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Maylem ERS, Schütz LF, Spicer LJ. The role of asprosin in regulating ovarian granulosa- and theca-cell steroidogenesis: a review with comparisons to other adipokines. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD24027. [PMID: 39074236 DOI: 10.1071/rd24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues produce a variety of biologically active compounds, including cytokines, growth factors and adipokines. Adipokines are important as they function as endocrine hormones that are related to various metabolic and reproductive diseases. The goal of this review was to summarise the role of asprosin, a recently discovered adipokine, and compare its role in ovarian steroidogenesis with that of other adipokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, apelin, visfatin, chemerin, irisin, and gremlin 1. The summary of concentrations of these adipokines in humans, rats and other animals will help researchers identify appropriate doses to test in future studies. Review of the literature indicated that asprosin increases androstenedione production in theca cells (Tc), and when cotreated with FSH increases oestradiol production in granulosa cells (Gc). In comparison, other adipokines (1) stimulate Gc oestradiol production but inhibit Tc androgen production (adiponectin), (2) inhibit Gc oestradiol production and Tc androstenedione production (leptin and chemerin), (3) inhibit Gc steroidogenesis with no effect on Tc (resistin), (4) inhibit Gc oestradiol production but stimulate Tc androgen production (gremlin 1), and (5) increase steroid secretion by Gc, with unknown effects on Tc steroidogenesis (apelin and visfatin). Irisin has direct effects on Gc but its precise role (inhibitory or stimulatory) may be species dependent and its effects on Tc will require additional research. Thus, most adipokines have direct effects (either positive or negative) on steroid production in ovarian cells, but how they all work together to create a cumulative effect or disease will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Excel Rio S Maylem
- Philippine Carabao Center, National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Luis Fernando Schütz
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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2
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Bukh AV, Rybalova EV, Shepelev IA, Vadivasova TE. Classification of musical intervals by spiking neural networks: Perfect student in solfége classes. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:063102. [PMID: 38829796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We investigate a spike activity of a network of excitable FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons, which is under constant two-frequency auditory signals. The neurons are supplemented with linear frequency filters and nonlinear input signal converters. We show that it is possible to configure the network to recognize a specific frequency ratio (musical interval) by selecting the parameters of the neurons, input filters, and coupling between neurons. A set of appropriately configured subnetworks with different topologies and coupling strengths can serve as a classifier for musical intervals. We have found that the selective properties of the classifier are due to the presence of a specific topology of coupling between the neurons of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Bukh
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - E V Rybalova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - I A Shepelev
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Almetyevsk State Petroleum Institute, 2 Lenin Street, Almetyevsk 423462, Russia
| | - T E Vadivasova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
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3
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Jung J, Kim NH, Kwon M, Park J, Lim D, Kim Y, Gil W, Cheong YH, Park SA. The inhibitory effect of Gremlin-2 on adipogenesis suppresses breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:128. [PMID: 37880751 PMCID: PMC10599028 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gremlin-1 (GREM1) and Gremlin-2 (GREM2) are bone morphogenetic protein antagonists that play important roles in organogenesis, tissue differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Although GREM1 has been reported to be involved in promoting various cancers, little has been reported about effects of GREM2 on cancer. Recently, it has been reported that GREM2 can inhibit adipogenesis in adipose-derived stromal/stem cells. However, as an inhibitor of adipogenesis, the role of GREM2 in cancer progression is not well understood yet. METHODS Pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells overexpressing mock or Grem2 were established using a lentiviral transduction system and differentiated into adipocytes-mock and adipocytes-Grem2, respectively. To investigate the effect of adipocyte-Grem2 on breast cancer cells, we analyzed the proliferative and invasion abilities of spheroids using a 3D co-culture system of breast cancer cells and adipocytes or conditioned medium (CM) of adipocytes. An orthotopic breast cancer mouse model was used to examine the role of adipocytes-Grem2 in breast cancer progression. RESULTS Grem2 overexpression suppressed adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. Proliferative and invasion abilities of spheroids formed by co-culturing MTV/TM-011 breast cancer cells and adipocytes-Grem2 were significantly reduced compared to those of spheroids formed by co-culturing MTV/TM-011 cells and adipocytes-mock. Compared to adipocytes-mock, adipocytes-Grem2 showed decreased mRNA expression of several adipokines, notably IL-6. The concentration of IL-6 in the CM of these cells was also decreased. Proliferative and invasive abilities of breast cancer cells reduced by adipocytes-Grem2 were restored by IL-6 treatment. Expression levels of vimentin, slug, and twist1 in breast cancer cells were decreased by treatment with CM of adipocytes-Grem2 but increased by IL-6 treatment. In orthotopic breast cancer mouse model, mice injected with both MTV/TM-011 cells and adipocytes-Grem2 showed smaller primary tumors and lower lung metastasis than controls. However, IL-6 administration increased both the size of primary tumor and the number of metastatic lung lesions, which were reduced by adipocytes-Grem2. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that GREM2 overexpression in adipocytes can inhibit adipogenesis, reduce the expression and secretion of several adipokines, including IL-6, and ultimately inhibit breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Jung
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hui Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kwon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - World Gil
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Hwang Cheong
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin, 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Liu C, Guo H, Shi C, Sun H. BMP signaling in the development and regeneration of tooth roots: from mechanisms to applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1272201. [PMID: 37779895 PMCID: PMC10540449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1272201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short root anomaly (SRA), along with caries, periodontitis, and trauma, can cause tooth loss, affecting the physical and mental health of patients. Dental implants have become widely utilized for tooth restoration; however, they exhibit certain limitations compared to natural tooth roots. Tissue engineering-mediated root regeneration offers a strategy to sustain a tooth with a physiologically more natural function by regenerating the bioengineered tooth root (bio-root) based on the bionic principle. While the process of tooth root development has been reported in previous studies, the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) family is an essential factor regulating cellular activities and is involved in almost all tissue development. Recent studies have focused on exploring the mechanism of BMP signaling in tooth root development by using transgenic animal models and developing better tissue engineering strategies for bio-root regeneration. This article reviews the unique roles of BMP signaling in tooth root development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangwei Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
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Xie Z, Zhou G, Zhang M, Han J, Wang Y, Li X, Wu Q, Li M, Zhang S. Recent developments on BMPs and their antagonists in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:210. [PMID: 37391444 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, are intestinal disorders characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation. A large proportion of patients with IBD will progress to develop colitis-associated colorectal cancer due to the chronic intestinal inflammation. Biologic agents that target tumour necrosis factor-α, integrin α4β7, and interleukin (IL)12/23p40 have been more successful than conventional therapies in treating IBD. However, drug intolerance and loss of response are serious drawbacks of current biologics, necessitating the development of novel drugs that target specific pathways in IBD pathogenesis. One promising group of candidate molecules are bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the TGF-β family involved in regulating morphogenesis, homeostasis, stemness, and inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract. Also worth examining are BMP antagonists, major regulators of these proteins. Evidence has shown that BMPs (especially BMP4/6/7) and BMP antagonists (especially Gremlin1 and follistatin-like protein 1) play essential roles in IBD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the involvement of BMPs and BMP antagonists in IBD pathogenesis and in regulating the fate of intestinal stem cells. We also described the expression patterns of BMPs and BMP antagonists along the intestinal crypt-villus axis. Lastly, we synthesized available research on negative regulators of BMP signalling. This review summarizes recent developments on BMPs and BMP antagonists in IBD pathogenesis, which provides novel insights into future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qirui Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Manying Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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Solidum JGN, Jeong Y, Heralde F, Park D. Differential regulation of skeletal stem/progenitor cells in distinct skeletal compartments. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1137063. [PMID: 36926193 PMCID: PMC10013690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1137063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs), characterized by self-renewal and multipotency, are essential for skeletal development, bone remodeling, and bone repair. These cells have traditionally been known to reside within the bone marrow, but recent studies have identified the presence of distinct SSPC populations in other skeletal compartments such as the growth plate, periosteum, and calvarial sutures. Differences in the cellular and matrix environment of distinct SSPC populations are believed to regulate their stemness and to direct their roles at different stages of development, homeostasis, and regeneration; differences in embryonic origin and adjacent tissue structures also affect SSPC regulation. As these SSPC niches are dynamic and highly specialized, changes under stress conditions and with aging can alter the cellular composition and molecular mechanisms in place, contributing to the dysregulation of local SSPCs and their activity in bone regeneration. Therefore, a better understanding of the different regulatory mechanisms for the distinct SSPCs in each skeletal compartment, and in different conditions, could provide answers to the existing knowledge gap and the impetus for realizing their potential in this biological and medical space. Here, we summarize the current scientific advances made in the study of the differential regulation pathways for distinct SSPCs in different bone compartments. We also discuss the physical, biological, and molecular factors that affect each skeletal compartment niche. Lastly, we look into how aging influences the regenerative capacity of SSPCs. Understanding these regulatory differences can open new avenues for the discovery of novel treatment approaches for calvarial or long bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Giezl Niedo Solidum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Youngjae Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Francisco Heralde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Dongsu Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Skeletal Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Mizoguchi T, Mikami S, Yatou M, Kondo Y, Omaru S, Kuwabara S, Okura W, Noda S, Tenno T, Hiroaki H, Itoh M. Small-Molecule-Mediated Suppression of BMP Signaling by Selective Inhibition of BMP1-Dependent Chordin Cleavage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4313. [PMID: 36901744 PMCID: PMC10001940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling is critical for many biological processes. Therefore, small molecules that modulate BMP signaling are useful for elucidating the function of BMP signaling and treating BMP signaling-related diseases. Here, we performed a phenotypic screening in zebrafish to examine the in vivo effects of N-substituted-2-amino-benzoic acid analogs NPL1010 and NPL3008 and found that they affect BMP signaling-dependent dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning and bone formation in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 suppressed BMP signaling upstream of BMP receptors. BMP1 cleaves Chordin, an antagonist of BMP, and negatively regulates BMP signaling. Docking simulations demonstrated that NPL1010 and NPL3008 bind BMP1. We found that NPL1010 and NPL3008 partially rescued the disruptions in the D-V phenotype caused by bmp1 overexpression and selectively inhibited BMP1-dependent Chordin cleavage. Therefore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 are potentially valuable inhibitors of BMP signaling that act through selective inhibition of Chordin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shohei Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mari Yatou
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yui Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Omaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wataru Okura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Syouta Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Identification and Analysis of Crucial Genes in H. pylori-Associated Gastric Cancer Using an Integrated Bioinformatics Approach. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:8538240. [PMID: 36778919 PMCID: PMC9908346 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8538240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer (GC) has been widely studied, and H. pylori is considered as the main factor. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, this study examined gene signatures related to progressing H. pylori-associated GC. Materials and Methods The dataset GSE13195 was chosen to search for abnormally expressed genes in H. pylori-associated GC and normal tissues. The TCGA-STAD database was chosen to verify the expression of key genes in GC and normal tissues. Results In GSE13195, a total of 332 differential expression genes (DEGs) were screened. The results of weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that the light cyan, plum2, black, and magenta4 modules were associated with stages (T3, T2, and T4), while the orangered4, salmon2, pink, and navajowhite2 modules were correlated with lymph node metastasis (N3, N2, and N0). Based on the results of DEGs and hub genes, a total of 7 key genes (ADAM28, FCER1G, MRPL14, SOSTDC1, TYROBP, C1QC, and C3) were screened out. These gene mRNA levels were able to distinguish between normal and H. pylori-associated GC tissue using receiver operating characteristic curves. After transcriptional level verification and survival analysis, ADAM28 and C1QC were excluded. An immune infiltration study revealed that key genes were involved in regulating the infiltration levels of cells associated with innate immune response, antigen presentation process, humoral immune response, or Tcell-mediated immune response. In addition, drugs targeting FCER1G and TYROBP have been approved and are under investigation. Conclusion Our study identified five key genes involved in H. pylori-associated GC tumorigenesis. Patients with higher levels of C3 expression had a poorer prognosis than those with lower levels. In addition, these key genes may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for H. pylori-associated GC diagnosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in the future.
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Loss of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in fibroblasts results in CXCL12-driven serrated polyp development. J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:25-43. [PMID: 36326956 PMCID: PMC9825358 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Receptor (BMPR)1A and SMAD4 are detected in 50% of juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) patients, who develop stroma-rich hamartomatous polyps. The established role of stromal cells in regulating BMP activity in the intestine implies a role for stromal cells in polyp development. We used conditional Cre-LoxP mice to investigate how specific loss of BMPR1A in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts/smooth muscle cells affects intestinal homeostasis. Selective loss of BMPR1A in fibroblasts causes severe histological changes in the intestines with a significant increase in stromal cell content and epithelial cell hyperproliferation, leading to numerous serrated polyps. This phenotype suggests that crucial changes occur in the fibroblast secretome that influences polyp development. Analyses of publicly available RNA expression databases identified CXCL12 as a potential candidate. RNAscope in situ hybridization showed an evident increase of Cxcl12-expressing fibroblasts. In vitro, stimulation of fibroblasts with BMPs resulted in downregulation of CXCL12, while inhibition of the BMP pathway resulted in gradual upregulation of CXCL12 over time. Moreover, neutralization of CXCL12 in vivo in the fibroblast-specific BMPR1A KO mice resulted in a significant decrease in polyp formation. Finally, in CRC patient specimens, mRNA-expression data showed that patients with high GREMLIN1 and CXCL12 expression had a significantly poorer overall survival. Significantly higher GREMLIN1, NOGGIN, and CXCL12 expression were detected in the Consensus Molecular Subtype 4 (CMS4) colorectal cancers, which are thought to arise from serrated polyps. Taken together, these data imply that fibroblast-specific BMP signaling-CXCL12 interaction could have a role in the etiology of serrated polyp formation.
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10
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Tong X, Zhu C, Liu L, Huang M, Xu J, Chen X, Zou J. Role of Sostdc1 in skeletal biology and cancer. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1029646. [PMID: 36338475 PMCID: PMC9633957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1029646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin domain-containing protein-1 (Sostdc1) is a member of the sclerostin family and encodes a secreted 28–32 kDa protein with a cystine knot-like domain and two N-linked glycosylation sites. Sostdc1 functions as an antagonist to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), mediating BMP signaling. It also interacts with LRP6, mediating LRP6 and Wnt signaling, thus regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Sostdc1 plays various roles in the skin, intestines, brain, lungs, kidneys, and vasculature. Deletion of Sostdc1 gene in mice resulted in supernumerary teeth and improved the loss of renal function in Alport syndrome. In the skeletal system, Sostdc1 is essential for bone metabolism, bone density maintenance, and fracture healing. Recently, Sostdc1 has been found to be closely related to the development and progression of multiple cancer types, including breast, renal, gastric, and thyroid cancers. This article summarises the role of Sostdc1 in skeletal biology and related cancers to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Tong
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Jun Zou,
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Jun Zou,
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11
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Liu W, Li D, Yang M, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen N, Zhang Z, Shi J, Li W, Zhao S, Gao A, Chen Y, Ma Q, Zheng R, Wu S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Qian S, Bi Y, Gu W, Tang Q, Ning G, Liu R, Wang W, Hong J, Wang J. GREM2 is associated with human central obesity and inhibits visceral preadipocyte browning. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103969. [PMID: 35349825 PMCID: PMC8965169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretation Funding
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endoceine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglan Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyin Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqian Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aibo Gao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyun Ma
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuwen Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiong Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqun Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endoceine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endoceine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Al-Regaiey KA, Habib SS, Alshamasi AR, Alnuwaybit AF, Alwhaibi BA, Alsulais NM, Alothman AI, Alomar FM, Iqbal M. Relationship of Plasma Gremlin 1 Levels with Body Adiposity and Glycemic Control in Saudi Female Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3429-3436. [PMID: 36353668 PMCID: PMC9639591 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s372146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gremlin 1 is a novel adipokine that plays an important role in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the current study, we aimed to evaluate plasma levels of Gremlin 1 in diabetic and non-diabetic Saudi adult females and its correlation with body composition, glycemic control and lipid profile. METHODS A case-control study was conducted among 41 T2DM and 31 non-diabetic adult age matched females (controls). All patients underwent body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis, with a commercially available body analyzer. Fasting venous samples were analyzed for glycemic markers and lipids, while plasma Gremlin 1 was measured by ELISA. The results were compared between the two groups and correlated with other anthropometric and adiposity parameters. RESULTS Gremlin 1 levels were elevated in T2DM patients (345 ± 26 ng/mL) when compared to control subjects (272 ± 16 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Diabetic patients having poor glycemic control had significantly higher Gremlin 1 levels (382 ± 34 ng/mL) compared to patients with good glycemic control (291 ± 37 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of Gremlin 1 with fat mass (r = 0.246, p = 0.012), HbA1C (r = 0.262, p = 0.008) and HOMA-IR index (r = 0.321, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates an important role of Gremlin 1 in glycemic control and body adiposity in the pathophysiology of obesity and T2DM. Gremlin 1 may emerge as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Al-Regaiey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Khalid A Al-Regaiey; Muhammad Iqbal, Email ;
| | - Syed Shahid Habib
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed R Alshamasi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alnuwaybit
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader A Alwhaibi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif M Alsulais
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I Alothman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Alomar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Insights into Bone Morphogenetic Protein-(BMP-) Signaling in Ocular Lens Biology and Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102604. [PMID: 34685584 PMCID: PMC8533954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a diverse class of growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily. Although originally discovered to possess osteogenic properties, BMPs have since been identified as critical regulators of many biological processes, including cell-fate determination, cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis, throughout the body. In the ocular lens, BMPs are important in orchestrating fundamental developmental processes such as induction of lens morphogenesis, and specialized differentiation of its fiber cells. Moreover, BMPs have been reported to facilitate regeneration of the lens, as well as abrogate pathological processes such as TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize recent insights in this topic and discuss the complexities of BMP-signaling including the role of individual BMP ligands, receptors, extracellular antagonists and cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical BMP-signaling cascades in the lens. By understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BMP activity, we can advance their potential therapeutic role in cataract prevention and lens regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y. Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9351-5170
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14
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Fazilaty H, Brügger MD, Valenta T, Szczerba BM, Berkova L, Doumpas N, Hausmann G, Scharl M, Basler K. Tracing colonic embryonic transcriptional profiles and their reactivation upon intestinal damage. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109484. [PMID: 34348153 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We lack a holistic understanding of the genetic programs orchestrating embryonic colon morphogenesis and governing damage response in the adult. A window into these programs is the transcriptomes of the epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations in the colon. Performing unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the developing mouse colon at different embryonic stages (embryonic day 14.5 [E14.5], E15.5, and E18.5), we capture cellular and molecular profiles of the stages before, during, and after the appearance of crypt structures, as well as in a model of adult colitis. The data suggest most adult lineages are established by E18.5. We find embryonic-specific gene expression profiles and cell populations that reappear in response to tissue damage. Comparison of the datasets from mice and human colitis suggests the processes are conserved. In this study, we provide a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the developing mouse colon and evidence for the reactivation of embryonic genes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael David Brügger
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara M Szczerba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Berkova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolaos Doumpas
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Hausmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Liu H, Han X, Yang H, Cao Y, Zhang C, Du J, Diao S, Fan Z. GREM1 inhibits osteogenic differentiation, senescence and BMP transcription of adipose-derived stem cells. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:325-336. [PMID: 32151168 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1736054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are ideal for cell-based therapies to support bone regeneration. It is vital to understand the critical genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the functional regulation of ADSCs for enhancing bone regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the Gremlin 1 (GREM1) effect on ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and senescence.Materials and methods: The in vitro ADSCs osteogenic differentiation potential was evaluated by determining alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization ability, and the expression of osteogenic markers. Cell senescence is determined by SA-β-gal staining, telomerase assay, and the expression of aging markers.Results: GREM1 overexpression in ADSCs reduced ALP activity and mineralization, inhibited the expression of osteogenic related genes OCN, OPN, DSPP, DMP1, and BSP, and key transcription factors, RUNX2 and OSX. GREM1 knockdown in ADSCs enhanced ALP activity and mineralization, promoted the expression of OCN, OPN, DSPP, DMP1, BSP, RUNX2, and OSX. GREM1 overexpression in ADSCs reduced the percent SA-β-Gal positive cells, P16 and P53 expressions, and increased telomerase activity. GREM1 knockdown in ADSCs increased the percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells, P16 and P53 expressions, and reduced telomerase activity. Furthermore, GREM1 reduced the mRNA expression levels of BMP2, BMP6, and BMP7.Conclusions: In summary, our findings suggested that GREM1 inhibited ADSCs senescence and osteogenic differentiation and antagonized BMP transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Characterization of the different oligomeric states of the DAN family antagonists SOSTDC1 and SOST. Biochem J 2021; 477:3167-3182. [PMID: 32779697 PMCID: PMC7473711 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family are a group of secreted extracellular proteins which typically bind to and antagonize BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) ligands. Previous studies have revealed discrepancies between the oligomerization state of certain DAN family members, with SOST (a poor antagonist of BMP signaling) forming a monomer while Grem1, Grem2, and NBL1 (more potent BMP antagonists) form non-disulfide linked dimers. The protein SOSTDC1 (Sclerostin domain containing protein 1) is sequentially similar to SOST, but has been shown to be a better BMP inhibitor. In order to determine the oligomerization state of SOSTDC1 and determine what effect dimerization might have on the mechanism of DAN family antagonism of BMP signaling, we isolated the SOSTDC1 protein and, using a battery of biophysical, biochemical, and structural techniques, showed that SOSTDC1 forms a highly stable non-covalent dimer. Additionally, this SOSTDC1 dimer was shown, using an in vitro cell based assay system, to be an inhibitor of multiple BMP signaling growth factors, including GDF5, while monomeric SOST was a very poor antagonist. These results demonstrate that SOSTDC1 is distinct from paralogue SOST in terms of both oligomerization and strength of BMP inhibition.
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17
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Bartolomé RA, Pintado-Berninches L, Jaén M, de Los Ríos V, Imbaud JI, Casal JI. SOSTDC1 promotes invasion and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer via interaction with ALCAM/CD166. Oncogene 2020; 39:6085-6098. [PMID: 32801337 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic basis of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer remains poorly understood. We previously reported that the sclerostin domain containing-1 (SOSTDC1) protein is overexpressed in the secretome of metastatic colorectal cancer cells and can inhibit liver homing. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of SOSTDC1 for promoting invasiveness and progression of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. SOSTDC1 inhibition of BMP4 maintains the expression of cancer stem cell traits, including SOX2 and NANOG. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses reveal the association of SOSTDC1 with ALCAM/CD166, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy and competition ELISA. Interaction with ALCAM is mediated by the N-terminal region of SOSTDC1, which contains a sequence similar to the ALCAM-binding motif used by CD6. Knocking down either SOSTDC1 or ALCAM expression, or using blocking antibodies, reduces the invasive activity by inhibiting Src and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, ALCAM interacts with the α2ß1 and α1ß1 integrins, providing a possible link to Src activation. Finally, inoculation of SOSTDC1-silenced metastatic cells increases mouse survival by inhibiting liver metastasis. In conclusion, SOSTDC1 promotes invasion and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer, by overcoming BMP4-specific antimetastatic signals and inducing ALCAM-mediated Src and PI3K/AKT activation. These experiments underscore the potential of SOSTDC1 as a therapeutic target in metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Pintado-Berninches
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Jaén
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian de Los Ríos
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28039, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Kurenkova AD, Medvedeva EV, Newton PT, Chagin AS. Niches for Skeletal Stem Cells of Mesenchymal Origin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592. [PMID: 32754592 PMCID: PMC7366157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With very few exceptions, all adult tissues in mammals are maintained and can be renewed by stem cells that self-renew and generate the committed progeny required. These functions are regulated by a specific and in many ways unique microenvironment in stem cell niches. In most cases disruption of an adult stem cell niche leads to depletion of stem cells, followed by impairment of the ability of the tissue in question to maintain its functions. The presence of stem cells, often referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), in the adult skeleton has long been realized. In recent years there has been exceptional progress in identifying and characterizing BMSCs in terms of their capacity to generate specific types of skeletal cells in vivo. Such BMSCs are often referred to as skeletal stem cells (SSCs) or skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs), with the latter term being used throughout this review. SSPCs have been detected in the bone marrow, periosteum, and growth plate and characterized in vivo on the basis of various genetic markers (i.e., Nestin, Leptin receptor, Gremlin1, Cathepsin-K, etc.). However, the niches in which these cells reside have received less attention. Here, we summarize the current scientific literature on stem cell niches for the SSPCs identified so far and discuss potential factors and environmental cues of importance in these niches in vivo. In this context we focus on (i) articular cartilage, (ii) growth plate cartilage, (iii) periosteum, (iv) the adult endosteal compartment, and (v) the developing endosteal compartment, in that order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia D Kurenkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Ouahoud S, Hardwick JC, Hawinkels LJ. Extracellular BMP Antagonists, Multifaceted Orchestrators in the Tumor and Its Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113888. [PMID: 32486027 PMCID: PMC7313454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are involved in multiple biological processes such as embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The importance of a functional BMP pathway is underlined by various diseases, including cancer, which can arise as a consequence of dysregulated BMP signaling. Mutations in crucial elements of this signaling pathway, such as receptors, have been reported to disrupt BMP signaling. Next to that, aberrant expression of BMP antagonists could also contribute to abrogated signaling. In this review we set out to highlight how BMP antagonists affect not only the cancer cells, but also the other cells present in the microenvironment to influence cancer progression.
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20
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Li F, Guo H, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhou H. Profiles of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognostic genes associated with the microenvironment of bladder cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106641. [PMID: 32470882 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment in bladder cancer (BC) and its significance still remain poorly understood. The present work aims to investigate tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and prognostic genes associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) of BC. The immune and stromal scores of BC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were downloaded from the ESTIMATE website. Based on these scores, BC samples were assigned to the high and low score groups and 429 intersecting differentially expressed genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis further revealed that these genes dramatically participated in the immune-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Two TME-related genes, angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2) and sclerostin domain containing 1 (SOSTDC1), were identified to establish an immune-related risk model using Cox regression analyses. Intriguingly, patients with high-risk scores had poor outcomes (p < 0.001). The areas under the curve for the risk model in predicting 3- and 5-year survival rates were 0.692 and 0.707, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the expression of AGTR2 and SOSTDC1 significantly correlated with the overall survival of BC patients. Additionally, 22 TIICs in the BC microenvironment were analyzed with the CIBERSORT algorithm. This study indicated that the effective components of TME affected the clinical outcomes of BC patients and might provide a basis for the development of new immunotherapies for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faping Li
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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21
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Zhang Y, Que J. BMP Signaling in Development, Stem Cells, and Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Annu Rev Physiol 2020; 82:251-273. [PMID: 31618602 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is essential for the morphogenesis of multiple organs in the digestive system. Abnormal BMP signaling has also been associated with disease initiation and progression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs. Recent studies using animal models, tissue organoids, and human pluripotent stem cells have significantly expanded our understanding of the roles played by BMPs in the development and homeostasis of GI organs. It is clear that BMP signaling regulates GI function and disease progression that involve stem/progenitor cells and inflammation in a tissue-specific manner. In this review we discuss these new findings with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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Hudolin T, Kastelan Z, El-Saleh A, Bakula M, Coric M, Kes P, Tomas D, Basic-Jukic N. Bone morphogenic proteins-2, -4, -6 and 7 in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1291-1297. [PMID: 31966059 PMCID: PMC6956307 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and may play an important role in the regulation of malignant cells in bladder cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate BMP expression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Tumor tissue samples from 71 patients treated with transurethral resection and 10 samples of normal bladder tissue were stained using immunohistochemistry for BMP-2, -4, -6 and -7. The levels of BMP were correlated with the number and size of tumors in the bladder, the pathohistological findings as well as with tumor recurrence and progression. The results of the present study demonstrated that BMP-2 and -7 are highly expressed in normal bladder tissue, but significantly downregulated in cancer samples. This reduction correlates with a faster rate of tumor recurrence as well as with an increase in the number of recurrent tumors. There was no evident interrelation between BMP-2 and -7 reduction and changes in tumor grade and stage. In conclusion, BMP-2 and -7 are potential prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and further studies on BMP and bladder cancer are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tvrtko Hudolin
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Kastelan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ahmad El-Saleh
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirko Bakula
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Coric
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kes
- Department of Dialysis, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Tomas
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Basic-Jukic
- Department of Dialysis, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Jani P, Zhang H, Benson MD, Qin C. Noggin inhibition of mouse dentinogenesis. J Oral Biosci 2019; 62:72-79. [PMID: 31862386 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) direct tooth development and still express in the adult tooth. We hypothesized that inhibition of BMP function would therefore disrupt dentinogenesis by differentiated odontoblasts. METHODS We generated mice overexpressing the BMP-inhibitory protein Noggin in differentiated odontoblasts and osteocytes under control of a Dmp1 promoter-driven cre transgene. We compared the dentin phenotype in these mice with that in WT littermates and in mice with a Smad4 odontoblast/osteocyte knockout mediated by the same cre and therefore lacking all BMP and Tgfβ signaling in the same tissues. RESULTS Three-month-old first molars from both Noggin-expressing and Smad4-deleted mice showed decreased dentin volume with enlarged pulp cavities, and both displayed less organized and mineralized dentinal tubules compared to WT. The Smad4-ablated phenotype was more severe. While dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were decreased in the dentin of both lines, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) was sharply increased in Noggin-expressing teeth. CONCLUSIONS The phenotypes we observed in Noggin-overexpressing and Smad4-conditional knockout teeth resemble the phenotype of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DGI) type III. Our results show that BMPs regulate post-natal dentinogenesis and that BMP-inhibitory proteins like Noggin play a role in that regulation. The increased severity of the Smad4 phenotype indicates that Tgfβ ligands, in addition to BMPs, play a crucial role in post-developmental dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Jani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis. Bone Res 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31666998 PMCID: PMC6804951 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process is indispensable for cell homeostasis maintenance and stress responses. Both genetic and functional studies have demonstrated that multiple proteins involved in autophagic activities are critical to the survival, differentiation, and functioning of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Dysregulation at the level of autophagic activity consequently disturbs the balance between bone formation and bone resorption and mediates the onset and progression of multiple bone diseases, including osteoporosis. This review aims to introduce the topic of autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role in the onset of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential.
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Khattab HM, Kubota S, Takigawa M, Kuboki T, Sebald W. The BMP-2 mutant L51P: a BMP receptor IA binding-deficient inhibitor of noggin. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:199-205. [PMID: 29667005 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antagonist-specific regulation in tissue engineering constitutes important attempts to achieve an improved and rapid bone regeneration by controlling the natural biological response of the natural body growth factors. L51P is molecularly engineered bone morphogentic protein-2 (BMP-2) variant with a substitution of the 51st leucine with a proline residue. L51P is deficient in BMP receptor binding, but maintains its structure and affinity for inhibitory proteins such as noggin, chordin, and gremlin. These modifications convert the BMP-2 variant L51P into a receptor-inactive inhibitor of BMP antagonists. This current approach may prevent the uncontrolled bone overgrowth using high concentration of BMPs and thus regulates the possible growth factor's high-dose side effects. Exploring of L51P biological functions is required to broad our understanding of BMP mutant biological functions and their potential clinical applications. The progress of L51P researches would hopefully lead to the development of multiple applications for using the L51P in bone and fracture healing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Khattab
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Walter Sebald
- Physiological Chemistry II, Theodor-Boveri-Institute for Biocenter of Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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Zhang X, Liu D, He Y, Lou K, Zheng D, Han W. Branched Chain Amino Acids Protects Rat Mesangial Cells from High Glucose by Modulating TGF-β1 and BMP-7. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2433-2440. [PMID: 31819569 PMCID: PMC6888225 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s221642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been reported owning curative effects in early diabetic nephropathy. However, the mechanisms of its action have not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of possible mechanism(s) of BCAAs on cultured rat mesangial cells (RMCs). METHODS RMCs were treated with high glucose (30 mmol/L) and BCAAs (10 mmol/L) respectively. Cell proliferation was detected using an MTT assay. Expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and gremlin mRNA was detected by semiquantitative reverse-transcription (RT) PCR. TGF-β1 and fibronectin (FN) protein levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Gremlin, bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7, and Smad2/3 proteins were detected by immunofluorescence. Smad1/5/8 and phosphorylated (p)-Smad1/5/8 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS The proliferation rate of the RMCs in the high glucose group alone was 1.45-times of cells in the CON group, and it was reduced by 32% upon co-treatment with BCAAs. The expression of TGF-β1, gremlin, p-Smd2/3 and FN mRNA or protein in the HG group was higher than that in the CON group. In the BCAAs group, the corresponding levels were lower than that in HG group. The expression of BMP-7 and p-Smad1/5/8 were significantly lower in the HG group than in the CON group. Moreover, the expression of BMP-7 and p-Smad1/5/8 were higher in the BCAAs group than in the HG group. CONCLUSION BCAAs showed an antidiabetic effect via reducing TGF-β1-Smad2/3 pathway and Gremlin expression and upregulating BMP-7-Smad1/5/8 pathway in rat mesangial cells, consequently lessening ECM deposition in renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong He
- School of Management, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Dongmei Zheng; Wenxia Han Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing 5 Road, Jinan, Shandong Province250021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 531 6877 6375 Email ;
| | - Wenxia Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Grigolon S, Bo S. Stochastic sequestration dynamics: a minimal model with extrinsic noise for bimodal distributions and competitors correlation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10387. [PMID: 29991682 PMCID: PMC6039506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes are known to be based on molecular sequestration. This kind of dynamics involves two types of molecular species, namely targets and sequestrants, that bind to form a complex. In the simple framework of mass-action law, key features of these systems appear to be threshold-like profiles of the amounts of free molecules as a function of the parameters determining their possible maximum abundance. However, biochemical processes are probabilistic and take place in stochastically fluctuating environments. How these different sources of noise affect the final outcome of the network is not completely characterised yet. In this paper we specifically investigate the effects induced by a source of extrinsic noise onto a minimal stochastic model of molecular sequestration. We analytically show how bimodal distributions of the targets can appear and characterise them as a result of noise filtering mediated by the threshold response. We then address the correlations between target species induced by the sequestrant and discuss how extrinsic noise can turn the negative correlation caused by competition into a positive one. Finally, we consider the more complex scenario of competitive inhibition for enzymatic kinetics and discuss the relevance of our findings with respect to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Bo
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Population-specific genetic modification of Huntington's disease in Venezuela. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007274. [PMID: 29750799 PMCID: PMC5965898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifiers of Mendelian disorders can provide insights into disease mechanisms and guide therapeutic strategies. A recent genome-wide association (GWA) study discovered genetic modifiers of Huntington's disease (HD) onset in Europeans. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing and GWA analysis of a Venezuelan HD cluster whose families were crucial for the original mapping of the HD gene defect. The Venezuelan HD subjects develop motor symptoms earlier than their European counterparts, implying the potential for population-specific modifiers. The main Venezuelan HD family inherits HTT haplotype hap.03, which differs subtly at the sequence level from European HD hap.03, suggesting a different ancestral origin but not explaining the earlier age at onset in these Venezuelans. GWA analysis of the Venezuelan HD cluster suggests both population-specific and population-shared genetic modifiers. Genome-wide significant signals at 7p21.2-21.1 and suggestive association signals at 4p14 and 17q21.2 are evident only in Venezuelan HD, but genome-wide significant association signals at the established European chromosome 15 modifier locus are improved when Venezuelan HD data are included in the meta-analysis. Venezuelan-specific association signals on chromosome 7 center on SOSTDC1, which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist. The corresponding SNPs are associated with reduced expression of SOSTDC1 in non-Venezuelan tissue samples, suggesting that interaction of reduced SOSTDC1 expression with a population-specific genetic or environmental factor may be responsible for modification of HD onset in Venezuela. Detection of population-specific modification in Venezuelan HD supports the value of distinct disease populations in revealing novel aspects of a disease and population-relevant therapeutic strategies.
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Cotton TR, Fischer G, Wang X, McCoy JC, Czepnik M, Thompson TB, Hyvönen M. Structure of the human myostatin precursor and determinants of growth factor latency. EMBO J 2018; 37:367-383. [PMID: 29330193 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a key regulator of muscle mass in vertebrates, is biosynthesised as a latent precursor in muscle and is activated by sequential proteolysis of the pro-domain. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which pro-myostatin remains latent, we have determined the structure of unprocessed pro-myostatin and analysed the properties of the protein in its different forms. Crystal structures and SAXS analyses show that pro-myostatin adopts an open, V-shaped structure with a domain-swapped arrangement. The pro-mature complex, after cleavage of the furin site, has significantly reduced activity compared with the mature growth factor and persists as a stable complex that is resistant to the natural antagonist follistatin. The latency appears to be conferred by a number of distinct features that collectively stabilise the interaction of the pro-domains with the mature growth factor, enabling a regulated stepwise activation process, distinct from the prototypical pro-TGF-β1. These results provide a basis for understanding the effect of missense mutations in pro-myostatin and pave the way for the design of novel myostatin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Cotton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Calpe S, Correia ACP, Sancho-Serra MDC, Krishnadath KK. Comparison of newly developed anti-bone morphogenetic protein 4 llama-derived antibodies with commercially available BMP4 inhibitors. MAbs 2017; 8:678-88. [PMID: 26967714 PMCID: PMC4966848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1158380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to improved understanding of the role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in an increasing number of diseases, the development of selective inhibitors of BMP4 is an attractive therapeutic option. The currently available BMP4 inhibitors are not suitable as therapeutics because of their low specificity and low effectiveness. Here, we compared newly generated anti-BMP4 llama-derived antibodies (VHHs) with 3 different types of commercially available BMP4 inhibitors, natural antagonists, small molecule BMPR inhibitors and conventional anti-BMP4 monoclonal antibodies. We found that the anti-BMP4 VHHs were as effective as the natural antagonist or small molecule inhibitors, but had higher specificity. We also showed that commercial anti-BMP4 antibodies were inferior in terms of both specificity and effectiveness. These findings might result from the fact that the VHHs C4C4 and C8C8 target a small region within the BMPR1 epitope of BMP4, whereas the commercial antibodies target other areas of the BMP4 molecule. Our results show that the newly developed anti-BMP4 VHHs are promising antibodies with better specificity and effectivity for inhibition of BMP4, making them an attractive tool for research and for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calpe
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ana C P Correia
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sancho-Serra
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- a Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , Academic Medical Center , Meibergdreef, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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31
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Sallon C, Callebaut I, Boulay I, Fontaine J, Logeart-Avramoglou D, Henriquet C, Pugnière M, Cayla X, Monget P, Harichaux G, Labas V, Canepa S, Taragnat C. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a new bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 (BMP-2/4) antagonist identified in pituitary cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15352-15368. [PMID: 28747434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate diverse cellular responses during embryogenesis and in adulthood including cell differentiation, proliferation, and death in various tissues. In the adult pituitary, BMPs participate in the control of hormone secretion and cell proliferation, suggesting a potential endocrine/paracrine role for BMPs, but some of the mechanisms are unclear. Here, using a bioactivity test based on embryonic cells (C3H10T1/2) transfected with a BMP-responsive element, we sought to determine whether pituitary cells secrete BMPs or BMP antagonists. Interestingly, we found that pituitary-conditioned medium contains a factor that inhibits action of BMP-2 and -4. Combining surface plasmon resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry helped pinpoint this factor as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Surface plasmon resonance and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that recombinant human TSP-1 can bind BMP-2 and -4 and antagonize their effects on C3H10T1/2 cells. Moreover, TSP-1 inhibited the action of serum BMPs. We also report that the von Willebrand type C domain of TSP-1 is likely responsible for this BMP-2/4-binding activity, an assertion based on sequence similarity that TSP-1 shares with the von Willebrand type C domain of Crossveinless 2 (CV-2), a BMP antagonist and member of the chordin family. In summary, we identified for the first time TSP-1 as a BMP-2/-4 antagonist and presented a structural basis for the physical interaction between TSP-1 and BMP-4. We propose that TSP-1 could regulate bioavailability of BMPs, either produced locally or reaching the pituitary via blood circulation. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the involvement of TSP-1 in the BMP-2/-4 mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Sallon
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- CNRS UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, MNHN-IRD-IUC, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ida Boulay
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joel Fontaine
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Corinne Henriquet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Xavier Cayla
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Monget
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Grégoire Harichaux
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Canepa
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Catherine Taragnat
- From the Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR85, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CNRS, Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, Université de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France,
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Shu DY, Wojciechowski MC, Lovicu FJ. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Suppresses TGFβ2-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Lens: Implications for Cataract Prevention. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:781-796. [PMID: 28152139 PMCID: PMC5295783 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) is a key pathologic mechanism underlying cataract. Two members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily, TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) have functionally distinct roles in EMT. While TGFβ is a potent inducer of EMT, BMP-7 counteracts the fibrogenic activity of TGFβ. We examine the modulating effect of BMP-7 on TGFβ-induced EMT in LECs. Methods Rat lens epithelial explants were treated exogenously with TGFβ2 alone or in combination with BMP-7 for up to 5 days. Expression levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and phosphorylated downstream Smads were determined using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to study gene expression levels of EMT markers and downstream BMP target genes, including the Inhibitors of differentiation (Id). Results Transforming growth factor-β2 induced LECs to transdifferentiate into myofibroblastic cells. Addition of BMP-7 suppressed TGFβ2-induced α-SMA protein levels and mesenchymal gene expression, with retention of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression to the cell membrane. Addition of BMP-7 prevented lens capsular wrinkling and cellular loss associated with TGFβ2-induced EMT over the 5-day treatment period. The inhibitory effect of BMP-7 was accompanied by an early induction of pSmad1/5 and suppression of TGFβ2-induced pSmad2/3. Treatment with TGFβ2 alone suppressed gene expression of Id2/3 and addition of BMP-7 restored Id2/3 expression. Conclusions Exogenous administration of BMP-7 abrogated TGFβ2-induced EMT in rat lens epithelial explants. Understanding the complex interplay between the TGFβ- and BMP-7–associated Smad signaling pathways and their downstream target genes holds therapeutic promise in cataract prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Magdalena C Wojciechowski
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brennan EP, Cacace A, Godson C. Specialized pro-resolving mediators in renal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:102-113. [PMID: 28479307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and its timely resolution play a critical role in effective host defence and wound healing. Unresolved inflammatory responses underlie the pathology of many prevalent diseases resulting in tissue fibrosis and eventual organ failure as typified by kidney, lung and liver fibrosis. The role of autocrine and paracrine mediators including cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes in initiating and sustaining inflammation is well established. More recently a physiological role for specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators [SPMs] in modulating inflammatory responses and promoting the resolution of inflammation has been appreciated. As will be discussed in this review, SPMs not only attenuate the development of fibrosis through promoting the resolution of inflammation but may also directly suppress fibrotic responses. These findings suggest novel therapeutic paradigms to treat intractable life-limiting diseases such as renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Brennan
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Antonino Cacace
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Matta A, Karim MZ, Isenman DE, Erwin WM. Molecular Therapy for Degenerative Disc Disease: Clues from Secretome Analysis of the Notochordal Cell-Rich Nucleus Pulposus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45623. [PMID: 28358123 PMCID: PMC5372366 DOI: 10.1038/srep45623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is associated with spinal pain often leading to long-term disability. However, the non-chondrodystrophic canine intervertebral disc is protected from the development of DDD, ostensibly due to its retention of notochordal cells (NC) in the nucleus pulposus (NP). In this study, we hypothesized that secretome analysis of the NC-rich NP will lead to the identification of key proteins that delay the onset of DDD. Using mass-spectrometry, we identified 303 proteins including components of TGFβ- and Wnt-signaling, anti-angiogeneic factors and proteins that inhibit axonal ingrowth in the bioactive fractions of serum free, notochordal cell derived conditioned medium (NCCM). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed TGFβ1 and CTGF as major hubs in protein interaction networks. In vitro treatment with TGFβ1 and CTGF promoted the synthesis of healthy extra-cellular matrix proteins, increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death in human degenerative disc NP cells. A single intra-discal injection of recombinant TGFβ1 and CTGF proteins in a pre-clinical rat-tail disc injury model restored the NC and stem cell rich NP. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential of TGFβ1 and CTGF to mitigate the progression of disc degeneration and the potential use of these molecules in a molecular therapy to treat the degenerative disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Matta
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Zia Karim
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E Isenman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Mark Erwin
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Canada
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Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Receptors in the Eye. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 232:979-92. [PMID: 17720944 DOI: 10.3181/0510-mr-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome encodes at least 42 different members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of growth factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the largest subfamily of proteins within the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and are involved in numerous cellular functions including development, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix synthesis. This article first reviews BMPs and BMP receptors, BMP signaling pathways, and mechanisms controlling BMP signaling. Second, we review BMP and BMP receptor expression during embryonic ocular development/ differentiation and in adult ocular tissues. Lastly, future research directions with respect to BMP, BMP receptors, and ocular tissues are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wordinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Distorted Patterns of Dentinogenesis and Eruption in Msx2 Null Mutants. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2577-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Barnes JW, Kucera ET, Tian L, Mellor NE, Dvorina N, Baldwin WW, Aldred MA, Farver CF, Comhair SAA, Aytekin M, Dweik RA. Bone Morphogenic Protein Type 2 Receptor Mutation-Independent Mechanisms of Disrupted Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:564-575. [PMID: 27187737 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0402oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling, independent of BMPR2 mutations, can result in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Glucose dysregulation can regulate multiple processes in IPAH. However, the role of glucose in BMP antagonist expression in IPAH has not been characterized. We hypothesized that glucose uptake regulates BMP signaling through stimulation of BMP antagonist expression in IPAH. Using human plasma, lung tissue, and primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), we examined the protein expression of BMP2, BMP-regulated Smads, and Smurf-1 in patients with IPAH and control subjects. Gremlin-1 levels were elevated in patients with IPAH compared with control subjects, whereas expression of BMP2 was not different. We demonstrate increased Smad polyubiquitination in IPAH lung tissue and PASMCs that was further enhanced with proteasomal inhibition. Examination of the Smad ubiquitin-ligase, Smurf-1, showed increased protein expression in IPAH lung tissue and localization in the smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. Glucose dose dependently increased Smurf-1 protein expression in control PASMCs, whereas Smurf-1 in IPAH PASMCs was increased and sustained. Conversely, phospho-Smad1/5/8 levels were reduced in IPAH compared with control PASMCs at physiological glucose concentrations. Interestingly, high glucose concentrations decreased phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in control PASMCs. Blocking glucose uptake had opposing effects in IPAH PASMCs, and inhibition of Smurf-1 activity resulted in partial rescue of Smad1/5/8 activation and cell migration rates. Collectively, these data suggest that BMP signaling can be regulated through BMPR2 mutation-independent mechanisms. Gremlin-1 (synonym: induced-in-high-glucose-2 protein) and Smurf-1 may function to inhibit BMP signaling as a consequence of the glucose dysregulation described in IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Micheala A Aldred
- 3 Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | | | | | - Metin Aytekin
- Departments of 1 Pathobiology and.,5 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Raed A Dweik
- Departments of 1 Pathobiology and.,6 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute
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Manson SR, Austin PF, Guo Q, Moore KH. BMP-7 Signaling and its Critical Roles in Kidney Development, the Responses to Renal Injury, and Chronic Kidney Disease. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 99:91-144. [PMID: 26279374 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health problem that most commonly results from congenital abnormalities in children and chronic renal injury in adults. The therapeutic potential of BMP-7 was first recognized nearly two decades ago with studies demonstrating its requirement for kidney development and ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of renal injury in models of CKD. Since this time, our understanding of CKD has advanced considerably and treatment strategies have evolved with the identification of many additional signaling pathways, cell types, and pathologic processes that contribute to disease progression. The purpose of this review is to revisit the seminal studies that initially established the importance of BMP-7, highlight recent advances in BMP-7 research, and then integrate this knowledge with current research paradigms. We will provide an overview of the evolutionarily conserved roles of BMP proteins and the features that allow BMP signaling pathways to function as critical signaling nodes for controlling biological processes, including those related to CKD. We will discuss the multifaceted functions of BMP-7 during kidney development and the potential for alterations in BMP-7 signaling to result in congenital abnormalities and pediatric kidney disease. We will summarize the renal protective effects of recombinant BMP-7 in experimental models of CKD and then propose a model to describe the potential physiological role of endogenous BMP-7 in the innate repair mechanisms of the kidneys that respond to renal injury. Finally, we will highlight emerging clinical approaches for applying our knowledge of BMP-7 toward improving the treatment of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Manson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Paul F Austin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qiusha Guo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katelynn H Moore
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Cuba Samaniego C, Giordano G, Kim J, Blanchini F, Franco E. Molecular Titration Promotes Oscillations and Bistability in Minimal Network Models with Monomeric Regulators. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:321-33. [PMID: 26797494 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular titration is emerging as an important biochemical interaction mechanism within synthetic devices built with nucleic acids and the CRISPR/Cas system. We show that molecular titration in the context of feedback circuits is a suitable mechanism to enhance the emergence of oscillations and bistable behaviors. We consider biomolecular modules that can be inhibited or activated by input monomeric regulators; the regulators compete with constitutive titrating species to determine the activity of their target. By tuning the titration rate and the concentration of titrating species, it is possible to modulate the delay and convergence speed of the transient response, and the steepness and dead zone of the stationary response of the modules. These phenomena favor the occurrence of oscillations when modules are interconnected to create a negative feedback loop; bistability is favored in a positive feedback interconnection. Numerical simulations are supported by mathematical analysis showing that the capacity of the closed loop systems to exhibit oscillations or bistability is structural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cuba Samaniego
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Giulia Giordano
- Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Franco Blanchini
- Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Franco
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Structure of Gremlin-1 and analysis of its interaction with BMP-2. Biochem J 2016; 473:1593-604. [PMID: 27036124 PMCID: PMC4888461 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of Gremlin-1 and analysed its interaction with BMP-2. Our results suggest that Gremlin-1 does not inhibit BMP-2 by direct 1:1 binding, but possibly has a novel mechanism of sequestering BMP-2 into a larger oligomeric complex. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling family and has a very broad biological role in development. Its signalling is regulated by many effectors: transmembrane proteins, membrane-attached proteins and soluble secreted antagonists such as Gremlin-1. Very little is known about the molecular mechanism by which Gremlin-1 and other DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family proteins inhibit BMP signalling. We analysed the interaction of Gremlin-1 with BMP-2 using a range of biophysical techniques, and used mutagenesis to map the binding site on BMP-2. We have also determined the crystal structure of Gremlin-1, revealing a similar conserved dimeric structure to that seen in other DAN family inhibitors. Measurements using biolayer interferometry (BLI) indicate that Gremlin-1 and BMP-2 can form larger complexes, beyond the expected 1:1 stoichiometry of dimers, forming oligomers that assemble in alternating fashion. These results suggest that inhibition of BMP-2 by Gremlin-1 occurs by a mechanism that is distinct from other known inhibitors such as Noggin and Chordin and we propose a novel model of BMP-2–Gremlin-1 interaction yet not seen among any BMP antagonists, and cannot rule out that several different oligomeric states could be found, depending on the concentration of the two proteins.
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41
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Glowacki J. Demineralized Bone and BMPs: Basic Science and Clinical Utility. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:S126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schoeman MA, Moester MJ, Oostlander AE, Kaijzel EL, Valstar ER, Nelissen RG, Löwik CW, Rooij KE. Inhibition of GSK3β Stimulates BMP Signaling and DecreasesSOSTExpression Which Results in Enhanced Osteoblast Differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:2938-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique A.E. Schoeman
- Department of Orthopaedics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Angela E. Oostlander
- Department of Orthopaedics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Eric L. Kaijzel
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Edward R. Valstar
- Department of Orthopaedics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Rob G.H.H. Nelissen
- Department of Orthopaedics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W.G.M. Löwik
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Karien E.de Rooij
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
- Percuros BV; Enschede; The Netherlands
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Itoh N, Ohta H. Secreted bone morphogenetic protein antagonists of the Chordin family. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:297-304. [PMID: 25962004 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 are secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists with highly conserved Chordin-like cysteine-rich domains. Recently, Brorin and Brorin-like have been identified as new Chordin-like BMP antagonists. A Chordin ortholog, Short gastrulation, has been identified in Drosophila, a protostome, but not other orthologs. By contrast, Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 have been identified in Ciona intestinalis, the closest living relatives of the vertebrates, but Brorin and Brorin-like have not. However, all these genes have been identified in most vertebrates. These results indicate that Chordin, Chordin-like 1, and Chordin-like 2 were generated early in the metazoan lineage. Later on, Brorin and Brorin-like were potentially generated by a genome duplication event in early vertebrate evolution. All four cysteine-rich domains of Chordin are essential for the regulation of its action. However, Chordin-like 1, Chordin-like 2, Brorin, and Brorin-like contain only two or three cysteine-rich domains. Although their mechanisms of action remain unclear, they might be distinct from that of Chordin. The expression profiles of these genes in mice and zebrafish indicate unique roles at embryonic and postnatal stages. Mutant/knockdown mouse and zebrafish phenotypes indicate roles in morphogenesis during gastrulation, dorsoventral axis formation, ear, pharyngeal, and neural development, and venous and arterial patterning. Aberrant Chordin expression might result in hereditary diseases and cancer. In addition, altered serum Chordin and Chordin-like 1 levels are also observed in non-hereditary diseases. Together, these results indicate pathophysiological roles.
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, McGee-Lawrence M, Westendorf JJ, Kumar R. Alterations in vitamin D metabolite, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 concentrations in sclerostin-deficient mice permit the maintenance of a high bone mass. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:225-31. [PMID: 25446885 PMCID: PMC4361263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans with mutations of the sclerostin (SOST) gene, and knockout animals in which the Sost gene has been experimentally deleted, exhibit an increase in bone mass. We review the mechanisms by which Sost knockout mice are able to accrete increased amounts of calcium and phosphorus required for the maintenance of a high bone mass. Recently published information from our laboratory, shows that bone mass is increased in Sost-deficient mice through an increase in osteoblast and a decrease in osteoclast activity, which is mediated by activation of β-catenin and an increase in prostacyclin synthesis in osteocytes and osteoblasts. The increases in calcium and phosphorus retention required for enhanced bone mineral accretion are brought about by changes in the vitamin D endocrine system, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Thus, in Sost knockout mice, concentrations of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) are increased and concentrations of FGF-23 are decreased thereby allowing a positive calcium and phosphorus balance. Additionally, in the absence of Sost expression, urinary calcium is decreased, either through a direct effect of sclerostin on renal calcium handling, or through its effect on the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. Adaptations in vitamin D, PTH and FGF-23 physiology occur in the absence of sclerostin expression and mediate increased calcium and phosphorus retention required for the increase in bone mineralization. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Ryan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Theodore A Craig
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Meghan McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Kiso H, Takahashi K, Saito K, Togo Y, Tsukamoto H, Huang B, Sugai M, Shimizu A, Tabata Y, Economides AN, Slavkin HC, Bessho K. Interactions between BMP-7 and USAG-1 (uterine sensitization-associated gene-1) regulate supernumerary organ formations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96938. [PMID: 24816837 PMCID: PMC4016158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are highly conserved signaling molecules that are part of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, and function in the patterning and morphogenesis of many organs including development of the dentition. The functions of the BMPs are controlled by certain classes of molecules that are recognized as BMP antagonists that inhibit BMP binding to their cognate receptors. In this study we tested the hypothesis that USAG-1 (uterine sensitization-associated gene-1) suppresses deciduous incisors by inhibition of BMP-7 function. We learned that USAG-1 and BMP-7 were expressed within odontogenic epithelium as well as mesenchyme during the late bud and early cap stages of tooth development. USAG-1 is a BMP antagonist, and also modulates Wnt signaling. USAG-1 abrogation rescued apoptotic elimination of odontogenic mesenchymal cells. BMP signaling in the rudimentary maxillary incisor, assessed by expressions of Msx1 and Dlx2 and the phosphorylation of Smad protein, was significantly enhanced. Using explant culture and subsequent subrenal capsule transplantation of E15 USAG-1 mutant maxillary incisor tooth primordia supplemented with BMP-7 demonstrated in USAG-1+/- as well as USAG-1-/- rescue and supernumerary tooth development. Based upon these results, we conclude that USAG-1 functions as an antagonist of BMP-7 in this model system. These results further suggest that the phenotypes of USAG-1 and BMP-7 mutant mice reported provide opportunities for regenerative medicine and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Kiso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsu Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Saito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Togo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Boyen Huang
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Manabu Sugai
- Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aris N. Economides
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Harold C. Slavkin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kazuhisa Bessho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Yamada S, Nakamura J, Asada M, Takase M, Matsusaka T, Iguchi T, Yamada R, Tanaka M, Higashi AY, Okuda T, Asada N, Fukatsu A, Kawachi H, Graf D, Muso E, Kita T, Kimura T, Pastan I, Economides AN, Yanagita M. Twisted gastrulation, a BMP antagonist, exacerbates podocyte injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89135. [PMID: 24586548 PMCID: PMC3934867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury is the first step in the progression of glomerulosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) in podocyte injury and the existence of native Bmp signaling in podocytes. Local activity of Bmp7 is controlled by cell-type specific Bmp antagonists, which inhibit the binding of Bmp7 to its receptors. Here we show that the product of Twisted gastrulation (Twsg1), a Bmp antagonist, is the central negative regulator of Bmp function in podocytes and that Twsg1 null mice are resistant to podocyte injury. Twsg1 was the most abundant Bmp antagonist in murine cultured podocytes. The administration of Bmp induced podocyte differentiation through Smad signaling, whereas the simultaneous administration of Twsg1 antagonized the effect. The administration of Bmp also inhibited podocyte proliferation, whereas simultaneous administration of Twsg1 antagonized the effect. Twsg1 was expressed in the glomerular parietal cells (PECs) and distal nephron of the healthy kidney, and additionally in damaged glomerular cells in a murine model of podocyte injury. Twsg1 null mice exhibited milder hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia, and milder histological changes while maintaining the expression of podocyte markers during podocyte injury model. Taken together, our results show that Twsg1 plays a critical role in the modulation of protective action of Bmp7 on podocytes, and that inhibition of Twsg1 is a promising means of development of novel treatment for podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Nakamura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misako Asada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takase
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Iguchi
- TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Y. Higashi
- Deaprtment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nariaki Asada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kawachi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Nephrology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daniel Graf
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eri Muso
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kita
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Deaprtment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aris N. Economides
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wordinger RJ, Sharma T, Clark AF. The role of TGF-β2 and bone morphogenetic proteins in the trabecular meshwork and glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:154-62. [PMID: 24517218 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a primary risk factor associated with POAG. Increased aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance through the trabecular meshwork (TM) results in elevated IOP in POAG patients. Resistance to AH outflow is associated with increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the TM. In addition, levels of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) are elevated in the AH and TM tissue of POAG patients. Elevated levels of TGF-β2 in other tissues have been associated with fibrosis and increased tissue stiffness. However, locally produced effectors that maintain homeostatic relationships must also be present. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) serve this purpose in the TM as they inhibit TGF-β2-induced ECM changes in TM cells. This review article first describes the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors including BMPs and their canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. The article then addresses the role of TGF-β2 in the pathophysiology of POAG as related to the ECM and ECM crosslinking enzymes. This is followed by a discussion of potential homeostatic control mechanisms of TGF-β2 signaling in the TM including the inhibitory role of BMP-4 and BMP-7. We then describe the relationship of TGF-β2 and BMPs in TM fibrosis including the role of antagonists. Lastly, in future directions, we identify potential future studies that explore new and unique cellular interactions within the TM for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wordinger
- 1 North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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Pham LK, Liang M, Adisetiyo HA, Liao CP, Cohen MB, Tahara SM, Frenkel B, Kasahara N, Roy-Burman P. Contextual effect of repression of bone morphogenetic protein activity in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:861-74. [PMID: 24042462 PMCID: PMC3885249 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) on prostate cancer homing and growth at distant metastatic sites, but very little effect at the primary site. Here, we used two cell lines, one (E8) isolated from a primary tumor and the other (cE1) from a recurrent tumor arising at the primary site, both from the conditional Pten deletion mouse model of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Over-expression of the BMP antagonist noggin inhibited proliferation of cE1 cells in vitro while enhancing their ability to migrate. On the other hand, cE1/noggin grafts grown in vivo showed a greater mass and a higher proliferation index than the cE1/control grafts. For suppression of BMP activity in the context of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), we used noggin-transduced CAFs from the same mouse model to determine their effect on E8- or cE1-induced tumor growth. CAF/noggin led to increased tumor mass and greater de-differentiation of the E8 cell when compared with tumors formed in the presence of CAF/control cells. A trend of increase in the size of the tumor was also noted for cE1 cells when inoculated with CAF/noggin. Together, the results may point to a potential inhibitory role of BMP in the growth or re-growth of prostate tumor at the primary site. Additionally, results for cE1/noggin, and cE1 mixed with CAF/noggin, suggested that suppression of BMP activity in the cancer cells may have a stronger growth-enhancing effect on the tumor than its suppression in the fibroblastic compartment of the tumor microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/physiology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kim Pham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mengmeng Liang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helty A. Adisetiyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chun-Peng Liao
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael B. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stanley M. Tahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Baruch Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Shapiro IM, Layfield R, Lotz M, Settembre C, Whitehouse C. Boning up on autophagy: the role of autophagy in skeletal biology. Autophagy 2013; 10:7-19. [PMID: 24225636 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the major function of bone is to provide stable sites for muscle attachment and affording protection of vital organs, especially the heart and lungs (ribs) and spinal cord (vertebrae and intervertebral discs). However, bone has a considerable number of other functions: serving as a store for mineral ions, providing a site for blood cell synthesis and participating in a complex system-wide endocrine system. Not surprisingly, bone and cartilage cell homeostasis is tightly controlled, as is the maintenance of tissue structure and mass. While a great deal of new information is accruing concerning skeletal cell homeostasis, one relatively new observation is that the cells of bone (osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes) and cartilage (chondrocytes) exhibit autophagy. The focus of this review is to examine the significance of this process in terms of the functional demands of the skeleton in health and during growth and to provide evidence that dysregulation of the autophagic response is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of bone (Paget disease of bone) and cartilage (osteoarthritis and the mucopolysaccharidoses). Delineation of molecular changes in the autophagic process is uncovering new approaches for the treatment of diseases that affect the axial and appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving M Shapiro
- Jefferson Medical College; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham UK
| | - Martin Lotz
- Arthritis Research; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM); Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TXUSA and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston, TX USA; Medical Genetics; Department of Translational and Medical Science; Federico II University; Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Whitehouse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Kings College London; London UK
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Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) mediates ischemic preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance via attenuating apoptosis in rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:560-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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