1
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Quirion L, Robert A, Boulais J, Huang S, Bernal Astrain G, Strakhova R, Jo CH, Kherdjemil Y, Faubert D, Thibault MP, Kmita M, Baskin JM, Gingras AC, Smith MJ, Côté JF. Mapping the global interactome of the ARF family reveals spatial organization in cellular signaling pathways. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262140. [PMID: 38606629 PMCID: PMC11166204 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like (ARL) GTPases serve as essential molecular switches governing a wide array of cellular processes. In this study, we used proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to comprehensively map the interactome of 28 out of 29 ARF and ARL proteins in two cellular models. Through this approach, we identified ∼3000 high-confidence proximal interactors, enabling us to assign subcellular localizations to the family members. Notably, we uncovered previously undefined localizations for ARL4D and ARL10. Clustering analyses further exposed the distinctiveness of the interactors identified with these two GTPases. We also reveal that the expression of the understudied member ARL14 is confined to the stomach and intestines. We identified phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and the ESCPE-1 complex, more precisely, SNX1, as proximity interactors. Functional assays demonstrated that ARL14 can activate PLD1 in cellulo and is involved in cargo trafficking via the ESCPE-1 complex. Overall, the BioID data generated in this study provide a valuable resource for dissecting the complexities of ARF and ARL spatial organization and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quirion
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Amélie Robert
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Shiying Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gabriela Bernal Astrain
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Regina Strakhova
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Chang Hwa Jo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | | | - Marie Kmita
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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2
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Quirion L, Robert A, Boulais J, Huang S, Bernal Astrain G, Strakhova R, Jo CH, Kherdjemil Y, Thibault MP, Faubert D, Kmita M, Baskin JM, Gingras AC, Smith MJ, Cote JF. Mapping the global interactome of the ARF family reveals spatial organization in cellular signaling pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.01.530598. [PMID: 36909472 PMCID: PMC10002736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like (ARLs) GTPases serve as essential molecular switches governing a wide array of cellular processes. In this study, we utilized proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) to comprehensively map the interactome of 28 out of 29 ARF and ARL proteins in two cellular models. Through this approach, we identified ~3000 high-confidence proximal interactors, enabling us to assign subcellular localizations to the family members. Notably, we uncovered previously undefined localizations for ARL4D and ARL10. Clustering analyses further exposed the distinctiveness of the interactors identified with these two GTPases. We also reveal that the expression of the understudied member ARL14 is confined to the stomach and intestines. We identified phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and the ESCPE-1 complex, more precisely SNX1, as proximity interactors. Functional assays demonstrated that ARL14 can activate PLD1 in cellulo and is involved in cargo trafficking via the ESCPE-1 complex. Overall, the BioID data generated in this study provide a valuable resource for dissecting the complexities of ARF and ARL spatial organization and signaling.
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3
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Serwe G, Kachaner D, Gagnon J, Plutoni C, Lajoie D, Duramé E, Sahmi M, Garrido D, Lefrançois M, Arseneault G, Saba-El-Leil MK, Meloche S, Emery G, Therrien M. CNK2 promotes cancer cell motility by mediating ARF6 activation downstream of AXL signalling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3560. [PMID: 37322019 PMCID: PMC10272126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is a critical feature of invasive tumour cells that is governed by complex signal transduction events. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms that bridge extracellular stimuli to the molecular machinery driving motility remain partially understood. Here, we show that the scaffold protein CNK2 promotes cancer cell migration by coupling the pro-metastatic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL to downstream activation of ARF6 GTPase. Mechanistically, AXL signalling induces PI3K-dependent recruitment of CNK2 to the plasma membrane. In turn, CNK2 stimulates ARF6 by associating with cytohesin ARF GEFs and with a novel adaptor protein called SAMD12. ARF6-GTP then controls motile forces by coordinating the respective activation and inhibition of RAC1 and RHOA GTPases. Significantly, genetic ablation of CNK2 or SAMD12 reduces metastasis in a mouse xenograft model. Together, this work identifies CNK2 and its partner SAMD12 as key components of a novel pro-motility pathway in cancer cells, which could be targeted in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Serwe
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Kachaner
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Gagnon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cédric Plutoni
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Driss Lajoie
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eloïse Duramé
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Malha Sahmi
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Garrido
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lefrançois
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Arseneault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc K Saba-El-Leil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Therrien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Li FL, Guan KL. The Arf family GTPases: Regulation of vesicle biogenesis and beyond. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200214. [PMID: 36998106 PMCID: PMC10282109 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The Arf family proteins are best known for their roles in the vesicle biogenesis. However, they also play fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular regulation besides vesicular trafficking, such as modulation of lipid metabolic enzymes, cytoskeleton remodeling, ciliogenesis, lysosomal, and mitochondrial morphology and functions. Growing studies continue to expand the downstream effector landscape of Arf proteins, especially for the less-studied members, revealing new biological functions, such as amino acid sensing. Experiments with cutting-edge technologies and in vivo functional studies in the last decade help to provide a more comprehensive view of Arf family functions. In this review, we summarize the cellular functions that are regulated by at least two different Arf members with an emphasis on those beyond vesicle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Long Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Harms J, Lüttgenau SM, Emming C, Guske J, Weber K, Wagner T, Schowe L, Nedvetsky P, Krahn MP. Pals1 functions in redundancy with SMAP1 to inhibit Arf6 in order to prevent Rac1-dependent colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:497-506. [PMID: 36494580 PMCID: PMC10014575 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of cell-cell adhesion and increased motility are prerequisites for the metastasis of cancer cells. We have recently shown that downregulation of the tight junction adapter protein Pals1 in colorectal cancer cells results in an increase of cell migration, invasion, and metastasis due to the enhanced activation of Arf6 and Rac1. We now reveal a redundancy between the Arf6-GAP SMAP1 and Pals1 in regulating Arf6 activity and thereby Rac1-dependent cell migration. The gene encoding SMAP1 is frequently disrupted in microsatellite instable colorectal cancer specimen and cell lines. In cells expressing SMAP1, deletion of Pals1 leads to disturbed formation of tight junctions but has no impact on Arf6 activity and cell migration. In contrast, inactivation of both SMAP1 and Pals1 results in enhanced Arf6/Rac1 activity and increased cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, analyzing patient cohorts, we found a significant decrease in patient's survival when both genes were downregulated, in contrast to cases, when expression of only one of both genes was affected. Taken together, we identified a redundancy between SMAP1 and Pals1 in the regulation of activation of Arf6/Rac1, thereby controlling cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harms
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Christin Emming
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Justine Guske
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Weber
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Schowe
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael P Krahn
- Medical Clinic D, Medical Cell Biology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Xue Q, Varady SR, Waddell TQA, Roman MR, Carrington J, Roh-Johnson M. Lack of Paxillin phosphorylation promotes single-cell migration in vivo. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213850. [PMID: 36723624 PMCID: PMC9929932 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions are structures that physically link the cell to the extracellular matrix for cell migration. Although cell culture studies have provided a wealth of information regarding focal adhesion biology, it is critical to understand how focal adhesions are dynamically regulated in their native environment. We developed a zebrafish system to visualize focal adhesion structures during single-cell migration in vivo. We find that a key site of phosphoregulation (Y118) on Paxillin exhibits reduced phosphorylation in migrating cells in vivo compared to in vitro. Furthermore, expression of a non-phosphorylatable version of Y118-Paxillin increases focal adhesion disassembly and promotes cell migration in vivo, despite inhibiting cell migration in vitro. Using a mouse model, we further find that the upstream kinase, focal adhesion kinase, is downregulated in cells in vivo, and cells expressing non-phosphorylatable Y118-Paxillin exhibit increased activation of the CRKII-DOCK180/RacGEF pathway. Our findings provide significant new insight into the intrinsic regulation of focal adhesions in cells migrating in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sophia R.S. Varady
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie R. Roman
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James Carrington
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- https://ror.org/03r0ha626Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Overview of Sigma-1R Subcellular Specific Biological Functions and Role in Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031971. [PMID: 36768299 PMCID: PMC9916267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past several years, fundamental research on Sigma-1R (S1R) protein has unveiled its necessity for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis through modulation of calcium and lipid exchange between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, ER-stress response, and many other mechanisms. Most of these processes, such as ER-stress response and autophagy, have been associated with neuroprotective roles. In fact, improving these mechanisms using S1R agonists was beneficial in several brain disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will examine S1R subcellular localization and describe S1R-associated biological activity within these specific compartments, i.e., the Mitochondrion-Associated ER Membrane (MAM), ER-Lipid Droplet (ER-LD) interface, ER-Plasma Membreane (ER-PM) interface, and the Nuclear Envelope (NE). We also discussed how the dysregulation of these pathways contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, while highlighting the cellular mechanisms and key binding partners engaged in these processes.
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8
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Yang S, Tang Y, Liu Y, Brown AJ, Schaks M, Ding B, Kramer DA, Mietkowska M, Ding L, Alekhina O, Billadeau DD, Chowdhury S, Wang J, Rottner K, Chen B. Arf GTPase activates the WAVE regulatory complex through a distinct binding site. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1412. [PMID: 36516255 PMCID: PMC9750158 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cross-talk between Rho- and Arf-family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) plays an important role in linking the actin cytoskeleton to membrane protrusions, organelle morphology, and vesicle trafficking. The central actin regulator, WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), integrates Rac1 (a Rho-family GTPase) and Arf signaling to promote Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization in many processes, but how WRC senses Arf signaling is unknown. Here, we have reconstituted a direct interaction between Arf and WRC. This interaction is greatly enhanced by Rac1 binding to the D site of WRC. Arf1 binds to a previously unidentified, conserved surface on the Sra1 subunit of WRC, which, in turn, drives WRC activation using a mechanism distinct from that of Rac1. Mutating the Arf binding site abolishes Arf1-WRC interaction, disrupts Arf1-mediated WRC activation, and impairs lamellipodia formation and cell migration. This work uncovers a new mechanism underlying WRC activation and provides a mechanistic foundation for studying how WRC-mediated actin polymerization links Arf and Rac signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yubo Tang
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yijun Liu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Abbigale J. Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bojian Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Olga Alekhina
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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9
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Actin Up: An Overview of the Rac GEF Dock1/Dock180 and Its Role in Cytoskeleton Rearrangement. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223565. [PMID: 36428994 PMCID: PMC9688060 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dock1, originally Dock180, was the first identified member of the Dock family of GTPase Exchange Factors. Early biochemical and genetic studies of Dock180 elucidated the functions and regulation of Dock180 and informed our understanding of all Dock family members. Dock180 activates Rac to stimulate actin polymerization in response to signals initiated by a variety of receptors. Dock180 dependent Rac activation is essential for processes such as apoptotic cell engulfment, myoblast fusion, and cell migration during development and homeostasis. Inappropriate Dock180 activity has been implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis and in the uptake of bacterial pathogens. Here, we give an overview of the history and current understanding of the activity, regulation, and impacts of Dock180.
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10
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Zhai Y, Chan WWR, Li W, Lau KF. ARNO is recruited by the neuronal adaptor FE65 to potentiate ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth. Open Biol 2022; 12:220071. [PMID: 36168805 PMCID: PMC9516341 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a small GTPase that has a variety of neuronal functions including stimulating neurite outgrowth, a crucial process for the establishment and maintenance of neural connectivity. As impaired and atrophic neurites are often observed in various brain injuries and neurological diseases, understanding the intrinsic pathways that stimulate neurite outgrowth may provide insights into developing strategies to trigger the reconnection of injured neurons. The neuronal adaptor FE65 has been shown to interact with ARF6 and potentiate ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth. However, the precise mechanism that FE65 activates ARF6 remains unclear, as FE65 does not possess a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain/function. Here, we show that FE65 interacts with the ARF6 GEF, namely the ARF nucleotide-binding site opener (ARNO). Moreover, a complex consisting of ARNO, ARF6 and FE65 is detected. Notably, FE65 potentiates the stimulatory effect of ARNO on ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth, and the effect of FE65 is abrogated by an FE65 mutation that disrupts FE65–ARNO interaction. Additionally, the intramolecular interaction for mediating the autoinhibited conformation of ARNO is attenuated by FE65. Moreover, FE65 potentiates the effects of wild-type ARNO, but not the monomeric mutant, suggesting an association between FE65 and ARNO dimerization. Collectively, we demonstrate that FE65 binds to and activates ARNO and, consequently, potentiates ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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11
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Wang Y, Çil Ç, Harnett MM, Pineda MA. Cytohesin-2/ARNO: A Novel Bridge Between Cell Migration and Immunoregulation in Synovial Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809896. [PMID: 35095899 PMCID: PMC8790574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-2 (ARNO) is a major activator of the small GTPase ARF6 that has been shown to play an important role(s) in cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton reorganization in various cell types and models of disease. Interestingly, dysregulated cell migration, in tandem with hyper-inflammatory responses, is one of the hallmarks associated with activated synovial fibroblasts (SFs) during chronic inflammatory joint diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis. The role of ARNO in this process has previously been unexplored but we hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory milieu of inflamed joints locally induces activation of ARNO-mediated pathways in SFs, promoting an invasive cell phenotype that ultimately leads to bone and cartilage damage. Thus, we used small interference RNA to investigate the impact of ARNO on the pathological migration and inflammatory responses of murine SFs, revealing a fully functional ARNO-ARF6 pathway which can be rapidly activated by IL-1β. Such signalling promotes cell migration and formation of focal adhesions. Unexpectedly, ARNO was also shown to modulate SF-inflammatory responses, dictating their precise cytokine and chemokine expression profile. Our results uncover a novel role for ARNO in SF-dependent inflammation, that potentially links pathogenic migration with initiation of local joint inflammation, offering new approaches for targeting the fibroblast compartment in chronic arthritis and joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Çağlar Çil
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Research Into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis (RACE), Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Augustin V, Kins S. Fe65: A Scaffolding Protein of Actin Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071599. [PMID: 34202290 PMCID: PMC8304848 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffolding protein family Fe65, composed of Fe65, Fe65L1, and Fe65L2, was identified as an interaction partner of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays a key function in Alzheimer’s disease. All three Fe65 family members possess three highly conserved interaction domains, forming complexes with diverse binding partners that can be assigned to different cellular functions, such as transactivation of genes in the nucleus, modulation of calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we rule out putative new intracellular signaling mechanisms of the APP-interacting protein Fe65 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the context of various neuronal functions, such as cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity.
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13
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Saito K, Mori M, Kambara N, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a GAP protein for Rac, regulates front-rear polarity and tumor cell migration through the ECM. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21508. [PMID: 33710706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002155r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migrating tumor cells are characterized by a sustained front-rear asymmetry, with a front enriched in filamentous actin, which is induced by Rho small GTPase Rac. Regulation of Rac activity by its regulators should be required for effective motility. Here, we show that FilGAP, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac, controls front-rear polarity and contributes to maintain effective tumor cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overexpression of FilGAP in breast cancer cells induced polarized morphology and led to increased migration speed in collagen matrices, while depletion of FilGAP impaired the cell polarity and migration. FilGAP localizes to the cell front through its pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain in a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent manner and appears to inactivate Rac at its site. We found that the affinity of PH domain to PIP3 is critically involved in the maintenance of cell polarity. Moreover, small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), which binds to the FilGAP PH domain, also regulates FilGAP-mediated cell polarity and migration of breast cancer cells. We propose that FilGAP regulates front-rear polarity through its PIP3 and Arf6 binding in tumor cell migration through the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Saito
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mamiko Mori
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Norito Kambara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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14
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Nacke M, Sandilands E, Nikolatou K, Román-Fernández Á, Mason S, Patel R, Lilla S, Yelland T, Galbraith LCA, Freckmann EC, McGarry L, Morton JP, Shanks E, Leung HY, Markert E, Ismail S, Zanivan S, Blyth K, Bryant DM. An ARF GTPase module promoting invasion and metastasis through regulating phosphoinositide metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1623. [PMID: 33712589 PMCID: PMC7955138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways underpinning cell growth and invasion use overlapping components, yet how mutually exclusive cellular responses occur is unclear. Here, we report development of 3-Dimensional culture analyses to separately quantify growth and invasion. We identify that alternate variants of IQSEC1, an ARF GTPase Exchange Factor, act as switches to promote invasion over growth by controlling phosphoinositide metabolism. All IQSEC1 variants activate ARF5- and ARF6-dependent PIP5-kinase to promote PI(3,4,5)P3-AKT signalling and growth. In contrast, select pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants promote PI(3,4,5)P3 production to form invasion-driving protrusions. Inhibition of IQSEC1 attenuates invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Induction of pro-invasive IQSEC1 variants and elevated IQSEC1 expression occurs in a number of tumour types and is associated with higher-grade metastatic cancer, activation of PI(3,4,5)P3 signalling, and predicts long-term poor outcome across multiple cancers. IQSEC1-regulated phosphoinositide metabolism therefore is a switch to induce invasion over growth in response to the same external signal. Targeting IQSEC1 as the central regulator of this switch may represent a therapeutic vulnerability to stop metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Nacke
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Sandilands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Konstantina Nikolatou
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Álvaro Román-Fernández
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva C Freckmann
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jennifer P Morton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Shehab Ismail
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, Belgium
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealing during Drosophila dorsal closure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239357. [PMID: 33186390 PMCID: PMC7665897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Inversely, Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppke's previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
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16
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Chan WWR, Li W, Chang RCC, Lau KF. ARF6-Rac1 signaling-mediated neurite outgrowth is potentiated by the neuronal adaptor FE65 through orchestrating ARF6 and ELMO1. FASEB J 2020; 34:16397-16413. [PMID: 33047393 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that functions as a molecular switch to regulate many important cellular events including actin cytoskeleton remodeling during neurite outgrowth. Engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1)-dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK180) is a bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex that has been reported to activate Rac1 on the plasma membrane (PM). Emerging evidence suggests that the small GTPase ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) activates Rac1 via the ELMO1/DOCK180 complex. However, the exact mechanism by which ARF6 triggers ELMO1/DOCK180-mediated Rac1 signaling remains unclear. Here, we report that the neuronal scaffold protein FE65 serves as a functional link between ARF6 and ELMO1, allowing the formation of a multimeric signaling complex. Interfering with formation of this complex by transfecting either FE65-binding-defective mutants or FE65 siRNA attenuates both ARF6-ELMO1-mediated Rac1 activation and neurite elongation. Notably, the PM trafficking of ELMO1 is markedly decreased in cells with suppressed expression of either FE65 or ARF6. Likewise, this process is attenuated in the FE65-binding-defective mutants transfected cells. Moreover, overexpression of FE65 increases the amount of ELMO1 in the recycling endosome, an organelle responsible for returning proteins to the PM, whereas knockout of FE65 shows opposite effect. Together, our data indicates that FE65 potentiates ARF6-Rac1 signaling by orchestrating ARF6 and ELMO1 to promote the PM trafficking of ELMO1 via the endosomal recycling pathway, and thus, promotes Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Zeledon C, Sun X, Plutoni C, Emery G. The ArfGAP Drongo Promotes Actomyosin Contractility during Collective Cell Migration by Releasing Myosin Phosphatase from the Trailing Edge. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3238-3248.e3. [PMID: 31533044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is involved in various developmental and pathological processes, including the dissemination of various cancer cells. During Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, a group of cells called border cells migrate collectively toward the oocyte. Herein, we show that members of the Arf family of small GTPases and some of their regulators are required for normal border cell migration. Notably, we found that the ArfGAP Drongo and its GTPase-activating function are essential for the initial detachment of the border cell cluster from the basal lamina. We demonstrate through protein localization and genetic interactions that Drongo controls the localization of the myosin phosphatase in order to regulate myosin II activity at the back of the cluster. Moreover, we show that toward the class III Arf, Drongo acts antagonistically to the guanine exchange factor Steppke. Overall, our work describes a mechanistic pathway that promotes the local actomyosin contractility necessary for border cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zeledon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cédric Plutoni
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory Emery
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Turn RE, East MP, Prekeris R, Kahn RA. The ARF GAP ELMOD2 acts with different GTPases to regulate centrosomal microtubule nucleation and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2070-2091. [PMID: 32614697 PMCID: PMC7543072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a ∼32 kDa protein first purified by its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward ARL2 and later shown to have uniquely broad specificity toward ARF family GTPases in in vitro assays. To begin the task of defining its functions in cells, we deleted ELMOD2 in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts and discovered a number of cellular defects, which are reversed upon expression of ELMOD2-myc. We show that these defects, resulting from the loss of ELMOD2, are linked to two different pathways and two different GTPases: with ARL2 and TBCD to support microtubule nucleation from centrosomes and with ARF6 in cytokinesis. These data highlight key aspects of signaling by ARF family GAPs that contribute to previously underappreciated sources of complexity, including GAPs acting from multiple sites in cells, working with multiple GTPases, and contributing to the spatial and temporal control of regulatory GTPases by serving as both GAPs and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307
| | - Michael P East
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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19
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Singh V, Davidson AC, Hume PJ, Koronakis V. Arf6 Can Trigger Wave Regulatory Complex-Dependent Actin Assembly Independent of Arno. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072457. [PMID: 32252226 PMCID: PMC7177560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) anchors at the plasma membrane to orchestrate key functions, such as membrane trafficking and regulating cortical actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. A number of studies have identified key players that interact with Arf6 to regulate actin dynamics in diverse cell processes, yet it is still unknown whether Arf6 can directly signal to the wave regulatory complex to mediate actin assembly. By reconstituting actin dynamics on supported lipid bilayers, we found that Arf6 in co-ordination with Rac1(Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) can directly trigger actin polymerization by recruiting wave regulatory complex components. Interestingly, we demonstrated that Arf6 triggers actin assembly at the membrane directly without recruiting the Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARNO (ARF nucleotide-binding site opener), which is able to activate Arf1 to enable WRC-dependent actin assembly. Furthermore, using labelled E. coli, we demonstrated that actin assembly by Arf6 also contributes towards efficient phagocytosis in THP-1 macrophages. Taken together, this study reveals a mechanism for Arf6-driven actin polymerization.
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20
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Miller AE, Hu P, Barker TH. Feeling Things Out: Bidirectional Signaling of the Cell-ECM Interface, Implications in the Mechanobiology of Cell Spreading, Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901445. [PMID: 32037719 PMCID: PMC7274903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical cues stemming from the extracellular environment are rapidly transduced into discernible chemical messages (mechanotransduction) that direct cellular activities-placing the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a potent regulator of cell behavior. Dynamic reciprocity between the cell and its associated matrix is essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and dysregulation of both ECM mechanical signaling, via pathological ECM turnover, and internal mechanotransduction pathways contribute to disease progression. This review covers the current understandings of the key modes of signaling used by both the cell and ECM to coregulate one another. By taking an outside-in approach, the inherent complexities and regulatory processes at each level of signaling (ECM, plasma membrane, focal adhesion, and cytoplasm) are captured to give a comprehensive picture of the internal and external mechanoregulatory environment. Specific emphasis is placed on the focal adhesion complex which acts as a central hub of mechanical signaling, regulating cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, a wealth of available knowledge on mechanotransduction is curated to generate an integrated signaling network encompassing the central components of the focal adhesion, cytoplasm and nucleus that act in concert to promote durotaxis, proliferation, and differentiation in a stiffness-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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21
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Qi S, Su L, Li J, Zhang C, Ma Z, Liu G, Zhang Q, Jia G, Piao Y, Zhang S. Arf6-driven endocytic recycling of CD147 determines HCC malignant phenotypes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:471. [PMID: 31752956 PMCID: PMC6868876 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion molecules distributed on the cell-surface depends upon their dynamic trafficking that plays an important role during cancer progression. ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a master regulator of membrane trafficking. CD147, a tumor-related adhesive protein, can promote the invasion of liver cancer. However, the role of Arf6 in CD147 trafficking and its contribution to liver cancer progression remain unclear. METHODS Stable liver cancer cell lines with Arf6 silencing and over-expression were established. Confocal imaging, flow cytometry, biotinylation and endomembrane isolation were used to detect CD147 uptake and recycling. GST-pull down, gelatin zymography, immunofluorescence, cell adhesion, aggregation and tight junction formation, Transwell migration, and invasion assays were used to examine the cellular phenotypes. GEPIA bioinformatics, patient's specimens and electronic records collection, and immunohistochemistry were performed to obtain the clinical relevance for Arf6-CD147 signaling. RESULTS We found that the endocytic recycling of CD147 in liver cancer cells was controlled by Arf6 through concurrent Rab5 and Rab22 activation. Disruption of Arf6-mediated CD147 trafficking reduced the cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, weakened cell aggregation and junction stability, attenuated MMPs secretion and cytoskeleton reorganization, impaired HGF-stimulated Rac1 activation, and markedly decreased the migration and invasion of liver cancer cells. Moreover, high-expression of the Arf6-CD147 signaling components in HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) was closely correlated with poor clinical outcome of patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that Arf6-mediated CD147 endocytic recycling is required for the malignant phenotypes of liver cancer. The Arf6-driven signaling machinery provides excellent biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the prevention of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjia Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, China
| | - Guiqiu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Huan Hu Xi Road, Ti Yuan Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Guhe Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Piao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Noble AR, Hogg K, Suman R, Berney DM, Bourgoin S, Maitland NJ, Rumsby MG. Phospholipase D2 in prostate cancer: protein expression changes with Gleason score. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:1016-1026. [PMID: 31673104 PMCID: PMC6964697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) are implicated in tumorigenesis through their generation of the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid and its downstream effects. Inhibition of PLD1 blocks prostate cell growth and colony formation. Here a role for PLD2 in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is examined. METHODS PLD2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of PLD2 inhibition on PCa cell viability and cell motility were measured using MTS, colony forming and wound-healing assays. RESULTS PLD2 protein is expressed about equally in luminal and basal prostate epithelial cells. In cells from different Gleason-scored PCa tissue PLD2 protein expression is generally higher than in non-tumorigenic cells and increases in PCa tissue scored Gleason 6-8. PLD2 protein is detected in the cytosol and nucleus and had a punctate appearance. In BPH tissue stromal cells as well as basal and luminal cells express PLD2. PLD2 protein co-expresses with chromogranin A in castrate-resistant PCa tissue. PLD2 inhibition reduces PCa cell viability, colony forming ability and directional cell movement. CONCLUSIONS PLD2 expression correlates with increasing Gleason score to GS8. PLD2 inhibition has the potential to reduce PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Noble
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen Hogg
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rakesh Suman
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, local T1-58, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin G Rumsby
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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23
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Singh V, Davidson AC, Hume PJ, Humphreys D, Koronakis V. Arf GTPase interplay with Rho GTPases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Small GTPases 2019; 10:411-418. [PMID: 28524754 PMCID: PMC6748364 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1329691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arf and Rho subfamilies of small GTPases are nucleotide-dependent molecular switches that act as master regulators of vesicular trafficking and the actin cytoskeleton organization. Small GTPases control cell processes with high fidelity by acting through distinct repertoires of binding partners called effectors. While we understand a great deal about how these GTPases act individually, relatively little is known about how they cooperate, especially in the control of effectors. This review highlights how Arf GTPases collaborate with Rac1 to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the membrane via recruiting and activating the Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC), a Rho effector that underpins lamellipodia formation and macropinocytosis. This provides insight into Arf regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, while putting the spotlight on small GTPase cooperation with emerging evidence of its importance in fundamental cell biology and interactions with pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Humphreys
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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24
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Sztul E, Chen PW, Casanova JE, Cherfils J, Dacks JB, Lambright DG, Lee FJS, Randazzo PA, Santy LC, Schürmann A, Wilhelmi I, Yohe ME, Kahn RA. ARF GTPases and their GEFs and GAPs: concepts and challenges. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1249-1271. [PMID: 31084567 PMCID: PMC6724607 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological, and genetic studies of any gene/protein are required to develop models of its actions in cells. Studying a protein family in the aggregate yields additional information, as one can include analyses of their coevolution, acquisition or loss of functionalities, structural pliability, and the emergence of shared or variations in molecular mechanisms. An even richer understanding of cell biology can be achieved through evaluating functionally linked protein families. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of three protein families: the ARF GTPases, the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF GEFs) that activate them, and the GTPase-activating proteins (ARF GAPs) that have the ability to both propagate and terminate signaling. However, despite decades of scrutiny, our understanding of how these essential proteins function in cells remains fragmentary. We believe that the inherent complexity of ARF signaling and its regulation by GEFs and GAPs will require the concerted effort of many laboratories working together, ideally within a consortium to optimally pool information and resources. The collaborative study of these three functionally connected families (≥70 mammalian genes) will yield transformative insights into regulation of cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267
| | - James E. Casanova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jacqueline Cherfils
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, CNRS and Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David G. Lambright
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Amherst, MA 01605
| | - Fang-Jen S. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | | | - Lorraine C. Santy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 85764 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Ilka Wilhelmi
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 85764 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-3050
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25
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The Small GTPase Arf6: An Overview of Its Mechanisms of Action and of Its Role in Host⁻Pathogen Interactions and Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092209. [PMID: 31060328 PMCID: PMC6539230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTase Arf6 has several important functions in intracellular vesicular trafficking and regulates the recycling of different types of cargo internalized via clathrin-dependent or -independent endocytosis. It activates the lipid modifying enzymes PIP 5-kinase and phospholipase D, promotes actin polymerization, and affects several functionally distinct processes in the cell. Arf6 is used for the phagocytosis of pathogens and can be directly or indirectly targeted by various pathogens to block phagocytosis or induce the uptake of intracellular pathogens. Arf6 is also used in the signaling of Toll-like receptors and in the activation of NADPH oxidases. In this review, we first give an overview of the different roles and mechanisms of action of Arf6 and then focus on its role in innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions.
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26
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Tanna CE, Goss LB, Ludwig CG, Chen PW. Arf GAPs as Regulators of the Actin Cytoskeleton-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020442. [PMID: 30669557 PMCID: PMC6358971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arf GTPase-activating proteins (Arf GAPs) control the activity of ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) by inducing GTP hydrolysis and participate in a diverse array of cellular functions both through mechanisms that are dependent on and independent of their Arf GAP activity. A number of these functions hinge on the remodeling of actin filaments. Accordingly, some of the effects exerted by Arf GAPs involve proteins known to engage in regulation of the actin dynamics and architecture, such as Rho family proteins and nonmuscle myosin 2. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), podosomes, invadopodia, lamellipodia, stress fibers and focal adhesions are among the actin-based structures regulated by Arf GAPs. Arf GAPs are thus important actors in broad functions like adhesion and motility, as well as the specialized functions of bone resorption, neurite outgrowth, and pathogen internalization by immune cells. Arf GAPs, with their multiple protein-protein interactions, membrane-binding domains and sites for post-translational modification, are good candidates for linking the changes in actin to the membrane. The findings discussed depict a family of proteins with a critical role in regulating actin dynamics to enable proper cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Tanna
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Louisa B Goss
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Calvin G Ludwig
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
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27
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Chiang TS, Lin MC, Tsai MC, Chen CH, Jang LT, Lee FJS. ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4A interacts with Robo1 to promote cell migration by regulating Cdc42 activation. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:69-81. [PMID: 30427759 PMCID: PMC6337904 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated event that is initiated by cell membrane protrusion and actin reorganization. Robo1, a single-pass transmembrane receptor, is crucial for neuronal guidance and cell migration. ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like 4A (Arl4A), an Arf small GTPase, functions in cell morphology, cell migration, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling; however, the molecular mechanisms of Arl4A in cell migration are unclear. Here, we report that the binding of Arl4A to Robo1 modulates cell migration by promoting Cdc42 activation. We found that Arl4A interacts with Robo1 in a GTP-dependent manner and that the Robo1 amino acid residues 1394-1398 are required for this interaction. The Arl4A-Robo1 interaction is essential for Arl4A-induced cell migration and Cdc42 activation but not for the plasma membrane localization of Robo1. In addition, we show that the binding of Arl4A to Robo1 decreases the association of Robo1 with the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein srGAP1. Furthermore, Slit2/Robo1 binding down-regulates the Arl4A-Robo1 interaction in vivo, thus attenuating Cdc42-mediated cell migration. Therefore, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which Arl4A participates in Slit2/Robo1 signaling to modulate cell motility by regulating Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Shin Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Jang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jen S. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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28
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Ratcliffe CDH, Siddiqui N, Coelho PP, Laterreur N, Cookey TN, Sonenberg N, Park M. HGF-induced migration depends on the PI(3,4,5)P 3-binding microexon-spliced variant of the Arf6 exchange factor cytohesin-1. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:285-298. [PMID: 30404949 PMCID: PMC6314551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Splice variants of the Arf6 guanine exchange factor cytohesin-1 display differential affinity for PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. Ratcliffe et al. show that the specific lipid binding of the diglycine variant of cytohesin-1 is needed for HGF-dependent cell migration and establishment of the leading edge, thereby regulating cancer cell migration following activation of the proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Differential inclusion or skipping of microexons is an increasingly recognized class of alternative splicing events. However, the functional significance of microexons and their contribution to signaling diversity is poorly understood. The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) modulates invasive growth and migration in development and cancer. Here, we show that microexon switching in the Arf6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-1 controls Met-dependent cell migration. Cytohesin-1 isoforms, differing by the inclusion of an evolutionarily conserved three-nucleotide microexon in the pleckstrin homology domain, display differential affinity for PI(4,5)P2 (triglycine) and PI(3,4,5)P3 (diglycine). We show that selective phosphoinositide recognition by cytohesin-1 isoforms promotes distinct subcellular localizations, whereby the triglycine isoform localizes to the plasma membrane and the diglycine to the leading edge. These data highlight microexon skipping as a mechanism to spatially restrict signaling and provide a mechanistic link between RTK-initiated phosphoinositide microdomains and Arf6 during signal transduction and cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D H Ratcliffe
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paula P Coelho
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Laterreur
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tumini N Cookey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Kjos I, Vestre K, Guadagno NA, Borg Distefano M, Progida C. Rab and Arf proteins at the crossroad between membrane transport and cytoskeleton dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1397-1409. [PMID: 30021127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular movement and positioning of organelles and vesicles is mediated by the cytoskeleton and molecular motors. Small GTPases like Rab and Arf proteins are main regulators of intracellular transport by connecting membranes to cytoskeleton motors or adaptors. However, it is becoming clear that interactions between these small GTPases and the cytoskeleton are important not only for the regulation of membrane transport. In this review, we will cover our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the connection between Rab and Arf GTPases and the cytoskeleton, with special emphasis on the double role of these interactions, not only in membrane trafficking but also in membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the most recent findings about the fine control mechanisms of crosstalk between different members of Rab, Arf, and Rho families of small GTPases in the regulation of cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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30
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Li W, Tam KMV, Chan WWR, Koon AC, Ngo JCK, Chan HYE, Lau KF. Neuronal adaptor FE65 stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth by recruiting and activating ELMO1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7674-7688. [PMID: 29615491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a crucial process in developing neurons for neural network formation. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of neurite outgrowth is essential for developing strategies to stimulate neurite regeneration after nerve injury and in neurodegenerative disorders. FE65 is a brain-enriched adaptor that stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite elongation. However, the precise mechanism by which FE65 promotes the process remains elusive. Here, we show that ELMO1, a subunit of ELMO1-DOCK180 bipartite Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with the FE65 N-terminal region. Overexpression of FE65 and/or ELMO1 enhances, whereas knockdown of FE65 or ELMO1 inhibits, neurite outgrowth and Rac1 activation. The effect of FE65 alone or together with ELMO1 is attenuated by an FE65 double mutation that disrupts FE65-ELMO1 interaction. Notably, FE65 is found to activate ELMO1 by diminishing ELMO1 intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction and to promote the targeting of ELMO1 to the plasma membrane, where Rac1 is activated. We also show that FE65, ELMO1, and DOCK180 form a tripartite complex. Knockdown of DOCK180 reduces the stimulatory effect of FE65-ELMO1 on Rac1 activation and neurite outgrowth. Thus, we identify a novel mechanism by which FE65 stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth by recruiting and activating ELMO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Ming Vincent Tam
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Chun Koon
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
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31
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Shenoy AR, Furniss RCD, Goddard PJ, Clements A. Modulation of Host Cell Processes by T3SS Effectors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:73-115. [PMID: 30178263 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two of the enteric Escherichia coli pathotypes-enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-have a conserved type 3 secretion system which is essential for virulence. The T3SS is used to translocate between 25 and 50 bacterial proteins directly into the host cytosol where they manipulate a variety of host cell processes to establish a successful infection. In this chapter, we discuss effectors from EPEC/EHEC in the context of the host proteins and processes that they target-the actin cytoskeleton, small guanosine triphosphatases and innate immune signalling pathways that regulate inflammation and cell death. Many of these translocated proteins have been extensively characterised, which has helped obtain insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis of these bacteria and also understand the host pathways they target in more detail. With increasing knowledge of the positive and negative regulation of host signalling pathways by different effectors, a future challenge is to investigate how the specific effector repertoire of each strain cooperates over the course of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash R Shenoy
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - R Christopher D Furniss
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Philippa J Goddard
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
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32
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Li W, Chan WWR, Ngo JCK, Lau KF. Emerging roles of the neural adaptor FE65 in neurite outgrowth. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2085-2086. [PMID: 30323128 PMCID: PMC6199926 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.241449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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33
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ARF6 mediates nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation-induced podocyte cellular dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184575. [PMID: 28880939 PMCID: PMC5589247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a small GTPase necessary for regulating cellular structure, motility, and vesicle trafficking. In several cellular systems, ARF6 was shown to regulate actin dynamics in coordination with Rac1, a Rho small GTPase. We examined the function of ARF6 in the kidney podocyte because Rac1 was implicated in kidney diseases involving this cell. We found that ARF6 expression was enriched in human podocytes and that it modulated podocyte cytoskeletal dynamics through a functional interaction with nephrin, an intercellular junction protein necessary for podocyte injury-induced signaling requiring activation by tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain. ARF6 was necessary for nephrin activation-induced ruffling and focal adhesion turnover, possibly by altering Rac1 activity. In podocyte-specific Arf6 (ARF6_PodKO) knockout mice, ARF6 deficiency did not result in a spontaneous kidney developmental phenotype or proteinuria after aging. However, ARF6_PodKO mice exhibited distinct phenotypes in two in vivo glomerular injury models. In the protamine sulfate perfusion model, which induced acute podocyte effacement, ARF6_PodKO mice were protected from podocyte effacement. In the nephrotoxic serum nephritis model, which induced immune-complex mediated injury, ARF6_PodKO mice exhibited aggravated proteinuria. Together, these observations suggest that while ARF6 is necessary for nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation-induced cytoskeletal dynamics in cultured podocytes, ARF6 has pleotropic podocyte roles in vivo, where glomerular injury-specific mechanisms might activate distinct signaling pathways that dictate whether ARF6 activity is beneficial or deleterious for maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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34
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Vitali T, Girald-Berlingeri S, Randazzo PA, Chen PW. Arf GAPs: A family of proteins with disparate functions that converge on a common structure, the integrin adhesion complex. Small GTPases 2017; 10:280-288. [PMID: 28362242 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1299271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) are members of the Ras GTPase superfamily. The function of Arfs is dependent on GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which allow Arfs to cycle between the GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms. Arf GAPs have been shown to be present in integrin adhesion complexes, which include focal adhesions. Integrin adhesion complexes are composed of integrins, scaffolding proteins and signaling proteins and regulate cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. Understanding the role of Arf GAPs in the regulation of integrin adhesion complexes is relevant to understanding normal physiology and cancer. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of the Arf GAP family members to the regulation of integrin adhesion complexes, examining the diverse mechanisms by which they control integrin adhesion complex formation, maturation and dissolution. GIT1 and ARAP2 serve as GAPs for Arf6, regulating Rac1 and other effectors by mechanisms still being defined. In contrast, GIT2 regulates Rac1 independent of Arf6. AGAP2 binds to and regulates focal adhesion kinase (FAK). ARAP2 and ACAP1, both Arf6 GAPs, regulate membrane trafficking of integrins through different endocytic pathways, exerting opposite effects on focal adhesions. ASAP1 not only regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling through its interaction with nonmuscle myosin 2A, but is also important in integrin recycling. These examples illustrate the diversity and versatility of Arf GAPs as regulators of integrin adhesion complex structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vitali
- a Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Sofia Girald-Berlingeri
- a Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- a Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- b Department of Biology , Williams College , Williamstown , MA , USA
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35
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Integrin-Dependent Regulation of Small GTPases: Role in Cell Migration. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Teuliere J, Garriga G. Size Matters: How C. elegans Asymmetric Divisions Regulate Apoptosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:141-163. [PMID: 28409303 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death used by metazoans to eliminate abnormal cells, control cell number, and shape the development of organs. The use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for the study of apoptosis has led to important insights into how cells die and how their corpses are removed. Eighty percent of these apoptotic cell deaths occur during nervous system development and in daughters of neuroblasts that divide asymmetrically. Pioneering work defined a conserved apoptosis pathway that is initiated in C. elegans by the BH3-only protein EGL-1 and that leads to the activation of the caspase CED-3. While the execution of the apoptotic fate is well understood, much less is known about the mechanisms that specify the apoptotic fate of particular cells. In some cells fated to die, this regulation occurs at the level of the egl-1 gene transcription, and investigators have identified several lineage-specific transcription factors that both positively and negatively regulate egl-1. In this review, we focus on a second set of molecules that appear to influence apoptosis by controlling the position of the cleavage plane in divisions that produce apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Teuliere
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gian Garriga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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37
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Grossmann AH, Zhao H, Jenkins N, Zhu W, Richards JR, Yoo JH, Winter JM, Rich B, Mleynek TM, Li DY, Odelberg SJ. The small GTPase ARF6 regulates protein trafficking to control cellular function during development and in disease. Small GTPases 2016; 10:1-12. [PMID: 28001501 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1259710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the small GTPase ARF6 has been implicated in promoting several pathological processes related to vascular instability and tumor formation, growth, and metastasis. ARF6 also plays a vital role during embryonic development. Recent studies have suggested that ARF6 carries out these disparate functions primarily by controlling protein trafficking within the cell. ARF6 helps direct proteins to intracellular or extracellular locations where they function in normal cellular responses during development and in pathological processes later in life. This transport of proteins is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms, including endocytosis and recycling, microvesicle release, and as yet uncharacterized processes. This Commentary will explore the functions of ARF6, while focusing on the role of this small GTPase in development and postnatal physiology, regulating barrier function and diseases associated with its loss, and tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie H Grossmann
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pathology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,c ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Helong Zhao
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Noah Jenkins
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jackson R Richards
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Bianca Rich
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Tara M Mleynek
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,e Department of Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,f Department of Human Genetics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,g Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study , Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , China.,h Department of Cardiology , VA Salt Lake City Health Care System , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,i Navigen Inc. , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Shannon J Odelberg
- a Department of Medicine , Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,d Department of Medicine , Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,j Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Abstract
Members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family of small GTP-binding (G) proteins regulate several aspects of membrane trafficking, such as vesicle budding, tethering and cytoskeleton organization. Arf family members, including Arf-like (Arl) proteins have been implicated in several essential cellular functions, like cell spreading and migration. These functions are used by cancer cells to disseminate and invade the tissues surrounding the primary tumor, leading to the formation of metastases. Indeed, Arf and Arl proteins, as well as their guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) have been found to be abnormally expressed in different cancer cell types and human cancers. Here, we review the current evidence supporting the involvement of Arf family proteins and their GEFs and GAPs in cancer progression, focusing on 3 different mechanisms: cell-cell adhesion, integrin internalization and recycling, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casalou
- a CEDOC, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Alexandra Faustino
- a CEDOC, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal.,b ProRegeM PhD Program, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- a CEDOC, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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39
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Koubek EJ, Santy LC. ARF1 and ARF6 regulate recycling of GRASP/Tamalin and the Rac1-GEF Dock180 during HGF-induced Rac1 activation. Small GTPases 2016; 9:242-259. [PMID: 27562622 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1219186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent signaling factor that acts on epithelial cells, causing them to dissociate and scatter. This migration is coordinated by a number of small GTPases, such as ARF6 and Rac1. Active ARF6 is required for HGF-stimulated migration and intracellular levels of ARF6-GTP and Rac1-GTP increase following HGF treatment. During migration, cross talk between ARF6 and Rac1 occurs through formation of a multi-protein complex containing the ARF-GEF cytohesin-2, the scaffolding protein GRASP/Tamalin, and the Rac1-GEF Dock180. Previously, the role of ARF6 in this process was unclear. We have now found that ARF6 and ARF1 regulate trafficking of GRASP and Dock180 to the plasma membrane following HGF treatment. Trafficking of GRASP and Dock180 is impaired by blocking ARF6-mediated recycling pathways and is required for HGF-stimulated Rac1 activation. Finally, HGF treatment stimulates association of GRASP and Dock180. Inhibition of ARF6 trafficking pathways traps GRASP and Dock180 as a complex in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Koubek
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Lorraine C Santy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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40
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang L, Wu Y, Hao J, Wang Z, Lu W, Wang XA, Zhang F, Cao Y, Liang H, Li H, Ye Y, Ma Q, Zhao S, Shu Y, Bao R, Jiang L, Hu Y, Zhou J, Chen L, Liu Y. A novel PI3K/AKT signaling axis mediates Nectin-4-induced gallbladder cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:179-189. [PMID: 26949052 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nectin-4 is a Ca(2+)-independent immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule which has diverse functions in cell-cell adhesion via homophilic and heterophilic interactions. Cell-cell adhesive processes are central to cell polarization, differentiation, proliferation, survival and movement. Here we report that Nectin-4 is substantially overexpressed in gallbladder cancer (GBC), the most common biliary tract malignancy with a high risk of local tumor spread and invasion. Further, Nectin-4 high expression in GBC patients was associated with pathologic T stage and lymph node metastasis status, and the expression level of the downstream target Rac1 and poor prognoses were also correlated with Nectin-4. Ectopic expression of Nectin-4 promoted GBC cell growth, motility and tumor growth in a mouse model. The depletion of Nectin-4 inhibited GBC cell proliferation and migration both in cell culture and in mice. Our data suggest that activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway was involved in the oncogenic function of Nectin-4 to activate Rac1 in GBC. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT with LY294002 and/or Rac1 with NSC23766 impaired Nectin-4-mediated GBC cell proliferation and motility. We hypothesize that Nectin-4 is critical for GBC progression via PI3K/AKT pathway activation of Rac1. Nectin-4 may be a novel prognostic factor and therapeutic target in GBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shibo Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yaoshi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jiaqi Hao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu-An Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haibin Liang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yijun Shu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Runfa Bao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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41
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The GTPase ARF6 Controls ROS Production to Mediate Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148097. [PMID: 26824355 PMCID: PMC4732744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhanced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation are observed in numerous cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms by which hormones such as angiotensin II (Ang II) acts to promote these cellular responses remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that the ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a molecular switch that coordinates intracellular signaling events can be activated by the Ang II receptor (AT1R). Whether this small GTP-binding protein controls the signaling events leading to ROS production and therefore Ang II-dependent VSMC proliferation, remains however unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in rat aortic VSMC, Ang II stimulation led to the subsequent activation of ARF6 and Rac1, a key regulator of NADPH oxidase activity. Using RNA interference, we showed that ARF6 is essential for ROS generation since in conditions where this GTPase was knocked down, Ang II could no longer promote superoxide anion production. In addition to regulating Rac1 activity, ARF6 also controlled expression of the NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox 1) as well as the ability of the EGFR to become transactivated. Finally, ARF6 also controlled MAPK (Erk1/2, p38 and Jnk) activation, a key pathway of VSMC proliferation. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Ang II promotes activation of ARF6 to controls ROS production by regulating Rac1 activation and Nox1 expression. In turn, increased ROS acts to activate the MAPK pathway. These signaling events represent a new molecular mechanism by which Ang II can promote proliferation of VSMC.
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42
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Van Nhieu GT, Romero S. Common Themes in Cytoskeletal Remodeling by Intracellular Bacterial Effectors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 235:207-235. [PMID: 27807696 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens interact with various types of tissues to promote infection. Because it controls the formation of membrane extensions, adhesive processes, or the junction integrity, the actin cytoskeleton is a key target of pathogens during infection. We will highlight common and specific functions of the actin cytoskeleton during bacterial infections, by first reviewing the mechanisms of intracellular motility of invasive Shigella, Listeria, and Rickettsia. Through the models of EPEC/EHEC, Shigella, Salmonella, and Chlamydia spp., we will illustrate various strategies of diversion of actin cytoskeletal processes used by these bacteria to colonize or breach epithelial/endothelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, 75005, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, 75005, Paris, France. .,MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Romero
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, 75005, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7241, 75005, Paris, France.,MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, 75005, Paris, France
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43
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RLIP76 regulates Arf6-dependent cell spreading and migration by linking ARNO with activated R-Ras at recycling endosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:785-91. [PMID: 26498519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
R-Ras small GTPase enhances cell spreading and motility via RalBP1/RLIP76, an R-Ras effector that links GTP-R-Ras to activation of Arf6 and Rac1 GTPases. Here, we report that RLIP76 performs these functions by binding cytohesin-2/ARNO, an Arf GTPase guanine exchange factor, and connecting it to R-Ras at recycling endosomes. RLIP76 formed a complex with R-Ras and ARNO by binding ARNO via its N-terminus (residues 1-180) and R-Ras via residues 180-192. This complex was present in Rab11-positive recycling endosomes and the presence of ARNO in recycling endosomes required RLIP76, and was not supported by RLIP76(Δ1-180) or RLIP76(Δ180-192). Spreading and migration required RLIP76(1-180), and RLIP76(Δ1-180) blocked ARNO recruitment to recycling endosomes, and spreading. Arf6 activation with an ArfGAP inhibitor overcame the spreading defects in RLIP76-depleted cells or cells expressing RLIP76(Δ1-180). Similarly, RLIP76(Δ1-180) or RLIP76(Δ180-192) suppressed Arf6 activation. Together these results demonstrate that RLIP76 acts as a scaffold at recycling endosomes by binding activated R-Ras, recruiting ARNO to activate Arf6, thereby contributing to cell spreading and migration.
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44
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Salem JC, Reviriego-Mendoza MM, Santy LC. ARF-GEF cytohesin-2/ARNO regulates R-Ras and α5-integrin recycling through an EHD1-positive compartment. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4265-79. [PMID: 26378252 PMCID: PMC4642859 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
R-Ras and cytohesin-2/ARNO coordinate in the control of epithelial cell adhesion, but the mechanism has been unclear. Cytohesin-2/ARNO regulates traffic through an EHD1-positive recycling compartment. Inhibition of cytohesin-2/ARNO activity traps R-Ras and integrins within the EHD1 compartment and impairs adhesion and spreading. When expressed in epithelial cells, cytohesin-2/ARNO, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for ARF small GTPases, causes a robust migration response. Recent evidence suggests that cytohesin-2/ARNO acts downstream of small the GTPase R-Ras to promote spreading and migration. We hypothesized that cytohesin-2/ARNO could transmit R-Ras signals by regulating the recycling of R-Ras through ARF activation. We found that Eps15-homology domain 1 (EHD1), a protein that associates with the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), colocalizes with active R-Ras in transiently expressed HeLa cells. In addition, we show that EHD1-positive recycling endosomes are a novel compartment for cytohesin-2/ARNO. Knockdown or expression of GEF-inactive (E156K) cytohesin-2/ARNO causes R-Ras to accumulate on recycling endosomes containing EHD1 and inhibits cell spreading. E156K-ARNO also causes a reduction in focal adhesion size and number. Finally, we demonstrate that R-Ras/ARNO signaling is required for recycling of α5-integrin and R-Ras to the plasma membrane. These data establish a role for cytohesin-2/ARNO as a regulator of R-Ras and integrin recycling and suggest that ARF-regulated trafficking of R-Ras is required for R-Ras–dependent effects on spreading and adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Salem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Marta M Reviriego-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lorraine C Santy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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45
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Reviriego-Mendoza MM, Santy LC. The cytohesin guanosine exchange factors (GEFs) are required to promote HGF-mediated renal recovery after acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12442. [PMID: 26116550 PMCID: PMC4522160 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of current treatment and preventable measures for acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients results in an increased mortality rate of up to 80% and elevated health costs. Additionally, if not properly repaired, those who survive AKI may develop fibrosis and long-term kidney damage. The molecular aspects of kidney injury and repair are still uncertain. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes recovery of the injured kidney by inducing survival and migration of tubular epithelial cells to repopulate bare tubule areas. HGF-stimulated kidney epithelial cell migration requires the activation of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) and Rac1 via the cytohesin family of Arf-guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), in vitro. We used an ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) mouse model to analyze the effects of modulating this signaling pathway on kidney recovery. We treated IRI mice with either HGF, the cytohesin inhibitor SecinH3, or a combination of both. As previously reported, HGF treatment promoted rapid improvement of kidney function as evidenced by creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. In contrast, simultaneous treatment with SecinH3 and HGF blocks the ability of HGF to promote kidney recovery. Immunohistochemistry showed that HGF treatment promoted recovery of tubule structure, and had enhanced levels of active, GTP-bound Arf6 and GTP-Rac1. SecinH3 treatment, however, caused a dramatic decrease in GTP-Arf6 and GTP-Rac1 levels when compared to kidney sections from HGF-treated IRI mice. Additionally, SecinH3 counteracted the renal reparative effects of HGF. Our results support the conclusion that cytohesin function is required for HGF-stimulated renal IRI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Reviriego-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine C Santy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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46
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Torii T, Ohno N, Miyamoto Y, Kawahara K, Saitoh Y, Nakamura K, Takashima S, Sakagami H, Tanoue A, Yamauchi J. Arf6 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-2 regulates myelination in nerves. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:819-25. [PMID: 25824033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In postnatal development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Schwann cells differentiate to insulate neuronal axons with myelin sheaths, increasing the nerve conduction velocity. To produce the mature myelin sheath with its multiple layers, Schwann cells undergo dynamic morphological changes. While extracellular molecules such as growth factors and cell adhesion ligands are known to regulate the myelination process, the intracellular molecular mechanism underlying myelination remains unclear. In this study, we have produced Schwann cell-specific conditional knockout mice for cytohesin-2, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) specifically activating Arf6. Arf6, a member of the Ras-like protein family, participates in various cellular functions including cell morphological changes. Cytohesin-2 knockout mice exhibit decreased Arf6 activity and reduced myelin thickness in the sciatic nerves, with decreased expression levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ), the major myelin marker protein. These results are consistent with those of experiments in which Schwann cell-neuronal cultures were treated with pan-cytohesin inhibitor SecinH3. On the other hand, the numbers of Ki67-positive cells in knockout mice and controls are comparable, indicating that cytohesin-2 does not have a positive effect on cell numbers. Thus, signaling through cytohesin-2 is required for myelination by Schwann cells, and cytohesin-2 is added to the list of molecules known to underlie PNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies and The National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Glycobiology Research Unit, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Akito Tanoue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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47
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ARF6 promotes the formation of Rac1 and WAVE-dependent ventral F-actin rosettes in breast cancer cells in response to epidermal growth factor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121747. [PMID: 25799492 PMCID: PMC4370635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between actin cytoskeleton assembly and localized polarization of intracellular trafficking routes is crucial for cancer cell migration. ARF6 has been implicated in the endocytic recycling of surface receptors and membrane components and in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Here we show that overexpression of an ARF6 fast-cycling mutant in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer-derived cells to mimick ARF6 hyperactivation observed in invasive breast tumors induced a striking rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton at the ventral cell surface. This phenotype consisted in the formation of dynamic actin-based podosome rosette-like structures expanding outward as wave positive for F-actin and actin cytoskeleton regulatory components including cortactin, Arp2/3 and SCAR/WAVE complexes and upstream Rac1 regulator. Ventral rosette-like structures were similarly induced in MDA-MB-231 cells in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation and to Rac1 hyperactivation. In addition, interference with ARF6 expression attenuated activation and plasma membrane targeting of Rac1 in response to EGF treatment. Our data suggest a role for ARF6 in linking EGF-receptor signaling to Rac1 recruitment and activation at the plasma membrane to promote breast cancer cell directed migration.
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48
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Shigella flexneri regulation of ARF6 activation during bacterial entry via an IpgD-mediated positive feedback loop. mBio 2015; 6:e02584. [PMID: 25736891 PMCID: PMC4358011 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02584-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Entry into cells is critical for virulence of the human bacterial pathogens Shigella spp. Shigella spp. induce membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytic uptake, but the events instigating this process are incompletely understood. The host small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) functions in membrane trafficking at the plasma membrane and activates membrane ruffle formation. We demonstrate that ARF6 is required for efficient Shigella flexneri entry, is activated by S. flexneri dependent on the phosphatase activity of the type III secreted effector IpgD, and depends on cytohesin guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for recruitment to entry sites. The cytohesin GEF ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) is recruited to these sites, also dependent on IpgD phosphatase activity. ARNO recruitment is independent of ARF6, indicating that, in addition to the described recruitment of ARNO by ARF6, ARNO is recruited upstream of ARF6. Our data provide evidence that ARF6, IpgD, phosphoinositide species, and ARNO constitute a previously undescribed positive feedback loop that amplifies ARF6 activation at bacterial entry sites, thereby promoting efficient S. flexneri uptake. IMPORTANCE Shigella spp. cause diarrhea and dysentery by infection of epithelial cells in the human colon. Critical to disease is the ability of Shigella to enter into cells, yet the mechanisms involved in entry are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is required for efficient cellular entry of Shigella flexneri and that activation of ARF6 depends on the phosphatase activity of the Shigella protein IpgD, which is introduced into cells via the bacterial type III secretion system. We further show that IpgD phosphatase activity is required for recruitment of the ARF6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) ARF nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO) to bacterial entry sites and that ARNO lies upstream of ARF6 activation. These relationships define a positive feedback loop that contributes to activation of ARF6 at S. flexneri entry sites and leads to local amplification of signals that promote bacterial entry.
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Toret CP, Collins C, Nelson WJ. An Elmo-Dock complex locally controls Rho GTPases and actin remodeling during cadherin-mediated adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:577-87. [PMID: 25452388 PMCID: PMC4259811 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elmo–Dock complexes are involved not just in integrin-based adhesions but also in the initial formation of strong cadherin-based adhesions through the regulation of local Rho GTPase activity and actin remodeling. Cell–cell contact formation is a dynamic process requiring the coordination of cadherin-based cell–cell adhesion and integrin-based cell migration. A genome-wide RNA interference screen for proteins required specifically for cadherin-dependent cell–cell adhesion identified an Elmo–Dock complex. This was unexpected as Elmo–Dock complexes act downstream of integrin signaling as Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factors. In this paper, we show that Elmo2 recruits Dock1 to initial cell–cell contacts in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. At cell–cell contacts, both Elmo2 and Dock1 are essential for the rapid recruitment and spreading of E-cadherin, actin reorganization, localized Rac and Rho GTPase activities, and the development of strong cell–cell adhesion. Upon completion of cell–cell adhesion, Elmo2 and Dock1 no longer localize to cell–cell contacts and are not required subsequently for the maintenance of cell–cell adhesion. These studies show that Elmo–Dock complexes are involved in both integrin- and cadherin-based adhesions, which may help to coordinate the transition of cells from migration to strong cell–cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Toret
- Department of Biology; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Caitlin Collins
- Department of Biology; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Biology; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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Goicoechea SM, Awadia S, Garcia-Mata R. I'm coming to GEF you: Regulation of RhoGEFs during cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:535-49. [PMID: 25482524 PMCID: PMC4594598 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a highly regulated multistep process that requires the coordinated regulation of cell adhesion, protrusion, and contraction. These processes require numerous protein–protein interactions and the activation of specific signaling pathways. The Rho family of GTPases plays a key role in virtually every aspect of the cell migration cycle. The activation of Rho GTPases is mediated by a large and diverse family of proteins; the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). GEFs work immediately upstream of Rho proteins to provide a direct link between Rho activation and cell–surface receptors for various cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. The regulated targeting and activation of RhoGEFs is essential to coordinate the migratory process. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of RhoGEFs in the regulation of cell migration.
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Key Words
- DH, Dbl-homology
- DHR, DOCK homology region
- DOCK, dedicator of cytokinesis
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FA, focal adhesion
- FN, fibronectin
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDI, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- MII, myosin II
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PH, pleckstrin-homology
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5)-trisphosphate.
- Rho GEFs
- Rho GTPases
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cell migration
- cell polarization
- focal adhesions
- guanine nucleotide exchange factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Goicoechea
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; University of Toledo ; Toledo , OH USA
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