1
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Salazar E, Menger MFS, Faraji S. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics in 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: A Comparison of Trajectory Surface Hopping Schemes†. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5796-5806. [PMID: 38949625 PMCID: PMC11270829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced nonadiabatic processes play a crucial role in a wide range of disciplines, from fundamental steps in biology to modern applications in advanced materials science. A theoretical understanding of these processes is highly desirable, and trajectory surface hopping (TSH) has proven to be a well-suited framework for a wide range of systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive comparison between two TSH algorithms, the conventional Tully's fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) scheme and the Landau-Zener surface hopping (LZSH), to study the photoinduced ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) to 1,3,5-hexatriene at the spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) level of theory. Additionally, we compare our results with a literature study at the extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory method (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. Our results show that the average population and lifetimes estimated with LZSH using SF-TDDFT are closer to the literature (using multireference methods) than those estimated with FSSH using SF-TDDFT. The latter speaks in favor of applying LZSH in combination with the SF-TDDFT method to study larger and more complex systems such as molecular photoswitches where the CHD molecule acts as a backbone. In addition, we present an implementation of Tully's FSSH algorithm as an extension to the PySurf software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison
X. Salazar
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian F. S.
J. Menger
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretische
Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Mukherjee S, Mattos RS, Toldo JM, Lischka H, Barbatti M. Prediction Challenge: Simulating Rydberg photoexcited cyclobutanone with surface hopping dynamics based on different electronic structure methods. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154306. [PMID: 38624122 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examines the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclobutanone after excitation into the n → 3s Rydberg S2 state. It stems from our contribution to the Special Topic of the Journal of Chemical Physics to test the predictive capability of computational chemistry against unseen experimental data. Decoherence-corrected fewest-switches surface hopping was used to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics with full and approximated nonadiabatic couplings. Several simulation sets were computed with different electronic structure methods, including a multiconfigurational wavefunction [multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF)] specially built to describe dissociative channels, multireference semiempirical approach, time-dependent density functional theory, algebraic diagrammatic construction, and coupled cluster. MCSCF dynamics predicts a slow deactivation of the S2 state (10 ps), followed by an ultrafast population transfer from S1 to S0 (<100 fs). CO elimination (C3 channel) dominates over C2H4 formation (C2 channel). These findings radically differ from the other methods, which predicted S2 lifetimes 10-250 times shorter and C2 channel predominance. These results suggest that routine electronic structure methods may hold low predictive power for the outcome of nonadiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael S Mattos
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Josene M Toldo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
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3
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Medhi B, Sarma M. Deciphering the Internal Conversion Processes Involved in the Photochemical Ring-Opening of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene by Symmetric sp 2-Carbon Substitutions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2025-2037. [PMID: 38426433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemical substituents hold the potential to markedly influence the photochemical behavior in molecular systems and assist in gaining a comprehensive understanding of nonadiabatic phenomena. In this study, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the influence of chemical substituents on the photochemical ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD), considering four systems: CHD, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me2-1), 1,4-dimethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me2-2), and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me4), using electronic structure theory calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Employing extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation (XMS-CASPT2) theory, we optimized reactants, S1 states, conical intersections (CIns), and products, revealing structural and energetic variations consistent with prior research. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation was used to gain insights into photochemical dynamics at state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) theory. CHD-Me4 exhibited reduced carbon-carbon single bond rupture rates, responsible for ring-opening, due to substituent proximity. Further, CHD-Me2-2 and CHD-Me4 displayed prolonged excited-state relaxation times, highlighting notable substituents' impact. Analysis of kinetic energy profiles of specific carbon atoms also revealed restrained atomic displacements, particularly in CHD-Me2-2 and CHD-Me4. These findings advance our understanding of how substituents modulate photochemical reactions in cyclohexadiene derivatives, guiding new molecular design and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman Medhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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4
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Calio PB, Hermes MR, Bao JJ, Galván IF, Lindh R, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Minimum-Energy Conical Intersections by Compressed Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1698-1706. [PMID: 38407944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Compressed multistate pair-density functional theory (CMS-PDFT) is a multistate version of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory that can capture the correct topology of coupled potential energy surfaces (PESs) around conical intersections. In this work, we develop interstate coupling vectors (ISCs) for CMS-PDFT in the OpenMolcas and PySCF/mrh electronic structure packages. Yet, the main focus of this work is using ISCs to calculate minimum-energy conical intersections (MECIs) by CMS-PDFT. This is performed using the projected constrained optimization method in OpenMolcas, which uses ISCs to restrain the iterations to the conical intersection seam. We optimize the S1/S0 MECIs for ethylene, butadiene, and benzene and show that CMS-PDFT gives smooth PESs in the vicinities of the MECIs. Furthermore, the CMS-PDFT MECIs are in good agreement with the MECI calculated by the more expensive XMS-CASPT2 method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Calio
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1403, United States
| | - Matthew R Hermes
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1403, United States
| | - Jie J Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | | | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1403, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4801, United States
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5
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Nishimoto Y. Analytic first-order derivatives of CASPT2 with IPEA shift. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2888841. [PMID: 37144712 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) is useful for accurately predicting properties of complex electronic structures, but it is well known that it systematically underestimates excitation energies. The underestimation can be corrected using the ionization potential-electron affinity (IPEA) shift. In this study, analytic first-order derivatives of CASPT2 with the IPEA shift are developed. CASPT2-IPEA is not invariant with respect to rotations among active molecular orbitals, and two additional constraint conditions are necessary in the CASPT2 Lagrangian to formulate analytic derivatives. The method developed here is applied to methylpyrimidine derivatives and cytosine, and minimum energy structures and conical intersections are located. By comparing energies relative to the closed-shell ground state, we find that the agreement with experiments and high-level calculations is indeed improved by the inclusion of the IPEA shift. The agreement of geometrical parameters with high-level calculations may also be improved in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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6
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Intermolecular-Type Conical Intersections in Benzene Dimer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032906. [PMID: 36769227 PMCID: PMC9917476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and conical intersection geometries of the benzene dimer were computed in the framework of the conventional, linear-response time-dependent and spin-flipped time-dependent density functional theories (known as DFT, TDDFT and SF-TDDFT) as well as using the multiconfigurational complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method considering the minimally augmented def2-TZVPP and the 6-31G(d,p) basis sets. It was found that the stacking distance between the benzene monomers decreases by about 0.5 Å in the first electronic excited state, due to the stronger intermolecular interaction energy, bringing the two monomers closer together. Intermolecular-type conical intersection (CI) geometries can be formed between the two benzene molecules, when (i) both monomer rings show planar deformation and (ii) weaker (approximately 1.6-1.8 Å long) C-C bonds are formed between the two monomers, with parallel and antiparallel orientation with respect to the monomer. These intermolecular-type CIs look energetically more favorable than dimeric CIs containing only one deformed monomer. The validity of the dimer-type CI geometries obtained by SF-TDDFT was confirmed by the CASSCF method. The nudged elastic band method used for finding the optimal relaxation path has confirmed both the accessibility of these intermolecular-type CIs and the possibility of the radiationless deactivation of the electronic excited states through these CI geometries. Although not as energetically favorable as the previous two CI geometries, there are other CI geometries characterized by the relative rotation of monomers at different angles around a vertical C-C axis.
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7
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Zhang L, Shu Y, Bhaumik S, Chen X, Sun S, Huang Y, Truhlar DG. Nonadiabatic Dynamics of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene by Curvature-Driven Coherent Switching with Decay of Mixing. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7073-7081. [PMID: 36350795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to produce 1,3,5-hexatriene is a classic electrocyclic reaction and is also a prototype for many reactions of biological and synthetic importance. Here, we simulate the ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics of the reaction in the manifold of the three lowest valence electronic states by using extended multistate complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) combined with the curvature-driven coherent switching with decay of mixing (κCSDM) dynamical method. We obtain an excited-state lifetime of 79 fs, and a product quantum yield of 40% from the 500 trajectories initiated in the S1 excited state. The obtained lifetime and quantum yield values are very close to previously reported experimental and computed values, showing the capability of performing a reasonable nonadiabatic ring-opening dynamics with the κCSDM method that does not require nonadiabatic coupling vectors, time derivatives, or diabatization. In addition, we study the ring-opening reaction by initiating the trajectories in the dark state S2. We also optimize the S0/S1 and S1/S2 minimum-energy conical intersections (MECIs) by XMS-CASPT2; for S1/S2, we optimized both an inner and an outer local-minimum-energy conical intersections (LMECIs). We provide the potential energy profile along the ring-opening coordinate by joining selected critical points via linear synchronous transit paths. We find the inner S1/S2 LMECI to be more crucial than the outer one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Suman Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Xiye Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shaozeng Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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8
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Nishimoto Y, Battaglia S, Lindh R. Analytic First-Order Derivatives of (X)MS, XDW, and RMS Variants of the CASPT2 and RASPT2 Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4269-4281. [PMID: 35699280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crossings between states involve complex electronic structures, making the accurate characterization of the crossing point difficult. In this study, the analytic derivatives of three complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) variants as well as an extension of the restricted active space (RASPT2) are developed. These variants are applied to locating minimum energy conical intersections. Our results demonstrate that the three CASPT2 variants predict qualitatively similar results, but a recently developed variant, the rotated multistate CASPT2 (RMS-CASPT2), is least sensitive to the number of states considered in the calculation. We demonstrate that CASPT2 and the reference self-consistent field calculations predict qualitatively different energetics and bond lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nishimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Stefano Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Salazar E, Reinink S, Faraji S. Providing theoretical insight into the role of symmetry in the photoisomerization mechanism of a non-symmetric dithienylethene photoswitch. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11592-11602. [PMID: 35531648 PMCID: PMC9116444 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dithienylethene (DTE) molecular photoswitches have shown to be excellent candidates in the design of efficient optoelectronic devices, due to their high photoisomerization quantum yield (QY), for which symmetry is suggested to play a crucial role. Here, we present a theoretical study on the photochemistry of a non-symmetric dithienylethene photoswitch, with a special emphasis on the effect of asymmetric substitution on the photocyclization and photoreversion mechanisms. We used the Spin-Flip Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (SF-TDDFT) method to locate and characterize the main structures (conical intersections and minima) of the ground state and the first two excited states, S1 and S2, along the ring-opening/closure reaction coordinate of the photocyclization and photoreversion processes, and to identify the important coordinates governing the radiationless decay pathways. Our results suggest that while the main features that characterize the photoisomerization of symmetric DTEs are also present for the photoisomerization of the non-symmetric DTE, the lower energy barrier on S1 along the cycloreversion reaction speaks in favor of a more efficient and therefore a higher cycloreversion QY for the non-symmetric DTEs, making them a better candidate for molecular optoelectronic devices than their symmetric counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Salazar
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Reinink
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AG GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AG GroningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Park JW. Analytical Gradient Theory for Spin-Free State-Averaged Second-Order Driven Similarity Renormalization Group Perturbation Theory (SA-DSRG-MRPT2) and Its Applications for Conical Intersection Optimizations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2233-2245. [PMID: 35229599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Second-order multireference-driven similarity renormalization group perturbation theory (DSRG-MRPT2) provides an efficient means of correcting the dynamical correlation with the multiconfiguration reference function. The state-averaged DSRG-MRPT2 (SA-DSRG-MRPT2) method is the simplest means of treating the excited states with DSRG-MRPT2. In this method, the Hamiltonian dressed with dynamical correlation is diagonalized in the CASCI state subspace (SA-DSRG-MRPT2c) or the configuration subspace (SA-DSRG-MRPT2). This work develops analytical gradient theory for spin-free SA-DSRG-MRPT2(c) with the density-fitting approximation. We check the accuracy of the analytical gradients against the numerical gradients. We present applications for optimizing minimum energy conical intersections (MECI) of ethylene and retinal model chromophores (PSB3 and RPSB6). We investigate the dependence of the optimized geometries and energies on the flow parameters and reference relaxations. The smoothness of the SA-DSRG-MRPT2(c) potential energy surfaces near the reference (complete active space self-consistent field) MECI is comparable to the XMCQDPT2 one. These results render SA-DSRG-MRPT2(c) theory a promising approach for studies of conical intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Cheongju 28644, Korea
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11
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Guerra C, Ayarde-Henríquez L, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. On Electron Pair Rearrangements in Photochemical Reactions: 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Ring Opening. J Phys Chem A 2021; 126:395-405. [PMID: 34923827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Cyclohexadiene ring opening has been studied within the bonding evolution theory (BET) framework. We have focused on describing for the first time the electron pair rearrangements leading to the cis-1,3,5-hexatriene (HT) product from CHD. The nature of bonding in this process begins with the weakening of the double bonds in the Franck-Condon region. Along the 11B surface, the C-C sigma bond weakens. Meanwhile, its density redistributes toward the whole CHD ring, mainly over double bonds. Breaking of this bond occurs on the 21A surface due to the symmetrical splitting of pair density from this region. This density redistributes toward the reaction center once the pericyclic minimum is reached. The formation of the double bonds that characterize HT occurs gradually in the ground state. However, near the 21A/11A intersection, these bonds are partially established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
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12
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Matsika S. Electronic Structure Methods for the Description of Nonadiabatic Effects and Conical Intersections. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9407-9449. [PMID: 34156838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic effects are ubiquitous in photophysics and photochemistry, and therefore, many theoretical developments have been made to properly describe them. Conical intersections are central in nonadiabatic processes, as they promote efficient and ultrafast nonadiabatic transitions between electronic states. A proper theoretical description requires developments in electronic structure and specifically in methods that describe conical intersections between states and nonadiabatic coupling terms. This review focuses on the electronic structure aspects of nonadiabatic processes. We discuss the requirements of electronic structure methods to describe conical intersections and nonadiabatic couplings, how the most common excited state methods perform in describing these effects, and what the recent developments are in expanding the methodology and implementing nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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13
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Karashima S, Humeniuk A, Uenishi R, Horio T, Kanno M, Ohta T, Nishitani J, Mitrić R, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: Identification of Nonadiabatic Pathway via Doubly Excited State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8034-8045. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ryuta Uenishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Horio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Manabu Kanno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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14
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Park JW. Analytical First-Order Derivatives of Second-Order Extended Multiconfiguration Quasi-Degenerate Perturbation Theory (XMCQDPT2): Implementation and Application. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5562-5571. [PMID: 32786905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical gradient theory for the second-order extended multiconfiguration quasi-degenerate perturbation theory (XMCQDPT2), which can be regarded as the multistate version of the multireference second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MRMP2), is formulated and implemented. The theory is similar to the previous analytical gradient theory for MCQDPT2, but we take into account the intruder state avoidance (ISA) technique and the "extension" of the MCQDPT2 theory by Granovsky. Although the (X)MCQDPT2 theory is not invariant with respect to rotations among the active orbitals, the resulting analytical gradients are accurate. We demonstrate the utility of the current algorithm in optimizing the minimum energy conical intersections (MECIs) of ethylene, butadiene, benzene, the retinal model chromophore PSB3, and the green fluorescent protein model chromophore pHBI. The XMCQDPT2 MECIs are very similar to the XMS-CASPT2 MECIs in terms of molecular conformation and the computed energies. We also discuss possible improvements of the current algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Cheongju 28644, Korea
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15
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Salazar E, Faraji S. Theoretical study of cyclohexadiene/hexatriene photochemical interconversion using spin-Flip time-Dependent density functional theory. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1764120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edison Salazar
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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16
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Park JW, Al-Saadon R, MacLeod MK, Shiozaki T, Vlaisavljevich B. Multireference Electron Correlation Methods: Journeys along Potential Energy Surfaces. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5878-5909. [PMID: 32239929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multireference electron correlation methods describe static and dynamical electron correlation in a balanced way and, therefore, can yield accurate and predictive results even when single-reference methods or multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory fails. One of their most prominent applications in quantum chemistry is the exploration of potential energy surfaces. This includes the optimization of molecular geometries, such as equilibrium geometries and conical intersections and on-the-fly photodynamics simulations, both of which depend heavily on the ability of the method to properly explore the potential energy surface. Because such applications require nuclear gradients and derivative couplings, the availability of analytical nuclear gradients greatly enhances the scope of quantum chemical methods. This review focuses on the developments and advances made in the past two decades. A detailed account of the analytical nuclear gradient and derivative coupling theories is presented. Emphasis is given to the software infrastructure that allows one to make use of these methods. Notable applications of multireference electron correlation methods to chemistry, including geometry optimizations and on-the-fly dynamics, are summarized at the end followed by a discussion of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Rachael Al-Saadon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew K MacLeod
- Workday, 4900 Pearl Circle East, Suite 100, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Quantum Simulation Technologies, Inc., 625 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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17
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Park JW. Analytical Gradient Theory for Quasidegenerate N-Electron Valence State Perturbation Theory (QD-NEVPT2). J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:326-339. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Cheongju 28644, Korea
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18
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Polyak I, Hutton L, Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M, Knowles PJ. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Using XMS-CASPT2 Surface Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:3929-3940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iakov Polyak
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Hutton
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J. Knowles
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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19
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Kamiya M, Taketsugu T. Ab initio surface hopping excited-state molecular dynamics approach on the basis of spin-orbit coupled states: An application to the A-band photodissociation of CH 3 I. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:456-463. [PMID: 30451310 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics approach has been extended to multi-state dynamics on the basis of the spin-orbit coupled electronic states that are obtained through diagonalization of the spin-orbit coupling matrix with the multi-state second-order multireference perturbation theory energies in diagonal elements and the spin-orbit coupling terms at the state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field level in off-diagonal elements. Nonadiabatic transitions over the spin-orbit coupled states were taken into account explicitly by a surface hopping scheme with utilizing the nonadiabatic coupling terms calculated by numerical differentiation of the spin-orbit coupled wavefunctions and analytical nonadiabatic coupling terms. The present method was applied to the A-band photodissociation of methyl iodide, CH3 I + hv → CH3 + I (2 P3/2 )/I* (2 P1/2 ), for which a pioneering theoretical work was reported by Amatatsu, Yabushita, and Morokuma. The present results reproduced well the experimental branching ratio and energy distributions in the dissociative products. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Kamiya
- Faculty of Regional Studies, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1132, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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20
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Filatov M, Min SK, Kim KS. Non-adiabatic dynamics of ring opening in cyclohexa-1,3-diene described by an ensemble density-functional theory method. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1519200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
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21
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Gonon B, Perveaux A, Gatti F, Lauvergnat D, Lasorne B. On the applicability of a wavefunction-free, energy-based procedure for generating first-order non-adiabatic couplings around conical intersections. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:114114. [PMID: 28938825 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primal definition of first-order non-adiabatic couplings among electronic states relies on the knowledge of how electronic wavefunctions vary with nuclear coordinates. However, the non-adiabatic coupling between two electronic states can be obtained in the vicinity of a conical intersection from energies only, as this vector spans the branching plane along which degeneracy is lifted to first order. The gradient difference and derivative coupling are responsible of the two-dimensional cusp of a conical intersection between both potential-energy surfaces and can be identified to the non-trivial eigenvectors of the second derivative of the square energy difference, as first pointed out in Köppel and Schubert [Mol. Phys. 104(5-7), 1069 (2006)]. Such quantities can always be computed in principle for the cost of two numerical Hessians in the worst-case scenario. Analytic-derivative techniques may help in terms of accuracy and efficiency but also raise potential traps due to singularities and ill-defined derivatives at degeneracies. We compare here two approaches, one fully numerical, the other semianalytic, where analytic gradients are available but Hessians are not, and investigate their respective conditions of applicability. Benzene and 3-hydroxychromone are used as illustrative application cases. It is shown that non-adiabatic couplings can thus be estimated with decent accuracy in regions of significant size around conical intersections. This procedure is robust and could be useful in the context of on-the-fly non-adiabatic dynamics or be used for producing model representations of intersecting potential energy surfaces with complete obviation of the electronic wavefunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gonon
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (UMR 5253), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Aurelie Perveaux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (UMR 5253), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Gatti
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (UMR 5253), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - David Lauvergnat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (UMR 8000), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Benjamin Lasorne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (UMR 5253), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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22
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Glover WJ, Mori T, Schuurman MS, Boguslavskiy AE, Schalk O, Stolow A, Martínez TJ. Excited state non-adiabatic dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans 1,3-butadiene. II. Ab initio multiple spawning simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5018130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Glover
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Toshifumi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Michael S. Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrey E. Boguslavskiy
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Oliver Schalk
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile F. E. Curchod
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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25
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Tudorovskaya M, Minns RS, Kirrander A. Effects of probe energy and competing pathways on time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: the ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17714-17726. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02397b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra for the ring-opening dynamics of 1,3-cyclohexadiene are studied using a model based on quantum molecular dynamics and the Dyson orbital approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
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26
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Lefrancois D, Tuna D, Martínez TJ, Dreuw A. The Spin-Flip Variant of the Algebraic-Diagrammatic Construction Yields the Correct Topology of S1/S0 Conical Intersections. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4436-4441. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deniz Tuna
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department
of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Park JW, Shiozaki T. Analytical Derivative Coupling for Multistate CASPT2 Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2561-2570. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Kammeraad JA, Zimmerman PM. Estimating the Derivative Coupling Vector Using Gradients. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:5074-5079. [PMID: 27973885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The difference gradient and derivative coupling vectors span the branching planes of conical intersections between electronic states. While gradients are commonly available in many electronic structure methods, the derivative coupling vectors are not always implemented and ready for use in characterizing conical intersections. This Letter shows how the derivative coupling vectors can be computed to high accuracy (direction and magnitude) using energy and gradient information. The new method is based on the combination of a linear-coupling two-state Hamiltonian and a finite-difference Davidson approach for computing the branching plane. Benchmark cases are provided showing these vectors can be efficiently computed near conical intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kammeraad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Lei Y, Wu H, Zheng X, Zhai G, Zhu C. Photo-induced 1,3-cyclohexadiene ring opening reaction: Ab initio on-the-fly nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Liu L, Liu J, Martinez TJ. Dynamical Correlation Effects on Photoisomerization: Ab Initio Multiple Spawning Dynamics with MS-CASPT2 for a Model trans-Protonated Schiff Base. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1940-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department
of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, United States
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Todd J. Martinez
- Department
of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, United States
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31
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Harabuchi Y, Keipert K, Zahariev F, Taketsugu T, Gordon MS. Dynamics Simulations with Spin-Flip Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Photoisomerization and Photocyclization Mechanisms of cis-Stilbene in ππ* States. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11987-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5072428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Harabuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kristopher Keipert
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Federico Zahariev
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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32
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Joalland B, Mori T, Martínez TJ, Suits AG. Photochemical Dynamics of Ethylene Cation C2H4(.). J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1467-71. [PMID: 26269995 DOI: 10.1021/jz500352x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the nonadiabatic effects in ethylene cation C2H4(+), the simplest π radical cation, after photoexcitation to its three lowest doublet excited states. Two families of conical intersections are found, with minimum energy structures characterized by planar and twisted geometries. Ab initio multiple spawning dynamical calculations suggest that the competition between these relaxation pathways depends strongly on the initial excited state, with excited state lifetimes in the 30-60 fs range. Ultrafast decay via planar geometries deposits the molecule near a bridged minimum on the ground state, allowing prompt H migration events. The alternative pathway mediated by torsional motion induces important backspawned population transfer promoted by hindered rotations. The results allow us to revisit earlier vibrationally-mediated photodissociation experiments and shed light on the electronic relaxation dynamics of a prototypical radical cation subject to strong vibronic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Joalland
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Toshifumi Mori
- ‡PULSE Institute and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- ‡PULSE Institute and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Arthur G Suits
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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33
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Wolf TJA, Kuhlman TS, Schalk O, Martínez TJ, Møller KB, Stolow A, Unterreiner AN. Hexamethylcyclopentadiene: time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio multiple spawning simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11770-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio multiple spawning dynamical simulations of hexamethylcyclopentadiene reveal wavepacket evolution in a distinct degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Stanford PULSE Institute
- Menlo Park, USA
| | - T. S. Kuhlman
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - O. Schalk
- Stockholm University
- AlbaNova University Center
- , Sweden
- National Research Council
- , Canada
| | - T. J. Martínez
- Stanford PULSE Institute
- Menlo Park, USA
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford, USA
| | - K. B. Møller
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A. Stolow
- National Research Council
- , Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
| | - A.-N. Unterreiner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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34
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Yost SR, Kowalczyk T, Van Voorhis T. A multireference perturbation method using non-orthogonal Hartree-Fock determinants for ground and excited states. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:174104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4827456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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35
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Harabuchi Y, Maeda S, Taketsugu T, Minezawa N, Morokuma K. Automated Search for Minimum Energy Conical Intersection Geometries between the Lowest Two Singlet States S0/S1-MECIs by the Spin-Flip TDDFT Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4116-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400512u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Minezawa
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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36
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Mori T, Martínez TJ. Exploring the Conical Intersection Seam: The Seam Space Nudged Elastic Band Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300892t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Mori
- PULSE Institute and
Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory,
2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd. J. Martínez
- PULSE Institute and
Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United
States
- SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory,
2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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37
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Tomasello G, Garavelli M, Orlandi G. Tracking the stilbene photoisomerization in the S1 state using RASSCF. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:19763-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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NOHIRA HIROYUKI, NOHIRA TOSHIYUKI. QUANTIZATION OF CHEMICAL REACTION: THE DYNAMIC CORRELATION DIAGRAM METHOD FREE FROM NONCROSSING RULE. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633612500253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both Fukui's frontier orbital (FO) theory and Woodward–Hoffmann's orbital symmetry conservation (W–H) theory are based on the molecular orbital theory. However, there are some obvious inconsistencies between the two theories in explaining the electron movement. The process of chemical reactions has been explained by the potential surface analysis based on the time-independent Schrödinger equation. However, this approach is not always appropriate for describing unsteady states, because the variable of reaction coordinate should be time t by its very nature. When considering the time-scale of chemical reactions for molecules, there is inherent uncertainty in the energy levels for the midway state of chemical reactions owing to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The states which can be accurately described by quantum mechanics exist discontinuously in chemical reactions. Such quantization of chemical reactions solves all noncrossing problems. We also show that such an essential fact leads to new concepts and theories in chemical reactions such as stable molecule, elementary reaction and minimum deformation of orbital phases. Finally, taking the regularity in organic reactions as an example, we demonstrate that FO theory and W–H theory can be unified consistently by the universally applicable "dynamic correlation diagram method."
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Affiliation(s)
- HIROYUKI NOHIRA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - TOSHIYUKI NOHIRA
- Department of Fundamental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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39
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Mori T, Glover WJ, Schuurman MS, Martinez TJ. Role of Rydberg States in the Photochemical Dynamics of Ethylene. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2808-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2097185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Mori
- PULSE Institute and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, United States
| | - William J. Glover
- PULSE Institute and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, United States
| | - Michael S. Schuurman
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Todd J. Martinez
- PULSE Institute and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, United States
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Kuhlman TS, Glover WJ, Mori T, Møller KB, Martínez TJ. Between ethylene and polyenes - the non-adiabatic dynamics of cis-dienes. Faraday Discuss 2012; 157:193-212; discussion 243-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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41
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Marazzi M, Blanco-Lomas M, Rodríguez MA, Campos PJ, Castaño O, Sampedro D, Frutos LM. On the mechanism of the photocyclization of azadienes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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42
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Kim J, Tao H, White JL, Petrović VS, Martinez TJ, Bucksbaum PH. Control of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Photoisomerization Using Light-Induced Conical Intersections. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:2758-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208384b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Kim
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Hongli Tao
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - James L. White
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Martinez
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
| | - Philip H. Bucksbaum
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, United States
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43
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Shiozaki T, Győrffy W, Celani P, Werner HJ. Communication: Extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation theory: Energy and nuclear gradients. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:081106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3633329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Minezawa N, Gordon MS. Photoisomerization of stilbene: a spin-flip density functional theory approach. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7901-11. [PMID: 21639100 DOI: 10.1021/jp203803a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoisomerization process of 1,2-diphenylethylene (stilbene) is investigated using the spin-flip density functional theory (SFDFT), which has recently been shown to be a promising approach for locating conical intersection (CI) points (Minezawa, N.; Gordon, M. S. J. Phys. Chem. A2009, 113, 12749). The SFDFT method gives valuable insight into twisted stilbene to which the linear response time-dependent DFT approach cannot be applied. In contrast to the previous SFDFT study of ethylene, a distinct twisted minimum is found for stilbene. The optimized structure has a sizable pyramidalization angle and strong ionic character, indicating that a purely twisted geometry is not a true minimum. In addition, the SFDFT approach can successfully locate two CI points: the twisted-pyramidalized CI that is similar to the ethylene counterpart and another CI that possibly lies on the cyclization pathway of cis-stilbene. The mechanisms of the cis--trans isomerization reaction are discussed on the basis of the two-dimensional potential energy surface along the twisting and pyramidalization angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Minezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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45
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Granovsky AA. Extended multi-configuration quasi-degenerate perturbation theory: The new approach to multi-state multi-reference perturbation theory. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:214113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3596699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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46
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Deb S, Weber PM. The Ultrafast Pathway of Photon-Induced Electrocyclic Ring-Opening Reactions: The Case of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2011; 62:19-39. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.012809.103350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The photochemically induced electrocyclic ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene to 1,3,5-hexatriene serves as a prototype for many important reactions in chemistry and in biological systems. Based on experimental and computational studies, a detailed picture of the reaction has now emerged: Excitation to the Franck-Condon region places the molecule on a steeply repulsive part of the 1B potential energy surface, which propels the molecule in exactly the conrotatory direction that conforms to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules of orbital symmetry. Bypassing a cusp in a symmetry-breaking direction, the wave packet enters the 2A state within 55 fs. It continues to move directly toward the 2A/1A conical intersection, where it crosses in approximately 80 fs to the ground state. This article summarizes the published experimental and theoretical work to describe the current understanding of the reaction while pointing to important questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
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47
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Tang KC, Rury A, Orozco MB, Egendorf J, Spears KG, Sension RJ. Ultrafast electrocyclic ring opening of 7-dehydrocholesterol in solution: The influence of solvent on excited state dynamics. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:104503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3557054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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48
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Tang KC, Sension RJ. The influence of the optical pulse shape on excited state dynamics in provitamin D3. Faraday Discuss 2011; 153:117-29; discussion 189-212. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Mori T, Nakano K, Kato S. Conical intersections of free energy surfaces in solution: Effect of electron correlation on a protonated Schiff base in methanol solution. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:064107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3472033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Minezawa N, Gordon MS. Optimizing conical intersections by spin-flip density functional theory: application to ethylene. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:12749-53. [PMID: 19905013 DOI: 10.1021/jp908032x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conical intersections (CIs) of ethylene have been successfully determined using spin-flip density functional theory (SFDFT) combined with a penalty-constrained optimization method. We present in detail three structures, twisted-pyramidalized, hydrogen-migrated, and ethylidene CIs. In contrast to the linear response time-dependent density functional theory, which predicts a purely twisted geometry without pyramidalization as the S(1) global minimum, SFDFT gives a pyramidalized structure. Therefore, this is the first correct optimization of CI points of twisted ethylene by the DFT method. The calculated energies and geometries are in good agreement with those obtained by the multireference configuration interaction (MR-CI) method and the multistate formulation of second-order multireference perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Minezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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