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Guclu-Geyik F, Koseoglu P, Guven G, Can G, Kaya A, Coban N, Komurcu-Bayrak E, Erginel-Unaltuna N. Association of Intelectin 1 Gene rs2274907 A > T Polymorphism with Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Serum Intelectin-1 Levels and Lipid Profiles in Turkish Adults. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:2276-2292. [PMID: 37020118 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory adipokine intelectin-1, which is encoded by the ITLN1 gene, is hypothesized to be linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the ITLN1 gene polymorphism rs2274907 on obesity and T2DM in Turkish adults. The impact of genotype on lipid profiles and serum intelectin levels in the obese and diabetes groups was also investigated. Randomly selected 2266 adults (mean age, 55.0 ± 11.7 years; 51.2% women) participating in the population-based Turkish adult risk factor study were cross-sectionally analyzed. The genotyping of rs2274907 A > T polymorphism was performed by using the hybridization probe based LightSNiP assay in real-time PCR. T2DM were defined using the criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Obesity was described as Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. Statistical analyses were used to investigate the association of genotypes with clinical and biochemical measurements. According to findings, there was no vital connection between the rs2274907 polymorphism and obesity, T2DM, or serum intelectin-1 level. The TA+AA carriers had significantly higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.007) compared with the TT carriers in both obese and T2DM women when adjusted for relevant covariates. ITLN1 rs2274907 polymorphism is not correlated with the risk of obesity and T2DM and not affect serum ITLN1 levels in Turkish adults. However, this polymorphism appears to be important in regulating triglyceride levels in obese and diabetic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Guclu-Geyik
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Koseoglu
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Guven
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunay Can
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysem Kaya
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Coban
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evrim Komurcu-Bayrak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Erginel-Unaltuna
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Deetanya P, Sitthiyotha T, Chomanee N, Chunsrivirot S, Wangkanont K. Biochemical and ligand binding properties of recombinant Xenopus laevis cortical granule lectin-1. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10396. [PMID: 36061023 PMCID: PMC9434060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are putative innate immune lectins that are found throughout chordates. The first intelectin reported was Xenopus laevis cortical granule lectin-1 (XCGL-1 or XL-35). XCGL-1 is critical in fertilization membrane development in Xenopus. Here, we explored the biochemical properties of XCGL-1. The cysteines responsible for forming intermolecular disulfide bonds were identified. XCGL-1 adopted a four-lobed structure as observed by electron microscopy. The full-length XCGL-1 and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) bind galactose-containing carbohydrates at nanomolar to micromolar affinities. Molecular modeling suggested that galactoside ligands coordinated the binding site calcium ion and interacted with residues around the groove made available by the non-conserved substitution compared to human intelectin-1. Folding conditions for production of recombinant XCGL-1 CRD were also investigated. Our results not only provide new biochemical insights into the function of XCGL-1, but may also provide foundation for further applications of XCGL-1 as glycobiology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapon Deetanya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nusara Chomanee
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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Singrang N, Sitthiyotha T, Chomanee N, Watthanasak C, Chunsrivirot S, Wangkanont K. Molecular properties and ligand specificity of zebrafish intelectin-2. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:528-536. [PMID: 35337980 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intelectins are immune lectins expressed in chordates, including several fish species, in which intelectins are known to be upregulated upon infection. However, the basic biochemical properties and bacteria binding specificities of several fish intelectins are not well studied. We focus our investigation on zebrafish intelectin-2 (DrIntL-2) that is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. The disulfide-linked oligomeric state and the cysteine responsible for intermolecular disulfide bonds are identified. DrIntL-2 is a globular particle of around 30 nm. In addition to the typical exocyclic 1,2-diol ligands, DrIntL-2 binds β-1,3-glucan and recognizes Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This investigation not only shed light on the fish innate immunity that will be essential for the aquaculture industry, but will also provide a foundation for further application of DrIntL-2 in bacteria detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Singrang
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thassanai Sitthiyotha
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nusara Chomanee
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Number 2, Wanglang Road, Siriraj, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Chaninat Watthanasak
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Qu B, Zhang S, Ma Z, Gao Z. Hepatic cecum: a key integrator of immunity in amphioxus. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:279-292. [PMID: 37073295 PMCID: PMC10077268 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate liver is regarded as an organ essential to the regulation of immunity and inflammation as well as being central to the metabolism of nutrients. Here, we discuss the functions that the hepatic cecum of amphioxus plays in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, and the molecular basis of this. It is apparent that the hepatic cecum performs important roles in the immunity of amphioxus including immune surveillance, clearance of pathogens and acute phase response. Therefore, the hepatic cecum, like the vertebrate liver, is an organ functioning as a key integrator of immunity in amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Qu
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zengyu Ma
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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5
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Extensive variation in the intelectin gene family in laboratory and wild mouse strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15548. [PMID: 34330944 PMCID: PMC8324875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are a family of multimeric secreted proteins that bind microbe-specific glycans. Both genetic and functional studies have suggested that intelectins have an important role in innate immunity and are involved in the etiology of various human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Experiments investigating the role of intelectins in human disease using mouse models are limited by the fact that there is not a clear one-to-one relationship between intelectin genes in humans and mice, and that the number of intelectin genes varies between different mouse strains. In this study we show by gene sequence and gene expression analysis that human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) has multiple orthologues in mice, including a functional homologue Itln1; however, human intelectin-2 has no such orthologue or homologue. We confirm that all sub-strains of the C57 mouse strain have a large deletion resulting in retention of only one intelectin gene, Itln1. The majority of laboratory strains have a full complement of six intelectin genes, except CAST, SPRET, SKIVE, MOLF and PANCEVO strains, which are derived from different mouse species/subspecies and encode different complements of intelectin genes. In wild mice, intelectin deletions are polymorphic in Mus musculus castaneus and Mus musculus domesticus. Further sequence analysis shows that Itln3 and Itln5 are polymorphic pseudogenes due to premature truncating mutations, and that mouse Itln1 has undergone recent adaptive evolution. Taken together, our study shows extensive diversity in intelectin genes in both laboratory and wild-mice, suggesting a pattern of birth-and-death evolution. In addition, our data provide a foundation for further experimental investigation of the role of intelectins in disease.
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Nonnecke EB, Castillo PA, Dugan AE, Almalki F, Underwood MA, De La Motte CA, Yuan W, Lu W, Shen B, Johansson MEV, Kiessling LL, Hollox EJ, Lönnerdal B, Bevins CL. Human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) genetic variation and intestinal expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12889. [PMID: 34145348 PMCID: PMC8213764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelectins are ancient carbohydrate binding proteins, spanning chordate evolution and implicated in multiple human diseases. Previous GWAS have linked SNPs in ITLN1 (also known as omentin) with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD); however, analysis of possible functional significance of SNPs at this locus is lacking. Using the Ensembl database, pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses indicated that several disease-associated SNPs at the ITLN1 locus, including SNPs in CD244 and Ly9, were in LD. The alleles comprising the risk haplotype are the major alleles in European (67%), but minor alleles in African superpopulations. Neither ITLN1 mRNA nor protein abundance in intestinal tissue, which we confirm as goblet-cell derived, was altered in the CD samples overall nor when samples were analyzed according to genotype. Moreover, the missense variant V109D does not influence ITLN1 glycan binding to the glycan β-D-galactofuranose or protein-protein oligomerization. Taken together, our data are an important step in defining the role(s) of the CD-risk haplotype by determining that risk is unlikely to be due to changes in ITLN1 carbohydrate recognition, protein oligomerization, or expression levels in intestinal mucosa. Our findings suggest that the relationship between the genomic data and disease arises from changes in CD244 or Ly9 biology, differences in ITLN1 expression in other tissues, or an alteration in ITLN1 interaction with other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Nonnecke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Patricia A Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Elanco Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, 50501, USA
| | - Amanda E Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Faisal Almalki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Carol A De La Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Weirong Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Charles L Bevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Li J, Chen Y, Gu W, Xu F, Li H, Shan S, Sun X, Yin M, Yang G, Chen L. Characterization of a common carp intelectin gene with bacterial binding and agglutination activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:32-41. [PMID: 33249124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin (ITLN) is a type of glycan-binding lectin involved in many physiological processes and some human diseases. Here we report a common carp intelectin (cITLN). Like other orthologs, cITLN also contains a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and a unique intelectin domain, expresses in all the tissues tested with the highest level in the hindgut, and responds to bacterial challenge in the acute phase. We also expressed cITLN in Escherichia coli (E. coli) system, and the purified recombinant cITLN could neither affect the surface of bacteria nor inhibit the growth of bacteria, but it can agglutinate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in a calcium-dependent manner. The cITLN's ability of agglutination of gram-positive bacteria is stronger than that of gram-negative bacteria. This is probably because recombinant cITLN could binding peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results of cITLN provided new insight into the function of intelectin in the intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Microecological Preparation, Shandong Baolai-Leelai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, No.28th, Chuangye Street, Taishan District, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Fojiao Xu
- Ramon V. del Rosario College of Business, G/F Faculty Center, 2401 Taft Avenue, 1004, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Miao Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
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Chen L, Li J, Yang G. A comparative review of intelectins. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12882. [PMID: 32243627 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intelectin (ITLN) is a new type of glycan-binding lectin. It has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria probably due to its carbohydrate-binding capacity, suggesting its role in an innate immune response. It is involved not only in many physiological processes but also in some human diseases such as asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Up to now, intelectin orthologs have been identified in placozoans, urochordatas, cephalochordates and several vertebrates, such as cyclostomata, fish, amphibians and mammals. Although the sequences of intelectins in different species are conserved, their expression patterns, quaternary structures and functions differ considerably among and within species. We summarize the evolution of the intelectin gene family, the tissue distribution, structure and functions of intelectins. We conclude that intelectin plays a role in innate immune response and there are still potential functions of intelectin awaiting discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinyi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Nakayama S, Sekiguchi T, Ogasawara M. Molecular and evolutionary aspects of the protochordate digestive system. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:309-320. [PMID: 31049686 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The digestive system is a functional unit consisting of an endodermal tubular structure (alimentary canal) and accessory organs that function in nutrition processing in most triploblastic animals. Various morphologies and apparatuses are formed depending on the phylogenetical relationship and food habits of the specific species. Nutrition processing and morphogenesis of the alimentary canal and accessory organs have both been investigated in vertebrates, mainly humans and mammals. When attempting to understand the evolutionary processes that led to the vertebrate digestive system, however, it is useful to examine other chordates, specifically protochordates, which share fundamental functional and morphogenetic molecules with vertebrates, which also possess non-duplicated genomes. In protochordates, basic anatomical and physiological studies have mainly described the characteristic traits of suspension feeders. Recent progress in genome sequencing has allowed researchers to comprehensively detail protochordate genes and has compared the genetic backgrounds among chordate nutrition processing and alimentary canal/accessory organ systems based on genomic information. Gene expression analyses have revealed spatiotemporal gene expression profiles in protochordate alimentary canals. Additionally, to investigate the basis of morphological diversity in the chordate alimentary canal and accessory organs, evolutionary developmental research has examined developmental transcription factors related to morphogenesis and anterior-posterior pattering of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of molecules involved in nutrition processing and the development of the alimentary canal and accessory organs with innate immune and endocrine roles in protochordates and we explore the molecular basis for understanding the evolution of the chordate digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakayama
- The Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- The Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Hosu-gun, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- The Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
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Intelectin 3 is dispensable for resistance against a mycobacterial infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2019; 9:995. [PMID: 30700796 PMCID: PMC6353920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a multifactorial bacterial disease, which can be modeled in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Abdominal cavity infection with Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leads to a granulomatous disease in adult zebrafish, which replicates the different phases of human tuberculosis, including primary infection, latency and spontaneous reactivation. Here, we have carried out a transcriptional analysis of zebrafish challenged with low-dose of M. marinum, and identified intelectin 3 (itln3) among the highly up-regulated genes. In order to clarify the in vivo significance of Itln3 in immunity, we created nonsense itln3 mutant zebrafish by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and analyzed the outcome of M. marinum infection in both zebrafish embryos and adult fish. The lack of functional itln3 did not affect survival or the mycobacterial burden in the zebrafish. Furthermore, embryonic survival was not affected when another mycobacterial challenge responsive intelectin, itln1, was silenced using morpholinos either in the WT or itln3 mutant fish. In addition, M. marinum infection in dexamethasone-treated adult zebrafish, which have lowered lymphocyte counts, resulted in similar bacterial burden in both WT fish and homozygous itln3 mutants. Collectively, although itln3 expression is induced upon M. marinum infection in zebrafish, it is dispensable for protective mycobacterial immune response.
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Kamm K, Schierwater B, DeSalle R. Innate immunity in the simplest animals - placozoans. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:5. [PMID: 30611207 PMCID: PMC6321704 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity provides the core recognition system in animals for preventing infection, but also plays an important role in managing the relationship between an animal host and its symbiont. Most of our knowledge about innate immunity stems from a few animal model systems, but substantial variation between metazoan phyla has been revealed by comparative genomic studies. The exploration of more taxa is still needed to better understand the evolution of immunity related mechanisms. Placozoans are morphologically the simplest organized metazoans and the association between these enigmatic animals and their rickettsial endosymbionts has recently been elucidated. Our analyses of the novel placozoan nuclear genome of Trichoplax sp. H2 and its associated rickettsial endosymbiont genome clearly pointed to a mutualistic and co-evolutionary relationship. This discovery raises the question of how the placozoan holobiont manages symbiosis and, conversely, how it defends against harmful microorganisms. In this study, we examined the annotated genome of Trichoplax sp. H2 for the presence of genes involved in innate immune recognition and downstream signaling. RESULTS A rich repertoire of genes belonging to the Toll-like and NOD-like receptor pathways, to scavenger receptors and to secreted fibrinogen-related domain genes was identified in the genome of Trichoplax sp. H2. Nevertheless, the innate immunity related pathways in placozoans deviate in several instances from well investigated vertebrates and invertebrates. While true Toll- and NOD-like receptors are absent, the presence of many genes of the downstream signaling cascade suggests at least primordial Toll-like receptor signaling in Placozoa. An abundance of scavenger receptors, fibrinogen-related domain genes and Apaf-1 genes clearly constitutes an expansion of the immunity related gene repertoire specific to Placozoa. CONCLUSIONS The found wealth of immunity related genes present in Placozoa is surprising and quite striking in light of the extremely simple placozoan body plan and their sparse cell type makeup. Research is warranted to reveal how Placozoa utilize this immune repertoire to manage and maintain their associated microbiota as well as to fend-off pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kamm
- ITZ Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- ITZ Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
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Chen L, Yan J, Shi J, Sun W, Chen Z, Yu J, Qi J, Du Y, Zhang H, Feng L. Zebrafish intelectin 1 (zITLN1) plays a role in the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:96-103. [PMID: 30195915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin displays carbohydrate binding capacity and has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria, suggesting its role in innate immunity. It has also been linked to many pathogenic conditions in human. After reporting two amphioxus orthologs and the zebrafish intelectin 2 (zITLN2), here we cloned and characterized zebrafish intelectin 1 (zITLN1). Like zITLN2, zITLN1 also contains a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and a unique intelectin domain (ITLN-D), expresses in all the tissues tested, with the highest level in intestine, and responds to bacterial challenge in acute phase. We also expressed zITLN1 in E. coli system, and purified recombinant zITLN1 could agglutinate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a calcium dependent manner. Its ability to agglutinate Gram-positive bacteria is stronger than that to Gram-negative bacteria whereas zITLN2 did not show such preference. This is probably due to the fact that recombinant zITLN1 could bind peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results of zITLN1 provided new insight into the evolution and function of the intelectin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China; Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Shandong Polytechnic, No. 23000, East JingShi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250104, PR China.
| | - Lijun Feng
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China.
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13
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Bonnet J, Garcia C, Leger T, Couquet MP, Vignoles P, Vatunga G, Ndung'u J, Boudot C, Bisser S, Courtioux B. Proteome characterization in various biological fluids of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected subjects. J Proteomics 2018; 196:150-161. [PMID: 30414516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of the disease has been recently improved by better screening and treatment strategies, and the disease is on the WHO list of possible elimination. However, some physiopathological aspects of the disease transmission and progression remain unclear. We propose a new proteomic approach to identify new targets and thus possible new biomarkers of the disease. We also focused our attention on fluids classically associated with HAT (serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) and on the more easily accessible biological fluids urine and saliva. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) established the proteomic profile of patients with early and late stage disease. The serum, CSF, urine and saliva of 3 uninfected controls, 3 early stage patients and 4 late stage patients were analyzed. Among proteins identified, in CSF, urine and saliva, respectively, 37, 8 and 24 proteins were differentially expressed and showed particular interest with regards to their function. The most promising proteins (Neogenin, Neuroserpin, secretogranin 2 in CSF; moesin in urine and intelectin 2 in saliva) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a confirmatory cohort of 14 uninfected controls, 23 patients with early stage disease and 43 patients with late stage disease. The potential of two proteins, neuroserpin and moesin, with the latter present in urine, were further characterized. Our results showed the potential of proteomic analysis to discover new biomarkers and provide the basis of the establishment of a new proteomic catalogue applied to HAT-infected subjects and controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Sleeping sickness, also called Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic infection caused by a parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense which are transmitted via an infected tsetse fly: Glossina. For both, the haemolymphatic stage (or first stage) signs and symptoms are intermittent fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, headaches, pruritus, and for T. b. rhodesiense infection a chancre is often formed at the bite site. Meningoencephalitic stage (or second stage) occurs when parasites invade the CNS, it is characterised by neurological signs and symptoms such as altered gait, tremors, neuropathy, somnolence which can lead to coma and death if untreated. first stage of the disease is characterizing by fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains and progressive lethargy corresponding to the second stage with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Actually, diagnosing HAT requires specialized expertise and significant resources such as well-equipped health centers and qualified staff. Such resources are lacking in many endemic areas that are often in rural locales, so many individuals with HAT die before the diagnosis is established. In this study, we analysed by mass spectrometry the entire proteome of serum, CSF, urine and saliva samples from infected and non-infected Angolan individuals to define new biomarkers of the disease. This work of proteomics analysis is a preliminary stage to the characterization of the whole proteome, of these 4 biological fluids, of HAT patients. We have identified 69 new biomarkers. Five of them have been thoroughly investigated by ELISA quantification. Neuroserpine and Moesin are respectively promising new biomarkers in CSF and urine's patient for a better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Camille Garcia
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Thibaut Leger
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Marie-Pauline Couquet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Gedeao Vatunga
- Instituto de Combate e controlo das Tripanossomiases (ICCT), Luanda, Angola.
| | - Joseph Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Sylvie Bisser
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France; Pasteur Institute in French Guiana, 23 Boulevard Pasteur, 973006, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana.
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
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Kozak JJ, Gray HB, Garza-López RA, Wangkanont K. Structural stabilities of calcium proteins: Human intelectin-1 and frog lectin XEEL. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:86-102. [PMID: 29807191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We extend our study of the structural stability of helical and nonhelical regions in chain A of human intelectin-1 to include a second human intelectin (4WMY) and the frog protein "Xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin" (XEEL). These unique lectins have been shown to recognize carbohydrate residues found exclusively in microbes, thus they could potentially be developed into novel microbe detection and sequestration tools. We believe that by studying the structural stability of these proteins we can provide insights on their biological role and activities. Using a geometrical model introduced previously, we perform computational analyses of protein crystal structures that quantify the resiliency of the native state to steric perturbations. Based on these analyses, we conclude that differences in the resiliency of the human and frog proteins can be attributed primarily to differences in non-helical regions and to residues near Ca ions. Since these differences are particularly pronounced in the vicinity of the ligand binding site, they provide an explanation for the finding that human intelectin-1 has a higher affinity for a ligand than XEEL. We also present data on conserved and position-equivalent pairs of residues in 4WMY and XEEL. We identify residue pairs as well as regions in which the influence of neighboring residues is nearly uniform as the parent protein denatures. Since the structural signatures are conserved, this identification provides a basis for understanding why both proteins exhibit trimeric structures despite poor sequence conservation at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kozak
- DePaul University, 243 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, IL 60604-6116, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Roberto A Garza-López
- Department of Chemistry, Seaver Chemistry Laboratory, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States.
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Shared hemocyte- and intestine-dominant expression profiles of intelectin genes in ascidian Ciona intestinalis: insight into the evolution of the innate immune system in chordates. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:129-142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Ding Z, Zhao X, Zhan Q, Cui L, Sun Q, Lin L, Wang W, Liu H. Characterization and expression analysis of an intelectin gene from Megalobrama amblycephala with excellent bacterial binding and agglutination activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:100-110. [PMID: 28017903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin is a recently discovered lectin that plays vital roles in the innate immune response, iron metabolism and early embryogenesis. The structure, expression pattern and function of intelectin in mammals and amphibians have been well studied, while not well known in fish. In this study, we cloned a intelectin (MamINTL) gene from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), examined its expression patterns and explored its roles in innate immune response. The MamINTL cDNA encoded 312 amino acids, with a pro-protein of 34 kDa. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a fibrinogen-related domain and eight conserved cysteine residues in the MamINTL. The MamINTL mRNA was detectable at various developmental stages, while it increased significantly post hatching. In healthy adult M. amblycephala, MamINTL was detected in various tissues with the highest expression in the liver. Upon challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, significantly up-regulated expression of the MamINTL mRNA was observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, intestine and gill. In addition, increased level of MamINTL protein detected by Western Blotting was also observed in the liver, kidney and spleen, indicating the participation of MamINTL in the immune response. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the M. amblycephala liver sections showed significant changes in expression and location post infection. In addition, the recombinant MamINTL showed excellent binding and agglutination activity against GFP-expressed E. coli in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Generally, the present study provides clues for a better understanding of the characterization, expression patterns and functions of fish intelectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujin Ding
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qifeng Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Lin
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, Changde 415000, China.
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The Distribution of Lectins across the Phylum Nematoda: A Genome-Wide Search. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010091. [PMID: 28054982 PMCID: PMC5297725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are a very diverse phylum that has adapted to nearly every ecosystem. They have developed specialized lifestyles, dividing the phylum into free-living, animal, and plant parasitic species. Their sheer abundance in numbers and presence in nearly every ecosystem make them the most prevalent animals on earth. In this research nematode-specific profiles were designed to retrieve predicted lectin-like domains from the sequence data of nematode genomes and transcriptomes. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that play numerous roles inside and outside the cell depending on their sugar specificity and associated protein domains. The sugar-binding properties of the retrieved lectin-like proteins were predicted in silico. Although most research has focused on C-type lectin-like, galectin-like, and calreticulin-like proteins in nematodes, we show that the lectin-like repertoire in nematodes is far more diverse. We focused on C-type lectins, which are abundantly present in all investigated nematode species, but seem to be far more abundant in free-living species. Although C-type lectin-like proteins are omnipresent in nematodes, we have shown that only a small part possesses the residues that are thought to be essential for carbohydrate binding. Curiously, hevein, a typical plant lectin domain not reported in animals before, was found in some nematode species.
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Chen L, Yan J, Sun W, Zhang Y, Sui C, Qi J, Du Y, Feng L. A zebrafish intelectin ortholog agglutinates both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with binding capacity to bacterial polysaccharide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:729-736. [PMID: 27329687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intelectins are glycan-binding lectins found in various species including cephalochordates, urochordates, fish, amphibians and mammals. But their detailed functions are not well studied in zebrafish which is a good model to study native immunity. In this study, we cloned a zebrafish intelectin ortholog, zebrafish intelectin 2 (zITLN2), which contains a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) in the N-terminus and the unique intelectin domain in the C-terminus. We examined the tissue distribution of zITLN2 in adult zebrafish and found that zITLN2 was expressed in various organs with the highest level in intestine. Like amphioxus intelectins, zITLN2 expression was upregulated in adult zebrafish infected with Staphylococcus aureus with the highest expression level at 12 h after challenge. Recombinant zITLN2 protein expressed in E. coli was able to agglutinate both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to similar degrees in a calcium-dependent manner. Furthermore, recombinant zITLN2 bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN) comparably. Our work on zITLN2 provided further information to understand functions of this new family of lectins and the innate immunity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Jie Yan
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Weiping Sun
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China
| | - Chao Sui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lijun Feng
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, PR China.
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Wangkanont K, Wesener DA, Vidani JA, Kiessling LL, Forest KT. Structures of Xenopus Embryonic Epidermal Lectin Reveal a Conserved Mechanism of Microbial Glycan Recognition. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5596-5610. [PMID: 26755729 PMCID: PMC4786701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelectins (X-type lectins), broadly distributed throughout chordates, have been implicated in innate immunity. Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (XEEL), an intelectin secreted into environmental water by the X. laevis embryo, is postulated to function as a defense against microbes. XEEL is homologous (64% identical) to human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1), which is also implicated in innate immune defense. We showed previously that hIntL-1 binds microbial glycans bearing exocyclic vicinal diol groups. It is unknown whether XEEL has the same ligand specificity. Also unclear is whether XEEL and hIntL-1 have similar quaternary structures, as XEEL lacks the corresponding cysteine residues in hIntL-1 that stabilize the disulfide-linked trimer. These observations prompted us to further characterize XEEL. We found that hIntL-1 and XEEL have similar structural features. Even without the corresponding intermolecular disulfide bonds present in hIntL-1, the carbohydrate recognition domain of XEEL (XEELCRD) forms a stable trimer in solution. The structure of XEELCRD in complex with d-glycerol-1-phosphate, a residue present in microbe-specific glycans, indicated that the exocyclic vicinal diol coordinates to a protein-bound calcium ion. This ligand-binding mode is conserved between XEEL and hIntL-1. The domain architecture of full-length XEEL is reminiscent of a barbell, with two sets of three glycan-binding sites oriented in opposite directions. This orientation is consistent with our observation that XEEL can promote the agglutination of specific serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. These data support a role for XEEL in innate immunity, and they highlight structural and functional conservation of X-type lectins among chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura L. Kiessling
- From the Departments of Chemistry, ,Biochemistry, and , To whom correspondence may be addressed: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706. Tel.: 608-262-0541; E-mail:
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, To whom correspondence may be addressed: Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. Tel.: 608-265-3566; E-mail:
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