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Kwabiah RR, Weiland E, Henderson S, Vasquez I, Paradis H, Tucker D, Dimitrov I, Gardiner D, Tucker S, Newhook N, Boyce D, Scapigliati G, Kirby S, Santander J, Gendron RL. Increased water temperature contributes to a chondrogenesis response in the eyes of spotted wolffish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12508. [PMID: 38822021 PMCID: PMC11143355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult vertebrate cartilage is usually quiescent. Some vertebrates possess ocular scleral skeletons composed of cartilage or bone. The morphological characteristics of the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) scleral skeleton have not been described. Here we assessed the scleral skeletons of cultured spotted wolffish, a globally threatened marine species. The healthy spotted wolffish we assessed had scleral skeletons with a low percentage of cells staining for the chondrogenesis marker sex-determining region Y-box (Sox) 9, but harboured a population of intraocular cells that co-express immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Sox9. Scleral skeletons of spotted wolffish with grossly observable eye abnormalities displayed a high degree of perochondrial activation as evidenced by cellular morphology and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and phosphotyrosine. Cells staining for cluster of differentiation (CD) 45 and IgM accumulated around sites of active chondrogenesis, which contained cells that strongly expressed Sox9. The level of scleral chondrogenesis and the numbers of scleral cartilage PCNA positive cells increased with the temperature of the water in which spotted wolffish were cultured. Our results provide new knowledge of differing Sox9 spatial tissue expression patterns during chondrogenesis in normal control and ocular insult paradigms. Our work also provides evidence that spotted wolffish possess an inherent scleral chondrogenesis response that may be sensitive to temperature. This work also advances the fundamental knowledge of teleost ocular skeletal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Kwabiah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Eva Weiland
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Henderson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Hélène Paradis
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Denise Tucker
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Iliana Dimitrov
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Danielle Gardiner
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tucker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Newhook
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | | | - Simon Kirby
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robert L Gendron
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Shibasaki Y, Yabu T, Shiba H, Moritomo T, Mano N, Nakanishi T. Characterization of fish-specific IFNγ-related binding with a unique receptor complex and signaling through a novel pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:532-544. [PMID: 38321830 PMCID: PMC10988753 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, fish express two type II interferons, IFNγ and fish-specific IFNγ (IFNγ-related or IFNγrel). We previously reported the presence of two IFNγrel genes, IFNγrel 1 and IFNγrel 2, which exhibit potent antiviral activity in the Ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. We also found that IFNγrel 1 increased allograft rejection; however, the IFNγrel 1 receptor(s) and signaling pathways underlying this process have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the unique signaling mechanism of IFNγrel 1 and its receptors. The phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of STAT6 in response to recombinant Ginbuna IFNγrel 1 (rgIFNγrel 1) was observed in Ginbuna-derived cells. Binding of rgIFNγrel 1 to Class II cytokine receptor family members (Crfbs), Crfb5 and Crfb17, which are also known as IFNAR1 and IFNGR1-1, respectively, was detected by flow cytometry. Expression of the IFNγrel 1-inducible antiviral gene, Isg15, was highest in Crfb5- and Crfb17-overexpressing GTS9 cells. Dimerization of Crfb5 and Crfb17 was detected by chemical crosslinking. The results indicate that IFNγrel 1 activates Stat6 through an interaction with unique pairs of receptors, Crfb5 and Crfb17. Indeed, this cascade is distinct from not only that of IFNγ but also that of known IFNs in other vertebrates. IFNs may be classified by their receptor and signal transduction pathways. Taken together, IFNγrel 1 may be classified as a novel type of IFN family member in vertebrates. Our findings provide important information on interferon gene evolution in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
- Department of Food and NutritionNitobe Bunka CollegeNakanoJapan
| | - Hajime Shiba
- College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
| | | | - Nobuhiro Mano
- College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
- Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd.SayamaJapan
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3
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Immunity of the intestinal mucosa in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108572. [PMID: 36717066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the problem of intestinal mucosa immunity in teleost fish. The immunity of the intestinal mucosa in teleost fish depends on the elements and mechanisms with different organizational/structural and functional properties than in mammals. The organization of the elements of intestinal mucosal immunitya in these animals is associated with the presence of immune cells that fulfil the functions assigned to the induction and effector sites of mucosal immunity in mammals; they are located at various histological sites of the mucosa - in the lamina propria (LP) and in the surface epithelium. The presence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) has not been demonstrated in teleost fish, and the terminology used in relation to the structure and function of the mucosa immunity components in teleost fish is inadequate. In this article, we review the knowledge of intestinal mucosal immunity in teleost fish, with great potential for knowledge and practical applications especially in the field of epidemiological safety. We discuss the organization and functional properties of the elements that determine this immunity, according to current data and taking into account the tissue definition and terminology adopted by the Society for Mucosal Immunology General Assembly (13th ICMI in Tokyo, 2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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4
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Gendron RL, Hyde T, Paradis H, Cao T, Machimbirike VI, Segovia C, Vasquez I, Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Scapigliati G, Boyce D, Santander J. CD45 in ocular tissues during larval and juvenile stages and early stages of V. anguillarum infection in young lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:523-535. [PMID: 35998868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to infectious diseases impacting lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eye tissue are only starting to be studied at a molecular and histopathological level. In this study, we extend our understanding of lumpfish sensory organ anatomy, of components of the lumpfish nasal and ocular immune system and the nature of the intraocular response to Vibrio anguillarum infection. We have evaluated the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 45 protein, a tyrosine phosphatase, in larval and juvenile lumpfish tissues in order to spatially survey ocular and related head structures that may participate in early stages of intraocular immune responses. We provide here a histological mapping of the larval lumpfish nasal chamber system since its connectively with the eye though mucosal epithelia have not been explored. These results build upon our growing understanding of the lumpfish intraocular immune response to pathogens, exemplified herein by experimental nasally delivered V. anguillarum infection. CD45 is developmentally regulated in lumpfish eyes and periocular anatomy with early expression appearing in larvae in corneal epithelium and in nasal structures adjacent to the eye. Normal juvenile and adult lumpfish eyes express CD45 in the corneal epithelium, in leukocyte cells within blood vessel lumens of the rete mirabile, choroid body and choriocapillaris vasculatures. Experimental nasally delivered V. anguillarum infection led to qualitative and quantitative changes in CD45 expression in head kidney renal tubule tissues by 7 days post infection (dpi). The same animals showed redistribution and upregulation of corneal epithelial CD45 expression, corneal epithelial dysplasia and an increased frequency of CD45+ cells in ocular vasculature. Interestingly, while CD45 upregulation and/or CD45+ cell infiltration into inner ocular and retinal tissues was not observed under this experimental scenario, subtle neural retinal changes were observed in infected fish. This work provides new fundamental knowledge on North Atlantic teleost visual systems and vision biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Gendron
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Hyde
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada
| | - Hélène Paradis
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Vimbai I Machimbirike
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghasemieshkaftaki
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | | | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
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Yuan Z, Song H, Huang Q, Liu J, Sun H, Meng X, Qian A, Sun W, Shan X. Immune enhancement effects of inactivated vaccine against extracellular products of Aeromonas caviae AC-CY on crucian carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1001-1011. [PMID: 35870745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas caviae is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in aquatic organisms and mammals, including humans, and it is widespread in nature, especially in freshwater environments. Previous research has reported that extracellular products (ECPs) secreted by pathogens during growth are effective protective antigens that can induce the host immune response and protect the host from pathogens. However, little is known about how ECPs enhance immunity. Here, we prepared extracellular products by the cellophane plate method, determined the total protein concentration, and analysed the protein composition of the extracellular products by SDS-PAGE. Subsequently, their enzyme activity and pathogenicity were evaluated separately. Crucian carp were randomly divided into four groups to receive formalin-inactivated A. caviae vaccine (FKC), ECPs mixed with the same amount of Freund's complete adjuvant, the same amount of ECPs mixed with an equal volume of A. caviae inactivated vaccine (FKC + ECPs), sterile PBS alone via intraperitoneal injection. On Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after immunization, the expression levels of IgM, SOD, and CAT and the lysozyme (LYS) activity in the serum were detected by ELISA, and the relative expression levels of the TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and gills were measured by qPCR. The extracellular products generated five clearly visible protein bands and exhibited lipase, protease, amylase, DNase and lysozyme but no urease or lecithinase activities. In addition, the median lethal doses of A. caviae and ECPs to crucian carp were 411.64 μg/fish and 1.6 × 105 CFU/mL, respectively. Compared with those of the control group, the IgM, SOD, and CAT contents and serum LYS activity were significantly increased in the experimental groups, and the qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes in the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were significantly increased after injection immunization. In addition, the relative immune protection rates of the three experimental groups were 60%, 65%, and 45%, all of which were significantly higher than those of the control group. Collectively, our findings show that the extracellular products of A. caviae can be used as a vaccine to significantly improve the immune level of crucian carp and have obvious anti-infection ability. This may represent a promising approach to prevent and control infection by A. caviae and provides strong theoretical support for the development of new inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Haichao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qian Huang
- School of Medicine, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Juntong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Haifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Aidong Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wuwen Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Harada N, Okamura Y, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Identification of two interleukin 17 receptor C (IL-17RC) genes and their binding activities to three IL-17A/F ligands in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104179. [PMID: 34171369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-17 receptor C (IL-17RC) and IL-17RA mediate IL-17A and IL-17F signaling to produce mucin, antimicrobial peptides, and maintain healthy intestinal flora. However, IL-17RC signaling in fish remains unclear. In this study, three il17rc transcripts (il17rca1, il17rca2, and il17rcb) from the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were cloned; il17rca1 and il17rca2 mRNAs were alternatively spliced from il17rca pre-mRNA as transcript variants. The il17rca and il17rcb genes were located on chromosomes 7 and 5, respectively. Teleost clades containing medaka il17rca and il17rcb clustered separately from the tetrapod clade. In adult tissues, il17rca1 expression was significantly higher than il17rca2 and il17rcb. Conversely, il17rcb expression was significantly higher in embryos and larvae. These expression patterns changed following infection with Edwardsiella piscicida and Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, an immunoprecipitation assay using recombinant IL-17RCs and rIL-17A/Fs suggested that, in teleosts, three ligands could function in signaling through two IL-17RCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanaki Harada
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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Li J, Liang W, Li K, Jiao X, Ai K, Zhang Y, Wei X, Yang J. ZAP70 activation is an early event of T cell immunity that involved in the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104177. [PMID: 34153283 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ZAP70 is essential for initiating the early events of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling cascade to ensure proper T cell activation and function. However, whether this molecule takes part in the T cell immune response of early vertebrates remains unclear. In the present study, using a teleost model Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), we investigated the potential involvement of ZAP70 in the T cell activation and adaptive immunity of fish species. Both primary and tertiary structures of O. niloticus ZAP70 (On-ZAP70) are highly conserved with those from other vertebrates. On-ZAP70 protein was widely expressed in lymphoid tissues, and with the highest level in thymus. Once Nile tilapia was infected by Aeromonas hydrophila, mRNA of On-ZAP70 in spleen lymphocytes was induced on day 5 and 8 after infection; meanwhile, phosphorylation of On-ZAP70 was also enhanced, suggesting that On-ZAP70 potentially participated in primary adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. Furthermore, the frequency of ZAP70 positive lymphocytes was increased during the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response. More importantly, when spleen lymphocytes were activated by T cell specific mitogen PHA, a dramatical augment of On-ZAP70 could be observed at transcription, phosphorylation and cellular level, indicating the involvement of this molecule in T cells activation of Nile tilapia. Altogether, our results demonstrated that ZAP70 activation is an early event of T cell immunity that involved in the anti-bacterial adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia, and thus provided a new evidence to understand the evolution of the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Fu YW, Yao ZJ, He MH, Wang ZP, Chen WF, Cui M, Zhang QZ. Expression analysis and tissue localization of IgZ in the grouper Epinephelus coioides after Vibrio alginolyticus infection and vaccination. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1647-1655. [PMID: 34133777 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is an important marine farmed fish in China. It is affected by the bacterial pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus, which causes high mortality and substantial economic losses. We studied the transcriptional changes of the IgZ gene in E. coioides following V. alginolyticus stimulation and investigated the distribution of IgZ in different tissues. The highest expression level of IgZ occurred in the head kidney. When fish were stimulated with live and inactivated V. alginolyticus, the expression levels of IgZ in the head kidney, spleen, intestine, gills and blood cells were significantly upregulated. In an in situ hybridization study, IgZ mRNA-positive cells were detected in the head kidney, spleen and gill, but positive signals were not detected in the liver and intestine. IgZ-labelled cells increased in the head kidney, spleen and gills post-infection with V. alginolyticus for 21 days. The present study provides additional evidence that IgZ is involved in mucosal immune responses and helps explain the role of IgZ in E. coioides defence against V. alginolyticus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Juan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Han He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo-Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Hu Y, Alnabulsi A, Alnabulsi A, Scott C, Tafalla C, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Characterisation and analysis of IFN-gamma producing cells in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:328-338. [PMID: 34343543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ is one of the key cytokines involved in Th1 immune responses. It is produced mainly by T cells and NK cells, which drive both innate and adaptive responses to promote protection against infections. IFN-γ orthologues have been discovered to be functionally conserved in fish, suggesting that type I immunity is present in early vertebrates. However, few studies have looked at IFN-γ protein expression in fish and its role in cell mediated immunity due to a lack of relevant tools. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) V27, N2, VAB3 and V91 raised against short salmonid IFN-γ peptides were developed and characterised to monitor IFN-γ expression. The results show that the IFN-γ mAbs specifically react to their peptide immunogens, recognise E. coli produced recombinant IFN-γ protein and rainbow trout IFN-γ produced in transfected HEK 293 cells. The mAb VAB3 was used further, to detect IFN-γ at the cellular level after in vitro and in vivo stimulation. In flow cytometry, a basal level of 3-5% IFN-γ secreting cells were detected in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL), which increased significantly when stimulated in vitro with PAMPs (Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin), a mitogen (PHA) and recombinant cytokine (IL-2). Similarly, after injection of live bacteria (Aeromonas salmonicida) or poly I:C the number of IFN-γ+ cells increased in the lymphoid population of PBL, as well as in the myeloid population after infection, with the myeloid cells increasing substantially after both treatments. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualise the IFN-γ+ cells in spleen and head kidney following vaccination, which increased in intensity of staining and number relative to tissue from saline-injected control fish. These results show that several types of cells can produce IFN-γ in trout, and that they increase following infection or vaccination, and likely contribute to immune protection. Hence monitoring IFN-γ producing cells/protein secretion may be an important means to assess the effectiveness of Th1 responses and cell mediated immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehfang Hu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Callum Scott
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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10
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The sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as a marine model species in immunology: Insights from basic and applied research. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Immunological memory in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:95-103. [PMID: 34058353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory can be regarded as the key aspect of adaptive immunity, i.e. a specific response to first contact with an antigen, which in mammals is determined by the properties of T, B and NK cells. Re-exposure to the same antigen results in a more rapid response of the activated specific cells, which have a unique property that is the immunological memory acquired upon first contact with the antigen. Such a state of immune activity is also to be understood as related to "altered behavior of the immune system" due to genetic alterations, presumably maintained independently of the antigen. It also indicates a possible alternative mechanism of maintaining the immune state at a low level of the immune response, "directed" by an antigen or dependent on an antigen, associated with repeated exposure to the same antigen from time to time, as well as the concept of innate immune memory, associated with epigenetic reprogramming of myeloid cells, i.e. macrophages and NK cells. Studies on Teleostei have provided evidence for the presence of immunological memory determined by T and B cells and a secondary response stronger than the primary response. Research has also demonstrated that in these animals macrophages and NK-like cells (similar to mammalian NK cells) are able to respond when re-exposed to the same antigen. Regardless of previous reports on immunological memory in teleost fish, many reactions and mechanisms related to this ability require further investigation. The very nature of immunological memory and the activity of cells involved in this process, in particular macrophages and NK-like cells, need to be explained. This paper presents problems associated with adaptive and innate immune memory in teleost fish and characteristics of cells associated with this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
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12
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Zhou X, Zhang GR, Ji W, Shi ZC, Ma XF, Luo ZL, Wei KJ. Expression and Function Analysis of Interleukin-17A/F1, 2, and 3 Genes in Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Distinct Bioactivity of Recombinant IL-17A/F1, 2, and 3. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626895. [PMID: 34267744 PMCID: PMC8276262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, Interleukin-17 cytokine family plays critical roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. In fish species, three Interleukin-17A/F (IL-17A/F) genes have been identified to be homologous to mammalian IL-17A and IL-17F, but little is known about their functional activity. In this study, Pf_IL-17A/F1, 2 and 3 genes were cloned from yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and they differed in protein structure and exon length, implying that they may have divergent bioactivity. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed that three Pf_IL-17A/F genes were highly expressed in blood and mucosal tissues (skin+mucus and gill) from healthy adult fish. The mRNA expressions of Pf_IL-17A/F1, 2 and 3 genes were significantly up-regulated in the gill, skin+mucus, head kidney and spleen after challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri and in the isolated peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) of yellow catfish after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). These results indicate that Pf_IL-17A/F1, 2 and 3 genes may play a vital role in the regulation of immune against pathogens. Additionally, the recombinant (r) Pf_IL-17A/F1, 2 and 3 proteins significantly induced the mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antibacterial peptides genes, and the rPf_IL-17A/F 2 and 3 proteins promoted phagocytosis of PBLs more powerfully than the rPf_IL-17A/F1. Furthermore, the rPf_IL-17A/F1, 2 and 3 proteins might activate the NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways by IL-17RA, ACT1, TRAF6, TRAF2, TRAF5 and TAK1, indicating that the three Pf_IL-17A/F proteins may play different roles in promoting inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ji
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Fa Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zun-Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Jian Wei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Ansaloni F, Gerdol M, Torboli V, Fornaini NR, Greco S, Giulianini PG, Coscia MR, Miccoli A, Santovito G, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Pallavicini A. Cold Adaptation in Antarctic Notothenioids: Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Insights in the Peculiar Role of Gills and Highlights Signatures of Cobalamin Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041812. [PMID: 33670421 PMCID: PMC7918649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Far from being devoid of life, Antarctic waters are home to Cryonotothenioidea, which represent one of the fascinating cases of evolutionary adaptation to extreme environmental conditions in vertebrates. Thanks to a series of unique morphological and physiological peculiarities, which include the paradigmatic case of loss of hemoglobin in the family Channichthyidae, these fish survive and thrive at sub-zero temperatures. While some of the distinctive features of such adaptations have been known for decades, our knowledge of their genetic and molecular bases is still limited. We generated a reference de novo assembly of the icefish Chionodraco hamatus transcriptome and used this resource for a large-scale comparative analysis among five red-blooded Cryonotothenioidea, the sub-Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus and seven temperate teleost species. Our investigation targeted the gills, a tissue of primary importance for gaseous exchange, osmoregulation, ammonia excretion, and its role in fish immunity. One hundred and twenty genes were identified as significantly up-regulated in Antarctic species and surprisingly shared by red- and white-blooded notothenioids, unveiling several previously unreported molecular players that might have contributed to the evolutionary success of Cryonotothenioidea in Antarctica. In particular, we detected cobalamin deficiency signatures and discussed the possible biological implications of this condition concerning hematological alterations and the heavy parasitic loads typically observed in all Cryonotothenioidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ansaloni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- International School for Advanced Studies, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Torboli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicola Reinaldo Fornaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Piero Giulio Giulianini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.A.); (V.T.); (N.R.F.); (S.G.); (P.G.G.); (A.P.)
- Anton Dohrn Zoological Station, 80122 Naples, Italy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, 34010 Trieste, Italy
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14
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González-Fernández C, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. Molecular characterization of the T cell costimulatory receptors CD28 and CTLA4 in the European sea bass. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:106-115. [PMID: 33348036 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the activation of T cells, it is necessary the specific recognition of the peptide by the T cell receptors (TCR) in the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and additional signals delivered by costimulatory receptors. In fish, knowledge about the presence of these costimulatory signals is limited and functional evidence almost absent. Thus, in this study, we have identified the stimulatory CD28 and the inhibitory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) coreceptors in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and evaluated their transcription. In parallel, the transcription encoding for the T cell markers CD8α and CD4 was also evaluated. Both coreceptors showed the canonical architecture including a signal peptide, an immunoglobulin domain, a transmembrane region and a cytosolic tail. Protein predictions and phylogenetic tree identify them as true mammalian orthologues of CD28 and CTLA4. We found these genes constitutively expressed in all studied organs of European sea bass with high expression in lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and head-kidney) and liver. The molecular expression pattern of these genes was up-regulated in head-kidney leucocytes stimulated with T mitogens as concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but not with the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fish challenged with nodavirus (NNV) evidenced a differential and opposing regulation of the cd28 and ctla4 transcription levels in the brain, the target organ for viral replication, and head-kidney. While cd28 transcription tends to decrease over the infection time in both organs the expression of the ctla4 gene tends to increase. Interestingly, the coreceptor expression is highly and significantly correlated to the transcription of the T cell markers. Our results highlight the important role of CD28 and CTLA4 as costimulatory receptors of T cells in European sea bass but further studies are deserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiotechnology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Immunobiotechnology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiotechnology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Picchietti S, Buonocore F, Guerra L, Belardinelli MC, De Wolf T, Couto A, Fausto AM, Saraceni PR, Miccoli A, Scapigliati G. Molecular and cellular characterization of European sea bass CD3ε + T lymphocytes and their modulation by microalgal feed supplementation. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:149-165. [PMID: 33433686 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD3 coreceptor is a master T cell surface marker, and genes encoding CD3ζ, γδ, and ε chains have been reported in several teleost fish. Here, a complete cDNA sequence of CD3ɛ chain was identified from a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) gill transcriptome. Its basal expression was quantified in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs of sea bass juveniles with real-time qPCR analysis. After either in vitro stimulation of head kidney leukocytes with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin or in vivo stimulation with an orally administered Vibrio anguillarum vaccine, CD3ε expression levels increased in head kidney leukocytes, confirming that CD3ε T cells may play important roles in fish systemic protection against pathogens. Further, three peptides were designed on the CD3ɛ cytoplasmic tail region and employed as immunogens for antibody production in rabbit. One antiserum so obtained, named RACD3/1, immunostained a band of the expected size in a western blot of a sea bass thymocyte lysate. The distribution of CD3ε+ lymphocyte population in the lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues was addressed in healthy fish by IHC. In decreasing percentage order, CD3ε+ lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, gills, head kidney, gut, and spleen. Finally, a significant in vivo enhancement of CD3ε+ T intestinal lymphocytes was found in fish fed on diets in which 100% fish meal was replaced by the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. These results indicate that CD3ε+ T cells are involved in nutritional immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE Aquaculture Research Center, Dendermond, Belgium
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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16
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Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Pallavicini A, Gerdol M. Identification of an IgD/IgT chimera in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:224-232. [PMID: 32711154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three classes of immunoglobulins have been identified in Teleosts: IgM, IgT/Z and IgD. They are fundamental for fish immune responses and, therefore, their functional activities are heavily investigated. In this paper, we describe the identification of a new IgD/IgT chimera in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from a gills transcriptome. This transcript joined the first six constant domains of the IgD chain with the two terminal constant domains of IgT, generating a long in-frame coding sequence with a junction between the canonical δ6 exon splicing donor site and the τ3 exon splicing acceptor site. Studies performed on genomic DNA confirmed the presence of the sequence and identifies and intronic region of 656 bp within this joining region. The basal expression of the IgD/IgT chimera was investigated both in silico and in vivo: high level of expression was found in gills, gut and head kidney. Moreover, IgD/IgT transcripts were up-regulated after in vitro stimulation of sea bass HK leukocytes with LPS. The IgD/IgT chimera was found also in two congener species, Morone saxatilis and Morone chrysops. It is not possible to have a precise idea on the evolutionary scenario that lead to the appearance of this sequence due to the lack of genomic information, but we could speculate that an ancestral duplication of the entire IgH locus was followed by the chimerization of Cδ/Cτ in one of the two loci. Finally, the IgD/IgT high basal expression in tissues and organs fundamental for sea bass immune response and its modulation after LPS stimulation provide a very preliminary indication that this unusual Ig variant could have a functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
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17
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Takahashi Y, Okamura Y, Morimoto N, Mihara K, Maekawa S, Wang HC, Aoki T, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Interleukin-17A/F1 from Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) stimulates the immune response in head kidney and intestinal cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:143-149. [PMID: 32437858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F, mainly produced by Th17 cells, are hallmark inflammatory cytokines that play important roles in the intestinal mucosal immune response. In contrast, three mammalian IL-17A and IL-17F counterparts (IL-17A/F1-3) have been identified in teleosts, and most of their functions have been described in the lymphoid organs. However, their function in the intestinal mucosal immune response is poorly understood. In this study, a recombinant (r) tiger puffer fish fugu (Takifugu rubripes) IL-17A/F1 was produced and purified using a mammalian expression system, and was used to stimulate cells isolated from fugu head kidney and intestines. The gene expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and β-defensin-like protein-1 (BD-1) genes were evaluated at 0, 3, 6 and 12 h post-stimulation (hps). Phagocytic activity and superoxide anion production were evaluated at the same time points using an NBT assay. The rIL-17A/F1 protein was shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in both head kidney and intestinal cells. Expression levels for IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were all up-regulated between 3 and 12 hps. In addition, stimulation with rIL-17A/F1 enhanced phagocytic activity at 24 hps. Superoxide anion production was increased at 48 hps in the head kidney cells and moderately increased at 48 hps in intestinal cells. This study suggests that fugu IL-17A/F1 plays an important role in promoting the innate immune response and may act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity in the head kidney and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takahashi
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Morimoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Koshin Mihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Shun Maekawa
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nao and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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18
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Okamura Y, Morimoto N, Ikeda D, Mizusawa N, Watabe S, Miyanishi H, Saeki Y, Takeyama H, Aoki T, Kinoshita M, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Interleukin-17A/F1 Deficiency Reduces Antimicrobial Gene Expression and Contributes to Microbiome Alterations in Intestines of Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes). Front Immunol 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32256492 PMCID: PMC7092794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-17A and F are hallmark inflammatory cytokines that play key roles in protection against infection and intestinal mucosal immunity. In the gastrointestinal tract (GI), the induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production via Paneth cells is a fundamental role of IL-17A and F in maintaining homeostasis of the GI microbiome and health. Although mammalian IL-17A and F homologs (referred to as IL-17A/F1-3) have been identified in several fish species, their function in the intestine is poorly understood. Additionally, the fish intestine lacks Paneth cells, and its GI structure is very different from that of mammals. Therefore, the GI microbiome modulatory mechanism via IL-17A/F genes has not been fully elucidated. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were used as a teleost model, and IL-17A/F1-knockout (IL-17A/F1-KO) medaka were established using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique. Furthermore, two IL-17A/F1-deficient medaka strains were generated, including one strain containing a 7-bp deletion (-7) and another with an 11-bp addition (+11). After establishing F2 homozygous KO medaka, transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted to elucidate IL-17A/F1-dependent gene induction in the intestine. Results of RNA-seq and real-time PCR (qPCR) demonstrated down-regulation of immune-related genes, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), complement 1q subunit C (C1qc), transferrin a (Tfa), and G-type lysozyme (LyzG), in IL-17A/F1-KO medaka. Interestingly, protein and lipid digestive enzyme genes, including phospholipase A2, group IB (pla2g1b), and elastase-1-like (CELA1), were also downregulated in the intestines of IL-17A/F1-KO medaka. Furthermore, to reveal the influence of these downregulated genes on the gut microbiome in IL-17A/F1-KO, 16S rRNA-based metagenomic sequencing analysis was conducted to analyze the microbiome constitution. Under a non-exposed state, the intestinal microbiome of IL-17A/F1-KO medaka differed at the phylum level from wild-type, with significantly higher levels of Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes. Additionally, at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level of the human and fish pathogens, the Enterobacteriaceae Plesiomonas shigelloides was the dominant species in IL-17A/F1-KO medaka. These findings suggest that IL-17A/F1 is involved in the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Natsuki Morimoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikeda
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nanami Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Shugo Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nao and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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19
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Okamura Y, Morimoto N, Sawada S, Kono T, Hikima JI, Sakai M. Molecular characterization and expression of two interleukin-17 receptor A genes on different chromosomes in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 240:110386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Magrone T, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Dietary Approaches to Attain Fish Health with Special Reference to their Immune System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4921-4931. [PMID: 30608037 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190104121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish despite their low collocation in the vertebrate phylum possess a complete immune system. In teleost fish both innate and adaptive immune responses have been described with melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) equivalent to mammalian germinal centers. Primary lymphoid organs are represented by the thymus and kidney, while spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues act as secondary lymphoid organs. Functions of either innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) or adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) will be described in detail, even including their products, such as cytokines and antibodies. In spite of a robust immune arsenal, fish are very much exposed to infectious agents (marine bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses) and, consequentially, mortality is very much enhanced especially in farmed fish. In fact, in aquaculture stressful events (overcrowding), microbial infections very frequently lead to a high rate of mortality. With the aim to reduce mortality of farmed fish through the reinforcement of their immune status the current trend is to administer natural products together with the conventional feed. Then, in the second part of the present review emphasis will be placed on a series of products, such as prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, β-glucans, vitamins, fatty acids and polyphenols all used to feed farmed fish. With special reference to polyphenols, results of our group using red grape extracts to feed farmed European sea bass will be illustrated. In particular, determination of cytokine production at intestinal and splenic levels, areas of MMCs and development of hepatopancreas will represent the main biomarkers considered. All together, our own data and those of current literature suggests that natural product administration to farmed fish for their beneficial effects may, in part, solve the problem of fish mortality in aquaculture, enhancing their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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21
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Buonocore F, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Stocchi V, Randelli E, Belardinelli MC, Miccoli A, Saraceni PR, Secombes CJ, Scapigliati G, Wang T. Identification, molecular characterization and functional analysis of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-2like (IL-2L) cytokines in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Cytokine 2019; 126:154898. [PMID: 31706201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-2, initially known as a T-cell grow factor, is an immunomodulatory cytokine involved in the proliferation of T cells upon antigen activation. In bony fish, some IL-2 orthologs have been identified, but, recently, an additional IL-2like (IL-2L) gene has been found. In this paper, we report the presence of these two divergent IL-2 isoforms in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Genomic analyses revealed that they originated from a gene duplication event, as happened in most percomorphs. These two IL-2 paralogs show differences in the amino acid sequence and in the exon 4 size, and these features could be an indication that they bind preferentially to different specific IL-2 receptors. Sea bass IL-2 paralogs are highly expressed in gut and spleen, which are tissues and organs involved in fish T cell immune functions, and the two cytokines could be up-regulated by both PHA stimulation and vaccination with a bacterial vaccine, with IL-2L being more inducible. To investigate the functional activities of sea bass IL-2 and IL-2L we produced the corresponding recombinant molecules in E. coli and used them to in vitro stimulate HK and spleen leukocytes. IL-2L is able to up-regulate the expression of markers related to different T cell subsets (Th1, Th2 and Th17) and to Treg cells in HK, whereas it has little effect in spleen. IL-2 is not active on these markers in HK, but shows an effect on Th1 markers in spleen. Finally, the stimulation with recombinant IL-2 and IL-2L is also able to induce in vitro proliferation of HK- and spleen-derived leukocytes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that sea bass possess two IL-2 paralogs that likely have an important role in regulating T cell development in this species and that show distinct bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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22
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Smith NC, Rise ML, Christian SL. A Comparison of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems in Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, and Lobe-Finned Fish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2292. [PMID: 31649660 PMCID: PMC6795676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is composed of two subsystems-the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and does not retain memory of previous responses. Innate immune responses are evolutionarily older than adaptive responses and elements of innate immunity can be found in all multicellular organisms. If a pathogen persists, the adaptive immune system will engage the pathogen with specificity and memory. Several components of the adaptive system including immunoglobulins (Igs), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC), are assumed to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates-the Gnathostomata. This review will discuss and compare components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in Gnathostomes, particularly in Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and in Osteichthyes [bony fish: the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)]. While many elements of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are conserved within these species and with higher level vertebrates, some elements have marked differences. Components of the innate immune system covered here include physical barriers, such as the skin and gastrointestinal tract, cellular components, such as pattern recognition receptors and immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils, and humoral components, such as the complement system. Components of the adaptive system covered include the fundamental cells and molecules of adaptive immunity: B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), immunoglobulins (Igs), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Comparative studies in fish such as those discussed here are essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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23
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Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M, Elks PM, Barreda DR. Teleost contributions to the understanding of mycobacterial diseases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 96:111-125. [PMID: 30776420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few pathogens have shaped human medicine as the mycobacteria. From understanding biological phenomena driving disease spread, to mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and antibiotic resistance, the Mycobacterium genus continues to challenge and offer insights into the basis of health and disease. Teleost fish models of mycobacterial infections have progressed significantly over the past three decades, now supplying a range of unique tools and new opportunities to define the strategies employed by these Gram-positive bacteria to overcome host defenses, as well as those host antimicrobial pathways that can be used to limit its growth and spread. Herein, we take a comparative perspective and provide an update on the contributions of teleost models to our understanding of mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Hodgkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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24
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Scapigliati G, Fausto AM, Picchietti S. Fish Lymphocytes: An Evolutionary Equivalent of Mammalian Innate-Like Lymphocytes? Front Immunol 2018; 9:971. [PMID: 29867952 PMCID: PMC5949566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are the responsible of adaptive responses, as they are classically described, but evidence shows that subpopulations of mammalian lymphocytes may behave as innate-like cells, engaging non-self rapidly and without antigen presentation. The innate-like lymphocytes of mammals have been mainly identified as γδT cells and B1-B cells, exert their activities principally in mucosal tissues, may be involved in human pathologies and their functions and tissue(s) of origin are not fully understood. Due to similarities in the morphology and immunobiology of immune system between fish and mammals, and to the uniqueness of having free-living larval stages where the development can be precisely monitored and engineered, teleost fish are proposed as an experimental model to investigate human immunity. However, the homology between fish lymphocytes and mammalian innate-like lymphocytes is an issue poorly considered in comparative immunology. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that fish lymphocytes could have developmental, morphological, and functional features in common with innate-like lymphocytes of mammals. Despite such similarities, information on possible links between conventional fish lymphocytes and mammalian innate-like lymphocytes is missing. The aim of this review is to summarize and describe available findings about the similarities between fish lymphocytes and mammalian innate-like lymphocytes, supporting the hypothesis that mammalian γδT cells and B1-B cells could be evolutionarily related to fish lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei sistemi biologici, agroalimentari e forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna M Fausto
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei sistemi biologici, agroalimentari e forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei sistemi biologici, agroalimentari e forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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25
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Cordero H, Morcillo P, Martínez S, Meseguer J, Pérez-Sirvent C, Chaves-Pozo E, Martínez-Sanchez MJ, Cuesta A, Ángeles Esteban M. Inorganic arsenic causes apoptosis cell death and immunotoxicity on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:324-332. [PMID: 29571380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic pollutants in the water. We have studied their effects on the marine teleost European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at 2 and 10 days of 5 μM of As2O3 (sub-lethal doses) waterborne exposure. Arsenic accumulates in liver and gill tissues. The expression profile of five genes (bax, blc2, casp3, casp8 and casp9) involved in apoptosis cell death confirmed apoptotic effects in liver, slight changes in gill and no effects in skin according with the histopathology findings. Total IgM level and peroxidase activities were increased at 2 and 10 days, respectively. The bactericidal activity was decreased at 2 days after As exposure. A general decrease of cellular immune activities with significant differences in the case of respiratory burst activity was observed after 2 and 10 days of exposure. This work describes for the first time the effects of As exposure on European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA
| | - Salvadora Martínez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Sirvent
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n., 30860 Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Sanchez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Sudhagar A, Kumar G, El-Matbouli M. Transcriptome Analysis Based on RNA-Seq in Understanding Pathogenic Mechanisms of Diseases and the Immune System of Fish: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010245. [PMID: 29342931 PMCID: PMC5796193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the advent of next-generation sequencing along with the development of various bioinformatics tools, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based transcriptome analysis has become much more affordable in the field of biological research. This technique has even opened up avenues to explore the transcriptome of non-model organisms for which a reference genome is not available. This has made fish health researchers march towards this technology to understand pathogenic processes and immune reactions in fish during the event of infection. Recent studies using this technology have altered and updated the previous understanding of many diseases in fish. RNA-Seq has been employed in the understanding of fish pathogens like bacteria, virus, parasites, and oomycetes. Also, it has been helpful in unraveling the immune mechanisms in fish. Additionally, RNA-Seq technology has made its way for future works, such as genetic linkage mapping, quantitative trait analysis, disease-resistant strain or broodstock selection, and the development of effective vaccines and therapies. Until now, there are no reviews that comprehensively summarize the studies which made use of RNA-Seq to explore the mechanisms of infection of pathogens and the defense strategies of fish hosts. This review aims to summarize the contemporary understanding and findings with regard to infectious pathogens and the immune system of fish that have been achieved through RNA-Seq technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Haryana 124411, India.
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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27
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Salinas I, Magadán S. Omics in fish mucosal immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:99-108. [PMID: 28235585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of fish is a complex network of immune cells and molecules that are constantly surveilling the environment and protecting the host from infection. A number of "omics" tools are now available and utilized to understand the complexity of mucosal immune systems in non-traditional animal models. This review summarizes recent advances in the implementation of "omics" tools pertaining to the four mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in teleosts. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and "omics" in microbiome research require interdisciplinary collaboration and careful experimental design. The data-rich datasets generated are proving really useful at discovering new innate immune players in fish mucosal secretions, identifying novel markers of specific mucosal immune responses, unraveling the diversity of the B and T cell repertoires and characterizing the diversity of the microbial communities present in teleost mucosal surfaces. Bioinformatics, data analysis and storage platforms should be developed to facilitate rapid processing of large datasets, especially when mammalian tools such as bioinformatics analysis software are not available in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Susana Magadán
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Pontevedra 36310, Spain.
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28
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Evolution of Th2 responses: characterization of IL-4/13 in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and studies of expression and biological activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2240. [PMID: 28533556 PMCID: PMC5440397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Th2 immunity is a primary host defence against metazoan pathogens and two of the important cytokines involved in this immune response in mammals are IL-4 and IL-13. Recently the origin and evolution of Th2 immune responses have been investigated in fish where a molecule with relatedness to both IL-4 and IL-13 is present, termed IL-4/13. Different IL-4/13 paralogues (IL-4/13 A and IL-4/13B) exist in teleost fish. In this paper, we have focused on the IL-4/13 isoforms found in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Two tandem duplicated but divergent IL-4/13 A isoforms and one IL-4/13B are present, a unique situation compared to other teleosts. These genes were studied in terms of their in vitro and in vivo transcript levels after different treatments and their biological activities after production of the recombinant isoforms. The results show that the presence of these three paralogues is associated with different activities, both in terms of their expression profiles and the ability of the proteins to modulate the expression of immune genes in head kidney leukocytes. It is clear that the initiation and control of type-2 responses in seabass is complex due to the presence of multiple IL-4/13 isoforms with overlapping but distinct activities.
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29
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Li ZX, Li YW, Xu S, Xu Y, Mo ZQ, Dan XM, Luo XC. Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TCR signaling pathway was involved in response against Cryptocaryon irritans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:176-184. [PMID: 28286257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is a complicated process accompanying with the activation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, which is not well described in teleost fish. The initiation of this pathway depends on the interaction of membrane TCR co-receptors (e.g. CD4/8, CD3 and CD45) and a series of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (e.g. Lck, Fyn and ZAP70). Cyptocaryon irritans is a ciliate pathogen of marine fish white spot disease causing huge economic lost in marine aquaculture. This parasite can infect fish gill and skin and is considered to be a good pathogen model for fish gill and skin mucosal immunity. Our previous studies showed the locally mucosal antibody response was important for fish defense against this parasite. While how TCR signaling pathway involved in T cell activation to help B cell activation in C. irritans infected fish is still not known. In the present study, we cloned a grouper TCR co-receptor gene EcCD3ε (537 bp) and its three kinase genes, including EcLck (1512 bp), EcFyn (1605 bp) and EcZAP70 (1893 bp). Homology analysis showed that they all shared the highest identity with corresponding genes from Takifugu rubripes (EcCD3ε 41%, EcLck 88%, EcFyn 98% and EcZAP70 93%), and their conserved motifs involved in the signaling transduction were analyzed. The tissue distribution analysis showed these four genes were high expressed in thymus, and it is interesting to find their comparative high expression in skin, gill and midgut mucosal immune tissues. In C. irritans infected grouper, the expression of three TCR co-receptors (EcCD4-1, EcCD3ε and EcCD45) and three kinases (EcLck, EcFyn and EcZAP70) was tested in skin, gill, head kidney and spleen at 0, 12 h, 24 h, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d. All six genes were significantly up-regulated in skin at most tested time points, which indicate the possibility of skin local T cell activation to support the local antibody response. Compared to three TCR co-receptors, significantly up-regulation of three kinases were seen in the spleen, and the spleen fold changes of these three kinases were much higher than head kidney, which indicates spleen maybe the major systematic immune organs for T cell activation in C. irritans infected fish.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bass
- Ciliophora/physiology
- Ciliophora Infections/genetics
- Ciliophora Infections/immunology
- Ciliophora Infections/parasitology
- Ciliophora Infections/veterinary
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fish Diseases/genetics
- Fish Diseases/immunology
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Fish Proteins/genetics
- Fish Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xiang Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shun Xu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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30
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Picchietti S, Nuñez-Ortiz N, Stocchi V, Randelli E, Buonocore F, Guerra L, Scapigliati G. Evolution of lymphocytes. Immunoglobulin T of the teleost sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Quantitation of gene expressing and immunoreactive cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:40-52. [PMID: 28167252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin T (IgT) is one of the key effector molecules of jawed vertebrate's adaptive immune system, and in this work we describe the quantitative distribution of IgT-expressing and IgT-producing cells in tissues of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax by using mRNA riboprobes and a specific anti-IgT antibody. A polyclonal antiserum (pAb) was prepared by immunizing rabbits with three synthetic peptides deduced from the full length IgT cDNA sequence and located in a surface-exposed CH3 domain of IgT constant region. The obtained antiserum, named RAIgT1, was able to recognize by ELISA immunization antigens and IgT from intestinal mucus and serum. In western blots of head kidney leukocytes lysates the antiserum recognized a 180 kDa polypeptide in non-reducing, and a 75 kDa peptide in reducing conditions. Interestingly, the RAIgT1 pAb crossreacted intensely in western blots with rainbow trout IgT purified from mucus and serum. Antisense mRNA IgT oligonucleotide sequences were employed in in situ hybridization to detect IgT-expressing cells in sections from lymphoid tissues, and positive cells were observed in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gills. By employing RAIgT1 in quantitative immunohistochemistry, the highest number of IgT-producing cells was observed in the gills (9.5 ± 0.7%), followed by intestine (8.4 ± 1.2%), head kidney (6.2 ± 1.4%), and spleen (4.1 ± 0.7%). Interestingly, the number of IgT-B cells showed a regionalization in the intestine, increasing from the proximal to the terminal part. By immunofluorescence and flow cytometry of live leukocytes, the percentages of RAIgT1 stained cells were 34 ± 11% in the intestine, 22 ± 5% in head kidney, 16 ± 7% in spleen, and 9 ± 5% in gills. At the fluorescence microscope, live cells from these tissues showed a typical membrane-associated positivity and a lymphocytic morphology, and no IgT/IgM double positive cells were detected. Immunoreactive cells have been purified from head kidney using magnetic beads, and IgT-enriched cells showed by RT-PCR an enhanced expression of the IgT gene, whereas IgT-depleted cells had an highest expression of IgM and TRβ genes. These data describe for the first time a quantitative panel of IgT-expressing and IgT-immunoreactive cells in tissues of a teleost fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - N Nuñez-Ortiz
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - V Stocchi
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - E Randelli
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - F Buonocore
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - L Guerra
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Università della Tuscia, Dipartimento per l'Innovazione Biologica, Agroalimentare e Forestale, Viterbo, Italy.
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Buonocore F, Stocchi V, Nunez-Ortiz N, Randelli E, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Facchiano A, Bernini C, Guerra L, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Immunoglobulin T from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): molecular characterization, tissue localization and expression after nodavirus infection. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28298204 PMCID: PMC5353873 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulins (Igs) are fundamental components of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, with the IgT/IgZ isotype specific of Teleosts. In this paper we describe the identification of an IgT heavy chain from the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), its molecular characterization and tissue mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. Results Sea bass IgT consists of 552 aa (Accession Number KM410929) and it contains a putative 19 amino acids long signal peptide and one potential N-glycosylation site. The C-region consists of four CH domains; each contains the cysteine and tryptophan residues required for their correct folding. Based on the recent sequencing of sea bass genome, we have identified five different genomic contigs bearing exons unequivocally pertaining to IgT (CH2, CH3 and CH4), but none corresponded to a complete IgH locus as IgT sequences were found in the highly fragmented assembled genomic regions which could not be assigned to any major scaffold. The 3D structure of sea bass IgT has been modelled using the crystal structure of a mouse Ig gamma as a template, thus showing that the amino acid sequence is suitable for the expected topology referred to an immunoglobulin-like architecture. The basal expression of sea bass IgT and IgM in different organs has been analysed: gut and gills, important mucosal organs, showed high IgT transcripts levels and this was the first indication of the possible involvement of sea bass IgT in mucosal immune responses. Moreover, sea bass IgT expression increased in gills and spleen after infection with nodavirus, highlighting the importance of IgT in sea bass immune responses. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of IgT transcripts in the gut and it revealed a differential expression along the intestinal tract, with a major expression in the posterior intestine, suggesting the hindgut as a site for the recruitment of IgT+ cells in this species. IgT transcripts were also found in gill filaments and parallel lamellae and, for the first time, we identified scattered IgT positive cells in the liver, with a strong signal in the hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions In conclusion, we performed a full molecular characterization of IgT in sea bass that points out its possible involvement in mucosal immune responses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Noelia Nunez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100, Avellino, AV, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
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Banerjee G, Ray AK. The advancement of probiotics research and its application in fish farming industries. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:66-77. [PMID: 28157611 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fish are always susceptible to a variety of lethal diseases caused by different types of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic agents. The unscientific management practises such as, over feeding, high stock densities and destructive fishing techniques increase the probability of disease symptoms in aquaculture industries. According to Food and Agriculture Association (FAO), each and every year several countries such as China, India, Norway, Indonesia, etc. face a huge loss in aquaculture production due to mainly bacterial and viral diseases. The use of antibiotics is a common practise in fish farming sectors to control the disease outbreak. However, the antibiotics are not long term friend because it creates selective pressure for emergence of drug resistant bacteria. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer several beneficial effects to host (enhances immunity, helps in digestion, protects from pathogens, improves water quality, promotes growth and reproduction) and can be used as an alternative of antibiotics. In recent year, a wide range of bacteria have reported as potential probiotics candidates in fish farming sectors, however, Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. gain special attention due to their high antagonistic activities, extracellular enzyme production and availability. In this present review, we have summarized the recent advancement in aquaculture probiotics research and its impact on fish health, nutrition, immunity, reproduction and water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India; Center for Nature Conservation and Biosafety (CNCB Pvt. Ltd.; cncb.co.in), Cuttack, Odisha 754132, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Ray
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
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Dee CT, Nagaraju RT, Athanasiadis EI, Gray C, Fernandez Del Ama L, Johnston SA, Secombes CJ, Cvejic A, Hurlstone AFL. CD4-Transgenic Zebrafish Reveal Tissue-Resident Th2- and Regulatory T Cell-like Populations and Diverse Mononuclear Phagocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3520-3530. [PMID: 27694495 PMCID: PMC5073357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are at the nexus of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of CD4+ T cells, and it is unclear whether their differentiation into specialized subsets is conserved in early vertebrates. In this study, we have created transgenic zebrafish with vibrantly labeled CD4+ cells allowing us to scrutinize the development and specialization of teleost CD4+ leukocytes in vivo. We provide further evidence that CD4+ macrophages have an ancient origin and had already emerged in bony fish. We demonstrate the utility of this zebrafish resource for interrogating the complex behavior of immune cells at cellular resolution by the imaging of intimate contacts between teleost CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes. Most importantly, we reveal the conserved subspecialization of teleost CD4+ T cells in vivo. We demonstrate that the ancient and specialized tissues of the gills contain a resident population of il-4/13b-expressing Th2-like cells, which do not coexpress il-4/13a Additionally, we identify a contrasting population of regulatory T cell-like cells resident in the zebrafish gut mucosa, in marked similarity to that found in the intestine of mammals. Finally, we show that, as in mammals, zebrafish CD4+ T cells will infiltrate melanoma tumors and obtain a phenotype consistent with a type 2 immune microenvironment. We anticipate that this unique resource will prove invaluable for future investigation of T cell function in biomedical research, the development of vaccination and health management in aquaculture, and for further research into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Dee
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Raghavendar T Nagaraju
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanouil I Athanasiadis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gray
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cvejic
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom;
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F L Hurlstone
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
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Nuñez-Ortiz N, Pascoli F, Picchietti S, Buonocore F, Bernini C, Toson M, Scapigliati G, Toffan A. A formalin-inactivated immunogen against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): immunological and protection effects. Vet Res 2016; 47:89. [PMID: 27590537 PMCID: PMC5010674 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean area, very sensitive to the infection by encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERv), or Betanodavirus, which causes massive mortalities. Effective vaccines to fight the pathology are not yet available and in this work we describe a promising intraperitoneal immunization route against VERv of sea bass juveniles. We performed intraperitoneal and immersion immunization trials with a VERv (isolate 283.2009 RGNNV) inactivated by formalin, β-propiolactone and heat treatment. Interestingly, the intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv induced a significant antigen-specific IgM production, differently from other inactivation protocols. However, the same formalin-inactivated antigen resulted in very low IgM antibodies when administered by immersion. Following the intraperitoneal injection with formalin-inactivated virus, the quantitative expression of the antiviral MxA gene showed a modulation of transcripts in the gut after 48 h and on head kidney after 24 h, whereas ISG12 gene was significantly up-regulated after 48 h on both tissues. In immersion immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, a modulation of MxA and ISG12 genes after 24 h post-treatment was detected in the gills. An effective uptake of VERv particles in the gills was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-VERv antibodies. Lastly, in challenge experiments using live VERv after intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv, we observed a significant increase (81.9%) in relative survival percentage with respect to non-immunized fish, whereas immersion immunization resulted in no protection. Our results suggest that intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-inactivated VERv could be a safe and effective strategy to fight Betanodavirus infection in European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Nuñez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marica Toson
- Epidemiologia applicata agli animali acquatici, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Anna Toffan
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale (NRL) per le patologie dei pesci, molluschi e crostacei, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Calduch-Giner JA, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Functional Specialization along the Intestinal Tract of a Carnivorous Teleostean Fish (Dicentrarchus labrax). Front Physiol 2016; 7:359. [PMID: 27610085 PMCID: PMC4997091 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-quality sequencing reads from the intestine of European sea bass were assembled, annotated by similarity against protein reference databases and combined with nucleotide sequences from public and private databases. After redundancy filtering, 24,906 non-redundant annotated sequences encoding 15,367 different gene descriptions were obtained. These annotated sequences were used to design a custom, high-density oligo-microarray (8 × 15 K) for the transcriptomic profiling of anterior (AI), middle (MI), and posterior (PI) intestinal segments. Similar molecular signatures were found for AI and MI segments, which were combined in a single group (AI-MI) whereas the PI outstood separately, with more than 1900 differentially expressed genes with a fold-change cutoff of 2. Functional analysis revealed that molecular and cellular functions related to feed digestion and nutrient absorption and transport were over-represented in AI-MI segments. By contrast, the initiation and establishment of immune defense mechanisms became especially relevant in PI, although the microarray expression profiling validated by qPCR indicated that these functional changes are gradual from anterior to posterior intestinal segments. This functional divergence occurred in association with spatial transcriptional changes in nutrient transporters and the mucosal chemosensing system via G protein-coupled receptors. These findings contribute to identify key indicators of gut functions and to compare different fish feeding strategies and immune defense mechanisms acquired along the evolution of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Spain
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Bílková B, Albrecht T, Chudíčková M, Holáň V, Piálek J, Vinkler M. Application of Concanavalin A during immune responsiveness skin-swelling tests facilitates measurement interpretation in mammalian ecology. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4551-64. [PMID: 27386096 PMCID: PMC4931001 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin‐swelling test is a simple and widespread method used in field ecological research to estimate cellular immune responsiveness in animals. This immunoecological test is based on measuring the magnitude of tissue swelling response at specific times following subcutaneous application of an experimental pro‐inflammatory stimulant. In the vast majority of studies across vertebrate taxa, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is used as a universal stimulant. Given the complexity of immune response activation pathways of PHA, however, interpretation of test results can be ambiguous. Goal of this study was to improve methodology of the skin‐swelling test to decrease this ambiguity. Here, we present an alternative protocol aimed at facilitating interpretation of skin‐swelling data for mammals. Based on previous evidence suggesting that mammalian T cells are readily activated by Concanavalin A (ConA) in vitro, we compared cellular immune responses in vivo to PHA and ConA as an alternative pro‐inflammatory stimulant in mice. We measured magnitude of tissue swelling and compared it with intensity of blood cell infiltration into tissue over a 72‐hour interval. Our results corroborate that PHA and ConA show important differences in both dynamics and response amplitude in rodents. ConA induces stronger swelling with a distinct leukocyte activity pattern and higher pro‐inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 6 [IL‐6] and interferon gamma[IFN‐γ]) expression than PHA during peak response (24‐h post‐treatment). Furthermore, unlike PHA, magnitude of swelling was positively associated with cellular activity (number of neutrophils infiltrating tissue) following ConA injection. We conclude that ConA is the more suitable stimulant for skin‐swelling tests in mammals. This is because of the molecular binding specificity in the two lectins, that is, ConA specifically activates T cells while PHA also triggers erythroagglutination. We propose that ConA be used in all future ecological testing in mammals as it exhibits better performance and its application facilitates immunological interpretation of skin‐swelling test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Bílková
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU; Research Facility Studenec Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Květná 8603 65 Brno Czech Republic, EU
| | - Milada Chudíčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Praha 4 Czech Republic, EU
| | - Vladimír Holáň
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Praha 4 Czech Republic, EU
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Research Facility Studenec Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Květná 8 603 65 Brno Czech Republic, EU
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 128 44 Praha Czech Republic, EU
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Denyer MP, Pinheiro DY, Garden OA, Shepherd AJ. Missed, Not Missing: Phylogenomic Evidence for the Existence of Avian FoxP3. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150988. [PMID: 26938477 PMCID: PMC4777427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box transcription factor FoxP3 is pivotal to the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which make a major contribution to peripheral tolerance. FoxP3 is believed to perform a regulatory role in all the vertebrate species in which it has been detected. The prevailing view is that FoxP3 is absent in birds and that avian Tregs rely on alternative developmental and suppressive pathways. Prompted by the automated annotation of foxp3 in the ground tit (Parus humilis) genome, we have questioned this assumption. Our analysis of all available avian genomes has revealed that the foxp3 locus is missing, incomplete or of poor quality in the relevant genomic assemblies for nearly all avian species. Nevertheless, in two species, the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the saker falcon (F. cherrug), there is compelling evidence for the existence of exons showing synteny with foxp3 in the ground tit. A broader phylogenomic analysis has shown that FoxP3 sequences from these three species are similar to crocodilian sequences, the closest living relatives of birds. In both birds and crocodilians, we have also identified a highly proline-enriched region at the N terminus of FoxP3, a region previously identified only in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Denyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dammy Y. Pinheiro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A. Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OAG); (AJS)
| | - Adrian J. Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OAG); (AJS)
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Biscotti MA, Gerdol M, Canapa A, Forconi M, Olmo E, Pallavicini A, Barucca M, Schartl M. The Lungfish Transcriptome: A Glimpse into Molecular Evolution Events at the Transition from Water to Land. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21571. [PMID: 26908371 PMCID: PMC4764851 DOI: 10.1038/srep21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lungfish and coelacanths are the only living sarcopterygian fish. The phylogenetic relationship of lungfish to the last common ancestor of tetrapods and their close morphological similarity to their fossil ancestors make this species uniquely interesting. However their genome size, the largest among vertebrates, is hampering the generation of a whole genome sequence. To provide a partial solution to the problem, a high-coverage lungfish reference transcriptome was generated and assembled. The present findings indicate that lungfish, not coelacanths, are the closest relatives to land-adapted vertebrates. Whereas protein-coding genes evolve at a very slow rate, possibly reflecting a “living fossil” status, transposable elements appear to be active and show high diversity, suggesting a role for them in the remarkable expansion of the lungfish genome. Analyses of single genes and gene families documented changes connected to the water to land transition and demonstrated the value of the lungfish reference transcriptome for comparative studies of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Biscotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Adriana Canapa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariko Forconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ettore Olmo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Barucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Ding Y, Ao J, Ai C, Chen X. Molecular and functional identification of three interleukin-17A/F (IL-17A/F) homologues in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:221-232. [PMID: 26429410 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine family plays a central role in the coordination of inflammatory responses. In fish species, three genes that have a similar homology to both IL-17A and IL-17F were designated IL-17A/F1, 2, and 3. In this study, we identified three IL-17A/F homologues (LycIL-17A/F1, 2, and 3) from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The deduced LycIL-17A/F1 and 3 had four cysteine residues conserved in teleost IL-17A/F1 and 3 homologues and shared a domain similar to the B chain of human IL-17F. The deduced LycIL-17A/F2 possessed the unique arrangement of six cysteine residues as teleost IL-17A/F2 (except Fugu IL-17A/F2) and higher vertebrate IL-17A and F, and shared a domain similar to the D/E chain of human IL-17A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that teleost IL-17A/F1 and 3 fall into a major clade, whereas IL-17A/F2 forms a separated clade and is clustered with IL-17N. Based on structural and phylogenetic analyses, we suggest that teleost IL-17A/Fs may be classified into two subgroups: one consisting of IL-17A/F1 and 3, and the other composed of IL-17A/F2. The three LycIL-17A/Fs were constitutively expressed in all tissues examined although at a different level. Following challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, expression of these three LycIL-17A/Fs was rapidly increased in head kidney and gills. The in vivo assays showed that recombinant LycIL-17A/F1, 2, and 3 all were able to enhance the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α2), chemokines (CXCL8 and CXCL13), and antimicrobial peptide hepcidin in head kidney. Furthermore, LycIL-17A/Fs appeared to mediate pro-inflammatory responses via NF-κB signalling. These results therefore reveal similar functions between the two subgroup members,LycIL-17A/F1 and 3 and LycIL-17A/F2, in promoting inflammation and host defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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Gan Z, Wang B, Zhou W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Jian J, Wu Z, Nie P. Molecular characterization and expression of ZAP-70 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to Streptococcus agalactiae stimulus. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nakanishi T, Shibasaki Y, Matsuura Y. T Cells in Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:640-63. [PMID: 26426066 PMCID: PMC4690012 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating that the thymus is the essential organ for development of T lymphocytes from early thymocyte progenitors to functionally competent T cells. A high number of T cells in the intestine and gills has been reported in several fish species. Involvement of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in allograft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Conservation of CD4+ helper T cell functions among teleost fishes has been suggested in a number studies employing mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and hapten/carrier effect. Alloantigen- and virus-specific cytotoxicity has also been demonstrated in ginbuna and rainbow trout. Furthermore, the important role of cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity has been reported in the protection against intracellular bacterial infection. Recently, the direct antibacterial activity of CD8α+, CD4+ T-cells and sIgM+ cells in fish has been reported. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in T cell research focusing on the tissue distribution and function of fish T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Somamoto T, Miura Y, Nakanishi T, Nakao M. Local and systemic adaptive immune responses toward viral infection via gills in ginbuna crucian carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:81-87. [PMID: 25936589 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on fish immunity highlighted the significance of gills as mucosal immune tissues. To understand potential of gills as vaccination sites for inducing adaptive systemic immunity, we investigated virus-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses following a "per-gill infection method", which directly exposes virus only to gills. The viral load in crucian carp hematopoietic necrosis virus (CHNV)-infected gills decreased after peaking at a particular time point. Furthermore, the viral titers in the gills following the secondary infection were lower than that after the primary infection, indicating that local adaptive immunity helped the elimination of virus. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that IFN-γ in gills and perforin in kidney were increased after the gill infection. CD8(+) cells in kidney leukocytes increased after the secondary infection, whereas IgM(+) cells decreased. These results suggest that IFN-γ and CTL contribute in controlling CHNV-replication in gills and kidney. Gill infection could induce specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and secretion of CHNV-specific IgM in serum, indicating that local priming of the gill site can generate adaptive systemic immunity. Thus, the gills could be prospective antigen-sensitization sites for mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Miura
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Munang'andu HM, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø. A Review of the Immunological Mechanisms Following Mucosal Vaccination of Finfish. Front Immunol 2015; 6:427. [PMID: 26379665 PMCID: PMC4547047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal organs are principle portals of entry for microbial invasion and as such developing protective vaccines against these pathogens can serve as a first line of defense against infections. In general, all mucosal organs in finfish are covered by a layer of mucus whose main function is not only to prevent pathogen attachment by being continuously secreted and sloughing-off but it serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial compounds, complement, and immunoglobulins that degrade, opsonize, and neutralize invading pathogens on mucosal surfaces. In addition, all mucosal organs in finfish possess antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate cells of the adaptive immune system to generate long-lasting protective immune responses. The functional activities of APCs are orchestrated by a vast array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines found in all mucosal organs. The adaptive immune system in mucosal organs is made of humoral immune responses that are able to neutralize invading pathogens as well as cellular-mediated immune responses whose kinetics are comparable to those induced by parenteral vaccines. In general, finfish mucosal immune system has the capacity to serve as the first-line defense mechanism against microbial invasion as well as being responsive to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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The Mucosal Immune System of Teleost Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:525-39. [PMID: 26274978 PMCID: PMC4588148 DOI: 10.3390/biology4030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies reveal that adaptive immune responses take place at the different mucosal surfaces of teleost. The main mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) of teleosts are the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT) and the recently discovered nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Teleost MALT includes diffuse B cells and T cells with specific phenotypes different from their systemic counterparts that have co-evolved to defend the microbe-rich mucosal environment. Both B and T cells respond to mucosal infection or vaccination. Specific antibody responses can be measured in the gills, gut and skin mucosal secretions of teleost fish following mucosal infection or vaccination. Rainbow trout studies have shown that IgT antibodies and IgT(+) B cells are the predominant B cell subset in all MALT and respond in a compartmentalized manner to mucosal infection. Our current knowledge on adaptive immunity in teleosts is limited compared to the mammalian literature. New research tools and in vivo models are currently being developed in order to help reveal the great intricacy of teleost mucosal adaptive immunity and help improve mucosal vaccination protocols for use in aquaculture.
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Callol A, Reyes-López FE, Roig FJ, Goetz G, Goetz FW, Amaro C, MacKenzie SA. An Enriched European Eel Transcriptome Sheds Light upon Host-Pathogen Interactions with Vibrio vulnificus. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207370 PMCID: PMC4514713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the principal bottlenecks for the European eel recovery. The aim of this study was to develop a new molecular tool to be used in host-pathogen interaction experiments in the eel. To this end, we first stimulated adult eels with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), extracted RNA from the immune-related tissues and sequenced the transcriptome. We obtained more than 2x106 reads that were assembled and annotated into 45,067 new descriptions with a notable representation of novel transcripts related with pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the immune response. Then, we designed a DNA-microarray that was used to analyze the early immune response against Vibrio vulnificus, a septicemic pathogen that uses the gills as the portal of entry into the blood, as well as the role of the main toxin of this species (RtxA13) on this early interaction. The gill transcriptomic profiles obtained after bath infecting eels with the wild type strain or with a mutant deficient in rtxA13 were analyzed and compared. Results demonstrate that eels react rapidly and locally against the pathogen and that this immune-response is rtxA13-dependent as transcripts related with cell destruction were highly up-regulated only in the gills from eels infected with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, significant differences in the immune response against the wild type and the mutant strain also suggest that host survival after V. vulnificus infection could depend on an efficient local phagocytic activity. Finally, we also found evidence of the presence of an interbranchial lymphoid tissue in European eel gills although further experiments will be necessary to identify such tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Callol
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department de Biologia cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Roig
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giles Goetz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | | | - Carmen Amaro
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Simon A. MacKenzie
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Valero Y, Morcillo P, Meseguer J, Buonocore F, Esteban MA, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Characterization of the IFN pathway in the teleost fish gonad against vertically transmitted viral nervous necrosis virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2176-2187. [PMID: 25918238 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most powerful innate immune responses against viruses is mediated by type I IFN. In teleost fish, it is known that virus infection triggers the expression of ifn and many IFN-stimulated genes, but the viral RNA sensors and mediators leading to IFN production are scarcely known. Thus, we have searched for the presence of these genes in gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and evaluated their expression after infection with viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV) in the brain, the main viral target tissue, and the gonad, used to transmit the virus vertically. In sea bream, a fish species resistant to the VNNV strain used, we found an upregulation of the genes encoding MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5), TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), IRF3 (IFN regulatory factor 3), IFN, Mx [myxovirus (influenza) resistance protein] and PKR (dsRNA-dependent protein kinase receptor) proteins in the brain, which were unaltered in the gonad and could favour the dissemination by gonad fluids or gametes. Strikingly, in European sea bass, a very susceptible species, we also identified, transcripts coding for LGP2 (Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2), MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signalling), TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3), TANK (TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator) and IRF7 (IFN regulatory factor 7), and found that all the genes analysed were upregulated in the gonad, but only mda5, lgp2, irf3, mx and pkr were upregulated in the brain. These findings supported the notion that the European sea bass brain innate immune response is unable to clear the virus and pointed to the importance of gonad immunity to control the dissemination of VNNV to the progeny--an aspect that is worth investigating in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Italy
| | - María A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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