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Faizan M, Chakraborty M, Bana D, Pawar R. Orbital and free energy landscape expedition towards the unexplored catalytic realm of aromatically modified FLPs for CO 2 sequestration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23609-23622. [PMID: 39081195 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has created a whole new dimension in the development of metal free catalysts for CO2 sequestration. Efforts have been made to enhance the catalytic activity of the FLPs. The aromatic modulation of the catalytic sites has been successfully demonstrated to enhance the activity towards CO2. Although various aromatically modified geminal FLPs have been investigated for CO2 capture, the catalytic space of these FLPs has not been fully resolved yet. Thus, to fulfil the knowledge gap in the understanding of the catalytic behaviour and to extend the concept of aromatically enhanced FLPs, in the present study all the possible combinations of aromatic and antiaromatic modulations of the acidic and basic sites have been proposed and examined using density functional theory based orbital analysis. Further to verify the results obtained from the orbital analysis and to fully explore the catalytic space of the proposed systems, free energy landscapes have been examined using metadynamics simulations. The detailed intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) and principal interacting orbital (PIO) analyses capture crucial details of the reactions. Furthermore, evolution of anisotropy of induced current density (AICD) along the reaction justifies the effect of aromatic/antiaromatic modulation on the catalytic sites. The results show that highly asynchronous mechanisms have been found due to the aromatic/antiaromatic modulations. The simultaneous favourable aromatic/antiaromatic modification on the acidic and basic sites may greatly reduce the CO2 activation barrier. The enhancement of the acidic character of the B atom in the intramolecular FLPs (IFLPs) leads to a thermodynamically more feasible reaction with stable CO2 adducts. The acidic site has been found to play a major role in controlling the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction. This study provides valuable insights into the catalytic realm of the aromatically modified FLPs, which can be utilized to design more efficient and specific next-generation FLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Madhumita Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Dinesh Bana
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
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2
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Faizan M, Kumar A, Raghasudha M, Pawar R. PIO and IBO analysis to unravel the hidden details of the CO 2 sequestration mechanism of aromatically tempered N/B-based IFLPs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24809-24818. [PMID: 37671753 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02928j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the catalytic reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) in various activities such as CO2 activation and sequestration has recently gained interest among researchers around the globe. A recent investigation showed the use of aromaticity as a tool to modulate the catalytic behaviour of FLPs, establishing a whole new dimension in this area. In this work, aromatically tempered N/B-based intramolecular frustrated Lewis Pairs (IFLPs) are proposed for CO2 sequestration. Density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were carried out to probe the reaction mechanism. The detailed mechanistic investigation was carried out using intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), principal interacting orbital (PIO), intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analyses. The results show that aromatic gain in the system at the basic sites lowers the activation barrier, whereas the antiaromatic gain results in increased activation energy. The sequestration mechanism was found to be an asynchronous concerted mechanism, and polar solvents result in higher asynchronicity. This work, for the first time, reports asynchronicity in the catalytic behavior of aromatically tempered IFLPs, which can be crucial to designing better IFLPs for CO2 sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Mucherla Raghasudha
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
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3
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Nath S, Yadav E, Raghuvanshi A, Singh AK. Ru(II) Complexes with Protic- and Anionic-Naked-NHC Ligands for Cooperative Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301971. [PMID: 37377294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A set of ruthenium(II)-protic-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, [Ru(NNCH )(PPh3 )2 (X)]Cl (1, X=Cl and 2, X=H) and their deprotonated forms [Ru(NNC)(PPh3 )2 (X)] (1', X=Cl and 2', X=H), in which NNC is a new unsymmetrical pincer ligand, are reported. The four complexes are interconvertible by simple acid-base chemistry. The combined theoretical and spectroscopic investigations indicate charge segregation in anionic-NHC complexes (1' and 2') and can be described from a Lewis pair perspective. The chemical reactivity of deprotonated complex 1' shows cooperative small molecule activation. Complex 1' activates H-H bond of hydrogen, C(sp3 )-I bond of iodomethane, and C(sp)-H bond of phenylacetylene. The activation of CO2 using anionic NHC complex 1' at moderate temperature and ambient pressure and subsequent conversion to formate is also described. All the new compounds have been characterized using ESI-MS, 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR spectroscopy. Molecular structures of 1, 2, and 2' have also been determined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cooperative small molecule activation perspective broadens the scope of potential applications of anionic-NHC complexes in small molecule activation, including the conversion of carbon dioxide to formate, a much sought after reaction in the renewable energy and sustainable development domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhu Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Ekta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Abhinav Raghuvanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Amrendra K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
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4
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Faizan M, Saini K, Mucherla R, Pawar R. Unprecedented Activation of CO 2 by α-Amino Boronic Acids. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7429-7442. [PMID: 37656936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and environmentally benign transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals is mainly obstructed by the lack of suitable catalysts. To date, various catalysts have already been investigated for the conversion of CO2 molecules, but still finding metal-free, simple, and environment-friendly catalysts is a topic of utmost interest among researchers. Thus, in this regard, the present work projects α-amino boronic acids (AABs) as a metal-free and simple catalyst for CO2 activation. The density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations have been carried out to explore the catalytic potential of AABs. The detailed electronic structure analysis of the considered AABs unveils the catalytic similarities with frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) in a gas phase. Interestingly, a peculiar catalytic action of AABs has been observed in the presence of solvents. The contrasting catalytic behavior of AABs in solvents has been extensively investigated by employing principal interacting orbital (PIO), intrinsic bond orbital (IBO), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses along the reaction paths. The results of the orbital studies provide concrete ground for the observed reaction mechanism. Further, the energetic analysis of the reaction of CO2 with AABs reveals that <5 kcal/mol energy is required for activation in a solvent phase, and the formed adducts are readily active. These observations show that AABs can be considered as an efficient catalyst for CO2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Kajal Saini
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Raghasudha Mucherla
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
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5
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Faizan M, Pawar R. Novel Insight into the Molecular Frustration of IFLPs Based on Boron-Functionalized Pyrimidines for CO 2 Sequestration. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8633-8644. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal506004, Telangana, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal506004, Telangana, India
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6
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Faizan M, Pawar R. Boron based intramolecular heterocyclic frustrated Lewis pairs as organocatalysts for CO 2 adsorption and activation. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1474-1483. [PMID: 35733241 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The massive increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in the atmosphere has led to serious environmental problems. One of the best ways to tackle this problem is the CO2 capture and its utilization as a C1 carbon source for the production of industrially valuable chemicals. But the thermodynamic stability of the CO2 molecule poses a great challenge in its transformation. Since the last two decades, various metal-based and organic catalysts have been developed for the adsorption and activation of CO2 . Among all the catalysts the Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been shown great potential in CO2 capture and conversion. Thus, in the present work, Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis pairs (IFLP) based on N-Heterocycles with boron group functionalization at the α-position to N has been theoretically investigated for CO2 activation. Thorough orbital analysis has been carried out to investigate the reactivity of the proposed catalytic systems. The result shows that the considered IFLPs are capable of activating CO2 with minimum energy requirements. The CO2 activation energy range between 8 and 14 kcal/mol. The non-polar solvent was found to be the suitable medium for the reaction. Also, the reversibility of the adducts formed with the IFLPs can be controlled by appropriate substitution at B atom in the IFLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana, India
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7
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Kistner L, Kowatsch D, Marz A, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Directed Synthesis and Chemistry of Unsymmetric Dicationic Diboranes and Their Use in Frustrated Lewis Pair-like Chemistry. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104016. [PMID: 35061309 PMCID: PMC9305129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of dicationic diboranes with two BII atoms that are engaged in direct B-B bonding is by enlarge unexplored, although these molecules have intriguing properties due to their combined Lewis acidic and electron-donor properties. Unsymmetric dicationic diboranes are extremely rare, but especially attractive due to their polarized B-B bond. In this work we report the directed synthesis of several stable unsymmetric dicationic diboranes by reaction between the electron-rich ditriflato-diborane B2 (hpp)2 (OTf)2 (hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-α]pyrimidinate) and phosphino-pyridines, establishing B-N and B-P bonds with the diborane concomitant with triflate elimination. In the case of 2-((ditertbutylphosphino)methyl)pyridine, the B-N bond is formed instantly, but the B-P bond formation requires (due to steric constraints) several days at ambient conditions for completion, creating an intermediate that could be used for frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-like chemistry. Here we test its reaction with an aldehyde, and propose a new type of FLP-like chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Kistner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Dario Kowatsch
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Marz
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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8
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Stoy A, Härterich M, Dewhurst RD, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Endres P, Eyßelein M, Kupfer T, Deissenberger A, Thiess T, Braunschweig H. Evidence for Borylene Carbonyl (LHB═C═O) and Base-Stabilized (LHB═O) and Base-Free Oxoborane (RB≡O) Intermediates in the Reactions of Diborenes with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3376-3380. [PMID: 35179031 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Doubly N-heterocyclic-carbene-stabilized diborenes undergo facile reactions with CO2, initially providing dibora-β-lactones. These lactones convert over time to their 2,4-diboraoxetan-3-one isomers through a presumed dissociative pathway and hypovalent boron species borylene carbonyls (LHB═C═O) and base-stabilized oxoboranes (LHB═O). Repeating these reactions with doubly cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene-stabilized diborenes allowed the isolation of a borylene carbonyl intermediate, whereas a base-stabilized oxoborane could be inferred by the isolation of a boroxine from the reaction mixture. These results, supported by calculations, confirm the presumed mechanism of the diboralactone-to-diboraoxetanone isomerization while also establishing a surprising level of stability for three unknown or very rare hypovalent boron species: base-stabilized derivatives of the parent borylene carbonyl (LHB═C═O) and parent oxoborane (LHB═O) as well as base-free oxoboranes (RB≡O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stoy
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Gto, Noria Alta s/n, 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Peter Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Eyßelein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Deissenberger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Thiess
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD. Insights into the Factors Controlling the H–H Bond Cleavage Reactions by Five-Membered G13/P (G13 = Group 13 Element) and B/G15 (G15 = Group 15 Element) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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10
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Malär AA, Sun Q, Zehnder J, Kehr G, Erker G, Wiegand T. Proton-phosphorous connectivities revealed by high-resolution proton-detected solid-state NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7768-7778. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton-detected solid-state NMR enables atomic-level insight in solid-state reactions, for instance in heterogeneous catalysis, which is fundamental for deciphering chemical reaction mechanisms. We herein introduce a phosphorus-31 radiofrequency channel in...
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11
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Ma N, Xu Q, Zhang G. Theoretical insights on boron reducing agent for the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19111-19119. [PMID: 34524286 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01857d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we present computational progress in the reduction of carbonyl compounds using boron reducing agents, such as L·BH3, HBcat, HBpin, and 9-BBN. For the catalytic reduction reactions, establishing a catalytic mechanism will provide an important theoretical basis for the improvement of a more efficient combination of reducing agents and catalysts. Current computational studies reveal that the mechanisms of reactions are different due to the various combinations of electrophilic boron reducing agents and catalysts (transition-metal catalyst, main group metal catalysts, and metal-free frustrated Lewis pair). We discuss the role of boron reducing agents on the efficiency of reactions and believe that possible Lewis acid-base interaction between Bδ+, Mδ+ and Oδ-, Hδ- existing in boron reducing agent, unsaturated substances, and catalyst should be considered fully. A tentative outlook on future opportunities of this research field is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Qingli Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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12
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Yamauchi Y, Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. <i>N</i>-Phosphine Oxide-Substituted Imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) as Multifunctional Multipurpose <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
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13
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Föhrenbacher SA, Zeh V, Krahfuss MJ, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M, Radius U. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorophosphorane and
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Adduct Formation and Frustrated
Lewis
Pair Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen A. Föhrenbacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vivien Zeh
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Consultant Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB) Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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14
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Dajnak A, Maerten E, Saffon-Merceron N, Baceiredo A, Kato T. Synthesis of Norbornene-Based Phosphine-Stabilized Silylium Ions Behaving as Masked Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Dajnak
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Eddy Maerten
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, ICT FR2599, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Baceiredo
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kato
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, and CNRS, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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15
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Avinash I, Parveen S, Anantharaman G. Backbone Boron-Functionalized Imidazoles/Imidazolium Salts: Synthesis, Structure, Metalation Studies, and Fluoride Sensing Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5646-5661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iruthayaraj Avinash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sabeeha Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ganapathi Anantharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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16
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Malär AA, Dong S, Kehr G, Erker G, Meier BH, Wiegand T. Characterization of H 2 -Splitting Products of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Benefit of Fast Magic-Angle Spinning. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:672-679. [PMID: 30663843 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proton spectroscopy in solid-state NMR on catalytic materials offers new opportunities in structural characterization, in particular of reaction products of catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation reactions. Unfortunately, the 1 H NMR line widths in magic-angle spinning solid-state spectra are often broadened by an incomplete averaging of 1 H-1 H dipolar couplings. We herein discuss two model compounds, namely the H2 -splitting products of two phosphane-borane Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), to study potentials and limitations of proton solid-state NMR experiments employing magic-angle spinning frequencies larger than 100 kHz at a static magnetic field strength of 20.0 T. The 1 H lines are homogeneously broadened as illustrated by spin-echo decay experiments. We study two structurally similar materials which however show significant differences in 1 H line widths which we explain by differences in their 1 H-1 H dipolar networks. We discuss the benefit of fast MAS experiments up to 110 kHz to detect the resonances of the H+ /H- pair in the hydrogenation products of FLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Malär
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Deutschland
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18
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Riddlestone IM, Kraft A, Schaefer J, Krossing I. Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13982-14024. [PMID: 29266644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schaefer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Winkler A, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Isolation and Reactivity of a FrustratedN-Heterocyclic Carbene-Borane. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Winkler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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20
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von Wolff N, Lefèvre G, Berthet JC, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Implications of CO2 Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs in the Catalytic Hydroboration of CO2: A View Using N/Si+ Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. von Wolff
- NIMBE,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G. Lefèvre
- NIMBE,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J.-C. Berthet
- NIMBE,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Thuéry
- NIMBE,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T. Cantat
- NIMBE,
CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Flynn SR, Metters OJ, Manners I, Wass DF. Zirconium-Catalyzed Imine Hydrogenation via a Frustrated Lewis Pair Mechanism. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Flynn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K
| | - Owen J. Metters
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K
| | - Ian Manners
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K
| | - Duncan F. Wass
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K
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22
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Yadav S, Saha S, Sen SS. Compounds with Low-Valent p-Block Elements for Small Molecule Activation and Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Yadav
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Sumana Saha
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 India
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23
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Cabrera AR, Rojas RS, Valderrama M, Plüss P, Berke H, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Synthesis of new asymmetric substituted boron amidines - reactions with CO and transfer hydrogenations of phenylacetylene. Dalton Trans 2015. [PMID: 26202830 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the new asymmetric substituted boron amidines [N'-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-(pentafluorophenyl)acetimidamide]bis(pentafluorophenyl)borate () and [N'-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl)acetimidamide]bis(pentafluorophenyl)borate () were achieved by reaction of one equivalent of HB(C6F5)2 and the respective amidines and . These adducts, bearing electron withdrawing groups, showed thermally induced H2 elimination forming the four-membered cyclic diazaborate derivatives and . These new species were characterized by spectroscopic methods. X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on , and . To prevent undesired reactions at the nitrile group, one equivalent of B(C6F5)3 was added to yielding the -B(C6F5)3 nitrile adduct . Compound underwent thermally induced dehydrogenation to give the four-membered cyclic diazaborate derivative . CO was inserted into the ring systems of and forming the five-membered diazaborolone derivatives and . Phenylacetylene reacted stoichiometrically with the asymmetric substituted boron amidines , and to give styrene by double H transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Cabrera
- Nucleus Millennium of Chemical Processes and Catalysis, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rene S Rojas
- Nucleus Millennium of Chemical Processes and Catalysis, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mauricio Valderrama
- Nucleus Millennium of Chemical Processes and Catalysis, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pascal Plüss
- Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Heinz Berke
- Chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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24
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Litters S, Ganschow M, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Diboranyl Phosphonium Cations: Synthesis and Chemical Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Litters
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.uni‐heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/aci/himmel/
| | - Michael Ganschow
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.uni‐heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/aci/himmel/
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.uni‐heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/aci/himmel/
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht‐Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, http://www.uni‐heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/aci/himmel/
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25
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Hoshimoto Y, Kinoshita T, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. A Strategy to Control the Reactivation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs from Shelf-Stable Carbene Borane Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11666-71. [PMID: 26315680 PMCID: PMC4600235 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
N-Phosphine oxide substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) have been synthesized and fully characterized. These species can undergo significant changes to the spatial environment surrounding their carbene center through rotation of the phosphine oxide moiety. Either classical Lewis adducts (CLAs) or frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are thus formed with B(C6F5)3 depending on the orientation of the phosphine oxide group. A strategy to reactivate FLPs from CLAs by exploiting molecular motions that are responsive to external stimuli has therefore been developed. The reactivation conditions were successfully controlled by tuning the strain in the PoxIm–B(C6F5)3 complexes so that reactivation only occurred above ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan). .,Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan).
| | - Takuya Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan)
| | - Masato Ohashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan)
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan). .,JST, ACT-C, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan).
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26
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Chen GQ, Türkyilmaz F, Daniliuc CG, Bannwarth C, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Enamine/butadienylborane cycloaddition in the frustrated Lewis pair regime. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10477-86. [PMID: 26330093 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dienylborane 2a was prepared by regioselective alkyne hydroboration of the conjugated enyne 1a with Piers' borane [HB(C6F5)2]. Its reaction with a series of acetophenone derived enamines 3 resulted in the formation of the strong enamine β-carbon adduct with the borane Lewis acid (4). In contrast B-C adduct formation between the dienylborane 2a and a series of much more bulky cyclohexanone derived enamines (6) is rapidly reversible above ca.-30 °C and then leads to the formation of the [4 + 2]cycloaddition products 8. A DFT study revealed that this reaction is probably taking a stepwise route, proceeding by means of enamine addition to the dienylborane terminus to generate a zwitterionic borata-alkene/iminium ion intermediate that undergoes rapid subsequent ring closure. Heating of the products 8 led to amidoborane elimination from the vicinal amino/borane pair at the product framework to give the respective hexahydronaphthalene product 10. Subsequent treatment with TEMPO (2 equiv.) resulted in selective oxidation of the unsaturated ring to give the respective tetrahydronaphthalene derivative 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Hoshimoto Y, Kinoshita T, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. A Strategy to Control the Reactivation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs from Shelf-Stable Carbene Borane Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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29
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Molecular complexes of group 13 element trihalides, pentafluorophenyl derivatives and Lewis superacids. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Tate BK, Nguyen JT, Bacsa J, Sadighi JP. Heterolysis of Dihydrogen by Silver Alkoxides and Fluorides. Chemistry 2015; 21:10160-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Chemie frustrierter Lewis-Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6400-41. [PMID: 25974714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada).
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
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33
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Xu X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Stoichiometric Reactions and Catalytic Hydrogenation with a Reactive Intramolecular Zr+/Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4550-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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34
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Xu X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis Pair Behavior of [Cp2ZrOCR2CH2PPh2]+ Cations. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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35
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Lindqvist M, Borre K, Axenov K, Kótai B, Nieger M, Leskelä M, Pápai I, Repo T. Chiral molecular tweezers: synthesis and reactivity in asymmetric hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4038-41. [PMID: 25636083 DOI: 10.1021/ja512658m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of a chiral aminoborane displaying both rapid and reversible H2 activation. The catalyst shows exceptional reactivity in asymmetric hydrogenation of enamines and unhindered imines with stereoselectivities of up to 99% ee. DFT analysis of the reaction mechanism pointed to the importance of both repulsive steric and stabilizing intermolecular non-covalent forces in the stereodetermining hydride transfer step of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lindqvist
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Borre
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirill Axenov
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bianka Kótai
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martin Nieger
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imre Pápai
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timo Repo
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Silva Valverde MF, Theuergarten E, Bannenberg T, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Frustrated N-heterocyclic carbene–silylium ion Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:9400-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01362c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a sterically demanding NHC affords frustrated carbene-trimethylsilylium ion pairs, which exhibit FLP-type reactivity such as carbon dioxide fixation and metal–halide bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F. Silva Valverde
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Eileen Theuergarten
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
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39
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Lawrence EJ, Herrington TJ, Ashley AE, Wildgoose GG. Metal-free dihydrogen oxidation by a borenium cation: a combined electrochemical/frustrated Lewis pair approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9922-5. [PMID: 25044562 PMCID: PMC4257500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to use H2 as a clean source of electricity, prohibitively rare and expensive precious metal electrocatalysts, such as Pt, are often used to overcome the large oxidative voltage required to convert H2 into 2 H(+) and 2 e(-). Herein, we report a metal-free approach to catalyze the oxidation of H2 by combining the ability of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to heterolytically cleave H2 with the in situ electrochemical oxidation of the resulting borohydride. The use of the NHC-stabilized borenium cation [(IiPr2)(BC8H14)](+) (IiPr2=C3H2(NiPr)2, NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) as the Lewis acidic component of the FLP is shown to decrease the voltage required for H2 oxidation by 910 mV at inexpensive carbon electrodes, a significant energy saving equivalent to 175.6 kJ mol(-1). The NHC-borenium Lewis acid also offers improved catalyst recyclability and chemical stability compared to B(C6F5)3, the paradigm Lewis acid originally used to pioneer our combined electrochemical/frustrated Lewis pair approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew E Ashley
- * E. J. Lawrence, Dr. G. G. Wildgoose School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Gregory G Wildgoose
- * E. J. Lawrence, Dr. G. G. Wildgoose School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ (UK) E-mail:
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40
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Xu X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Formation of Unsaturated Vicinal Zr+/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs by the Unique 1,1-Carbozirconation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12431-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5068146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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41
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Lawrence EJ, Herrington TJ, Ashley AE, Wildgoose GG. Metal-Free Dihydrogen Oxidation by a Borenium Cation: A Combined Electrochemical/Frustrated Lewis Pair Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Wiegand T, Lüdeker D, Brunklaus G, Bussmann K, Kehr G, Erker G, Eckert H. Polymorphism in P,P-[3]ferrocenophanes: insights from an NMR crystallographic approach. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:12639-47. [PMID: 25010526 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiegand
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D 48149 Münster, Germany.
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43
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Chen C, Harhausen M, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Petersen JL, Kehr G, Erker G. The B(C6F5)3 boron Lewis acid route to arene-annulated pentalenes. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1671-81. [PMID: 24683018 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201400096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-bis(1-naphthylethynyl)benzene (12) undergoes a rapid multiple ring-closure reaction upon treatment with the strong boron Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 to yield the multiply annulated, planar conjugated π-system 13 (50 % yield). In the course of this reaction, a C6F5 group was transferred from boron to carbon. Treatment of 12 with CH3B(C6F5)2 proceeded similarly, giving a mixture of 13 (C6F5-transfer) and the product 15, which was formed by CH3-group transfer. 1,2-Bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (8 a) reacts similarly with CH3B(C6F5)2 to yield a mixture of the respective C6F5- and CH3-substituted dibenzopentalenes 10 a and 16. The reaction is thought to proceed through zwitterionic intermediates that exhibit vinyl cation reactivities. Some B(C6F5)3-substituted species (26, 27) consequently formed by in situ deprotonation upon treatment of the respective 1,2-bis(alkynyl)benzene starting materials (24, 8) with the frustrated Lewis pair B(C6F5)3/P(o-tolyl)3. The overall formation of the C6F5-substituted products formally require HB(C6F5)2 cleavage in an intermediate dehydroboration step. This was confirmed in the reaction of a thienylethynyl-containing starting material 21 with B(C6F5)3, which gave the respective annulated pentalene product 23 that had the HB(C6F5)2 moiety 1,4-added to its thiophene ring. Compounds 12-14, 23, and 26 were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Organisch Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
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44
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Wiegand T, Eckert H, Ren J, Brunklaus G, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Lübbe G, Bussmann K, Kehr G, Erker G, Grimme S. Indirect “No-Bond” 31P···31P Spin–Spin Couplings in P,P-[3]Ferrocenophanes: Insights from Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2316-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500172b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiegand
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jinjun Ren
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerrit Lübbe
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bussmann
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, D 53155 Bonn, Germany
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45
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Arnott GE, Moquist P, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. A Phosphino Calix[4]arene Bis-Frustrated Lewis Pair. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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The Mannich Route to Amino-Functionalized [3]Ferrocenophanes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800976-5.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Zeonjuk LL, Vankova N, Mavrandonakis A, Heine T, Röschenthaler G, Eicher J. On the Mechanism of Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2013; 19:17413-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu Zeonjuk
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen (Germany)
| | - Nina Vankova
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen (Germany)
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen (Germany)
| | - Thomas Heine
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen (Germany)
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Flynn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan F. Wass
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, United Kingdom
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Reißmann
- Institut für
Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky
Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Institut für
Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky
Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Institut für
Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky
Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für
Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky
Straße 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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50
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Stennett TE, Haddow MF, Wass DF. Alkene to Carbyne: Tandem Lewis Acid Activation and Dehydrogenation of a Molybdenum Ethylene Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11356-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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