1
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Li TH, Wang X, Desneux N, Wang S, Zang LS. Egg coverings in insects: ecological adaptation to abiotic and biotic selective pressures. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39171447 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Insects have evolved a spectrum of strategies that facilitate survival in the face of adverse environmental conditions and bottom-up or top-down pressures. The egg is the first stage in the life cycle of most insects. It is not only immobile but in many insects is the stage that survives unfavourable seasons when food resources are unavailable. Eggs are targeted by oophagous natural enemies and also are subject to abiotic stresses. In response to these diverse stresses, insects have developed various egg protection strategies. Females of many insects lay eggs in clusters and then use their own body resources to cover them to provide protection from harsh environments and biotic attack. Such egg protection strategies have allowed some herbivorous insects to thrive in new environments and become serious invasive pests. Females of many insects protect their eggs in other ways (e.g. laying eggs in concealed places, direct parental care) while others do not provide protection at all. Here, we review various egg protective strategies in insects. Our focus is on adaptive ecological mechanisms and temporal variation as well as the benefits and costs of egg coverings. We highlight several case studies on how these egg protective traits might impede biological control of globally important agricultural and forest pests and propose a framework for incorporating egg protective traits into biological control programs especially for invasive insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingeng Wang
- USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, 19713, DE, USA
| | | | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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2
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MOLINA-CARRILLO L, Bassaglia Y, Schires G, BONNAUD-PONTICELLI L. Does the egg capsule protect against chronic UV-B radiation? A study based on encapsulated and decapsulated embryos of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230602. [PMID: 37476507 PMCID: PMC10354468 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the egg capsule plays a crucial role in the embryonic development of cephalopods, its ability to protect embryos from Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is unknown. Our study evaluated the photoprotection mechanisms of S. officinalis to UV-B radiation and estimated the ability of the black capsule to act as a physical shield against it. Embryos with and without capsule and juveniles were exposed to four experimental UVB conditions for 55 days. The effects of different UVB doses were evaluated in terms of morphological abnormalities and differences in gene expression between each group. We observed that the development might be severely impaired in embryos exposed to UVB without capsule protection, and these effects were time- and UVB-dose-dependent. In addition, we found variations in gene expression levels (light-sensitive, stress response and DNA repair) in different tissues as a function of UVB doses. We suggest a relationship between morphological abnormalities and the limit of molecular regulation. These results suggest that the quantitative differences in expression are essential for defining the survivability of the embryo face to UVB. Thus, we demonstrated that the egg capsule could ensure successful embryonic development of the cuttlefish S. officinalis even at high doses of UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis MOLINA-CARRILLO
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS 8067, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS 8067, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne (UPEC), France
| | - Gaëtan Schires
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, FR2424, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Roscoff 29682, France
| | - Laure BONNAUD-PONTICELLI
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS 8067, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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3
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Parajuli S, Beattie GAC, Holford P, Yang C, Cen Y. Susceptibility of Diaphorina citri to Irradiation with UV-A and UV-B and the Applicability of the Bunsen-Roscoe Reciprocity Law. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050445. [PMID: 37233073 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Populations of Diaphorina citri decline with elevation and, in a study in Bhutan, were rarely found above 1200 m ASL. The impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B, on immature stages of the psyllid was proposed as limiting factor. As no studies have been undertaken on the influences of UV radiation on the development of D. citri, we examined the effects of UV-A and UV-B on different stadia of the psyllid. In addition, compliance with the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law was examined. Irradiation with UV-A marginally reduced egg hatch and the survival times of emerging nymphs. Early instar nymphs were little affected by this waveband, but the survival of adults was reduced at the higher doses used. With UV-B, egg hatch and the survival times of early and late instar nymphs declined in proportion to UV-B dose. A dose of 57.6 kJ m-2 d-1 reduced the survival time of only adult females. Female fecundity was reduced at high UV-A and UV-B doses but increased at low doses. The Bunsen-Roscoe law held true for eggs and early instar nymphs for different durations and irradiances of UV-B. Eggs and nymphs had ED50 values for UV-B lower than the daily fluxes of this wavelength experienced worldwide. Thus, UV-B could be a factor causing the psyllid to be scarce at high elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Parajuli
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application/National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | | | - Paul Holford
- School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chuping Yang
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yijing Cen
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application/National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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4
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Hilker M, Salem H, Fatouros NE. Adaptive Plasticity of Insect Eggs in Response to Environmental Challenges. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:451-469. [PMID: 36266253 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insect eggs are exposed to a plethora of abiotic and biotic threats. Their survival depends on both an innate developmental program and genetically determined protective traits provided by the parents. In addition, there is increasing evidence that (a) parents adjust the egg phenotype to the actual needs, (b) eggs themselves respond to environmental challenges, and (c) egg-associated microbes actively shape the egg phenotype. This review focuses on the phenotypic plasticity of insect eggs and their capability to adjust themselves to their environment. We outline the ways in which the interaction between egg and environment is two-way, with the environment shaping the egg phenotype but also with insect eggs affecting their environment. Specifically, insect eggs affect plant defenses, host biology (in the case of parasitoid eggs), and insect oviposition behavior. We aim to emphasize that the insect egg, although it is a sessile life stage, actively responds to and interacts with its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hassan Salem
- Mutualisms Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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5
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Barzaghi B, Melotto A, Cogliati P, Manenti R, Ficetola GF. Factors determining the dorsal coloration pattern of aposematic salamanders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17090. [PMID: 36224211 PMCID: PMC9556531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be related to both local adaptations and availability of trophic resources. The European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) shows significant color variability and occurs across a broad range of habitats. Here we combined field observations with common rearing experiments to disentangle the role of environmental conditions and local adaptations in determining aposematic coloration of salamander populations. We assessed color variation and measured habitat features and food availability in adults from 25 populations. Furthermore, we reared newborn larvae from 10 populations under different food availability and analyzed color of metamorphs. To assess color pattern, we measured the percentage of yellow covering the body, and the Hue, Saturation and Value of yellow coloration. Adult showed strong variation of color pattern; variation was strongly related to the individual's size, to habitat productivity and to food availability. Under common garden conditions, differences between populations were not anymore evident, and coloration was only affected by resource availability during larval development. Our results suggest that environmental conditions and food availability are more important than local adaptations in determining differences in aposematic color pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Barzaghi
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Melotto
- grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XCentre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
| | - Paola Cogliati
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XCentre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa ,grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786Laboratoire D’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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6
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Donoughe S. Insect egg morphology: evolution, development, and ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100868. [PMID: 34973433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insect egg can be viewed through many lenses: it is the single-celled developmental stage, a resource investment in the next generation, an unusually large and complex cell type, and the protective vessel for embryonic development. In this review, I describe the morphological diversity of insect eggs and then identify recent advances in understanding the patterns of egg evolution, the cellular mechanisms underlying egg development, and notable aspects of egg ecology. I also suggest areas for particularly promising future research on insect egg morphology; these topics touch upon diverse areas such as tissue morphogenesis, life history evolution, organismal scaling, cellular secretion, and oviposition ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Brugnera R, Limberger GM, Campos LA, Grazia J. The eggs and nymphs of predatory stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae): what do we know? ZOOLOGY 2021; 151:125991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Galván I, Schwartz TS, Garland T. Evolutionary physiology at 30+: Has the promise been fulfilled?: Advances in Evolutionary Physiology: Advances in Evolutionary Physiology. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100167. [PMID: 34802161 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three decades ago, interactions between evolutionary biology and physiology gave rise to evolutionary physiology. This caused comparative physiologists to improve their research methods by incorporating evolutionary thinking. Simultaneously, evolutionary biologists began focusing more on physiological mechanisms that may help to explain constraints on and trade-offs during microevolutionary processes, as well as macroevolutionary patterns in physiological diversity. Here we argue that evolutionary physiology has yet to reach its full potential, and propose new avenues that may lead to unexpected advances. Viewing physiological adaptations in wild animals as potential solutions to human diseases offers enormous possibilities for biomedicine. New evidence of epigenetic modifications as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity that regulate physiological traits may also arise in coming years, which may also represent an overlooked enhancer of adaptation via natural selection to explain physiological evolution. Synergistic interactions at these intersections and other areas will lead to a novel understanding of organismal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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9
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Luo JW, An EX, Lu YR, Yang L, Gai TT, He SZ, Wu SY, Hu H, Li CL, Lu C, Tong XL, Dai FY. Molecular basis of the silkworm mutant re l causing red egg color and embryonic death. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1290-1299. [PMID: 32918398 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coloration and hatchability of insect eggs can affect individual and population survival. However, few genetic loci have been documented to affect both traits, and the genes involved in regulating these two traits are unclear. The silkworm recessive mutant rel shows both red egg color and embryo mortality. We studied the molecular basis of the rel phenotype formation. Through genetic analysis, gene screening and sequencing, we found that two closely linked genes, BGIBMGA003497 (Bm-re) and BGIBMGA003697 (BmSema1a), control egg color and embryo mortality, respectively. Six base pairs of the Bm-re gene are deleted in its open reading frame, and BmSema1a is expressed at abnormally low levels in mutant rel . BmSema1a gene function verification was performed using RNA interference and clustered randomly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associate protein 9. Deficiency of the BmSema1a gene can cause the death of silkworm embryos. This study revealed the molecular basis of silkworm rel mutant formation and indicated that the Sema1a gene is essential for insect embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Er-Xia An
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ya-Ru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Song-Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Song-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chun-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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10
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Gaudreau M, Guerra-Grenier E, Abram PK, Brodeur J. Photoprotective egg pigmentation reduces negative carryover effects of ultraviolet radiation on stink bug nymph survival. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104273. [PMID: 34181983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) can have a wide range of negative effects on animal fitness that take place not only during, but also after exposure (carryover effects). UV-induced carryover effects and potential adaptations to avoid or mitigate them are understudied in terrestrial animals, including arthropods and their potentially most vulnerable life stages. The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, increases the emergence of its eggs that are exposed to UV radiation by coating them in sunscreen-like pigmentation, but consequences of these conditions of embryonic development for nymphs and adults are unknown. We measured stink bug nymph survival, adult size and sex ratio following exposure of differently pigmented eggs across a range of UV intensities. Nymph survival to adulthood decreased with higher intensity of embryonic UV exposure and this carryover effect decreased with higher level of egg pigmentation, similar to previously observed effects on embryonic survival. Nymph development time, adult size and sex ratio were not affected by embryonic exposure to UV radiation nor by photoprotective egg pigmentation. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential for lethal carryover effects of UV radiation in terrestrial insects, highlighting the need for more studies of how this pervasive environmental stressor can affect fitness across life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gaudreau
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Eric Guerra-Grenier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Redpath Museum, Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke W, Montréal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Paul K Abram
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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11
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Tong X, Qiao L, Luo J, Ding X, Wu S. The evolution and genetics of lepidopteran egg and caterpillar coloration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:140-146. [PMID: 34030080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insect colors and color patterns have fascinated biologists for centuries. While extensive research has focused on the adult colors of Drosophila and butterflies, our understanding of how colors are generated and diversified in embryonic and larval stages remains limited, especially, the genetics behind the protective coloration of the immobile embryonic and larval stages. Lepidoptera, one of the most widespread and species-rich insect orders, are extremely helpful uncovering those mechanisms due to their remarkable diverse colors in eggs and caterpillars within or among species, and these colors usually are variable in different developmental stages or in response to different environments. Here we review the recent progress on coloration of lepidopteran eggs and caterpillars, focusing on the genetic basis, developmental mechanisms, ecology, and evolution underlying the remarkable color diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiangwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Songyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Tougeron K, van Baaren J, Town J, Nordin D, Dumonceaux T, Wist T. Body-color plasticity of the English grain aphid in response to light in both laboratory and field conditions. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Dury GJ, Wade MJ. When mother knows best: A population genetic model of transgenerational versus intragenerational plasticity. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:127-137. [PMID: 31549475 PMCID: PMC7891633 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms exhibit phenotypic plasticity; producing alternate phenotypes depending on the environment. Individuals can be plastic (intragenerational or direct plasticity), wherein individuals of the same genotype produce different phenotypes in response to the environments they experience. Alternatively, an individual's phenotype may be under the control of its parents, usually the mother (transgenerational or indirect plasticity), so that mother's genotype determines the phenotype produced by a given genotype of her offspring. Under what conditions does plasticity evolve to have intragenerational as opposed to transgenerational genetic control? To explore this question, we present a population genetic model for the evolution of transgenerational and intragenerational plasticity. We hypothesize that the capacity for plasticity incurs a fitness cost, which is borne either by the individual developing the plastic phenotype or by its mother. We also hypothesize that individuals are imperfect predictors of future environments and their capacity for plasticity can lead them occasionally to make a low-fitness phenotype for a particular environment. When the cost, benefit and error parameters are equal, we show that there is no evolutionary advantage to intragenerational over transgenerational plasticity, although the rate of evolution of transgenerational plasticity is half the rate for intragenerational plasticity, as predicted by theory on indirect genetic effects. We find that transgenerational plasticity evolves when mothers are better predictors of future environments than offspring or when the fitness cost of the capacity for plasticity is more readily borne by a mother than by her developing offspring. We discuss different natural systems with either direct intragenerational plasticity or indirect transgenerational plasticity and find a pattern qualitatively in accord with the predictions of our model.
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14
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The global distribution of avian eggshell colours suggest a thermoregulatory benefit of darker pigmentation. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 4:148-155. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Vasudeva R, Sutter A, Sales K, Dickinson ME, Lumley AJ, Gage MJG. Adaptive thermal plasticity enhances sperm and egg performance in a model insect. eLife 2019; 8:e49452. [PMID: 31570120 PMCID: PMC6773439 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising and more variable global temperatures pose a challenge for biodiversity, with reproduction and fertility being especially sensitive to heat. Here, we assessed the potential for thermal adaptation in sperm and egg function using Tribolium flour beetles, a warm-temperate-tropical insect model. Following temperature increases through adult development, we found opposing gamete responses, with males producing shorter sperm and females laying larger eggs. Importantly, this gamete phenotypic plasticity was adaptive: thermal translocation experiments showed that both sperm and eggs produced in warmer conditions had superior reproductive performance in warmer environments, and vice versa for cooler production conditions and reproductive environments. In warmer environments, gamete plasticity enabled males to double their reproductive success, and females could increase offspring production by one-third. Our results reveal exciting potential for sensitive but vital traits within reproduction to handle increasing and more variable thermal regimes in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Kris Sales
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Alyson J Lumley
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew JG Gage
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Cooption of the pteridine biosynthesis pathway underlies the diversification of embryonic colors in water striders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19046-19054. [PMID: 31484764 PMCID: PMC6754612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908316116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how existing genomic content can be reused to generate new phenotypes is important for understanding how species diversify. Here, we address this question by studying the origin of a phenotype consisting of bright coloration in the embryos of water striders. We found that the pteridine biosynthesis pathway, originally active in the eyes, has been coopted in the embryo to produce various colors in the antennae and legs. The coopted pathway remained stable for over 200 million years, yet resulted in a striking diversification of colors and color patterns during the evolution of water striders. This work demonstrates how the activation of a complete pathway in new developmental contexts can drive the evolution of novelty and fuel species diversification. Naturalists have been fascinated for centuries by animal colors and color patterns. While widely studied at the adult stage, we know little about color patterns in the embryo. Here, we study a trait consisting of coloration that is specific to the embryo and absent from postembryonic stages in water striders (Gerromorpha). By combining developmental genetics with chemical and phylogenetic analyses across a broad sample of species, we uncovered the mechanisms underlying the emergence and diversification of embryonic colors in this group of insects. We show that the pteridine biosynthesis pathway, which ancestrally produces red pigment in the eyes, has been recruited during embryogenesis in various extraocular tissues including antennae and legs. In addition, we discovered that this cooption is common to all water striders and initially resulted in the production of yellow extraocular color. Subsequently, 6 lineages evolved bright red color and 2 lineages lost the color independently. Despite the high diversity in colors and color patterns, we show that the underlying biosynthesis pathway remained stable throughout the 200 million years of Gerromorpha evolutionary time. Finally, we identified erythropterin and xanthopterin as the pigments responsible for these colors in the embryo of various species. These findings demonstrate how traits can emerge through the activation of a biosynthesis pathway in new developmental contexts.
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Wei H, He XJ, Liao CH, Wu XB, Jiang WJ, Zhang B, Zhou LB, Zhang LZ, Barron AB, Zeng ZJ. A Maternal Effect on Queen Production in Honeybees. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2208-2213.e3. [PMID: 31231048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influences from the mother on offspring phenotype, known as maternal effects, are an important cause of adaptive phenotypic plasticity [1, 2]. Eusocial insects show dramatic phenotypic plasticity with morphologically distinct reproductive (queen) and worker castes [3, 4]. The dominant paradigm for honeybees (Apis mellifera) is that castes are environmentally rather than genetically determined, with the environment and diet of young larvae causing caste differentiation [5-9]. A role for maternal effects has not been considered, but here we show that egg size also influences queen development. Queens laid significantly bigger eggs in the larger queen cells than in the worker cells. Eggs laid in queen cells (QE), laid in worker cells (WE), and 2-day old larvae from worker cells (2L) were transferred to artificial queen cells to be reared as queens in a standardized environment. Newly emerged adult queens from QE were heavier than those from the other two groups and had more ovarioles, indicating a consequence of egg size for adult queen morphology. Gene expression analyses identified several significantly differentially expressed genes between newly emerged queens from QE and those from the other groups. These included a disproportionate number of genes involved in hormonal signaling, body development, and immune pathways, which are key traits differing between queens and workers. That egg size influences emerging queen morphology and physiology and that queens lay larger eggs in queen cells demonstrate both a maternal effect on the expression of the queen phenotype and a more active role for the queen in gyne production than has been realized previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Xu Jiang He
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Chun Hua Liao
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Xiao Bo Wu
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Wu Jun Jiang
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Lin Bin Zhou
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Li Zhen Zhang
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Zhi Jiang Zeng
- Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. of China.
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Briolat ES, Burdfield‐Steel ER, Paul SC, Rönkä KH, Seymoure BM, Stankowich T, Stuckert AMM. Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:388-414. [PMID: 30152037 PMCID: PMC6446817 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Müllerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once-paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S. Briolat
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Emily R. Burdfield‐Steel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
| | - Sarah C. Paul
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25, 33615, BielefeldGermany
| | - Katja H. Rönkä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, 00014Finland
| | - Brett M. Seymoure
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLong BeachCA 90840U.S.A.
| | - Adam M. M. Stuckert
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University1000 E Fifth St, GreenvilleNC 27858U.S.A.
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Gómez J, Ramo C, Stevens M, Liñán‐Cembrano G, Rendón MA, Troscianko JT, Amat JA. Latitudinal variation in biophysical characteristics of avian eggshells to cope with differential effects of solar radiation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8019-8029. [PMID: 30250681 PMCID: PMC6144973 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation is an important driver of animal coloration, not only because of the effects of coloration on body temperature but also because coloration may protect from the deleterious effects of UV radiation. Indeed, dark coloration may protect from UV, but may increase the risk of overheating. In addition, the effect of coloration on thermoregulation should change with egg size, as smaller eggs have higher surface-volume ratios and greater convective coefficients than larger eggs, so that small eggs can dissipate heat quickly. We tested whether the reflectance of eggshells, egg spottiness, and egg size of the ground-nesting Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus is affected by maximum ambient temperature and solar radiation at breeding sites. We measured reflectance, both in the UV and human visible spectrum, spottiness, and egg size in photographs from a museum collection of plover eggshells. Eggshells of lower reflectance (darker) were found at higher latitudes. However, in southern localities where solar radiation is very high, eggshells are also of dark coloration. Eggshell coloration had no significant relationship with ambient temperature. Spotiness was site-specific. Small eggs tended to be light-colored. Thermal constraints may drive the observed spatial variation in eggshell coloration, which may be lighter in lower latitudes to diminish the risk of overheating as a result of higher levels of solar radiation. However, in southern localities with very high levels of UV radiation, eggshells are of dark coloration likely to protect embryos from more intense UV radiation. Egg size exhibited variation in relation to coloration, likely through the effect of surface area-to-volume ratios on overheating and cooling rates of eggs. Therefore, differential effects of solar radiation on functions of coloration and size of eggshells may shape latitudinal variations in egg appearance in the Kentish plover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología de HumedalesEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Cristina Ramo
- Departamento de Ecología de HumedalesEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Gustavo Liñán‐Cembrano
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE‐CNM CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla)SevillaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Rendón
- Departamento de Ecología de HumedalesEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Jolyon T. Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Juan A. Amat
- Departamento de Ecología de HumedalesEstación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
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Darker eggs of mosquitoes resist more to dry conditions: Melanin enhances serosal cuticle contribution in egg resistance to desiccation in Aedes, Anopheles and Culex vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006063. [PMID: 29084225 PMCID: PMC5679640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito vectors lay their white eggs in the aquatic milieu. During early embryogenesis water passes freely through the transparent eggshell, which at this moment is composed of exochorion and endochorion. Within two hours the endochorion darkens via melanization but even so eggs shrink and perish if removed from moisture. However, during mid-embryogenesis, cells of the extraembryonic serosa secrete the serosal cuticle, localized right below the endochorion, becoming the third and innermost eggshell layer. Serosal cuticle formation greatly reduces water flow and allows egg survival outside the water. The degree of egg resistance to desiccation (ERD) at late embryogenesis varies among different species: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles aquasalis and Culex quinquefasciatus eggs can survive in a dry environment for ≥ 72, 24 and 5 hours, respectively. In some adult insects, darker-body individuals show greater resistance to desiccation than lighter ones. We asked if egg melanization enhances mosquito serosal cuticle-dependent ERD. Species with higher ERD at late embryogenesis exhibit more melanized eggshells. The melanization-ERD hypothesis was confirmed employing two Anopheles quadrimaculatus strains, the wild type and the mutant GORO, with a dark-brown and a golden eggshell, respectively. In all cases, serosal cuticle formation is fundamental for the establishment of an efficient ERD but egg viability outside the water is much higher in mosquitoes with darker eggshells than in those with lighter ones. The finding that pigmentation influences egg water balance is relevant to understand the evolutionary history of insect egg coloration. Since eggshell and adult cuticle pigmentation ensure insect survivorship in some cases, they should be considered regarding species fitness and novel approaches for vector or pest insects control.
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Gaudreau M, Abram PK, Brodeur J. Host egg pigmentation protects developing parasitoids from ultraviolet radiation. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gaudreau
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Agassiz Research and Development Centre; Agassiz BC Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Inst. de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Dépt de sciences biologiques, Univ. de Montréal; Montréal QC Canada
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Koveos DS, Suzuki T, Terzidou A, Kokkari A, Floros G, Damos P, Kouloussis NA. Egg hatching response to a range of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation doses for four predatory mites and the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:35-46. [PMID: 27988819 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Egg hatchability of four predatory mites-Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Iphiseius [Amblyseius] degenerans Berlese, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, and Euseius finlandicus Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae)-and the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) was determined under various UV-B doses either in constant darkness (DD) or with simultaneous irradiation using white light. Under UV-B irradiation and DD or simultaneous irradiation with white light, the predator's eggs hatched in significantly lower percentages than in the control non-exposed eggs, which indicates deleterious effects of UV-B on embryonic development. In addition, higher hatchability percentages were observed under UV-B irradiation and DD in eggs of the predatory mites than in eggs of T. urticae. This might be caused by a higher involvement of an antioxidant system, shield effects by pigments or a mere shorter duration of embryonic development in predatory mites than in T. urticae, thus avoiding accumulative effects of UV-B. Although no eggs of T. urticae hatched under UV-B irradiation and DD, variable hatchability percentages were observed under simultaneous irradiation with white light, which suggests the involvement of a photoreactivation system that reduces UV-B damages. Under the same doses with simultaneous irradiation with white light, eggs of T. urticae displayed higher photoreactivation and were more tolerant to UV-B than eggs of the predatory mites. Among predators variation regarding the tolerance to UV-B effects was observed, with eggs of P. persimilis and I. degenerans being more tolerant to UV-B radiation than eggs of A. swirskii and E. finlandicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios S Koveos
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anastasia Terzidou
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kokkari
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Floros
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Damos
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos A Kouloussis
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jorge García A, Polidori C, Nieves-Aldrey JL. Pheomelanin in the secondary sexual characters of male parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:311-319. [PMID: 27224206 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin, the most prevalent biological pigments, has been rarely investigated in insects. Particularly yellowish to brownish body parts, which in many vertebrates are associated with pheomelanin, are visible in many insects but their chemical nature was rarely examined to a similar detail. Here, by using Dispersive Raman spectroscopy analysis, we found both eumelanin and pheomelanin in different body parts of male parasitoid wasps of three species of the genus Mesopolobus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), which are known to have species-specific spots and coloured stripes on the legs and/or antennae which are displayed to females during courtship. We found a strong eumelanin signal in the antennal clava of all studied Mesopolobus species and in the circular black spot or callosity and the triangular black projection on the outer apical angle of the typically expanded middle tibia of Mesopolobus tibialis and Mesopolobus xanthocerus. Eumelanin was also the predominant pigment in the black thorax of Mesopolobus and other members of the family. Pheomelanin, on the other hand, was detected as predominant only in certain body parts of M. tibialis and M. xanthocerus, precisely in a very narrow, longitudinal brownish stripe on the middle femur and, only in M. tibialis, in a brownish oval-longitudinal stripe on the middle tibia. The two melanin types co-occurred in most pigmented areas, but more often one is clearly predominant relative to the other, according to the variation of Raman signal intensity of their signature peaks. A further tibial yellowish-orange stripe present in both these species did not include melanins of any type. Pheomelanin, could be more widespread than previously known in insects. A convergent evolution of melanin-based male sexual ornaments between vertebrates (e.g. bird feathers) and wasps can be suggested, opening to a new line of comparative evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jorge García
- Laboratorio de Microscopía, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - José Luis Nieves-Aldrey
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Torres-Campos I, Abram PK, Guerra-Grenier E, Boivin G, Brodeur J. A scenario for the evolution of selective egg coloration: the roles of enemy-free space, camouflage, thermoregulation and pigment limitation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150711. [PMID: 27152215 PMCID: PMC4852638 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural plasticity can drive the evolution of new traits in animals. In oviparous species, plasticity in oviposition behaviour could promote the evolution of new egg traits by exposing them to different selective pressures in novel oviposition sites. Individual females of the predatory stink bug Podisus maculiventris are able to selectively colour their eggs depending on leaf side, laying lightly pigmented eggs on leaf undersides and more pigmented eggs, which are more resistant to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage, on leaf tops. Here, we propose an evolutionary scenario for P. maculiventris egg pigmentation and its selective application. We experimentally tested the influence of several ecological factors that: (i) could have favoured a behavioural shift towards laying eggs on leaf tops and thus the evolution of a UV-protective egg pigment (i.e. exploitation of enemy-reduced space or a thermoregulatory benefit) and (ii) could have subsequently led to the evolution of selective pigment application (i.e. camouflage or costly pigment production). We found evidence that a higher predation pressure on leaf undersides could have caused a shift in oviposition effort towards leaf tops. We also found the first evidence of an insect egg pigment providing a thermoregulatory advantage. Our study contributes to an understanding of how plasticity in oviposition behaviour could shape the responses of organisms to ecological factors affecting their reproductive success, spurring the evolution of new morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Torres-Campos
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental La Mayora, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Author for correspondence: Inmaculada Torres-Campos e-mail:
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques.Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, CanadaH1X 2B2
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 Blvd. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, CanadaJ3B 3E6
| | - Eric Guerra-Grenier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques.Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 Blvd. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, CanadaJ3B 3E6
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques.Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, CanadaH1X 2B2
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