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Geagea D, Ogez D, Kimble R, Tyack Z. Redefining hypnosis: A narrative review of theories to move towards an integrative model. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2024; 54:101826. [PMID: 38199053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Hypnosis is an ancient mind-body intervention that has regained interest with the surge of research in the last decade documenting its clinical validity. Yet, theoretical controversies and misconceptions prevail among theorists, clinicians, and the general public, impeding the understanding, acceptance, replication, and use of hypnosis. Providing adequate information, which dispels misconceptions and promotes more balanced views, is warranted to facilitate the implementation and adoption of hypnosis in clinical and research settings. This review re-examines the conceptualisation of hypnosis throughout history and the theoretical controversies surrounding it while highlighting their meeting points and clinical implications. Despite dichotomies, a broad agreement appears across theoretical approaches regarding hypnotic analgesia effects, key components, and vocabulary. Further, theories highlight key factors of hypnotic responding. For instance, social theories highlight social and contextual variables, whereas state theories highlight biopsychosocial mechanisms and individual factors. Based on theories, the terms hypnotherapy or clinical hypnosis are recommended to refer to the therapeutic use of hypnosis in psychotherapeutic and medical contexts, respectively. This review concludes with a model that integrates various theories and evidence and presents hypnosis as a complex multifaceted intervention encompassing multiple procedures, phenomena, and influencing factors. This review intends to deepen our understanding of hypnosis, and promote its more rapid adoption and adequate implementation in research and clinical contexts, in addition to steering research towards evidence-based hypnotic practice. The review can have important research and clinical implications by contributing to advancing knowledge regarding hypnotic procedures, phenomena, and influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Geagea
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David Ogez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roy Kimble
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zephanie Tyack
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Service Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Simicich L, Muniz V, Scheffrahn K, Elkins G. Nerva, a mobile application of gut-directed hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: User characteristics, patterns of use, and predictors of persistence. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241263257. [PMID: 38882251 PMCID: PMC11179457 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241263257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypnotic intervention for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or gut-directed hypnotherapy (GDH), is an effective treatment for improving IBS symptoms with minimal burden and risk in delivery to patients. The Nerva app, developed by Mindset Health, shows promise for dissemination and implementation of evidence-based GDH intervention for IBS. Objectives This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of Nerva app users, examine usage patterns, and explore potential factors associated with Nerva app usage. Methods A retrospective analysis of data was conducted of 14,898 individuals who downloaded and used the Nerva app between January 2022 and September 2022. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests of independence were calculated to examine demographic/clinical characteristics, usage patterns, and their associations to program persistence. Simple linear regression models were used for correlations of GI symptoms severity scores to user persistence. Results Users predominantly identified as female (77.2%; n = 11,503) and had a mean age of 38.59 years old (SD = 13.38). Thirty-one percent of users persisted with the program, and a small statistically significant association was found between Nerva app program persistence and age, χ2 (6, N = 6745) = 164.82, p < 0.001, V = .16. Conclusions The present study found promising adherence rates for the Nerva app program within the first six weeks of use. Statistics in prevalence estimates of IBS agree with previous literature and significant associations were found between user/clinical characteristics and Nerva app program persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Simicich
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Muniz
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Gary Elkins
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Geagea D, Ogez D, Kimble R, Tyack Z. Demystifying hypnosis: Unravelling facts, exploring the historical roots of myths, and discerning what is hypnosis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 52:101776. [PMID: 37402329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypnosis, a mind-body treatment dating back to early human history, has regained attention in the last decade, with research suggesting its effectiveness for varied physiological and psychological ailments such as distress, pain, and psychosomatic disorders. However, myths and misconceptions have prevailed among the general public and clinicians, hindering the adoption and acceptance of hypnosis. It is important to distinguish myths from facts and discern what is hypnosis and what is not to enhance the understanding, acceptance, and adoption of hypnotic interventions. METHODS This narrative review traces the history of myths surrounding hypnosis in contrast to the evolution of hypnosis as a treatment modality. In addition to comparing hypnosis to other interventions with similar procedures and features, the review unravels misconceptions that have impeded the adoption and acceptance of hypnosis in clinical and research settings and presents evidence to demystify this intervention. RESULTS This review examines the roots of myths while presenting historical facts and evidence that support hypnosis as a treatment modality and alleviate misconceptions depicting it as mystical. Further, the review distinguishes hypnotic and non-hypnotic interventions with overlapping procedures and phenomenological features to enhance our understanding of hypnotic techniques and phenomena. CONCLUSION This review enhances the understanding of hypnosis in historical, clinical, and research contexts by disproving related myths and misconceptions to promote the adoption of hypnosis in clinical and research contexts. Further, this review highlights knowledge gaps requiring further investigations to steer research toward an evidence-based practice of hypnosis and optimise multimodal therapies embedding hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Geagea
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David Ogez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roy Kimble
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zephanie Tyack
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Service Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Orewa H, Udo I. Hypnotherapy and therapeutic suggestion: bridging the gap between evidence and utility. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2022.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The use of hypnotherapy in psychiatry has been controversial. However, evidence presented by Chan and colleagues shows that it is beneficial to the promotion of good mental health and well-being, specifically being applicable in the management of mental disorders. But what does this mean for practice? This commentary looks at what we agree and disagree with, what we opine is missing from the article and what now needs to happen. Patients should be able to access hypnotherapy or hypnosis routinely on the National Health Service. Since it works, who may it work for and how may we make this available to those who could benefit from it?
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Egli M, Deforth M, Keiser S, Meyenberger P, Muff S, Witt CM, Barth J. Effectiveness of a Brief Hypnotic Induction in Third Molar Extraction: A Randomized Controlled Trial (HypMol). THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1071-1081. [PMID: 35108620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Third molar extraction is a painful treatment for patients, and thus, it can be used to investigate the effects of analgesics on pain. Hypnosis can help to reduce pain and to decrease the intake of postoperative systemic analgesics. In this study, the effectiveness of a brief hypnotic induction for patients undergoing third molar extractions was investigated. Data were collected from 33 patients with third molar extractions on the right and left sides. Patients received 2 different types of pain interventions in this monocentric randomized crossover trial. Third molar extraction was conducted on 1 side with reduced preoperative local anesthetics and an additional brief hypnotic induction (Dave Elman technique). The other side was conducted with regular preoperative local anesthetics without a brief hypnotic induction (standard care). Intake of postoperative systemic analgesics was allowed in both treatments. Patients' expectations about hypnosis were assessed at baseline. The primary outcome was the area under the curve with respect to ground of pain intensity after the treatment. Secondary outcomes were the amount of postoperative analgesics consumed and the preferred treatment. There was no evidence that the area under the curve with respect to ground of pain differed between the 2 interventions (controlling for gender), but the patients' expectations affected the effectiveness of the brief hypnotic induction. This means that patients with high expectations about hypnosis benefit more from treatment with reduced preoperative local anesthetics and additional brief hypnotic induction. PERSPECTIVE: Hypnosis is used as a treatment to reduce pain in general and dental settings. In this study, additional a brief hypnotic induction with reduced preoperative local anesthetic use did not generally reduce posttreatment pain after third molar extraction more than regular local anesthetics. The expectation of the patients about the effectiveness of hypnosis affected the effectiveness of the brief hypnotic induction so that patients with high expectations had a larger benefit from a brief hypnotic induction than patients with low expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Egli
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Praxis Meyenberger, Wil, Switzerland
| | - Manja Deforth
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Keiser
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefanie Muff
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudia M Witt
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Barth
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Brooks T, Sharp R, Evans S, Scharfbillig S, Baranoff J, Esterman A. Potential Feasibility of an Online Hypnosis Intervention for Women with Persistent Pelvic Pain. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2022; 70:196-207. [PMID: 35344474 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2022.2052297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the potential feasibility of an online hypnotic intervention for women with persistent pelvic pain. The secondary aim was to explore the effect of the hypnosis intervention on anxiety, depression, pain severity, coping, pain catastrophizing, and pain disability in comparison to a no-intervention control. Twenty women with persistent pelvic pain completed assessment questionnaires and were recruited from a variety of social media sites related to persistent pelvic pain and randomized to either control or hypnotic intervention groups. The intervention group completed a 7-week online hypnotic intervention. Results found a 30% dropout rate and modest compliance (90%-40%) with practice of audio recordings. Comments from the 7 participants who completed the hypnosis intervention indicated it was acceptable. Significant reductions in screening measures of anxiety and depression were found; however, there were no significant effects shown for pain severity, avoidant coping, pain catastrophizing, or pain disability. The intervention is potentially feasible, but further refinement and optimization is needed to increase retention, compliance, and potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide.,Psychology Department Aware Women's Health in Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Rebecca Sharp
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide
| | | | | | - John Baranoff
- Welland Health, Adelaide, South Australia.,Centre for Treatment of Anxiety and Depression, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Adrian Esterman
- Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide
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Donnet AS, Hasan SS, Whorwell PJ. Hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: patient expectations and perceptions. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221074208. [PMID: 35198040 PMCID: PMC8859690 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221074208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have shown that hypnotherapy (HT) is effective in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using traditional symptom severity end points. However, there is now interest in capturing the patient's perception of their illness and treatment because what patients expect from their treatment may differ from that of their healthcare provider. OBJECTIVE To record patient perceptions and expectations of hypnotherapy as well as their symptom response. METHODS 150 consecutive IBS patients (116 females, 34 males, aged 16-81 years) receiving hypnotherapy completed questionnaires recording IBS symptom severity, quality of life, noncolonic symptoms, anxiety and depression levels before and after treatment. Their expectations and perceptions of HT were also recorded, including a free text reflection. RESULTS 121 patients (81%) responded to treatment consistent with our previous experience. Symptom severity scores, noncolonic symptoms, quality of life, anxiety and depression significantly all improved after HT (p < 0.001). Expectancy of an improvement with hypnotherapy was greater in those who did not respond to treatment (63%) than those who did (57%, p < 0.001). Scepticism and apprehension were common before treatment and replaced with enthusiasm afterwards. Free text responses after treatment were overwhelmingly positive. Patients also reported a variety of other benefits and even 20 of 29 symptom nonresponders (70%) still considered treatment worthwhile. CONCLUSION Although initially perceived negatively, hypnotherapy improved symptoms and resulted in a wide range of additional benefits. Expectation did not necessarily influence outcome. Recording IBS symptoms alone does not fully capture the patient's experience of treatment and needs to be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Whorwell
- Neurogastroenterology Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Hypnotherapy and insomnia: a narrative review of the literature. Complement Ther Med 2022; 65:102805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Cano Romero MD, Munoz Sastre MT, Sorum PC, Mullet E. Positions of French Nurses Regarding the use of Hypnotherapy to Relieve Pain in Postoperative Settings. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2022; 70:68-82. [PMID: 34846267 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2022.2004077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to carry out a detailed mapping of the different personal positions of French nurses concerning the practice of hypnotherapy. Factorial design was used to assess the impact of 4 situational factors: type of postoperative care and degree of pain associated with it (chemotherapy, wound cleansing and bandaging, or body grooming that leads to pain on mobilization); whether paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) was administrated along with hypnosis or not; professional credentials of the hypnotherapist; and patient's identity (adult, young person, elderly person, or young person with learning difficulties). A combination of scenario technique and cluster analysis was implemented. Participants were 91 registered nurses and, for comparison, 19 nurse's aides, 9 physicians, 5 psychologists, and 77 laypersons. Seven qualitatively different positions were found. Only a minority of French nurses were convinced that hypnotherapy is an indisputably acceptable practice in postoperative care. Most of them were indifferent to the issue as long as pain medication was used. Nurses' views appeared to be similar to physicians' views.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Clay Sorum
- Pediatrics Department, Albany Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Etienne Mullet
- Ethics Department, Institute of Advanced Studies (EPHE), Paris, France
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Lind SB, Jacobsen HB, Solbakken OA, Reme SE. Clinical Hypnosis in Medical Care: A Mixed-Method Feasibility Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:15347354211058678. [PMID: 34818921 PMCID: PMC8646199 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211058678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative hypnosis has shown promising effects in controlling side effects from breast cancer surgery, but the feasibility and effects are largely unknown outside the US. Methods A mixed-methods approach was applied involving a large-scale population survey and a small-scale pilot study. The survey assessed attitudes toward hypnosis in a representative sample from the general population (n = 1049), while the pilot study involved interviews with 5 women who received hypnosis prior to mastectomy/lumpectomy. Results In the survey, 8% reported to have previous experience with hypnosis, and 67% reported willingness to accept hypnosis in a medical setting. Increasing age was associated with more skepticism, while previous experience was associated with less skepticism. In the pilot study, 4 themes were identified: (1) caretaking, (2) experiences related to hypnosis, (3) thoughts and feelings related to diagnosis, and (4) surgery. All participants reported positive experiences related to hypnosis, and none described unpleasant side effects or postoperative pain (pain intensity > 3) after surgery. Conclusions The results indicate that the general public is positive toward clinical hypnosis as a supplement to medical treatment and that preoperative hypnosis is feasible in Norwegian breast cancer patients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04300283.
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Kittle J, Spiegel D. Hypnosis: The Most Effective Treatment You Have Yet to Prescribe. Am J Med 2021; 134:304-305. [PMID: 33171103 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Kittle
- Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
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Molina-Peral JA, Rodríguez JS, Capafons A, Mendoza ME. Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Based on Source of Information and Experience With Hypnosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2020; 62:282-297. [PMID: 31928518 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2019.1584741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Attitudes and beliefs toward hypnosis are relevant in promoting hypnotic responses, in predicting the efficacy of interventions that include hypnosis, and in reducing iatrogenic effects in hypnotized individuals. The goal of the present study is to test the impact of previous knowledge about hypnosis and past experiences being hypnotized on attitudes and beliefs about hypnosis. A sample of 1,977 Portuguese students participated in the study; they responded to the Valencia Scale of Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Hypnosis-Client Version (VSABH-C) on two different occasions (test-retest method). Significant differences were found (p ≤ 0.001) on participants' attitudes and beliefs about hypnosis depending on the source of knowledge about hypnosis. Results also showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in the multivariate profile analysis of the scale's factors based on whether participants had a previous history of hypnosis and depending on who hypnotized them. Participants who reported no previous knowledge about hypnosis or who acquired their knowledge from nonscientific sources scored significantly higher in the negative factors (fear, memory, magical, and marginal), therefore reporting more negative beliefs. Likewise, these participants scored lower in the positive factors (help, control, collaboration, and interest). Participants who had been previously hypnotized showed higher scores in the positive factors. In addition, when hypnosis had been utilized by a psychologist, these scores were even higher. However, some participants who had been previously hypnotized scored high in some of the negative factors (memory and magical), which indicates that some professionals using hypnosis are fostering some misconceptions about hypnosis.
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Palsson O, Twist S, Walker M. A NATIONAL SURVEY OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES OF THE ADULT POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2019; 67:428-448. [PMID: 31526263 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2019.1649538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A nationwide, demographically balanced Internet survey of 1000 adults (500 females, 500 males, mean age 49.5, range 18-88 years) was conducted to assess views and experiences of clinical hypnosis in the United States population. Participants were unaware when enrolling in the survey that hypnosis was the subject matter. Key findings included that most reported a positive (38.6%) or neutral (48.4%) view of clinical hypnosis, with only 12.8% expressing a negative view; 7.6% of respondents had undergone hypnosis treatment, and 63.1% reported some resulting benefit; 54.9% of individuals who had never undergone hypnosis treatment indicated that they would consider seeking such treatment; 45.6% of all respondents thought there was moderate or strong scientific evidence supporting hypnosis as a real phenomenon; 77.8% identified one or more areas where they thought clinical hypnosis had substantial practical utility, and 44.8% estimated themselves to be at least moderately hypnotizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olafur Palsson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Stefanie Twist
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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Abstract
This review examines the effectiveness of hypnotherapy for the relief of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. Ten studies examining outcomes of hypnotherapy for OAB were located from searches of electronic databases. Most reports were case studies or observational, but there were two randomized, controlled trials. Hypnotherapeutic treatment regimens were idiosyncratic and tailored to individual patients. All studies suggested benefits from hypnotherapy as an adjunct treatment for OAB, especially in terms of subjective reports of symptoms and increasing self-efficacy. These benefits suggest hypnotherapy increases patients' abilities to engage in relaxation, reduces condition-associated anxiety, and improves patients' perceptions of their symptom-coping abilities. Although strong objective evidence of improvement in OAB symptoms is lacking, these subjective improvements, combined with increasing use and acceptance of hypnotherapy in obstetric and gynecological settings, suggest the utility of hypnotherapy as a psychological adjunctive procedure in the treatment of OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Osborne
- a Women and Child Health , Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board , Swansea , UK
| | - Phil Reed
- b Department of Psychology , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
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Krouwel M, Jolly K, Greenfield S. How do people with refractory irritable bowel syndrome perceive hypnotherapy?: Qualitative study. Complement Ther Med 2019; 45:65-70. [PMID: 31331584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypnotherapy is recognised in the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines as a potential treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). However, little is known about the views of people with IBS regarding hypnotherapy. This qualitative study aimed to identify perceptions of and barriers to hypnotherapy for IBS by people with the condition. DESIGN One-to-one semi-structured interviews using thematic analysis. SETTING Convenience sampling in the UK. Participants were recruited by poster advertising and online IBS support groups. Interviews were conducted at the interviewees' preferred location or via video calling. PARTICIPANTS 17 people (15 female, 2 male) who self-identified as having refractory IBS according to a provided definition. RESULTS Four hypnotherapy related themes arose from the data: conceptualisation of hypnotherapy, hypnotherapy for IBS, barriers to hypnotherapy for IBS, ideal format of hypnotherapy for IBS. Participants saw hypnosis as an altered state in which change was possible, but many had not considered it for IBS. They were broadly open to hypnotherapy for IBS, but a variety of potential barriers were apparent, including cost and therapist validity. Group hypnotherapy was less acceptable than one-to-one treatment. Hypnotherapy via video call was seen as convenient, but there were concerns about its effectiveness. CONCLUSION People with IBS may be put off hypnotherapy by a lack of understanding of how it works for their condition and lack of awareness of it as a therapeutic option. Uptake may be improved through effective promotion of the approach which addresses its mechanisms of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Krouwel
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Kate Jolly
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Greenfield
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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How do people with refractory irritable bowel syndrome perceive hypnotherapy: Qualitative study protocol. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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