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Oikawa K, Kiland JA, Mathu V, Torne O, Wickland C, Neufcourt S, Mitro C, Lopez R, McLellan GJ. Effects of Telmisartan on Intraocular Pressure, Blood Pressure, and Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Normal and Glaucomatous Cats. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:15. [PMID: 39264603 PMCID: PMC11407481 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.9.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of telmisartan on intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure (BP), and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in normal and glaucomatous cats. Methods A four-week study was conducted in six normal adult cats, followed by a longer six-month study performed in 37 cats with spontaneous glaucoma and 11 age-matched normal cats. Telmisartan (1 mg/kg/day) or placebo-vehicle were administered orally once daily. IOP was measured by rebound tonometry. BP readings were obtained by oscillometric method. OPP was calculated as mean arterial pressure (MAP) - IOP. IOP and BP were obtained three times a week for the first study and weekly for the second study. Results Baseline IOP was significantly higher, and OPP was significantly lower in glaucomatous cats than in normal cats (P < 0.0001). These differences between glaucomatous and normal cats persisted throughout the study, regardless of treatment (P < 0.001). No significant differences in IOP, BP, or OPP were detected between any study phases in the first, normal feline cohort or between telmisartan- and placebo-treated glaucomatous cats at any timepoint in the second study. Conclusions Oral telmisartan was well tolerated and did not have a detrimental effect on BP or OPP in cats but did not lower IOP or improve OPP in cats with glaucoma. Translational Relevance While showing telmisartan could not be used as a sole therapy for IOP lowering, our data affirmed a lack of detrimental effects of telmisartan on BP and OPP in a translationally-relevant, spontaneous, large animal glaucoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Oikawa
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Virginia Mathu
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Odalys Torne
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colton Wickland
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Neufcourt
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chloë Mitro
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Lopez
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
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Kiland JA, Terhaar HM, Walleck HE, Chen N, McDaniel K, McLellan GJ. Comparison of the TONOVET Plus®, TonoVet®, and Tono-Pen Vet™ tonometers in normal cats and cats with glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:414-421. [PMID: 37339127 PMCID: PMC10527474 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy, precision, and clinical applicability of the ICare® TONOVET Plus (TVP) in cats. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES IOP readings obtained with the TVP were compared to values obtained concurrently with the original TONOVET (TV01) and Tono-Pen Vet™ (TP) in 12 normal cats (24 eyes) and 8 glaucomatous LTBP2-mutant cats (13 eyes) in vivo. Reproducibility of TVP readings was also assessed for three observers in the above cats. The anterior chambers of five different normal cat eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TVP, TV01, and TP at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mmHg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. ANOVA was used to assess reproducibility of TVP readings obtained by different observers and an ANCOVA model controlled for variation of individual cats. p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS TVP values strongly correlated with TV01 values (y = 1.045x + 1.443, R2 = .9667). The TP significantly underestimated IOP relative to the TVP and TV01, particularly at high IOP. IOP values obtained by 1 observer were significantly higher (~1 mmHg average) compared to the other 2 observers via ANCOVA analysis (p = .0006479 and p = .0203). Relative to manometry, the TVP and TV01 were significantly more accurate (p < .0001) and precise (p < .0070) than the TP in ex vivo eyes. CONCLUSIONS IOP readings obtained with the TVP and TV01 are broadly interchangeable between models and between observers, but subtle differences may be important in a research context. TP readings vastly underestimate high IOP in feline glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah M Terhaar
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah E Walleck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kyle McDaniel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Feline Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:367-387. [PMID: 36813391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Feline glaucoma is best categorized as either secondary, congenital and anterior segment dysgenesis associated, or primary. More than 90% of all feline glaucoma develops secondary to uveitis or intraocular neoplasia. The uveitis is usually idiopathic and assumed to be immune-mediated, whereas lymphosarcoma and diffuse iridal melanoma account for many of the intraocular neoplastic-induced glaucoma in cats. Several topical and systemic therapies are useful in the control of the inflammation and elevated intraocular pressures associated with feline glaucoma. Enucleation remains the recommended therapy for blind glaucomatous feline eyes. Enucleated globes from cats with chronic glaucoma should be submitted to an appropriate laboratory for histologic confirmation of the type of glaucoma.
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Tuleski GLR, Pscheidt MJGR, dos Santos JP, Sousa MG. Timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution influences cardiac function in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e57-e69. [PMID: 35470745 PMCID: PMC11104227 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221083372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of a drop of timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution on the systolic function of the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA), and to confirm if timolol helped appraisal of diastolic function by reducing heart rate (HR) and separating the transmitral outflow waves from tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS A total of 41 client-owned healthy cats underwent two echocardiograms 20 mins apart. The timolol group (33 cats) received a drop of timolol solution after the first examination. Standard and speckle-tracking echocardiography evaluated the LV and LA function of both groups at the two time points evaluated. RESULTS Timolol reduced HR (19%), and fractional shortening from LV (20.3%) and LA (16.6%). Septal S' decreased by 51% (from 7.7 to 5.2 cm/s) and lateral S' dropped by 43.1% (7.3 to 5.1 cm/s). Most longitudinal techniques did not change after timolol, including the mitral annular plane systolic excursion from the interventricular annulus, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, LV longitudinal strain and LV tissue motion annular displacement. The isovolumic relaxation time increased by 15.2% (from 54 to 64.6 ms), with most cats presenting this variable above the reference (>60 ms). Timolol did not support diastolic assessment, enabling evaluation in only 2/11 cats when using lateral TDI and 1/9 cats using septal TDI. Regarding side effects, miosis occurred in 18 cats (54.5%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Timolol reduced systolic function, decreasing standard echocardiographic variables. Regarding diastolic evaluation, although timolol decreased HR, it did not separate the mitral diastolic waves, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana LR Tuleski
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marlos Gonçalves Sousa
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Kerdchuchuen K, Samathayanon K, Phientong P, Chattraphirat S, Jaturakan O, Tuntivanich N. Comparison of intraocular pressure in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:484-490. [PMID: 34487613 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intraocular pressure using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Both eyes of 78 healthy cats were investigated in this study. Cats were divided into two groups: brachycephalic (n = 39) and nonbrachycephalic (n = 39). PROCEDURES Nose position and muzzle ratio were photographically recorded and analyzed. Physical and ophthalmic examinations were performed. Intraocular pressure was measured using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometry instrument. Quantitative mean values were statistically compared using an unpaired t-test at a significance level of p < .05. RESULTS Mean values of the nose position and muzzle ratio were significantly lower in the brachycephalic group (20.14 ± 5.43%, 9.61 ± 3.29%) compared with the nonbrachycephalic group (29.21 ± 4.30%, 13.97 ± 6.01%). The mean intraocular pressure for brachycephalic cats (15.76 ± 0.50 mmHg) was significantly lower (p < .001) than for nonbrachycephalic cats (18.77 ± 0.49 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Intraocular pressure was significantly lower in brachycephalic cats using the Icare® TONOVET Plus rebound tonometer. Intraocular pressure values obtained in this study could be used as a guideline for measurements obtained using this tonometry device in healthy brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pitchapa Phientong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Jaturakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Webb TER. A review of glaucoma surgical therapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:34-38. [PMID: 33332728 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a disorder of all species due to a rise of intraocular pressure (IOP) beyond which is compatible with ganglion cell and axon function, often resulting in optic nerve degeneration and irreversible blindness. Glaucoma treatment with surgical intervention aimed at either reducing aqueous production, or increasing or altering aqueous outflow has evolved over preceding decades, but there remains no cure. The present article is intended to provide a concise review of glaucoma surgical therapies in veterinary ophthalmology.
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Oikawa K, Teixeira LBC, Keikhosravi A, Eliceiri KW, McLellan GJ. Microstructure and resident cell-types of the feline optic nerve head resemble that of humans. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108315. [PMID: 33091431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) region of the optic nerve head (ONH) is considered a primary site for glaucomatous damage. In humans, biology of this region reflects complex interactions between retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and other resident ONH cell-types including astrocytes, lamina cribrosa cells, microglia and oligodendrocytes, as well as ONH microvasculature and collagenous LC beams. However, species differences in the microanatomy of this region could profoundly impact efforts to model glaucoma pathobiology in a research setting. In this study, we characterized resident cell-types, ECM composition and ultrastructure in relation to microanatomy of the ONH in adult domestic cats (Felis catus). Longitudinal and transverse cryosections of ONH tissues were immunolabeled with astrocyte, microglia/macrophage, oligodendrocyte, LC cell and vascular endothelial cell markers. Collagen fiber structure of the LC was visualized by second harmonic generation (SHG) with multiphoton microscopy. Fibrous astrocytes form glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive glial columns in the pre-laminar region, and cover the collagenous plates of the LC region in lamellae oriented perpendicular to the axons. GFAP-negative and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive LC cells were identified in the feline ONH. IBA-1 positive immune cells and von Willebrand factor-positive blood vessel endothelial cells are also identifiable throughout the feline ONH. As in humans, myelination commences with a population of oligodendrocytes in the retro-laminar region of the feline ONH. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of capillaries and LC cells that extend thin processes in the core of the collagenous LC beams. In conclusion, the feline ONH closely recapitulates the complexity of the ONH of humans and non-human primates, with diverse ONH cell-types and a robust collagenous LC, within the beams of which, LC cells and capillaries reside. Thus, studies in a feline inherited glaucoma model have the potential to play a key role in enhancing our understanding of ONH cellular and molecular processes in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Oikawa
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA; Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adib Keikhosravi
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA.
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8
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Suspected Spontaneous Aqueous Humor Misdirection Syndrome in a Boston Terrier. Case Rep Vet Med 2020; 2020:1092562. [PMID: 32550038 PMCID: PMC7275946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An eight-year-old female spayed Boston Terrier presented to the North Carolina Veterinary Hospital with glaucoma in the left eye (OS). Initial ophthalmic examination revealed moderate ocular hypertension, a diffusely and markedly shallow anterior chamber with anteriorly displaced iris and lens, vitreal prolapse, and a normal iridocorneal angle (ICA) morphology. The patient displayed a paradoxical response to topical latanoprost with an increase in intraocular pressure. These examination findings led to a putative diagnosis of spontaneous aqueous humor misdirection syndrome (AHMS). The patient was successfully managed with topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) and apraclonidine for eight months until progressive ulcerative keratitis necessitated enucleation of the affected globe. Histopathology and high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the enucleated globe did not identify an underlying cause for the glaucoma. This case suggests that AHMS should be considered in dogs presenting with a shallow anterior chamber, vitreal prolapse, increased intraocular pressure, and no other causes of glaucoma.
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Schenk AP, McGrath AM, Beatty CA, Ottney JL, Gratch EK, Robertson SA, Komáromy AM. Feline post-sterilization hyphema. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:588-591. [PMID: 32216041 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Retrospective medical record review of 1204 cats and prospective screening of 195 cats. PROCEDURES The study consisted of three parts: (a) Survey responses were collected from 20 veterinarians, who perform high-quality high-volume spay-neuter (HQHVSN) in both shelter and public clinic settings; (b) medical records of 1204 cats were analyzed retrospectively over a 14-month time period; and (c) ophthalmic examinations, including tonometry, were performed prospectively on 195 cats before and after sterilization surgery over 8 weeks. RESULTS Nine of 20 surveyed veterinarians reported having witnessed hyphema in cats following sterilization surgery. Retrospective review of 1204 medical record and prospective screening of 195 cats showed that three juvenile (<1 year of age) male cats (<2 kg) developed hyphema within 1 hour following surgery (0.2% incidence). In all three affected cats, anesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (3 of 523 cats induced with this drug combination; 0.6% incidence), and hyphema resolved within 20 hours. Mean intraocular pressures as measured by Icare® TonoVet were (mean ± standard deviation) 11.5 ± 3.8 mm Hg and 21.7 ± 4.6 mm Hg for juvenile (<1 year of age) and adult (>1 year of age) cats, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Survey responses and three observed cases confirm the existence of feline post-sterilization hyphema with an estimated incidence of 0.2%. The underlying mechanism for this occurrence remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Schenk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheilah A Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Slenter IJM, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Elders DJ, de Gee R, Koele LE, Vermeer LW, Boevé MH. The effects of topical dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1%, either alone or combined with timolol 0.5%, on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in healthy cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:16-24. [PMID: 31099474 PMCID: PMC7004053 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of topical dorzolamide 2% q8h and brinzolamide 1% q8h, administered either alone (A and B, respectively) or in combination with topical timolol 0.5% q12h (C and D, respectively), on the circadian pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP), the pupil size, and heart rate in healthy cats. Methods In this prospective, randomized, double‐blinded study, 10 healthy, adult cats were randomly assigned to one of four groups and the eye to be medicated was randomly assigned. IOP, pupil diameter, and heart rate were measured at 3‐hour intervals. A 5 days’ adjustment period was followed by a 5 days’ placebo (baseline) period. Then, all groups of cats received all four treatments (A‐D) according to a Latin square‐based rotating schedule. Five days’ medication periods were alternated with 3 days’ washout periods. Results Mean baseline IOP was 13.6 ± 2.7 mm Hg. All treatments resulted in a statistically significant decrease in mean IOP in the treated eye: A: −2.33 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.71, −1.94), B: −1.91 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.30, −1.53), C: −2.36 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.74, −1.97), and D: −2.37 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.76, −1.98) and the nontreated eye: A: −0.19 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.28, −0.11), B: −0.18 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.27, −0.10), C −0.31 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.40, −0.23), and D: −0.24 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.32, −0.15). Timolol resulted in an additional, significant decrease in IOP of 4% and 5%, respectively, compared to A and B, and in mild bradycardia and miosis. Conclusions Topical administration of dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1% q8h significantly decreased IOP in healthy cats. Supplemental timolol 0.5% eye drops q12h resulted in an additional, statistically significant reduction of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge J M Slenter
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia C Djajadiningrat-Laanen
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne J Elders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud de Gee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda E Koele
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes W Vermeer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H Boevé
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lozano DC, Choe TE, Cepurna WO, Morrison JC, Johnson EC. Early Optic Nerve Head Glial Proliferation and Jak-Stat Pathway Activation in Chronic Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:921-932. [PMID: 30835784 PMCID: PMC6402265 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported increased expression of cell proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway-related genes in chronic experimental glaucoma model optic nerve heads (ONH) with early, mild injury. Here, we confirm these observations by localizing, identifying, and quantifying ONH cellular proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway activation in this model. METHODS Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was achieved via outflow pathway sclerosis. After 5 weeks, ONH longitudinal sections were immunolabeled with proliferation and cell-type markers to determine nuclear densities in the anterior (unmyelinated) and transition (partially myelinated) ONH. Nuclear pStat3 labeling was used to detect Jak-Stat pathway activation. Nuclear density differences between control ONH (uninjected) and ONH with either early or advanced injury (determined by optic nerve injury grading) were identified by ANOVA. RESULTS Advanced injury ONH had twice the nuclear density (P < 0.0001) of controls and significantly greater astrocyte density in anterior (P = 0.0001) and transition (P = 0.006) ONH regions. An increased optic nerve injury grade positively correlated with increased microglia/macrophage density in anterior and transition ONH (P < 0.0001, both). Oligodendroglial density was unaffected. In glaucoma model ONH, 80% of anterior and 66% of transition region proliferating cells were astrocytes. Nuclear pStat3 labeling significantly increased in early injury anterior ONH, and 95% colocalized with astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Astrocytes account for the majority of proliferating cells, contributing to a doubled nuclear density in advanced injury ONH. Jak-Stat pathway activation is apparent in the early injury glaucoma model ONH. These data confirm dramatic astrocyte cell proliferation and early Jak-Stat pathway activation in ONH injured by elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Carter J. Hypertensive ocular disease in cats: A guide to fundic lesions to facilitate early diagnosis. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:35-45. [PMID: 30763152 PMCID: PMC10814178 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18818668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Systemic hypertension is common in older cats and can result in damage to organs with a rich arteriolar supply such as the eyes, kidneys, myocardium and brain. Hypertensive disease in these organs is known as target organ damage (TOD). Disease in the eye resulting from hypertension is the most easily identifiable form of TOD and can often be the reason the cat is presented to the veterinarian. Routine blood pressure measurement and fundic examination allows cats with hypertensive ocular lesions to be detected early in the course of the disease, when the lesions have the best chance of responding to treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Detecting early evidence of TOD in the fundus requires a veterinarian to be competent in recognising lesions associated with mild hypertensive disease, as well as the more easily recognised advanced lesions that frequently result in impaired vision and blindness. AUDIENCE This review is written for all veterinarians who treat cats. It provides information and images to facilitate and guide veterinarians performing fundoscopy in cats, in particular in those over 7 years of age, with the aim of diagnosing hypertensive ocular lesions when they are present. EQUIPMENT The clinical manifestations of hypertensive ocular disease can be detected non-invasively with inexpensive equipment. A summary of the equipment available for general practitioners to perform fundoscopy is provided. EVIDENCE BASE This is a comprehensive review of the literature on hypertensive ocular disease in cats. The author has also included images of hypertensive ocular lesions taken in general practice to highlight the variety of lesions that can be detected.
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Beckwith-Cohen B, Hoffman A, McLellan GJ, Dubielzig RR. Feline Neovascular Vitreoretinopathy and Anterior Segment Dysgenesis With Concurrent Glaucoma in Domestic Cats. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:259-268. [PMID: 30222091 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline neovascular vitreoretinopathy (FNV) is a newly recognized rare condition affecting kittens and young domestic cats. This study investigated the clinical and pathologic findings in 22 cats with FNV. In affected cats, ophthalmoscopy of the fundus (when visible) revealed avascular peripheral retinae and epiretinal vascular membranes. Frequent nonspecific clinical findings were buphthalmos ( n = 21), medically uncontrollable glaucoma ( n = 22), and lenticular abnormalities ( n = 13). Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) was detected clinically in affected cats ( n = 6). The fellow eye was affected in 11 of 18 cats to a variable degree or appeared clinically normal in 7 of 18 cats. The globes were examined histologically and using immunohistochemistry for vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synaptophysin, neurofilament, laminin, factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA), and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Histologically, diagnostic features included laminin-positive epiretinal vascular membranes affecting the central retina, with an avascular peripheral retina and gliosis. Enucleated globes exhibited multiple additional abnormalities, including corneal disease ( n = 15), anterior segment dysgenesis ( n = 21), lymphoplasmacytic anterior uveitis ( n = 19), peripheral anterior synechiae ( n = 20), retinal degeneration ( n = 22), and retinal detachment ( n = 19). Gliotic retinae labeled strongly for GFAP and vimentin with reduced expression of synaptophysin and neurofilament, consistent with degeneration or lack of differentiation. While an avascular peripheral retina and epiretinal fibrovascular membranes are also salient features of retinopathy of prematurity, there is no evidence to support hyperoxic damage in cats with FNV. The cause remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- 1 Department of Vision Science, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,2 The Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Gillian J McLellan
- 4 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- 2 The Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Telle MR, Chen N, Shinsako D, Kiland JA, Oikawa K, Møller Trane R, McLellan GJ. Relationship between corneal sensitivity, corneal thickness, corneal diameter, and intraocular pressure in normal cats and cats with congenital glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29517120 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of feline congenital glaucoma (FCG) on corneal sensitivity, and relationships between corneal sensitivity, central corneal thickness (CT), and corneal diameter (CD). ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Corneal sensitivity (estimated by corneal touch threshold [CTT] using Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry); CT using ultrasonic pachymetry; intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry; and maximal horizontal CD were measured in 16 normal and 14 FCG cats, both males and females, aged 7 months-3.5 years. All procedures complied with an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved protocol. Data were analyzed by linear regression: paired Student's t tests for between-eye comparisons, and unpaired Student's t tests for comparisons between groups. Relationships between parameters were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients and linear mixed effects modeling. For statistical tests, with the exception of values that were Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted for multiple comparisons, P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Mean CTT and CT values were lower in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, but differences were not statistically significant. Mean CD was significantly larger in FCG eyes relative to normal eyes, and there was a significant negative correlation between CD and CTT in FCG (r = -0.8564, corrected P = 0.005). These associations were confirmed in linear mixed effects models. CONCLUSIONS Eyes with FCG have significantly larger CDs when compared with normal eyes, and larger CDs correlated with decreased corneal sensitivity in this group. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of buphthalmos and corneal enlargement on corneal sensitivity and innervation in feline subjects with chronic glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Telle
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Shinsako
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuya Oikawa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph Møller Trane
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Park KH, Kim JY, Choo SW, Yoon HY, Jeong SW. Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation with Ologen®
Collagen Matrix for the surgical treatment of feline glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 21:96-100. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-hyo Park
- Department of Veterinary Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Joon-Young Kim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Seoung-woo Choo
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Hun-young Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Soon-wuk Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 05029 Korea
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Gosling AA, Kiland JA, Rutkowski LE, Hoefs A, Ellinwood NM, McLellan GJ. Effects of topical corticosteroid administration on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:69-76. [PMID: 26876736 PMCID: PMC4930713 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of topical corticosteroid (CCS) therapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal cats and cats with primary feline congenital glaucoma (FCG). ANIMALS STUDIED Five normal and 11 FCG cats were studied in two cohorts. PROCEDURES IOP was measured by a single, masked observer, once daily, 3-5 days/week throughout the course of CCS treatment and for up to 11 days after treatment discontinuation. One eye per cat was randomly assigned for treatment twice daily with CCS; balanced salt solution (BSS) applied to the contralateral eye served as a control. Differences between eyes and between weeks of the study period were calculated for each cat. A positive response to CCS was defined as a consistent >15% or >25% higher IOP in the treated relative to control eye in normal and FCG cats, respectively. RESULTS A total of 8 of 11 FCG cats responded to topical CCS after 1-5 weeks of treatment with an increase in IOP relative to the untreated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 56 mmHg). Two of five normal cats responded to topical CCS with an appreciable, but clinically unimportant increase in IOP in the treated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 6.4 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the incidence of steroid-induced IOP elevation in cats is lower than that of previously published feline studies. Cats with preexisting compromise in aqueous humor outflow may show a greater, clinically relevant response to topical CCS than normal cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson A Gosling
- Department of Surgical Sciences & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren E Rutkowski
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Hoefs
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
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Atkins RM, Armour MD, Hyman JA. Surgical outcome of cats treated for aqueous humor misdirection syndrome: a case series. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:136-142. [PMID: 26996721 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcome of cats treated surgically for aqueous humor misdirection syndrome. METHODS A retrospective analysis of cats treated surgically between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2013, for aqueous humor misdirection syndrome was performed. Signalment, medical therapy, eyes affected, intraocular pressures prior to and after surgery, surgical procedures performed, postoperative complications, and visual status were evaluated. RESULTS Seven cats (nine eyes) fit the inclusion criteria. Six of seven cats were female, and five of seven cats were diagnosed with bilateral aqueous humor misdirection syndrome. Three surgical approaches were evaluated as follows: (i) phacoemulsification and posterior capsulotomy, (ii) phacoemulsification, posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy, and (iii) phacoemulsification, posterior capsulotomy, anterior vitrectomy, and endocyclophotocoagulation. The mean age at diagnosis was 12.9 years. Seven of nine eyes had controlled intraocular pressure (≤25 mmHg) during the first 6 months postoperatively. All cats were visual with controlled intraocular inflammation at 1 year postoperatively; however, one eye had an elevated intraocular pressure. All cats were continued on topical antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory medications following surgery with the mean number of drops per day decreasing from 3.9 drops/day prior to surgery to 2.2 drops/day postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Surgical management for feline aqueous humor misdirection syndrome may be a viable option to maintain a visual and normotensive status in cats that no longer have successful control of intraocular pressure with medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M Atkins
- Eye Care for Animals, 10324 San Pablo Ave, El Cerrito, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Micki D Armour
- Eye Care for Animals, 165 Fort Evans Road NE Suite 107, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hyman
- Eye Care for Animals, 808 Bestgate Rd, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
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Kiland JA, Voss AM, McLellan GJ. Effect of timolol maleate gel-forming solution on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:91-6. [PMID: 26991029 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of once-daily topical treatment with timolol maleate gel-forming solution (GFS) on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter (PD), and heart rate (HR) in normal cats and cats with feline primary congenital glaucoma (FCG). ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES A single drop of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS was administered topically to one randomly assigned eye of 18 adult cats (8 normal, 10 FCG) at 8 am for 8 days; the opposite eye served as the untreated control. IOP was measured in both eyes (OU) every 2 h (PD and HR were measured every 4 h), for 14 h total, 1 day prior to and on days 1 and 8 of treatment. In a second treatment phase, a single drop of timolol was administered at 8 pm for 3 nights and IOP, PD, and HR were measured, as above, beginning at 8 am on day 4. Slit-lamp examinations were conducted prior to and after treatment phases. Comparisons of mean IOP, PD, and HR were made at each time point and between treated and untreated eyes by repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc test, with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Timolol maleate 0.5% GFS had an inconsistent effect on IOP, with maximum IOP-lowering effect (mean = 5.6 mmHg, 17.4%) observed 6 h post-treatment in FCG. The drug caused significant miosis (from 4 to 8 h post-treatment), but had no effect on HR. CONCLUSION Once-daily application of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS may be of limited clinical benefit in the management of feline congenital glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrea M Voss
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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