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Feng K, Cen J, Zou X, Zhang T. Novel insight into MDA-7/IL-24: A potent therapeutic target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2024; 266:110322. [PMID: 39033900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (MDA-7)/interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a pleiotropic member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, and is involved in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, tissue fibrosis, the inflammatory response, and antitumor activity. MDA-7/IL-24 can regulate epithelial integrity, homeostasis, mucosal immunity and host resistance to various pathogens by enhancing immune and inflammatory responses. Our recent study revealed the mechanism of MDA-7/IL-24 in promoting airway inflammation and airway remodeling through activating the JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways in bronchial epithelial cells. Herein, we summarize the cellular sources, inducers, target cells, signaling pathways, and biological effects of MDA-7/IL-24 in several allergic and autoimmune diseases. This review also synopsizes recent advances in clinical research targeting MDA-7/IL-24 or its receptors. Based on these advancements, we emphasize its potential as a target for immunotherapy and discuss the challenges of developing immunotherapeutic drugs targeting MDA-7/IL-24 or its receptors in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangni Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Disease of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Jiemei Cen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Disease of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Xiaoling Zou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Disease of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Tiantuo Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Institute of Respiratory Disease of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China.
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Mo W, Cui Z, Zhao J, Xian X, Huang M, Liu J. The predictive value of TNF family for pulmonary tuberculosis: a pooled causal effect analysis of multiple datasets. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1398403. [PMID: 38835752 PMCID: PMC11148272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite extensive research on the relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and inflammatory factors, more robust causal evidence has yet to emerge. Therefore, this study aims to screen for inflammatory proteins that may contribute to the susceptibility to PTB in different populations and to explain the diversity of inflammatory and immune mechanisms of PTB in different ethnicity. Methods The inverse variance weighted (IVW) model of a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) study was employed to conduct causal analysis on data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS). This cohort consisting PTB GWAS datasets from two European and two East Asian populations, as well as 91 human inflammatory proteins collected from 14,824 participants. Colocalization analysis aimed to determine whether the input inflammatory protein and PTB shared the same causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) variation within the fixed region, thereby enhancing the robustness of the MR Analysis. Meta-analyses were utilized to evaluate the combined causal effects among different datasets. Results In this study, we observed a significant negative correlation between tumor necrosis factor-beta levels (The alternative we employ is Lymphotoxin-alpha, commonly referred to as LT) (P < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 levels (TNFRSF9) (P < 0.05). These two inflammatory proteins were crucial protective factors against PTB. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation found between interleukin-20 receptor subunit alpha levels (IL20Ra) (P < 0.05), which may elevate the risk of PTB. Colocalization analysis revealed that there was no overlap in the causal variation between LT and PTB SNPs. A meta-analysis further confirmed the significant combined effect of LT, TNFRSF9, and IL20Ra in East Asian populations (P < 0.05). Conclusions Levels of specific inflammatory proteins may play a crucial role in triggering an immune response to PTB. Altered levels of LT and TNFRSF9 have the potential to serve as predictive markers for PTB development, necessitating further clinical validation in real-world settings to ascertain the impact of these inflammatory proteins on PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Mo
- School of Public Health and Management, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Zhezhe Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Jingming Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaomin Xian
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Minying Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Key Discipline Platform of Tuberculosis Control, Guangxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liuzhou People’s Hospital, Liuzhou, China
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Ashenafi S, Loreti MG, Bekele A, Aseffa G, Amogne W, Kassa E, Aderaye G, Brighenti S. Inflammatory immune profiles associated with disease severity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with moderate to severe clinical TB or anemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1296501. [PMID: 38162636 PMCID: PMC10756900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is largely influenced by the extensive disease heterogeneity that is typical for tuberculosis (TB). In this study, the peripheral inflammatory immune profile of different sub-groups of pulmonary TB patients was explored based on clinical disease severity, anemia of chronic disease, or the radiological extent of lung disease. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from n=107 patients with active pulmonary TB at the time of diagnosis and after start of standard chemotherapy. A composite clinical TB symptoms score, blood hemoglobin status and chest X-ray imaging were used to sub-group TB patients into 1.) mild and moderate-severe clinical TB, 2.) anemic and non-anemic TB, or 3.) limited and extensive lung involvement. Plasma levels of biomarkers associated with inflammation pathways were assessed using a Bio-Plex Magpix 37-multiplex assay. In parallel, Th1/Th2 cytokines were quantified with a 27-multiplex in matched plasma and cell culture supernatants from whole blood stimulated with M. tuberculosis-antigens using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay. Results Clinical TB disease severity correlated with low blood hemoglobin levels and anemia but not with radiological findings in this study cohort. Multiplex protein analyses revealed that distinct clusters of inflammation markers and cytokines separated the different TB disease sub-groups with variable efficacy. Several top-ranked markers overlapped, while other markers were unique with regards to their importance to differentiate the TB disease severity groups. A distinct immune response profile defined by elevated levels of BAFF, LIGHT, sTNF-R1 and 2, IP-10, osteopontin, chitinase-3-like protein 1, and IFNα2 and IL-8, were most effective in separating TB patients with different clinical disease severity and were also promising candidates for treatment monitoring. TB patients with mild disease displayed immune polarization towards mixed Th1/Th2 responses, while pro-inflammatory and B cell stimulating cytokines as well as immunomodulatory mediators predominated in moderate-severe TB disease and anemia of TB. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that clinical disease severity in TB is associated with anemia and distinct inflammatory immune profiles. These results contribute to the understanding of immunopathology in pulmonary TB and define top-ranked inflammatory mediators as biomarkers of disease severity and treatment prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Ashenafi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Giulio Loreti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amsalu Bekele
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aseffa
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Kassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Multifunctional Interleukin-24 Resolves Neuroretina Autoimmunity via Diverse Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911988. [PMID: 36233291 PMCID: PMC9570500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-24 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates both immune cells and epithelial cells. Although its elevation is associated with a number of autoimmune diseases, its tolerogenic properties against autoreactive T cells have recently been revealed in an animal model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity by inhibiting the pathogenic Th17 response. To explore the potential of IL-24 as a therapeutic agent in CNS autoimmunity, we induced experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in wildtype mice and intravitreally injected IL-24 into the inflamed eye after disease onset. We found that the progression of ocular inflammation was significantly inhibited in the IL-24-treated eye when compared to the control eye. More importantly, IL-24 treatment suppressed cytokine production from ocular-infiltrating, pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells. In vitro experiments confirmed that IL-24 suppressed both Th1 and Th17 differentiation by regulating their master transcription factors T-bet and RORγt, respectively. In addition, we found that intravitreal injection of IL-24 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from the retinas of the EAU-inflamed eyes. This observation appears to be applicable in humans, as IL-24 similarly inhibits human retinal pigment epithelium cells ARPE-19. In conclusion, we report here that IL-24, as a multifunctional cytokine, is capable of resolving ocular inflammation in EAU mice by targeting both uveitogenic T cells and RPE cells. This study sheds new light on IL-24 as a potential therapeutic candidate for autoimmune uveitis.
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Zhang M, Zhao H, Gao H. Interleukin-24 Limits Tumor-Infiltrating T Helper 17 Cell Response in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:212-222. [PMID: 35099297 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
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Zhong Y, Zhang X, Chong W. Interleukin-24 Immunobiology and Its Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020627. [PMID: 35054813 PMCID: PMC8776082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24 belongs to the IL-10 family and signals through two receptor complexes, i.e., IL-20RA/IL-20RB and IL-20RB/IL22RA1. It is a multifunctional cytokine that can regulate immune response, tissue homeostasis, host defense, and oncogenesis. Elevation of IL-24 is associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Its pathogenicity has been confirmed by inducing inflammation and immune cell infiltration for tissue damage. However, recent studies also revealed their suppressive functions in regulating immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. The tolerogenic properties of IL-24 were reported in various animal models of autoimmune diseases, suggesting the complex functions of IL-24 in regulating autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory functions of IL-24 and its roles in autoimmune diseases.
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Mitamura Y, Nunomura S, Furue M, Izuhara K. IL-24: A new player in the pathogenesis of pro-inflammatory and allergic skin diseases. Allergol Int 2020; 69:405-411. [PMID: 31980374 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24 is a member of the IL-20 family of cytokines and is produced by various types of cells, such as CD4+ T cells, NK cells, mast cells, keratinocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts. Previous studies suggest that IL-24 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of pro-inflammatory autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the role of IL-24 in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases has been elusive. It has already been reported that IL-24 is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic lung and skin diseases. Moreover, we have recently revealed for the first time the pivotal functions of IL-24 in IL-13-mediated skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis (AD), which is known to be a characteristic of AD caused by Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 or IL-13. In this review, we show recent advances in the basic characteristics of IL-24 and its novel functions in the pathogenesis of allergic skin inflammation, focusing on AD. A better understanding of the role of IL-24 in allergic diseases can lead to the development of new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Mitamura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
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Azuma YT, Nishiyama K. Interleukin-19 enhances cytokine production induced by lipopolysaccharide and inhibits cytokine production induced by polyI:C in BALB/c mice. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:891-896. [PMID: 32378521 PMCID: PMC7399314 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-19 is a cytokine of the IL-10 family. There are many reports on the involvement of IL-19 in several human diseases. There also are many reports elucidating the role of IL-19 using mouse disease models. Most reports use C57BL/6 mice, whereas few reports use BALB/c mice, in terms of the mouse disease model that the researchers used in the present study. To date, research on the role of IL-19 is diversified, yet some basic mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyI:C, and CpG to BALB/c mice, measured more than 20 cytokines in the blood and compared them with that of the wild-type and IL-19-deficient (IL-19 KO) mice. LPS is associated with bacterial infection, polyI:C is associated with viral infection, and CpG is associated with both bacterial and viral infections. Among the cytokines measured, the results of experiments using LPS revealed that the production of some cytokines was suppressed in IL-19 KO mice. Interestingly, the experiments using polyI:C revealed that production of some cytokines was enhanced in IL-19 KO mice. However, the experiments using CpG have shown that the production of only one cytokine was enhanced in IL-19 KO mice. These results revealed that cytokine production in the blood was regulated by IL-19, and the type of regulation was dependent on the administered stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y. Interleukin-24 Regulates T Cell Activity in Patients With Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1401. [PMID: 31921658 PMCID: PMC6915036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24 plays a potential anti-tumor activity in colorectal cancer in a dose-dependent manner. However, the immunoregulatory role of IL-24 to peripheral and tumor-infiltrating T cell function in colorectal cancer was not fully elucidated. In this study, twenty-nine colorectal adenocarcinoma patients and fifteen healthy individuals were enrolled. IL-24 expression and IL-24 receptor (IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and IL-22R1) mRNA relative level was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified from peripheral bloods and cancer specimens, and were stimulated with low (10 ng/ml) and high (100 ng/ml) concentration of recombinant IL-24. CD4+ T cells activity was assessed by measurement of Th cell percentage, transcriptional factors, and cytokine production. CD8+ T cells activity was evaluated by investigation of cytotoxic molecules, target cell death, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. IL-24 was decreasingly expressed in both peripheral bloods and cancer tissues in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. However, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 was comparable between healthy controls and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Low concentration of IL-24 suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation. In contrast, high concentration of IL-24 not only promoted CD4+ T cell proliferation, but also enhanced CD4+ T cell activity, which mainly presented as up-regulation of Th1/Th17 frequency, T-bet/RORγt mRNA, and IFN-γ/IL-17 production but down-regulation of Treg percentage, FoxP3 mRNA, and IL-10/IL-35 secretion. Moreover, high concentration of IL-24 also increased perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, and elevated cytolytic and non-cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, which presented as induction of target cell death and elevation of IFN-γ expression. However, low concentration of IL-24 did not affect bioactivity of CD8+ T cells. The current data indicated that IL-24 might regulate T cell function in a dose-dependent manner. High-concentration of IL-24 might promote anti-tumor immune responses in development novel therapeutic approaches to colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, 964th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Yuechao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ha HL, Wang H, Claudio E, Tang W, Siebenlist U. IL-20-Receptor Signaling Delimits IL-17 Production in Psoriatic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:143-151.e3. [PMID: 31252033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 cytokines, in particular IL-17A, are critical effectors in psoriasis. Antibodies that block IL-17A are highly efficacious in treating psoriasis. Likewise, disruption of IL-17 cytokines signaling, such as via the loss of the adaptor CIKS/Act1, ameliorates inflammation in mouse models of psoriasis. IL-17A promotes a cascade of effects, including the robust production of IL-19 in both humans and mice. IL-19, along with IL-20 and IL-24, signal via IL-20 receptors and comprise a subgroup within the IL-10 cytokine family. The role of these three cytokines in psoriasis is unresolved. They have been linked to inflammatory processes, including psoriatic pathology, but these cytokines have also been reported to suppress inflammation in other contexts. In this study, we demonstrate that signaling via IL-20 receptors, including in response to IL-19, delimited aspects of imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation. IL-20 receptor signaling suppressed the dermal production of the CCL2 chemokine and thereby reduced CCL-2-driven infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis, including IL-17A-producing γδT cells. This constitutes a negative feedback, since IL-17A strongly induces IL-19 in keratinocytes. The effects of IL-17 cytokines in this inflammatory setting are dynamic; they are central to the development of both dermal and epidermal hallmarks of psoriasis but also initiate a path to mitigate inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Ha
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Estefania Claudio
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wanhu Tang
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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