R, Urrea V, Rovirosa C, Estévez-Herrera J, Olivares I, Casado C, Lopez-Galindez C, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Characteristics of the HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Are Linked With Viral Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:763039. [PMID: 35401460 PMCID: PMC8988142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.763039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and clinical progression is incomplete due to the variable contribution of host, immune, and viral factors. The involvement of viral factors has been investigated in extreme clinical phenotypes from rapid progressors to long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Among HIV-1 proteins, the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) has been concentrated on in many studies for its important role in the immune response and in the first steps of viral replication. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of 41 Envs from 24 patients with different clinical progression rates and viral loads (VLs), LTNP-Elite Controllers (LTNP-ECs); Viremic LTNPs (vLTNPs), and non-controller individuals contemporary to LTNPs or recent, named Old and Modern progressors. We studied the Env expression, the fusion and cell-to-cell transfer capacities, as well as viral infectivity. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Envs were also performed. In every functional characteristic, the Envs from subjects with viral control (LTNP-ECs and vLTNPs) showed significant lower performance compared to those from the progressor individuals (Old and Modern). Regarding sequence analysis, the variable loops of the gp120 subunit of the Env (i.e., V2, V4, and mainly V5) of the progressor individuals showed longer and more glycosylated sequences than controller subjects. Therefore, HIV-1 Envs from virus of patients presenting viremic control and the non-progressor clinical phenotype showed poor viral functions and shorter sequences, whereas functional Envs were associated with virus of patients lacking virological control and with progressor clinical phenotypes. These correlations support the role of Env genotypic and phenotypic characteristics in the in vivo HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - María Pernas
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Concepción Casado,
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Unidad de Virologia Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cecilio Lopez-Galindez,
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Julià Blanco,
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- *Correspondence: Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández,
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14
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Dammann O, Dörk T, Hillemanns P, Reydon T. Causation and causal inference in obstetrics-gynecology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:12-23. [PMID: 34991897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Causation and causal inference are of utmost importance in obstetrics and gynecology. In many clinical situations, causal reasoning is involved in etiological explanations, diagnostic considerations, and conversations about prognosis. In this paper, we offer an overview of the philosophical accounts of causation that may not be familiar to, but still be appreciated by, the busy clinician. In our discussion, we do not try to simplify what is a rather complex range of ideas. We begin with an introduction to some important basic ideas, followed by 2 sections on the metaphysical and epistemological aspects of causality, which offer a more detailed discussion of some of its specific philosophical facets, using examples from obstetrical and gynecologic research and practice along the way. We hope our discussion will help deepen the thinking and discourse about causation and causal inference in gynecology and obstetrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Reydon
- Institute of Philosophy, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Socially Engaged Philosophy of Science Group, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Interdisciplinarity, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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15
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Malo AI, Peraire J, Ruiz-Mateos E, Masip J, Amigó N, Alcamí J, Moreno S, Girona J, García-Pardo G, Reig R, Vidal F, Castro A, Masana L, Rull A. Evolution of Serum Acute-Phase Glycoproteins Assessed by 1H-NMR in HIV Elite Controllers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730691. [PMID: 34650556 PMCID: PMC8505996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (ECs) are an exceptional group of people living with HIV (PLWH) who maintain undetectable viral loads (VLs) despite not being on antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, this phenotype is heterogeneous, with some of these subjects losing virological control over time. In this longitudinal retrospective study, serum acute-phase glycoprotein profile assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) was determined in 11 transient controllers (TCs) who spontaneously lost virological control and 11 persistent controllers (PCs) who persistently maintained virological control over time. Both PCs and TCs showed similar acute-phase glycoprotein profiles, even when TCs lost the virological control (GlycB, p = 0.824 and GlycA, p = 0.710), and the serum acute-phase glycoprotein signature in PCs did not differ from that in HIV-negative subjects (GlycB, p = 0.151 and GlycA, p = 0.243). Differences in serum glycoproteins A and B were significant only in ECs compared to HIV-typical progressors (TPs) with < 100 CD4+ T-cells (p < 0.001). 1H-NMR acute-phase glycoprotein profile does not distinguish TCs form PCs before the loss of viral control. ECs maintain a low-grade inflammatory state compared to TPs. PCs revealed a closer serum signature to HIV-negative subjects, reaffirming this phenotype as a closer model of functional control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Irene Malo
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jenifer Masip
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Núria Amigó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Girona
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Graciano García-Pardo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosaura Reig
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain.,Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Loucif H, Dagenais-Lussier X, Avizonis D, Choinière L, Beji C, Cassin L, Routy JP, Fritz JH, Olagnier D, van Grevenynghe J. Autophagy-dependent glutaminolysis drives superior IL21 production in HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells. Autophagy 2021; 18:1256-1273. [PMID: 34612140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1972403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a strong IL21 production in memory CD4 T cells, especially in HIV-1-specific cells, represents a major correlate of natural immune protection against the virus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IL21 production during HIV-1 infection, which is only elevated among the naturally protected elite controllers (EC), are still unknown. We recently found out that lipophagy is a critical immune mediator that control an antiviral metabolic state following CD8A T cell receptor engagement, playing an important role in the natural control of HIV-1 infection. This led us to investigate whether the beneficial role of a strong macroautophagy/autophagy, could also be used to ensure effective IL21 production as well. Herein, we confirm that after both polyclonal and HIV-1-specific activation, memory CD4 T cells (Mem) from EC display enhanced activity of the autophagy-mediated proteolysis compared to ART. Our results indicate that the enhanced autophagy activity in EC was controlled by the energy-sensing PRKAA1 (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1). We further confirmed the critical role of the autophagy-mediated proteolysis in the strong IL21 production in EC by using BECN1 gene silencing as well as protease, PRKAA1, and lysosomal inhibitors. Finally, we established that high autophagy-mediated proteolysis in EC fuels their cellular rates of mitochondrial respiration due to glutaminolysis. Our data confirm the critical role of autophagy in dictating the metabolic input, which is required not only to ensure protective cytotoxic CD8A T cell responses, but also to provide strong IL21 production among antiviral CD4 T cells.Abbreviations: AKG: alpha-ketoglutarate; ART: patients under antiretroviral therapy; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BaF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; Chloro.: chloroquine; EC: elite controllers; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; GLS: glutaminase; GLUD1: glutamate dehydrogenase 1; HIVneg: HIV-1-uninfected control donors; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IL21: interleukin 21; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PRKAA1: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daina Avizonis
- Metabolomics Innovation Resource, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Choinière
- Metabolomics Innovation Resource, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cherifa Beji
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léna Cassin
- Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Moore CM, Grandits M, Grünwald-Gruber C, Altmann F, Kotouckova M, Teh AYH, Ma JKC. Characterisation of a highly potent and near pan-neutralising anti-HIV monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco plants. Retrovirology 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 34183026 PMCID: PMC8240387 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV remains one of the most important health issues worldwide, with almost 40 million people living with HIV. Although patients develop antibodies against the virus, its high mutation rate allows evasion of immune responses. Some patients, however, produce antibodies that are able to bind to, and neutralise different strains of HIV. One such 'broadly neutralising' antibody is 'N6'. Identified in 2016, N6 can neutralise 98% of HIV-1 isolates with a median IC50 of 0.066 µg/mL. This neutralisation breadth makes N6 a very promising therapeutic candidate. RESULTS N6 was expressed in a glycoengineered line of N. benthamiana plants (pN6) and compared to the mammalian cell-expressed equivalent (mN6). Expression at 49 mg/kg (fresh leaf tissue) was achieved in plants, although extraction and purification are more challenging than for most plant-expressed antibodies. N-glycoanalysis demonstrated the absence of xylosylation and a reduction in α(1,3)-fucosylation that are typically found in plant glycoproteins. The N6 light chain contains a potential N-glycosylation site, which was modified and displayed more α(1,3)-fucose than the heavy chain. The binding kinetics of pN6 and mN6, measured by surface plasmon resonance, were similar for HIV gp120. pN6 had a tenfold higher affinity for FcγRIIIa, which was reflected in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, where pN6 induced a more potent response from effector cells than that of mN6. pN6 demonstrated the same potency and breadth of neutralisation as mN6, against a panel of HIV strains. CONCLUSIONS The successful expression of N6 in tobacco supports the prospect of developing a low-cost, low-tech production platform for a monoclonal antibody cocktail to control HIV in low-to middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Moore
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Kotouckova
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
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18
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Tarasova O, Rudik A, Kireev D, Poroikov V. RHIVDB: A Freely Accessible Database of HIV Amino Acid Sequences and Clinical Data of Infected Patients. Front Genet 2021; 12:679029. [PMID: 34178036 PMCID: PMC8222909 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.679029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains one of the most severe problems for humanity, particularly due to the development of HIV resistance. To evaluate an association between viral sequence data and drug combinations and to estimate an effect of a particular drug combination on the treatment results, collection of the most representative drug combinations used to cure HIV and the biological data on amino acid sequences of HIV proteins is essential. We have created a new, freely available web database containing 1,651 amino acid sequences of HIV structural proteins [reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), integrase (IN), and envelope protein (ENV)], treatment history information, and CD4+ cell count and viral load data available by the user's query. Additionally, the biological data on new HIV sequences and treatment data can be stored in the database by any user followed by an expert's verification. The database is available on the web at http://www.way2drug.com/rhivdb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Rudik
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Poroikov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Isaguliants M, Krotova O, Petkov S, Jansons J, Bayurova E, Mezale D, Fridrihsone I, Kilpelainen A, Podschwadt P, Agapkina Y, Smirnova O, Kostic L, Saleem M, Latyshev O, Eliseeva O, Malkova A, Gorodnicheva T, Wahren B, Gordeychuk I, Starodubova E, Latanova A. Cellular Immune Response Induced by DNA Immunization of Mice with Drug Resistant Integrases of HIV-1 Clade A Offers Partial Protection against Growth and Metastatic Activity of Integrase-Expressing Adenocarcinoma Cells. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1219. [PMID: 34199989 PMCID: PMC8226624 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic DNA-vaccination against drug-resistant HIV-1 may hinder emergence and spread of drug-resistant HIV-1, allowing for longer successful antiretroviral treatment (ART) up-to relief of ART. We designed DNA-vaccines against drug-resistant HIV-1 based on consensus clade A integrase (IN) resistant to raltegravir: IN_in_r1 (L74M/E92Q/V151I/N155H/G163R) or IN_in_r2 (E138K/G140S/Q148K) carrying D64V abrogating IN activity. INs, overexpressed in mammalian cells from synthetic genes, were assessed for stability, route of proteolytic degradation, and ability to induce oxidative stress. Both were found safe in immunotoxicity tests in mice, with no inherent carcinogenicity: their expression did not enhance tumorigenic or metastatic potential of adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells. DNA-immunization of mice with INs induced potent multicytokine T-cell response mainly against aa 209-239, and moderate IgG response cross-recognizing diverse IN variants. DNA-immunization with IN_in_r1 protected 60% of mice from challenge with 4Tlluc2 cells expressing non-mutated IN, while DNA-immunization with IN_in_r2 protected only 20% of mice, although tumor cells expressed IN matching the immunogen. Tumor size inversely correlated with IN-specific IFN-γ/IL-2 T-cell response. IN-expressing tumors displayed compromised metastatic activity restricted to lungs with reduced metastases size. Protective potential of IN immunogens relied on their immunogenicity for CD8+ T-cells, dependent on proteasomal processing and low level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (J.J.); (D.M.); (I.F.)
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krotova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Juris Jansons
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (J.J.); (D.M.); (I.F.)
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dzeina Mezale
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (J.J.); (D.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilze Fridrihsone
- Department of Research, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (J.J.); (D.M.); (I.F.)
| | - Athina Kilpelainen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Philip Podschwadt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Yulia Agapkina
- Department of Chemistry and Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Smirnova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Linda Kostic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Mina Saleem
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Oleg Latyshev
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
| | - Olesja Eliseeva
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
| | - Anastasia Malkova
- Institute of Medical Biological Research and Technologies, 143090 Krasnoznamensk, Russia;
| | | | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.P.); (A.K.); (P.P.); (L.K.); (M.S.); (B.W.)
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 127994 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Latanova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.K.); (E.B.); (O.S.); (O.L.); (O.E.); (I.G.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Jones AD, Khakhina S, Jaison T, Santos E, Smith S, Klase ZA. CD8 + T-Cell Mediated Control of HIV-1 in a Unique Cohort With Low Viral Loads. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670016. [PMID: 34122382 PMCID: PMC8192701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique population of HIV-1 infected individuals can control infection without antiretroviral therapy. These individuals fall into a myriad of categories based on the degree of control (low or undetectable viral load), the durability of control over time and the underlying mechanism (i.e., possession of protective HLA alleles or the absence of critical cell surface receptors). In this study, we examine a cohort of HIV-1 infected individuals with a documented history of sustained low viral loads in the absence of therapy. Through in vitro analyses of cells from these individuals, we have determined that infected individuals with naturally low viral loads are capable of controlling spreading infection in vitro in a CD8+ T-cell dependent manner. This control is lost when viral load is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy and correlates with a clinical CD4:CD8 ratio of <1. Our results support the conclusion that HIV-1 controllers with low, but detectable viral loads may be controlling the virus due to an effective CD8+ T-cell response. Understanding the mechanisms of control in these subjects may provide valuable understanding that could be applied to induce a functional cure in standard progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tara Jaison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erin Santos
- The Smith Center for Infectious Diseases and Urban Health, West Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Stephen Smith
- The Smith Center for Infectious Diseases and Urban Health, West Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Zachary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Zachary A. Klase,
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21
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
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22
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Ivanov S, Filimonov D, Tarasova O. A computational analysis of transcriptional profiles from CD8(+) T lymphocytes reveals potential mechanisms of HIV/AIDS control and progression. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2447-2459. [PMID: 34025935 PMCID: PMC8113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic and noncytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are essential for the control of HIV infection. Understanding the mechanisms underlying HIV control in elite controllers (ECs), which maintain undetectable viral load in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, may facilitate the development of new effective therapeutic strategies. We developed an original pipeline for an analysis of the transcriptional profiles of CD8+ cells from ECs, treated and untreated progressors. Hierarchical cluster analysis of CD8+ cells' transcription profiles allowed us to identify five distinct groups (EC groups 1-5) of ECs. The transcriptional profiles of EC group 1 were opposite to those of groups 2-4 and similar to those of the treated progressors, which can be associated with residual activation and dysfunction of CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The profiles of groups 2-4 were associated with different numbers of differentially expressed genes compared to healthy controls, but the corresponding genes shared the same cellular processes. These three groups were associated with increased metabolism, survival, proliferation, and the absence of an "exhausted" phenotype, compared to both untreated progressors and healthy controls. The CD8+ lymphocytes from these groups of ECs may contribute to the control under HIV replication and slower disease progression. The EC group 5 was indistinguishable from normal. Application of master regulator analysis allowed us to identify 22 receptors, including interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and androgen receptors, which may be responsible for the observed expression changes and the functional states of CD8+ cells from ECs. These receptors can be considered potential targets of therapeutic intervention, which may decelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Filimonov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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23
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The importance of advanced cytometry in defining new immune cell types and functions relevant for the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:2169-2185. [PMID: 32910071 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
: In the last years, novel, exciting immunological findings of interest for HIV research and treatment were identified thanks to different cytometric approaches. The analysis of the phenotypes and functionality of cells belonging to the immune system could clarify their role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, and to elaborate key concepts, relevant in the treatment of this disease. Important discoveries have been made concerning cells that are important for protective immunity like lymphocytes that display polyfunctionality, resident memory T cells, innate lymphoid cells, to mention a few. The complex phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells has been investigated, and relevant changes have been reported during chronic and primary HIV infection, in correlation with changes in CD4 T-cell number, T-cell activation, and with advanced disease stage. The search for markers of HIV persistence present in latently infected cells, namely those molecules that are important for a functional or sterilizing cure, evidenced the role of follicular helper T cells, and opened a discussion on the meaning and use of different surface molecules not only in identifying such cells, but also in designing new strategies. Finally, advanced technologies based upon the simultaneous detection of HIV-RNA and proteins at the single cell level, as well as those based upon spectral cytometry or mass cytometry are now finding new actors and depicting a new scenario in the immunopathogenesis of the infection, that will allow to better design innovative therapies based upon novel drugs and vaccines.
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24
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Kumar S, Batra H, Singh S, Chawla H, Singh R, Katpara S, Hussain AW, Das BK, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus 1 specific antibody responses in subtype-C infected children. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1289-1299. [PMID: 32915123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection evolve only in a fraction of infected individuals by developing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and/or effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 chronically infected adults and children on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a reduction in ADCC activity and improvement in HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Early initiation of cART in infected adults is found to be beneficial in reducing the viral load and delaying disease progression. Herein, we longitudinally evaluated the effect of cART on HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC and nAb responses in a cohort of 20 perinatally HIV-1 subtype-C infected infants and children ≤2 years of age, pre-cART and up to 1 year post-cART initiation. Significant reductions in HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC responses to subtype-C and subtype-B viruses and improvement in HIV-1 neutralization were observed in HIV-1 infected children 1 year post-cART initiation. A positive correlation between reduction in viral load and the loss of ADCC response was observed. This study provides information aiding the understanding of the effects of early initiation of cART on antibody effector functions and viral neutralization in HIV-1 infected children, which needs to be further evaluated in large cohorts of HIV-1 infected children on cART to plan future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshi Chawla
- Present address: Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanket Katpara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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25
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Abstract
Therapeutic approaches towards a functional cure or eradication of HIV have gained renewed momentum upon encouraging data emerging from studies in SIV monkey models and recent results from human clinical studies. However, a multitude of questions remain to be addressed, including how to deal with the latent viral reservoir, how to boost the host immune response to the virus and what the hurdles are to reach relevant viral compartments in the body. Advances have been made especially with regard to identifying agents that can reactivate the latent virus in vivo and boost the cellular and humoral immunity, but it remains largely unclear whether any of these strategies can awaken a sufficiently large fraction of the viral reservoir and whether the boosted immunity can prevent rapid viral replication once antiretroviral treatments are stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bailon
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | | | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Sarria JC, Vidal AM. Treatment Considerations in an HIV Elite Controller. Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:721-723. [PMID: 32690273 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV elite controllers naturally suppress viral loads below limits of detection and evidence lack of evolution of infection for prolonged periods. The role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in these individuals is controversial. Though recent data suggest that ART may decrease immune activation and prevent complications such as development of accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD); treatment has not clearly demonstrated a benefit on clinical outcomes (e.g., HIV disease progression, CVD events, mortality). We describe a 49-year-old female HIV elite controller who presented with asymptomatic HIV infection for 26 years and review recent literature on the role of ART in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Sarria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
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27
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Mochache V, Richardson BA, Masese LN, Graham SM, Mandaliya K, Kinuthia J, Jaoko W, Overbaugh J, McClelland RS. Older age at infection and nulliparity are associated with long-term non-progression in female sex workers infected with non-subtype B HIV-1. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:510-516. [PMID: 32295475 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419898324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported on HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve individuals who show minimal disease progression despite prolonged infection. The characteristics of these long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are not well-characterized in populations predominantly infected with non-subtype B HIV-1. Female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya who acquired HIV-1 were studied to ascertain immunologic disease progression. Long-term non-progression was defined as an ART-naïve duration of infection ≥7 years and a majority of CD4+ cell counts ≥600 cells/µl with a non-declining CD4+ trend. Correlates of long-term non-progression were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Between February 1993 and March 2014, 332 women acquired HIV-1. Of these, 77 (23%) had ≥7 years of follow-up and 13 (17%) were categorized as LTNPs. Factors associated with long-term non-progression included age >30 years at infection (aOR = 9.41, 95% CI: 1.48–59.86, P = 0.005) and nulliparity (aOR = 20.19, 95% CI: 1.36–299.90, P = 0.03). Each log10 copies/ml increase in viral load (VL) set point was associated with a lower likelihood of being a LTNP (aOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.79, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that age and parity may influence the likelihood of long-term non-progression through mechanisms that are not mediated by the effects of these variables on VL. Future studies should seek to determine whether the associations presented are reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Mochache
- University of Maryland, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- University of Maryland, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet N Masese
- University of Maryland, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan M Graham
- University of Maryland, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kishorchandra Mandaliya
- University of Maryland, Center for International Health, Education and Biosecurity, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Department of Research, Nairobi, Kenya.,University of Nairobi, Faculty of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Scott McClelland
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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Casado C, Galvez C, Pernas M, Tarancon-Diez L, Rodriguez C, Sanchez-Merino V, Vera M, Olivares I, De Pablo-Bernal R, Merino-Mansilla A, Del Romero J, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ruiz-Mateos E, Salgado M, Martinez-Picado J, Lopez-Galindez C. Permanent control of HIV-1 pathogenesis in exceptional elite controllers: a model of spontaneous cure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1902. [PMID: 32024974 PMCID: PMC7002478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers (EC) represent a small subset of HIV-1-infected people that spontaneously control viral replication. However, natural virological suppression and absence of immune dysfunction are not always long-term sustained. We define exceptional EC (EEC) as HIV-1 subjects who maintain the EC characteristics without disease progression for more than 25 years. We analyzed three EEC, diagnosed between 1988 and 1992, who never showed signs of clinical disease progression in absence of any antiretroviral treatment. A comprehensive clinical, virological, and immunological study was performed. The individuals simultaneously exhibited ≥3 described host protective alleles, low levels of total HIV-1 DNA (<20 copies/106 CD4+ T-cells) without evidence of replication-competent viruses (<0.025 IUPM), consistent with high levels of defective genomes, strong cellular HIV-1-specific immune response, and a high poly-functionality index (>0.50). Inflammation levels of EEC were similar to HIV-1 negative donors. Remarkably, they showed an exceptional lack of viral evolution and 8-fold lower genetic diversity (<0.01 s/n) in env gene than other EC. We postulate that these EEC represent cases of spontaneous functional HIV-1 cure. A non-functional and non-genetically evolving viral reservoir along with an HIV-1-specific immune response seems to be key for the spontaneous functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Casado
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Galvez
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Pernas
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sanchez-Merino
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Vera
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca De Pablo-Bernal
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus. Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60011, USA
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain.
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Virología Molecular, Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Lehmann MH, Lehmann JM, Erfle V. Nef-induced CCL2 Expression Contributes to HIV/SIV Brain Invasion and Neuronal Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2447. [PMID: 31681324 PMCID: PMC6803470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a chemoattractant for leukocytes including monocytes, T cells, and natural killer cells and it plays an important role in maintaining the integrity and function of the brain. However, there is accumulating evidence that many neurological diseases are attributable to a dysregulation of CCL2 expression. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) encephalopathy is a severe and frequent complication in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The HIV and SIV Nef protein, a progression factor in AIDS pathology, can be transferred by microvesicles including exosomes and tunneling nanotubes (TNT) within the host even to uninfected cells, and Nef can induce CCL2 expression. This review focuses on findings which collectively add new insights on how Nef-induced CCL2 expression contributes to neurotropism and neurovirulence of HIV and SIV and elucidates why adjuvant targeting of CCL2 could be a therapeutic option for HIV-infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Lehmann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas M Lehmann
- Department of Informatics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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