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Hosea R, Hillary S, Naqvi S, Wu S, Kasim V. The two sides of chromosomal instability: drivers and brakes in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:75. [PMID: 38553459 PMCID: PMC10980778 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with tumor cell malignancy. CIN triggers a chain reaction in cells leading to chromosomal abnormalities, including deviations from the normal chromosome number or structural changes in chromosomes. CIN arises from errors in DNA replication and chromosome segregation during cell division, leading to the formation of cells with abnormal number and/or structure of chromosomes. Errors in DNA replication result from abnormal replication licensing as well as replication stress, such as double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks; meanwhile, errors in chromosome segregation stem from defects in chromosome segregation machinery, including centrosome amplification, erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, spindle assembly checkpoint, or defective sister chromatids cohesion. In normal cells, CIN is deleterious and is associated with DNA damage, proteotoxic stress, metabolic alteration, cell cycle arrest, and senescence. Paradoxically, despite these negative consequences, CIN is one of the hallmarks of cancer found in over 90% of solid tumors and in blood cancers. Furthermore, CIN could endow tumors with enhanced adaptation capabilities due to increased intratumor heterogeneity, thereby facilitating adaptive resistance to therapies; however, excessive CIN could induce tumor cells death, leading to the "just-right" model for CIN in tumors. Elucidating the complex nature of CIN is crucial for understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and for developing effective anti-tumor treatments. This review provides an overview of causes and consequences of CIN, as well as the paradox of CIN, a phenomenon that continues to perplex researchers. Finally, this review explores the potential of CIN-based anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sharon Hillary
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sumera Naqvi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Qiao JY, Zhou Q, Xu K, Yue W, Lei WL, Li YY, Gu LJ, Ouyang YC, Hou Y, Schatten H, Meng TG, Wang ZB, Sun QY. Mad2 is dispensable for accurate chromosome segregation but becomes essential when oocytes are subjected to environmental stress. Development 2023; 150:dev201398. [PMID: 37485540 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation, monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), is crucial for the production of euploid cells. Previous in vitro studies by us and others showed that Mad2, a core member of the SAC, performs a checkpoint function in oocyte meiosis. Here, through an oocyte-specific knockout approach in mouse, we reconfirmed that Mad2-deficient oocytes exhibit an accelerated metaphase-to-anaphase transition caused by premature degradation of securin and cyclin B1 and subsequent activation of separase in meiosis I. However, it was surprising that the knockout mice were completely fertile and the resulting oocytes were euploid. In the absence of Mad2, other SAC proteins, including BubR1, Bub3 and Mad1, were normally recruited to the kinetochores, which likely explains the balanced chromosome separation. Further studies showed that the chromosome separation in Mad2-null oocytes was particularly sensitive to environmental changes and, when matured in vitro, showed chromosome misalignment, lagging chromosomes, and aneuploidy with premature separation of sister chromatids, which was exacerbated at a lower temperature. We reveal for the first time that Mad2 is dispensable for proper chromosome segregation but acts to mitigate environmental stress in meiotic oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Long Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin-Jian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying-Chun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tie-Gang Meng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Reproductive Health, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Reproductive Health, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
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3
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Pan F, Chocarro S, Ramos M, Chen Y, Alonso de la Vega A, Somogyi K, Sotillo R. FOXM1 is critical for the fitness recovery of chromosomally unstable cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:430. [PMID: 37452072 PMCID: PMC10349069 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor progression and evolution are frequently associated with chromosomal instability (CIN). Tumor cells often express high levels of the mitotic checkpoint protein MAD2, leading to mitotic arrest and cell death. However, some tumor cells are capable of exiting mitosis and consequently increasing CIN. How cells escape the mitotic arrest induced by MAD2 and proliferate with CIN is not well understood. Here, we explored loss-of-function screens and drug sensitivity tests associated with MAD2 levels in aneuploid cells and identified that aneuploid cells with high MAD2 levels are more sensitive to FOXM1 depletion. Inhibition of FOXM1 promotes MAD2-mediated mitotic arrest and exacerbates CIN. Conversely, elevating FOXM1 expression in MAD2-overexpressing human cell lines reverts prolonged mitosis and rescues mitotic errors, cell death and proliferative disadvantages. Mechanistically, we found that FOXM1 facilitates mitotic exit by inhibiting the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and the expression of Cyclin B. Notably, we observed that FOXM1 is upregulated upon aneuploid induction in cells with dysfunctional SAC and error-prone mitosis, and these cells are sensitive to FOXM1 knockdown, indicating a novel vulnerability of aneuploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Chocarro
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Ramos
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alicia Alonso de la Vega
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kalman Somogyi
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mohapatra S, Winkle M, Ton AN, Nguyen D, Calin GA. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Chromosomal Instability in Cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:10-19. [PMID: 36167417 PMCID: PMC9827503 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is characterized by an increased frequency of changes in chromosome structure or number and is regarded as a hallmark of cancer. CIN plays a prevalent role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression by assisting the cancer cells' phenotypic adaptation to stress, which have been tightly linked to therapy resistance and metastasis. Both CIN-inducing and CIN-repressing agents are being clinically tested for the treatment of cancer to increase CIN levels to unsustainable levels leading to cell death or to decrease CIN levels to limit the development of drug resistance, respectively. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have been fundamentally implicated in CIN. The miR-22, miR-26a, miR-28, and miR-186 target important checkpoint proteins involved in mediating chromosomal stability and their expression modulation has been directly related to CIN occurrence. lncRNAs derived from telomeric, centrosomal, and enhancer regions play an important role in mediating genome stability, while specific lncRNA transcripts including genomic instability inducing RNA called Ginir, P53-responsive lncRNA termed as GUARDIN, colon cancer-associated transcript 2, PCAT2, and ncRNA activated by DNA damage called NORAD have been shown to act within CIN-associated pathways. In this review, we discuss how these ncRNAs either maintain or disrupt the stability of chromosomes and how these mechanisms could be exploited for novel therapeutic approaches targeting CIN in cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chromosomal instability increases tumor heterogeneity and thereby assists the phenotypic adaptation of cancer cells, causing therapy resistance and metastasis. Several microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that have been causally linked to chromosomal instability could represent novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the role of non-coding RNAs in regulating different genes involved in driving chromosomal instability will give insights into how non-coding RNAs can be utilized toward modifying chemotherapeutic regimens in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mohapatra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology (S.M., M.W., A.N.T., G.A.C.), UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.), Program in Molecular Genetic Technology, School of Health Professions (A.N.T.), and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs (G.A.C.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.N.)
| | - Melanie Winkle
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology (S.M., M.W., A.N.T., G.A.C.), UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.), Program in Molecular Genetic Technology, School of Health Professions (A.N.T.), and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs (G.A.C.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.N.)
| | - Anh N Ton
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology (S.M., M.W., A.N.T., G.A.C.), UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.), Program in Molecular Genetic Technology, School of Health Professions (A.N.T.), and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs (G.A.C.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.N.)
| | - Dien Nguyen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology (S.M., M.W., A.N.T., G.A.C.), UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.), Program in Molecular Genetic Technology, School of Health Professions (A.N.T.), and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs (G.A.C.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.N.)
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology (S.M., M.W., A.N.T., G.A.C.), UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.), Program in Molecular Genetic Technology, School of Health Professions (A.N.T.), and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs (G.A.C.), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.N.)
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5
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Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. BUB3, beyond the Simple Role of Partner. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051084. [PMID: 35631670 PMCID: PMC9147866 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The BUB3 protein plays a key role in the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a ubiquitous surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis and, consequently, prevents chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. Besides its role in SAC signaling, BUB3 regulates chromosome attachment to the spindle microtubules. It is also involved in telomere replication and maintenance. Deficiency of the BUB3 gene has been closely linked to premature aging. Upregulation of the BUB3 gene has been found in a variety of human cancers and is associated with poor prognoses. Here, we review the structure and functions of BUB3 in mitosis, its expression in cancer and association with survival prognoses, and its potential as an anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. A. Silva
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Osadska M, Selicky T, Kretova M, Jurcik J, Sivakova B, Cipakova I, Cipak L. The Interplay of Cohesin and RNA Processing Factors: The Impact of Their Alterations on Genome Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3939. [PMID: 35409298 PMCID: PMC8999970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin, a multi-subunit protein complex, plays important roles in sister chromatid cohesion, DNA replication, chromatin organization, gene expression, transcription regulation, and the recombination or repair of DNA damage. Recently, several studies suggested that the functions of cohesin rely not only on cohesin-related protein-protein interactions, their post-translational modifications or specific DNA modifications, but that some RNA processing factors also play an important role in the regulation of cohesin functions. Therefore, the mutations and changes in the expression of cohesin subunits or alterations in the interactions between cohesin and RNA processing factors have been shown to have an impact on cohesion, the fidelity of chromosome segregation and, ultimately, on genome stability. In this review, we provide an overview of the cohesin complex and its role in chromosome segregation, highlight the causes and consequences of mutations and changes in the expression of cohesin subunits, and discuss the RNA processing factors that participate in the regulation of the processes involved in chromosome segregation. Overall, an understanding of the molecular determinants of the interplay between cohesin and RNA processing factors might help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms ensuring the integrity of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Osadska
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Tomas Selicky
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Miroslava Kretova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jan Jurcik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Barbara Sivakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ingrid Cipakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Lubos Cipak
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.O.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (J.J.)
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7
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Yan X, Liu SM, Liu C. Clinical Applications of Aneuploidies in Evolution of NSCLC Patients: Current Status and Application Prospect. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1355-1368. [PMID: 36388157 PMCID: PMC9662021 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s380016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the first characteristics of cancer cells, chromosomal aberrations during cell division have been well documented. Aneuploidy is a feature of most cancer cells accompanied by an elevated rate of mis-segregation of chromosomes, called chromosome instability (CIN). Aneuploidy causes ongoing karyotypic changes that contribute to tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment failure, which are considered predictors of poor prognosis. Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its genome map shows extensive aneuploid changes. Elucidating the role of aneuploidy in the pathogenesis of LC will reveal information about the key factors of tumor occurrence and development, help to predict the prognosis of cancer, clarify tumor evolution, metastasis, and drug response, and may promote the development of precision oncology. In this review, we describe many possible causes of aneuploidy and provide evidence of the role of aneuploidy in the evolution of LC, providing a basis for future biological and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Mei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 150110, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
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8
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Distinct classes of lagging chromosome underpin age-related oocyte aneuploidy in mouse. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2273-2283.e3. [PMID: 34428397 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors that cause oocyte aneuploidy increase in frequency with maternal age and are considered a major contributing factor of age-related fertility decline in females. Lagging anaphase chromosomes are a common age-associated phenomenon in oocytes, but whether anaphase laggards actually missegregate and cause aneuploidy is unclear. Here, we show that lagging chromosomes in mouse oocytes comprise two mechanistically distinct classes of chromosome motion that we refer to as "class-I" and "class-II" laggards. We use imaging approaches and mechanistic interventions to dissociate the two classes and find that whereas class-II laggards are largely benign, class-I laggards frequently directly lead to aneuploidy. Most notably, a controlled prolongation of meiosis I specifically lessens class-I lagging to prevent aneuploidy. Our data thus reveal lagging chromosomes to be a cause of age-related aneuploidy in mouse oocytes and suggest that manipulating the cell cycle could increase the yield of useful oocytes in some contexts.
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9
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Vasudevan A, Schukken KM, Sausville EL, Girish V, Adebambo OA, Sheltzer JM. Aneuploidy as a promoter and suppressor of malignant growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:89-103. [PMID: 33432169 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of tumorigenesis for more than 100 years, but the connection between chromosomal errors and malignant growth has remained obscure. New evidence emerging from both basic and clinical research has illuminated a complicated relationship: despite its frequency in human tumours, aneuploidy is not a universal driver of cancer development and instead can exert substantial tumour-suppressive effects. The specific consequences of aneuploidy are highly context dependent and are influenced by a cell's genetic and environmental milieu. In this Review, we discuss the diverse facets of cancer biology that are shaped by aneuploidy, including metastasis, drug resistance and immune recognition, and we highlight aneuploidy's distinct roles as both a tumour promoter and an anticancer vulnerability.
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10
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Funk LC, Wan J, Ryan SD, Kaur C, Sullivan R, Roopra A, Weaver BA. p53 Is Not Required for High CIN to Induce Tumor Suppression. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:112-123. [PMID: 32948674 PMCID: PMC7810023 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer. While low levels of CIN can be tumor promoting, high levels of CIN cause cell death and tumor suppression. The widely used chemotherapeutic, paclitaxel (Taxol), exerts its anticancer effects by increasing CIN above a maximally tolerated threshold. One significant outstanding question is whether the p53 tumor suppressor is required for the cell death and tumor suppression caused by high CIN. Both p53 loss and reduction of the mitotic kinesin, centromere-associated protein-E, cause low CIN. Combining both genetic insults in the same cell leads to high CIN. Here, we test whether high CIN causes cell death and tumor suppression even in the absence p53. Despite a surprising sex-specific difference in tumor spectrum and latency in p53 heterozygous animals, these studies demonstrate that p53 is not required for high CIN to induce tumor suppression. Pharmacologic induction of high CIN results in equivalent levels of cell death due to loss of essential chromosomes in p53+/+ and p53-/- cells, further demonstrating that high CIN elicits cell death independently of p53 function. IMPLICATIONS: These results provide support for the efficacy of anticancer therapies that induce high CIN, even in tumors that lack functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Funk
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean D Ryan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Charanjeet Kaur
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Beth A Weaver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Girão H, Maiato H. Measurement of Microtubule Half-Life and Poleward Flux in the Mitotic Spindle by Photoactivation of Fluorescent Tubulin. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2101:235-246. [PMID: 31879908 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of microtubule dynamics is of utmost importance for the understanding of the mechanisms underlying mitotic fidelity. During mitosis, the microtubular cytoskeleton reorganizes to assemble a mitotic spindle necessary for chromosome segregation. Several methods, such as controlled exposure to cold, high pressure, high calcium concentration, or microtubule depolymerizing drugs, have been widely used to evaluate the dynamic properties of specific spindle microtubule populations. However, while these methods offer a qualitative approach that is sufficient to discern differences among specific spindle microtubule populations, they fall short in providing a robust quantitative picture that is sensitive enough to highlight minor differences, for example when comparing spindle microtubule dynamics in different genetic backgrounds. In this chapter we describe a detailed methodology to measure spindle microtubule dynamics using photoactivation of fluorescently tagged tubulin in living cells. This methodology allows the quantitative discrimination of the turnover of specific microtubule populations (e.g., kinetochore vs. non-kinetochore microtubules), as well as determination of microtubule poleward flux rates. These two conspicuous features of metazoan spindles must be tightly regulated to allow, on the one hand, efficient error correction, and on the other hand the satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint that controls mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Girão
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Experimental Biology Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Cell Division Group, Department of Biomedicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Bach DH, Zhang W, Sood AK. Chromosomal Instability in Tumor Initiation and Development. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3995-4002. [PMID: 31350294 PMCID: PMC7694409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the major forms of genomic instability in various human cancers and is recognized as a common hallmark of tumorigenesis and heterogeneity. However, some malignant tumors show a paucity of chromosomal alterations, suggesting that tumor progression and evolution can occur in the absence of CIN. It is unclear whether CIN is stable between precursor lesions, primary tumor, and metastases or if it evolves during these steps. In this review, we describe the influence of CIN on the various steps in tumor initiation and development. Given the recognized significant effects of CIN in cancer, CIN-targeted therapeutics could have a major impact on improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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13
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Taheri F, Goudarzi H, Faghihloo E. Aneuploidy and oncoviruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2076. [PMID: 31407416 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seven oncogenic viruses are known for tumorigenesis and contribute to 12% of all human cancers. The oncogenic factors, the target tissue, and pathology of cancer vary among these viruses with several mechanisms proposed for the initiation and development of cancer. Aneuploidy in cells is associated with anomalies in chromosome number that can be a hallmark of cancer, a disease defined by expanded proliferative potential. In this review, we summarize the different mechanisms of aneuploidy and furthermore discuss recent findings of the role of viral oncoproteins in inducing cellular aneuploidy that might facilitate tumorigenesis. Improved understanding of viral oncogenesis may help to find new strategies for controlling virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Kim Y, Choi JW, Lee JH, Kim YS. Spindle assembly checkpoint MAD2 and CDC20 overexpressions and cell-in-cell formation in gastric cancer and its precursor lesions. Hum Pathol 2019; 85:174-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Orr B, Lopes D, Maiato H. Dissecting the role of the tubulin code in mitosis. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:33-74. [PMID: 29804676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process that takes place in all eukaryotes and involves the equal division of genetic material from a parental cell into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, chromosome movement and segregation are orchestrated by a specialized structure known as the mitotic spindle, composed of a bipolar array of microtubules. The fundamental structure of microtubules comprises of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that associate head-to-tail and laterally to form hollow filaments. In vivo, microtubules are modified by abundant and evolutionarily conserved tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), giving these filaments the potential for a wide chemical diversity. In recent years, the concept of a "tubulin code" has emerged as an extralayer of regulation governing microtubule function. A range of tubulin isoforms, each with a diverse set of PTMs, provides a readable code for microtubule motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. This chapter focuses on the complexity of tubulin PTMs with an emphasis on detyrosination and summarizes the methods currently used in our laboratory to experimentally manipulate these modifications and study their impact in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Danilo Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Abstract
This review by Levine and Holland reviews the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. They discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy and survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically. Mitosis is a delicate event that must be executed with high fidelity to ensure genomic stability. Recent work has provided insight into how mitotic errors shape cancer genomes by driving both numerical and structural alterations in chromosomes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Here, we review the sources of mitotic errors in human tumors and their effect on cell fitness and transformation. We discuss new findings that suggest that chromosome missegregation can produce a proinflammatory environment and impact tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy. Finally, we survey the vulnerabilities exposed by cell division errors and how they can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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17
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Viganó C, von Schubert C, Ahrné E, Schmidt A, Lorber T, Bubendorf L, De Vetter JRF, Zaman GJR, Storchova Z, Nigg EA. Quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparison of human colon cancer DLD-1 cells differing in ploidy and chromosome stability. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1031-1047. [PMID: 29496963 PMCID: PMC5921571 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aneuploidy is poorly tolerated during embryogenesis, aneuploidy and whole chromosomal instability (CIN) are common hallmarks of cancer, raising the question of how cancer cells can thrive in spite of chromosome aberrations. Here we present a comprehensive and quantitative proteomics analysis of isogenic DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells lines, aimed at identifying cellular responses to changes in ploidy and/or CIN. Specifically, we compared diploid (2N) and tetraploid (4N) cells with posttetraploid aneuploid (PTA) clones and engineered trisomic clones. Our study provides a comparative data set on the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of the above cell lines, comprising several thousand proteins and phosphopeptides. In comparison to the parental 2N line, we observed changes in proteins associated with stress responses and with interferon signaling. Although we did not detect a conspicuous protein signature associated with CIN, we observed many changes in phosphopeptides that relate to fundamental cellular processes, including mitotic progression and spindle function. Most importantly, we found that most changes detectable in PTA cells were already present in the 4N progenitor line. This suggests that activation of mitotic pathways through hyper-phosphorylation likely constitutes an important response to chromosomal burden. In line with this conclusion, cells with extensive chromosome gains showed differential sensitivity toward a number of inhibitors targeting cell cycle kinases, suggesting that the efficacy of anti-mitotic drugs may depend on the karyotype of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Ahrné
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Lorber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Guido J. R. Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., 5340 Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erich A. Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Marks DH, Thomas R, Chin Y, Shah R, Khoo C, Benezra R. Mad2 Overexpression Uncovers a Critical Role for TRIP13 in Mitotic Exit. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1832-1845. [PMID: 28564602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint ensures proper segregation of chromosomes by delaying anaphase until all kinetochores are bound to microtubules. This inhibitory signal is composed of a complex containing Mad2, which inhibits anaphase progression. The complex can be disassembled by p31comet and TRIP13; however, TRIP13 knockdown has been shown to cause only a mild mitotic delay. Overexpression of checkpoint genes, as well as TRIP13, is correlated with chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer, but the initial effects of Mad2 overexpression are prolonged mitosis and decreased proliferation. Here, we show that TRIP13 overexpression significantly reduced, and TRIP13 reduction significantly exacerbated, the mitotic delay associated with Mad2 overexpression, but not that induced by microtubule depolymerization. The combination of Mad2 overexpression and TRIP13 loss reduced the ability of checkpoint complexes to disassemble and significantly inhibited the proliferation of cells in culture and tumor xenografts. These results identify an unexpected dependency on TRIP13 in cells overexpressing Mad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henry Marks
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rozario Thomas
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yvette Chin
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riddhi Shah
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christine Khoo
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA.
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19
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Tambe M, Pruikkonen S, Mäki-Jouppila J, Chen P, Elgaaen BV, Straume AH, Huhtinen K, Cárpen O, Lønning PE, Davidson B, Hautaniemi S, Kallio MJ. Novel Mad2-targeting miR-493-3p controls mitotic fidelity and cancer cells' sensitivity to paclitaxel. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12267-85. [PMID: 26943585 PMCID: PMC4914283 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways that contribute to the proliferation and drug response of cancer cells are highly complex and currently insufficiently characterized. We have identified a previously unknown microRNA-based mechanism that provides cancer cells means to stimulate tumorigenesis via increased genomic instability and, at the same time, evade the action of clinically utilized microtubule drugs. We demonstrate miR-493-3p to be a novel negative regulator of mitotic arrest deficient-2 (MAD2), an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint that monitors the fidelity of chromosome segregation. The microRNA targets the 3′ UTR of Mad2 mRNA thereby preventing translation of the Mad2 protein. In cancer cells, overexpression of miR-493-3p induced a premature mitotic exit that led to increased frequency of aneuploidy and cellular senescence in the progeny cells. Importantly, excess of the miR-493-3p conferred resistance of cancer cells to microtubule drugs. In human neoplasms, miR-493-3p and Mad2 expression alterations correlated with advanced ovarian cancer forms and high miR-493-3p levels were associated with reduced survival of ovarian and breast cancer patients with aggressive tumors, especially in the paclitaxel therapy arm. Our results suggest that intratumoral profiling of miR-493-3p and Mad2 levels can have diagnostic value in predicting the efficacy of taxane chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Tambe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme and FinPharma Doctoral Program Drug Discovery, Finland
| | - Sofia Pruikkonen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Doctoral Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Mäki-Jouppila
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme and FinPharma Doctoral Program Drug Discovery, Finland
| | - Ping Chen
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bente Vilming Elgaaen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Hege Straume
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Clinical Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Cárpen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Auria Biobank, Turku, Finland
| | - Per Eystein Lønning
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen and Department of Clinical Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko J Kallio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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20
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Guo X, Ni J, Zhu Y, Zhou T, Ma X, Xue J, Wang X. Folate deficiency induces mitotic aberrations and chromosomal instability by compromising the spindle assembly checkpoint in cultured human colon cells. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:547-560. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuqian Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- China Gene Health Management Group, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- China Gene Health Management Group, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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21
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Ikeda M, Tanaka K. Plk1 bound to Bub1 contributes to spindle assembly checkpoint activity during mitosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8794. [PMID: 28821799 PMCID: PMC5562746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For faithful chromosome segregation, the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment and its monitoring by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are coordinately regulated by mechanisms that are currently ill-defined. Here, we show that polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), which is instrumental in forming stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments, is also involved in the maintenance of SAC activity by binding to Bub1, but not by binding to CLASP2 or CLIP-170. The effect of Plk1 on the SAC was found to be mediated through phosphorylation of Mps1, an essential kinase for the SAC, as well as through phosphorylation of the MELT repeats in Knl1. Bub1 acts as a platform for assembling other SAC components on the phosphorylated MELT repeats. We propose that Bub1-bound Plk1 is important for the maintenance of SAC activity by supporting Bub1 localization to kinetochores in prometaphase, a time when the kinetochore Mps1 level is reduced, until the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment is completed. Our study reveals an intricate mechanism for coordinating the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment and SAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, exclusively sensitive to the states of kinetochores attached to microtubules. During metaphase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is inhibited by the SAC but it rapidly switches to its active form following proper attachment of the final spindle. It had been thought that APC/C activity is an all-or-nothing response, but recent findings have demonstrated that it switches steadily. In this study, we develop a detailed mathematical model that considers all 92 human kinetochores and all major proteins involved in SAC activation and silencing. We perform deterministic and spatially-stochastic simulations and find that certain spatial properties do not play significant roles. Furthermore, we show that our model is consistent with in-vitro mutation experiments of crucial proteins as well as the recently-suggested rheostat switch behavior, measured by Securin or CyclinB concentration. Considering an autocatalytic feedback loop leads to an all-or-nothing toggle switch in the underlying core components, while the output signal of the SAC still behaves like a rheostat switch. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the SAC signal varies with increasing number of attached kinetochores, even though it might still contain toggle switches in some of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Henze
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Dittrich
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Bashar Ibrahim
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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23
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Cirillo L, Gotta M, Meraldi P. The Elephant in the Room: The Role of Microtubules in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:93-124. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Byrne T, Coleman HG, Cooper JA, McCluggage WG, McCann A, Furlong F. The association between MAD2 and prognosis in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102223-102234. [PMID: 29254238 PMCID: PMC5731948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analyses investigates the expression of the cell checkpoint regulator, mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) in cancerous tissue and examines whether an association exists between MAD2 levels and cancer survival and recurrence. Studies investigating MAD2 expression in cancer tissue utilising immunohistochemistry (IHC) were identified by systematic literature searches of Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases by October 2015. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to generate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall and progression-free survival according to MAD2 expression. Forty-three studies were included in the overall review. In 33 studies investigating MAD2 expression by IHC in cancer tissue, a wide range of expression positivity (11–100%) was reported. Higher MAD2 expression was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in a range of cancers (pooled HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.97–1.87; P = 0.077, n = 15). However, when ovarian cancer studies were removed, a significant pooled HR of 1.59 for risk of all-cause mortality in other cancer patients with higher expressing MAD2 tumours was evident (95% CI, 1.17–2.17; P = 0.003, n = 12). In contrast, higher MAD2 expression was associated with significant decreased risk of all-cause mortality in ovarian cancer patients (pooled HR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25–0.97; P = 0.04, n = 3). In conclusion, with the exception of ovarian cancer, increased MAD2 expression is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and recurrence in cancer. For ovarian cancer, reduced levels of MAD2 are associated with poorer outcome. Further studies are critical to assess the clinical utility of a MAD2 IHC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Byrne
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Janine A Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amanda McCann
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, UK.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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25
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A Mathematical Framework for Kinetochore-Driven Activation Feedback in the Mitotic Checkpoint. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:1183-1200. [PMID: 28386668 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proliferating cells properly divide into their daughter cells through a process that is mediated by kinetochores, protein-complexes that assemble at the centromere of each sister chromatid. Each kinetochore has to establish a tight bipolar attachment to the spindle apparatus before sister chromatid separation is initiated. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) links the biophysical attachment status of the kinetochores to mitotic progression and ensures that even a single misaligned kinetochore keeps the checkpoint active. The mechanism by which this is achieved is still elusive. Current computational models of the human SAC disregard important biochemical properties by omitting any kind of feedback loop, proper kinetochore signals, and other spatial properties such as the stability of the system and diffusion effects. To allow for more realistic in silico study of the dynamics of the SAC model, a minimal mathematical framework for SAC activation and silencing is introduced. A nonlinear ordinary differential equation model successfully reproduces bifurcation signaling switches with attachment of all 92 kinetochores and activation of APC/C by kinetochore-driven feedback. A partial differential equation model and mathematical linear stability analyses indicate the influence of diffusion and system stability. The conclusion is that quantitative models of the human SAC should account for the positive feedback on APC/C activation driven by the kinetochores which is essential for SAC silencing. Experimental diffusion coefficients for MCC subcomplexes are found to be insufficient for rapid APC/C inhibition. The presented analysis allows for systems-level understanding of mitotic control, and the minimal new model can function as a basis for developing further quantitative-integrative models of the cell division cycle.
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26
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Poulton JS, Cuningham JC, Peifer M. Centrosome and spindle assembly checkpoint loss leads to neural apoptosis and reduced brain size. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1255-1265. [PMID: 28351851 PMCID: PMC5412557 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitotic spindle assembly is critical for mitotic fidelity and organismal development. Multiple processes coordinate spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Two key components are centrosomes and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and mutations affecting either can cause human microcephaly. In vivo studies in Drosophila melanogaster found that loss of either component alone is well tolerated in the developing brain, in contrast to epithelial tissues of the imaginal discs. In this study, we reveal that one reason for that tolerance is the compensatory relationship between centrosomes and the SAC. In the absence of both centrosomes and the SAC, brain cells, including neural stem cells, experience massive errors in mitosis, leading to increased cell death, which reduces the neural progenitor pool and severely disrupts brain development. However, our data also demonstrate that neural cells are much more tolerant of aneuploidy than epithelial cells. Our data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which different tissues manage genome stability and parallels with human microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Poulton
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John C Cuningham
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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27
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Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations during cell division represent one of the first recognized features of human cancer cells, and modern detection methods have revealed the pervasiveness of aneuploidy in cancer. The ongoing karyotypic changes brought about by chromosomal instability (CIN) contribute to tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment failure. Whole-chromosome and segmental aneuploidies resulting from CIN have been proposed to allow "macroevolutionary" leaps that may contribute to profound phenotypic change. In this review, we will outline evidence indicating that aneuploidy and CIN contribute to cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sansregret
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence/UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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de Wolf B, Kops GJPL. Kinetochore Malfunction in Human Pathologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:69-91. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Akera T, Watanabe Y. The spindle assembly checkpoint promotes chromosome bi-orientation: A novel Mad1 role in chromosome alignment. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:493-7. [PMID: 26752263 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1128596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation relies on dynamic interactions between spindle microtubules and chromosomes. Especially, all chromosomes must be aligned at the equator of the spindle to establish bi-orientation before they start to segregate. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors this process, inhibiting chromosome segregation until all chromosomes achieve bi-orientation. The original concept of 'checkpoints' was proposed as an external surveillance system that does not play an active role in the process it monitors. However, accumulating evidence from recent studies suggests that SAC components do play an active role in chromosome bi-orientation. In this review, we highlight a novel Mad1 role in chromosome alignment, which is the first conserved mechanism that links the SAC and kinesin-mediated chromosome gliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akera
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- a Laboratory of Chromosome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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30
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Ibrahim B. In silico spatial simulations reveal that MCC formation and excess BubR1 are required for tight inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2867-77. [PMID: 26256776 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00395d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In response to the activation of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), distinct inhibitory pathways control the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). It remains unclear whether the different regulatory mechanisms function in separate pathways or as part of an integrated signalling system. Here, five variant models of APC/C regulation were constructed and analysed. The simulations showed that all variant models were able to reproduce the wild type behaviour of the APC. However, only one model, which included both the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) as well as BubR1 as direct inhibitors of the APC/C, was able to reproduce both wild and mutant type behaviour of APC/C regulation. Interestingly, in this model, the MCC as well as the BubR1 binding rate to the APC/C was comparable to the known Cdc20-Mad2 binding rate and could not be made higher. Mad2 active transport towards the spindle mid-zone accelerated the inhibition speed of the APC/C but not its concentration level. The presented study highlights the principle that a systems biology approach is critical for the SAC mechanism and could also be used for predicting hypotheses to design future experiments. The presented work has successfully distinguished between five potent inhibitors of the APC/C using a systems biology approach. Here, the favoured model contains both BubR1 and MCC as direct inhibitors of the APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Ibrahim
- Bio System Analysis Group, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, and Jena Centre for Bioinformatics (JCB), 07743 Jena, Germany.
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31
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Shandilya J, Medler KF, Roberts SGE. Regulation of AURORA B function by mitotic checkpoint protein MAD2. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2196-2201. [PMID: 27341405 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint signaling stringently regulates chromosome segregation during cell division. MAD2 is one of the key components of the spindle and mitotic checkpoint complex that regulates the fidelity of cell division along with MAD1, CDC20, BUBR1, BUB3 and MAD3. MAD2 ablation leads to erroneous attachment of kinetochore-spindle fibers and defective chromosome separation. A potential role for MAD2 in the regulation of events beyond the spindle and mitotic checkpoints is not clear. Together with active spindle assembly checkpoint signaling, AURORA B kinase activity is essential for chromosome condensation as cells enter mitosis. AURORA B phosphorylates histone H3 at serine 10 and serine 28 to facilitate the formation of condensed metaphase chromosomes. In the absence of functional AURORA B cells escape mitosis despite the presence of misaligned chromosomes. In this study we report that silencing of MAD2 results in a drastic reduction of metaphase-specific histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 and serine 28. We demonstrate that this is due to mislocalization of AURORA B in the absence of MAD2. Conversely, overexpression of MAD2 concentrated the localization of AURORA B at the metaphase plate and caused hyper-phosphorylation of histone H3. We find that MAD1 plays a minor role in influencing the MAD2-dependent regulation of AURORA B suggesting that the effects of MAD2 on AURORA B are independent of the spindle checkpoint complex. Our findings reveal that, in addition to its role in checkpoint signaling, MAD2 ensures chromosome stability through the regulation of AURORA B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasha Shandilya
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kathryn F Medler
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stefan G E Roberts
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
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32
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Chromosomal instability: A common feature and a therapeutic target of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:64-75. [PMID: 27345585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer cells are aneuploid, containing abnormal numbers of chromosomes, mainly caused by elevated levels of chromosome missegregation, known as chromosomal instability (CIN). These well-recognized, but poorly understood, features of cancers have recently been studied extensively, unraveling causal relationships between CIN and cancer. Here we review recent findings regarding how CIN and aneuploidy occur, how they affect cellular functions, how cells respond to them, and their relevance to diseases, especially cancer. Aneuploid cells are under various kinds of stresses that result in reduced cellular fitness. Nevertheless, genetic heterogeneity derived from CIN allows the selection of cells better adapted to their environment, which supposedly facilitates generation and progression of cancer. We also discuss how we can exploit the properties of cancer cells exhibiting CIN for effective cancer therapy.
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Rowald K, Mantovan M, Passos J, Buccitelli C, Mardin BR, Korbel JO, Jechlinger M, Sotillo R. Negative Selection and Chromosome Instability Induced by Mad2 Overexpression Delay Breast Cancer but Facilitate Oncogene-Independent Outgrowth. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2679-91. [PMID: 27292643 PMCID: PMC4920917 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is associated with poor survival and therapeutic outcome in a number of malignancies. Despite this correlation, CIN can also lead to growth disadvantages. Here, we show that simultaneous overexpression of the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2 with KrasG12D or Her2 in mammary glands of adult mice results in mitotic checkpoint overactivation and a delay in tumor onset. Time-lapse imaging of organotypic cultures and pathologic analysis prior to tumor establishment reveals error-prone mitosis, mitotic arrest, and cell death. Nonetheless, Mad2 expression persists and increases karyotype complexity in Kras tumors. Faced with the selective pressure of oncogene withdrawal, Mad2-positive tumors have a higher frequency of developing persistent subclones that avoid remission and continue to grow. Mad2 overexpression leads to mitotic arrest, cell delamination, and cell death High Mad2 levels delay oncogene-induced mammary tumorigenesis Mad2 overexpression increases chromosome instability prior to and during tumor growth Elevated Mad2 levels facilitate the development of oncogene-independent subclones
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Rowald
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Martina Mantovan
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Joana Passos
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Christopher Buccitelli
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Balca R Mardin
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan O Korbel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jechlinger
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Grenfell AW, Strzelecka M, Crowder ME, Helmke KJ, Schlaitz AL, Heald R. A versatile multivariate image analysis pipeline reveals features of Xenopus extract spindles. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:127-36. [PMID: 27044897 PMCID: PMC4828689 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201509079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors describe automated image and data analysis tools that reveal architectural principles of the Xenopus egg extract spindle, allow for rapid, unbiased assessment of spindle phenotypes, and can be adapted to analyze other subcellular structures such as nuclei. Imaging datasets are rich in quantitative information. However, few cell biologists possess the tools necessary to analyze them. Here, we present a large dataset of Xenopus extract spindle images together with an analysis pipeline designed to assess spindle morphology across a range of experimental conditions. Our analysis of different spindle types illustrates how kinetochore microtubules amplify spindle microtubule density. Extract mixing experiments reveal that some spindle features titrate, while others undergo switch-like transitions, and multivariate analysis shows the pleiotropic morphological effects of modulating the levels of TPX2, a key spindle assembly factor. We also apply our pipeline to analyze nuclear morphology in human cell culture, showing the general utility of the segmentation approach. Our analyses provide new insight into the diversity of spindle types and suggest areas for future study. The approaches outlined can be applied by other researchers studying spindle morphology and adapted with minimal modification to other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Grenfell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Magdalena Strzelecka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Marina E Crowder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kara J Helmke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Anne-Lore Schlaitz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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35
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Abstract
The evolutionary conserved chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is essential for faithful transmission of the genome during cell division. Perturbation of this complex in cultured cells gives rise to chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure and as a consequence the ploidy status of the next generation of cells is changed. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) is observed in many human cancers, but whether this may be caused by deregulation of the CPC is unknown. In the present review, we discuss if and how a dysfunctional CPC could contribute to CIN in cancer.
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36
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MAD2 and CDC20 are upregulated in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2015; 33:517-23. [PMID: 25083970 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins causes tumor cell aneuploidy, which has been reported in various malignancies. The expression of mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) and cell-division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20), the key spindle assembly checkpoint proteins, has not been studied in cervical carcinogenesis. In this study, we compared the expression of MAD2 and CDC20 in 332 cases, including normal cervical tissues, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Both MAD2 and CDC20 were overexpressed in the nuclei or cytoplasm of dysplastic and malignant tumor cells. The frequency of MAD2 overexpression was markedly increased from undetectable (0/100) in normal cervical tissues and 2% (1/50) in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to 67.1% (53/79) in HSILs and 52.4% (54/103) in SCCs. Similarly, CDC20 was overexpressed in 49.4% (39/79) of HSILs and 22.3% (23/103) of SCCs, whereas CDC20 was not detectable (0/100) in normal cervical tissues and overexpressed only in 8.0% (4/50) of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. In SCC cases, MAD2 overexpression correlated with a patient age of less than 60 yr (P=0.043), nonkeratinizing histologic type (P=0.018), and a lesser degree of stromal invasion (P=0.026). In conclusion, MAD2 and CDC20 overexpression was increased in HSILs and SCCs, suggesting their involvement in the initiation of cervical cancers. Controlling CDC20 and MAD2 expression may be a therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer.
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37
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Ibrahim B. Systems Biology Modeling of Five Pathways for Regulation and Potent Inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC/C): Pivotal Roles for MCC and BubR1. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:294-305. [PMID: 25871779 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Correct DNA segregation is a fundamental process that ensures the precise and reliable inheritance of genomic information for the propagation of cell life. Eukaryotic cells have evolved a conserved surveillance control mechanism for DNA segregation named the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC).The SAC ensures that the sister chromatids of the duplicated genome are not separated and distributed to the spindle poles before all chromosomes have been properly linked to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Biochemically, the SAC delays cell cycle progression by preventing activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) or cyclosome whose activation by Cdc20 is required for sister-chromatid separation; this marks the transition into anaphase. In response to activation of the checkpoint, various species control the activity of both APC/C and Cdc20. However, the underlying regulatory pathways remain largely elusive. In this study, five possible model variants of APC/C regulation were constructed, namely BubR1, Mad2, MCC, MCF2, and an all-pathways model variant. These models were validated with experimental data from the literature. A wide range of parameter values has been tested to find the critical values of the APC/C binding rate. The results show that all variants are able to capture the wild-type behavior of the APC/C. However, only one model variant, which included both MCC as well as BubR1 as potent inhibitors of the APC/C, was able to reproduce both wild-type and mutant type behavior of APC/C regulation. In conclusion, the presented work informs the regulation of fundamental processes such as SAC and APC/C in cell biology and has successfully distinguished between five competing dynamical models using a systems biology approach. The results attest that systems-level approaches are vital for molecular and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Ibrahim
- 1 Bio System Analysis Group, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , and Jena Centre for Bioinformatics (JCB), Jena, Germany
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38
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Ibrahim B. Spindle assembly checkpoint is sufficient for complete Cdc20 sequestering in mitotic control. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:320-8. [PMID: 25977749 PMCID: PMC4430708 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint assembly (SAC) ensures genome fidelity by temporarily delaying anaphase onset, until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. The SAC delays mitotic progression by preventing activation of the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) or cyclosome; whose activation by Cdc20 is required for sister-chromatid separation marking the transition into anaphase. The mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which contains Cdc20 as a subunit, binds stably to the APC/C. Compelling evidence by Izawa and Pines (Nature 2014; 10.1038/nature13911) indicates that the MCC can inhibit a second Cdc20 that has already bound and activated the APC/C. Whether or not MCC per se is sufficient to fully sequester Cdc20 and inhibit APC/C remains unclear. Here, a dynamic model for SAC regulation in which the MCC binds a second Cdc20 was constructed. This model is compared to the MCC, and the MCC-and-BubR1 (dual inhibition of APC) core model variants and subsequently validated with experimental data from the literature. By using ordinary nonlinear differential equations and spatial simulations, it is shown that the SAC works sufficiently to fully sequester Cdc20 and completely inhibit APC/C activity. This study highlights the principle that a systems biology approach is vital for molecular biology and could also be used for creating hypotheses to design future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Ibrahim
- Bio System Analysis Group, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, and Jena Centre for Bioinformatics (JCB), 07743 Jena, Germany
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39
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Abstract
The majority of human cancer cells are highly aneuploid harboring chromosome numbers deviating from the modal number of 46. In cancer, aneuploidy is a consequence of an increased rate of whole chromosome missegregation during mitosis, a process known as chromosomal instability (CIN). In fact, CIN is a hallmark of human cancer and is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and the development of therapy resistance by providing a high genetic variability that might foster rapid adaptation processes. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause chromosome missegregation in cancer cells are still poorly understood. So far, several mechanisms underlying CIN have been proposed and some of them are indeed detectable in human cancer cells exhibiting CIN. Examples include, for instance, weakened spindle checkpoint signaling, supernumerary centrosomes, defects in chromatid cohesion, abnormal kinetochore-microtubule attachments and increased spindle microtubule dynamics. Here, the mechanisms leading to CIN in human cancer cells are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bastians
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center, Institute of Molecular Oncology, Section for Cellular Oncology, Georg-August University Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a process leading to errors in chromosome segregation and results in aneuploidy, a state in which cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes. CIN is a hallmark of cancer, and furthermore linked to ageing and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. Various mouse models have been developed to explore the role of CIN in ageing and cancer. While these models reveal only a modest contribution of CIN to the initiation of cancer, they also clearly show that CIN is a powerful accelerator of cancer in a predisposed background. Other than cancer, CIN also appears to provoke premature ageing in some of the CIN models. In this review, we discuss the phenotypes of the various available mouse models, what we have learnt so far, and importantly, also which questions still need to be addressed.
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41
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Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments through homeostatic control during mitosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 16:57-64. [PMID: 25466864 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis is essential for genome integrity and is mediated by the bi-oriented attachment of replicated chromosomes to spindle microtubules through kinetochores. Errors in kinetochore-microtubule (k-MT) attachment that could cause chromosome mis-segregation are frequent and are corrected by the dynamic turnover of k-MT attachments. Thus, regulating the rate of spindle microtubule attachment and detachment to kinetochores is crucial for mitotic fidelity and is frequently disrupted in cancer cells displaying chromosomal instability. A model based on homeostatic principles involving receptors, a core control network, effectors and feedback control may explain the precise regulation of k-MT attachment stability during mitotic progression to ensure error-free mitosis.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Olga Afonso
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Irina Matos
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Laboratory; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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43
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Potapova TA, Zhu J, Li R. Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability: a vicious cycle driving cellular evolution and cancer genome chaos. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:377-89. [PMID: 23709119 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and chromosomal instability frequently co-exist, and aneuploidy is recognized as a direct outcome of chromosomal instability. However, chromosomal instability is widely viewed as a consequence of mutations in genes involved in DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cell cycle checkpoints. Telomere attrition and presence of extra centrosomes have also been recognized as causative for errors in genomic transmission. Here, we examine recent studies suggesting that aneuploidy itself can be responsible for the procreation of chromosomal instability. Evidence from both yeast and mammalian experimental models suggests that changes in chromosome copy number can cause changes in dosage of the products of many genes located on aneuploid chromosomes. These effects on gene expression can alter the balanced stoichiometry of various protein complexes, causing perturbations of their functions. Therefore, phenotypic consequences of aneuploidy will include chromosomal instability if the balanced stoichiometry of protein machineries responsible for accurate chromosome segregation is affected enough to perturb the function. The degree of chromosomal instability will depend on specific karyotypic changes, which may be due to dosage imbalances of specific genes or lack of scaling between chromosome segregation load and the capacity of the mitotic system. We propose that the relationship between aneuploidy and chromosomal instability can be envisioned as a "vicious cycle," where aneuploidy potentiates chromosomal instability leading to further karyotype diversity in the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A Potapova
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA,
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44
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Bakhoum SF, Kabeche L, Murnane JP, Zaki BI, Compton DA. DNA-damage response during mitosis induces whole-chromosome missegregation. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1281-9. [PMID: 25107667 PMCID: PMC4221427 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many cancers display both structural (s-CIN) and numerical (w-CIN) chromosomal instabilities. Defective chromosome segregation during mitosis has been shown to cause DNA damage that induces structural rearrangements of chromosomes (s-CIN). In contrast, whether DNA damage can disrupt mitotic processes to generate whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN) is unknown. Here, we show that activation of the DNA-damage response (DDR) during mitosis selectively stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule (k-MT) attachments to chromosomes through Aurora-A and PLK1 kinases, thereby increasing the frequency of lagging chromosomes during anaphase. Inhibition of DDR proteins, ATM or CHK2, abolishes the effect of DNA damage on k-MTs and chromosome segregation, whereas activation of the DDR in the absence of DNA damage is sufficient to induce chromosome segregation errors. Finally, inhibiting the DDR during mitosis in cancer cells with persistent DNA damage suppresses inherent chromosome segregation defects. Thus, the DDR during mitosis inappropriately stabilizes k-MTs, creating a link between s-CIN and w-CIN. SIGNIFICANCE The genome-protective role of the DDR depends on its ability to delay cell division until damaged DNA can be fully repaired. Here, we show that when DNA damage is induced during mitosis, the DDR unexpectedly induces errors in the segregation of entire chromosomes, thus linking structural and numerical chromosomal instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bakhoum
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Lilian Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - John P Murnane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bassem I Zaki
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Section of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Duane A Compton
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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45
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Ye B, Li C, Yang Z, Wang Y, Hao J, Wang L, Li Y, Du Y, Hao L, Liu B, Wang S, Xia P, Huang G, Sun L, Tian Y, Fan Z. Cytosolic carboxypeptidase CCP6 is required for megakaryopoiesis by modulating Mad2 polyglutamylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2439-54. [PMID: 25332286 PMCID: PMC4235637 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ye et al. identify cytosolic carboxypeptidase CCP6 as a protein required for the regulation of bone marrow megakaryopoiesis in mice. The authors find that Mad2 (a core component of spindle checkpoint in mitosis) is a substrate of CCP6 in megakaryocytes and is polyglutamylated by proteins TTLL6 and TTLL4, subsequently affecting the activity of Aurora B kinase. Mad2 is thus additionally implicated in megakaryopoiesis regulation. Bone marrow progenitor cells develop into mature megakaryocytes (MKs) to produce platelets for hemostasis and other physiological functions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying megakaryopoiesis are not completely defined. We show that cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) 6 deficiency in mice causes enlarged spleens and increased platelet counts with underdeveloped MKs and dysfunctional platelets. The prominent phenotypes of CCP6 deficiency are different from those of CCP1-deficient mice. We found that CCP6 and tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family (TTLL) members TTLL4 and TTLL6 are highly expressed in MKs. We identify Mad2 (mitotic arrest deficient 2) as a novel substrate for CCP6 and not CCP1. Mad2 can be polyglutamylated by TTLL4 and TTLL6 to modulate the maturation of MKs. CCP6 deficiency causes hyperglutamylation of Mad2 to promote activation of Aurora B, leading to suppression of MK maturation. We reveal that Mad2 polyglutamylation plays a critical role in the regulation of megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chong Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Benyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengyan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zusen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Center for Laboratory Animal Research, Center for Biological Imaging, Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and Beijing Noncoding RNA Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Varetti G, Pellman D, Gordon DJ. Aurea mediocritas: the importance of a balanced genome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a015842. [PMID: 25237130 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, defined as an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a hallmark of cancer. Paradoxically, aneuploidy generally has a negative impact on cell growth and fitness in nontransformed cells. In this work, we review recent progress in identifying how aneuploidy leads to genomic and chromosomal instability, how cells can adapt to the deleterious effects of aneuploidy, and how aneuploidy contributes to tumorigenesis in different genetic contexts. Finally, we also discuss how aneuploidy might be a target for anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Varetti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David Pellman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Nam HJ, van Deursen JM. Cyclin B2 and p53 control proper timing of centrosome separation. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:538-49. [PMID: 24776885 PMCID: PMC4379487 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclins B1 and B2 are frequently elevated in human cancers and are associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome; however, whether and how B-type cyclins drive tumorigenesis is unknown. Here we show that cyclin B1 and B2 transgenic mice are highly prone to tumours, including tumour types where B-type cyclins serve as prognosticators. Cyclins B1 and B2 both induce aneuploidy when overexpressed but through distinct mechanisms, with cyclin B1 inhibiting separase activation, leading to anaphase bridges, and cyclin B2 triggering aurora-A-mediated Plk1 hyperactivation, resulting in accelerated centrosome separation and lagging chromosomes. Complementary experiments revealed that cyclin B2 and p53 act antagonistically to control aurora-A-mediated centrosome splitting and accurate chromosome segregation in normal cells. These data demonstrate a causative link between B-type cyclin overexpression and tumour pathophysiology, and uncover previously unknown functions of cyclin B2 and p53 in centrosome separation that may be perturbed in many human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ja Nam
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jan M. van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. Chk2 prevents mitotic exit when the majority of kinetochores are unattached. J Cell Biol 2014; 205:339-56. [PMID: 24798733 PMCID: PMC4018780 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint delays exit from mitosis in cells with spindle defects. In this paper, we show that Chk2 is required to delay anaphase onset when microtubules are completely depolymerized but not in the presence of relatively few unattached kinetochores. Mitotic exit in Chk2-deficient cells correlates with reduced levels of Mps1 protein and increased Cdk1-tyrosine 15 inhibitory phosphorylation. Chk2 localizes to kinetochores and is also required for Aurora B-serine 331 phosphorylation in nocodazole or unperturbed early prometaphase. Serine 331 phosphorylation contributed to prometaphase accumulation in nocodazole after partial Mps1 inhibition and was required for spindle checkpoint establishment at the beginning of mitosis. In addition, expression of a phosphomimetic S331E mutant Aurora B rescued chromosome alignment or segregation in Chk2-deficient cells. We propose that Chk2 stabilizes Mps1 and phosphorylates Aurora B-serine 331 to prevent mitotic exit when most kinetochores are unattached. These results highlight mechanisms of an essential function of Chk2 in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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Manning AL, Yazinski SA, Nicolay B, Bryll A, Zou L, Dyson NJ. Suppression of genome instability in pRB-deficient cells by enhancement of chromosome cohesion. Mol Cell 2014; 53:993-1004. [PMID: 24613344 PMCID: PMC4047977 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN), a common feature of solid tumors, promotes tumor evolution and increases drug resistance during therapy. We previously demonstrated that loss of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) tumor suppressor causes changes in centromere structure and generates CIN. However, the mechanism and significance of this change was unclear. Here, we show that defects in cohesion are key to the pRB loss phenotype. pRB loss alters H4K20 methylation, a prerequisite for efficient establishment of cohesion at centromeres. Changes in cohesin regulation are evident during S phase, where they compromise replication and increase DNA damage. Ultimately, such changes compromise mitotic fidelity following pRB loss. Remarkably, increasing cohesion suppressed all of these phenotypes and dramatically reduced CIN in cancer cells lacking functional pRB. These data explain how loss of pRB undermines genomic integrity. Given the frequent functional inactivation of pRB in cancer, conditions that increase cohesion may provide a general strategy to suppress CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity L Manning
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stephanie A Yazinski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Brandon Nicolay
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alysia Bryll
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Synthetic genetic array screen identifies PP2A as a therapeutic target in Mad2-overexpressing tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1628-33. [PMID: 24425774 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315588111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint is essential to ensure proper chromosome segregation and thereby maintain genomic stability. Mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (Mad2), a critical component of the spindle checkpoint, is overexpressed in many cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that Mad2 overexpression could specifically make cancer cells susceptible to death by inducing a synthetic dosage lethality defect. Because the spindle checkpoint pathway is highly conserved between yeast and humans, we performed a synthetic genetic array analysis in yeast, which revealed that Mad2 overexpression induced lethality in 13 gene deletions. Among the human homologs of candidate genes, knockdown of PPP2R1A, a gene encoding a constant regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2, significantly inhibited the growth of Mad2-overexpressing tumor cells. PPP2R1A inhibition induced Mad2 phosphorylation and suppressed Mad2 protein levels. Depletion of PPP2R1A inhibited colony formation of Mad2-overexpressing HeLa cells but not of unphosphorylated Mad2 mutant-overexpressing cells, suggesting that the lethality induced by PP2A depletion in Mad2-overexpressing cells is dependent on Mad2 phosphorylation. Also, the PP2A inhibitor cantharidin induced Mad2 phosphorylation and inhibited the growth of Mad2-overexpressing cancer cells. Aurora B knockdown inhibited Mad2 phosphorylation in mitosis, resulting in the blocking of PPP2R1A inhibition-induced cell death. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that PP2A is a good therapeutic target in Mad2-overexpressing tumors.
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