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Shao X, He L, Liu Y. The effects of exercise interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1513-1520. [PMID: 39075917 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a crucial neurotrophic factor that plays a significant role in brain health. Although the vast majority of meta-analyses have confirmed that exercise interventions can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents, the effects of specific types of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are still controversial. To address this issue, we used meta-analytic methods to quantitatively evaluate, analyze, and integrate relevant studies. Our goals were to formulate general conclusions regarding the use of exercise interventions, explore the physiological mechanisms by which exercise improves brain health and cognitive ability in children and adolescents, and provide a reliable foundation for follow-up research. We used the PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Weipu, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to search for randomized controlled trials examining the influences of exercise interventions on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. The extracted data were analyzed using ReviewManager 5.3. According to the inclusion criteria, we assessed randomized controlled trials in which the samples were mainly children and adolescents, and the outcome indicators were measured before and after the intervention. We excluded animal experiments, studies that lacked a control group, and those that did not report quantitative results. The mean difference (MD; before versus after intervention) was used to evaluate the effect of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. Overall, 531 participants (60 children and 471 adolescents, 10.9-16.1 years) were included from 13 randomized controlled trials. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q statistic and I2 test provided by ReviewManager software. The meta-analysis showed that there was no heterogeneity among the studies (P = 0.67, I2 = 0.00%). The combined effect of the interventions was significant (MD = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.53-4.22, P < 0.0001), indicating that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels of the children and adolescents in the exercise group were significantly higher than those in the control group. In conclusion, different types of exercise interventions significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in children and adolescents. However, because of the small sample size of this meta-analysis, more high-quality research is needed to verify our conclusions. This meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42023439408).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Shao
- Physical Education School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Longfei He
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Liu C, Liang X, Yang Y, Liu R, Arbour-Nicitopoulos K, Sit CHP. Mechanisms Linking Physical Activity With Mental Health in Children and Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2024; 67:592-605. [PMID: 38844148 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) is a promising way to improve mental health in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The current review aimed to explore the potential neurobiological, psychosocial, and behavioral mechanisms between PA interventions and mental health in children and adolescents with NDDs. METHODS Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ERIC were searched from inception to June 2023. Randomized controlled trials/quasi-experimental designs applying PA interventions and reporting at least one mental health outcome and at least one potential mechanism in children and adolescents with NDDs were included. The best evidence synthesis rating system was adopted to determine the strength and consistency of potential mechanisms and was performed in 2024. RESULTS In total, 45 studies were included, 29 of which were randomized controlled trials and 16 were quasi-experimental, with a total of 1,751 participants. According to the best evidence synthesis rating system, neurobiological (theta activity and P3 amplitude), psychosocial (social skills and social participation), and behavioral (motor skills and sleep) mechanisms were the frequently examined and consistent mechanisms through which PA affected mental health in children and adolescents with NDDs. However, evidence regarding P3 latency, beta activity, and physical self-concept was insufficient. DISCUSSION Future PA interventions could consider neurobiological (theta activity and P3 amplitude), psychosocial (social skills and social participation), and behavioral (motor skills and sleep) mechanisms. Alternatively, PA can be developed as an adjunctive approach with interventions that specifically focus on these mechanisms to enhance mental health in children and adolescents with NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yijian Yang
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran Liu
- The First Hospital of Tsinghua University (Beijing Huaxin Hospital), Beijing, China
| | | | - Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang Z, Shi P, Zhang K, Li C, Feng X. The frontal association area: exercise-induced brain plasticity in children and adolescents and implications for cognitive intervention practice. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1418803. [PMID: 39301538 PMCID: PMC11410640 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1418803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Explore the plasticity of the frontal associative areas in children and adolescents induced by exercise and potential moderating variables. Methods Computer searches of CNKI, WOS, PubMed and EBSCO databases were conducted, and statistical analyses were performed based on SPSS 25.0, Stata 12.0 and Ginger ALE 2.3 software after literature screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. Results A total of 13 articles, including 425 participants aged 8.9∼16.8 years, were included. Frequency analysis revealed that exercise induced enhanced activation in frontal, parietal, occipital, limbic system and cerebellum (P < 0.01). Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis revealed that exercise altered the activation status of the frontal association (medial frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus), cuneus, lingual gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, caudate nucleus and cerebellar apex, with the volume of activation in the frontal association accounting for 61.81% of the total activation cluster volume and an enhanced activation effect. Additionally, the study design, age, gender, nationality, cognitive tasks, as well as exercise intensity, intervention time, and type of exercise may be potential moderating variables. Particularly, sustained exercise induced a decrease in activation in the left parahippocampal gyrus, culmen, and lingual gyrus, while variable exercise induced an increase in activation in the left middle frontal gyrus. Conclusion Exercise-induced activation increase in the frontal associative areas of children and adolescents is dominant, especially longer periods of moderate-intensity variable exercise can induce more brain region activation. However, some of the included studies are cross-sectional, and the accuracy of the results still requires further verification. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier PROSPERO, CRD42022348781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Zhang
- School of Life and Health, Huzhou College, Huzhou, China
| | - Peng Shi
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou, China
- Department of Graduate Studies, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Physical Education, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Xiaosu Feng
- School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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Jing JQ, Jia SJ, Yang CJ. Physical activity promotes brain development through serotonin during early childhood. Neuroscience 2024; 554:34-42. [PMID: 39004411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Early childhood serves as a critical period for neural development and skill acquisition when children are extremely susceptible to the external environment and experience. As a crucial experiential stimulus, physical activity is believed to produce a series of positive effects on brain development, such as cognitive function, social-emotional abilities, and psychological well-being. The World Health Organization recommends that children engage in sufficient daily physical activity, which has already been strongly advocated in the practice of preschool education. However, the mechanisms by which physical activity promotes brain development are still unclear. The role of neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, in promoting brain development through physical activity has received increasing attention. Physical activity has been shown to stimulate the secretion of serotonin by increasing the bioavailability of free tryptophan and enriching the diversity of gut microbiota. Due to its important role in modulating neuronal proliferation, differentiation, synaptic morphogenesis, and synaptic transmission, serotonin can regulate children's explicit cognitive and social interaction behavior in the early stages of life. Therefore, we hypothesized that serotonin emerges as a pivotal transmitter that mediates the relationship between physical activity and brain development during early childhood. Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed to specifically explore whether the type, intensity, dosage, duration, and degree of voluntariness of PA may affect the role of serotonin in the relationship between physical activity and brain function. This review not only helps us understand the impact of exercise on development but also provides a solid theoretical basis for increasing physical activity during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Jing
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Jia Jia
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yang
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Gallotta MC, Bonavolontà V, Zimatore G, Curzi D, Falcioni L, Migliaccio S, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Academic achievement and healthy lifestyle habits in primary school children: an interventional study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1412266. [PMID: 39105149 PMCID: PMC11298431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purposes First, to examine the relationship between primary school children's academic achievement and healthy lifestyle habits. Second, to evaluate the effectiveness of two different 5-month physical education interventions (traditional physical education vs. coordinative physical education) on children's academic achievement. Third, to examine whether variations of anthropometric variables, fitness level, gross motor coordination, physical activity level, sedentary time, attentional performance, fruit and vegetable consumption, meal frequency and type of physical education intervention could predict children's academic achievement variations. Methods Before and after the intervention, Italian language and mathematics skills, anthropometric variables (weight, height, body fat percentage, BMI), physical fitness (aerobic fitness, muscular strength, flexibility), gross motor coordination, attentional performance (processing speed, concentration performance, performance accuracy, attentional and inhibitory control), physical activity level, sedentary time and eating habits (meal frequency, fruit and vegetable consumption) were assessed in 161 Italian primary school children, randomly assigned to a traditional physical education group or to a coordinative physical education group. Results Physical activity level, gross motor coordination and aerobic fitness moderately predicted mathematics skill (R2 = 17%). Moreover, physical activity level, aerobic fitness and muscular strength moderately predicted Italian language skill (R2 = 21%). Intervention type differently affected academic achievement. Specifically, Italian language and mathematics skills significantly improved only after traditional intervention. Fruit consumption increase was positively associated with the improvement in academic achievement. Coordinative physical education intervention was associated with a lower probability of improvement in Italian language and mathematical skills. Conclusion Motor ability and lifestyle habits may have a positive influence on academic achievement in children. Unexpectedly, traditional physical education intervention resulted to be more effective on both Italian language and mathematical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate (CO), Italy
| | | | - Lavinia Falcioni
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate (CO), Italy
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Drollette ES, Pasupathi PA, Slutsky-Ganesh AB, Etnier JL. Take a Break for Memory Sake! Effects of Short Physical Activity Breaks on Inhibitory Control, Episodic Memory, and Event-Related Potentials in Children. Brain Sci 2024; 14:626. [PMID: 39061367 PMCID: PMC11274896 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive sedentary lifestyle exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced physical activity (PA) among school-age children, necessitating innovative strategies to evaluate short PA breaks that are feasible in a classroom setting. This study explored the cognitive and neurophysiological (electroencephalography; EEG) impacts of short bouts of different PA modalities on inhibitory control (flanker task) and episodic memory (word recognition task) in children. Utilizing a within-participants cross-over design, thirty-six children (n = 36; 9-12 years old) attended the lab on three separate days with each visit including either a 9 min bout of sustained moderate-intensity cycling, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), or seated rest. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were assessed during the flanker task (P3 component) and the word recognition task (LPC and FN400 components) to elucidate the neural mechanisms underpinning behavioral outcomes. Findings indicated no differences in flanker performance but greater episodic memory recall for HIIE compared to seated rest. Neurophysiological results revealed no differences for P3, but notably larger amplitude for LPC and FN400 postcycling, particularly over parietal electrode sites. These results underscore the potential of short PA breaks to improve cognitive and neurocognitive function in children, offering a feasible integration strategy into daily school routines without extensive time commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.B.S.-G.); (J.L.E.)
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Qu H, Tang H, Wang L, Wang W, Zhao Y, Chen A, Hu C. Effects on brain structural and functional in deaf children after aerobic exercise training: a pilot cluster randomized controlled study. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38618672 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2341910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine effects of aerobic exercise interventions on brain via the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), as well as functional change during working memory (WM) task using fMRI in deaf children.Method: The study applied a cluster randomized controlled design. Twelve deaf children in the intervention group were required to complete an eleven-week aerobic exercise intervention, while other twelve age and gender matched deaf children in the control group were required to keep their normal daily life. Task fMRI images of each participant were acquired in the baseline and post intervention period. The surface-based morphometry (SBM) analysis and functional activation analysis were employed to probe the effects of 11-week aerobic exercise on cerebral structural and functional in deaf children, respectively.Results: The 11-week aerobic exercise intervention did not change brain structure in deaf children. However, behavior performance (reaction time and mean accuracy rate) presented significant improvements after the 11-week aerobic exercise intervention. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed decreased reaction time in the 2-back (p < 0.001) and 2-0 back (p < 0.001), and increased mean accuracy rate during 2-back (p = 0.034). Furthermore, enhanced brain activations in the left supplementary motor cortex (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) and left paracentral lobule (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) were observed in the intervention group.Conclusion: 11-week aerobic exercise intervention may not be able to modulate brain structure in deaf children, but may have significantly positive effects on behavior performance and brain functional activation during WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Deparment of Health Sciences & Kinesiology, GA Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Biobank, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University. Yangzhou Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University. Yangzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, China
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D'Cruz AFL, D'Souza NJ, Downing KL, Smith C, Sciberras E, Hesketh KD. Association between physical activity and self-regulation in early childhood: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13657. [PMID: 38049177 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity and self-regulation are important predictors of pediatric overweight and obesity. Young children (0-5 years) with lower physical activity levels and poorer self-regulation skills are at greater risk for overweight. Despite growing evidence that the two constructs are interrelated, their association remains unclear in young children. This review systematically summarized associations between physical activity and self-regulation in early childhood and explored the directionality of associations. Searches were run in six electronic databases. Forty-seven papers met inclusion criteria. Only three studies investigated all three domains of self-regulation (behavioral, cognitive, and emotional). Overall, findings were inconclusive; studies reported weak to moderate positive associations (n = 17), inverse associations (n = 5), mixed associations (n = 15), null association (n = 2), and negative (n = 1) between physical activity and self-regulation. Compared with the emotional and cognitive domains, physical activity was most consistently positively associated with behavioral self-regulation. Only one study assessed bidirectional associations, reporting a positive association. The three studies that included global self-regulation showed contradicting findings. There is some evidence that physical activity dose and sex potentially confound these associations; however, further research is needed given the paucity of studies. This review highlights the need for more in-depth investigation of the complex association between physical activity and global self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhigale F L D'Cruz
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ninoshka J D'Souza
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia Smith
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Sciberras
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED), School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Souilla L, Larsen AC, Juhl CB, Skou ST, Bricca A. Childhood and adolescence physical activity and multimorbidity later in life: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF MULTIMORBIDITY AND COMORBIDITY 2024; 14:26335565241231403. [PMID: 38333053 PMCID: PMC10851728 DOI: 10.1177/26335565241231403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Background No systematic summary exists on childhood physical activity and later-life multimorbidity risks. We primarily investigated the association of physical activity in childhood and adolescence and the development of multimorbidity in adulthood. Secondarily, we examined whether physical activity level differ in children and adolescents with and without multimorbidity and whether there is a cross-sectional association between physical activity and multimorbidity. Methods Following Cochrane Handbook guidelines and adhering to PRISMA recommendations, we included cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between physical activity in children and adolescents and development of multimorbidity. Results were summarized narratively and we assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42023407063. Results Of 9064 studies identified, 11 were included in 13 papers. Longitudinals studies suggested that being physically active in childhood and adolescence was associated with a lower risk of multimorbidity in adulthood. Three out of five studies reported lower physical activity level in children and adolescents with multimorbidity compared to those without, and two did not find a between-group difference. Cross-sectional evidence on the association between multimorbidity and lower physical activity was uncertain. Overall, the evidence certainty for all outcomes was considered low due to the indirectness and inconsistency in findings. Conclusions Childhood and adolescence physical activity appeared to be linked with a reduced risk of later-life multimorbidity but the certainty of the evidence is low. These results support the promotion of physical activity during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Souilla
- University of Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Montpellier, France
- CHRU Montpellier, Department of Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology, M3C Regional Reference Centre, Montpellier, France
| | - Anders C. Larsen
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carsten B. Juhl
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T. Skou
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- The Research and Implementation Unit PROgrez, Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Alessio Bricca
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- The Research and Implementation Unit PROgrez, Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark
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Mora-Gonzalez J, Esteban-Cornejo I, Solis-Urra P, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Catena A, Ortega FB. The effects of an exercise intervention on neuroelectric activity and executive function in children with overweight/obesity: The ActiveBrains randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14486. [PMID: 37691352 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a 20-week aerobic and resistance exercise program induces changes in brain current density underlying working memory and inhibitory control in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS A total of 67 children (10.00 ± 1.10 years) were randomized into an exercise or control group. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based current density (μA/mm2 ) was estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) during a working memory task (Delayed non-matched-to-sample task, DNMS) and inhibitory control task (Modified flanker task, MFT). In DNMS, participants had to memorize four stimuli (Pokemons) and then select between two of them, one of which had not been previously shown. In MFT, participants had to indicate whether the centered cow (i.e., target) of five faced the right or left. RESULTS The exercise group had significantly greater increases in brain activation in comparison with the control group during the encoding phase of DNMS, particularly during retention of second stimuli in temporal and frontal areas (peak t = from 3.4 to 3.8, cluster size [k] = from 11 to 39), during the retention of the third stimuli in frontal areas (peak t = from 3.7 to 3.9, k = from 15 to 26), and during the retention of the fourth stimuli in temporal and occipital areas (peak t = from 2.7 to 4.3, k = from 13 to 101). In MFT, the exercise group presented a lower current density change in the middle frontal gyrus (peak t = -4.1, k = 5). No significant change was observed between groups for behavioral performance (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION A 20-week exercise program modulates brain activity which might provide a positive influence on working memory and inhibitory control in children with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrés Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Gehris JS, Oyeyemi AL, Baishya ML, Roth SC, Stoutenberg M. The role of physical activity in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102509. [PMID: 38116284 PMCID: PMC10728451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Community violence is a global public health problem that is associated with mental health disorders. Physical activity can enhance mental health and may play an important role in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health. We systematically reviewed the literature to better understand the potential role of physical activity in this relationship. In this review, we searched the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PsycInfo, and SPORTdiscus, and conducted a grey literature search of one clinical trials registry and four organizations' websites. The review included quantitative observational studies, intervention studies, and qualitative studies published by November 30, 2022 and that involved generally healthy individuals across the lifespan. Eligible studies included measures of community violence, mental health, and physical activity. Five studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. Four studies were conducted in high-income countries, only two minority populations were represented in the studies, and none of the studies included older adults or children. Studies defined and measured community violence, mental health, and physical activity in different ways. In most studies, physical activity was not a primary focus but assessed as one item within a larger construct. The role of physical activity was examined differently across the studies and only one study found a significant role (mediator) of physical activity. This review revealed that few studies have specifically examined physical activity's role in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health. Further research is needed involving low-income countries, diverse minority populations, and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Gehris
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1800 North Broad Street, 251 Pearson Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Adewale L. Oyeyemi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 North 5th Street, Arizona Biomedical Collaborative, Room 234, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mona L. Baishya
- College of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Roth
- Biomedical & Research Services Librarian, Temple University Health Sciences Library, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mark Stoutenberg
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1800 North Broad Street, 237 Pearson Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Heller-Wight A, Phipps C, Sexton J, Ramirez M, Warren DE. Hippocampal Resting State Functional Connectivity Associated with Physical Activity in Periadolescent Children. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1558. [PMID: 38002518 PMCID: PMC10669534 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periadolescence is a neurodevelopmental period characterized by structural and functional brain changes that are associated with cognitive maturation. The development of the functional connectivity of the hippocampus contributes to cognitive maturation, especially memory processes. Notably, hippocampal development is influenced by lifestyle factors, including physical activity. Physical activity has been associated with individual variability in hippocampal functional connectivity. However, this relationship has not been characterized in a developmental cohort. In this study, we aimed to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between physical activity and the functional connectivity of the hippocampus in a cohort of periadolescents aged 8-13 years (N = 117). The participants completed a physical activity questionnaire, reporting the number of days per week they performed 60 min of physical activity; then, they completed a resting-state functional MRI scan. We observed that greater physical activity was significantly associated with differences in hippocampal functional connectivity in frontal and temporal regions. Greater physical activity was associated with decreased connectivity between the hippocampus and the right superior frontal gyrus and increased connectivity between the hippocampus and the left superior temporal sulcus. Capturing changes in hippocampal functional connectivity during key developmental periods may elucidate how lifestyle factors including physical activity influence brain network connectivity trajectories, cognitive development, and future disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Heller-Wight
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.H.-W.)
| | - Connor Phipps
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.H.-W.)
| | - Jennifer Sexton
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.H.-W.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Meghan Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.H.-W.)
| | - David E. Warren
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.H.-W.)
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Becker L, Büchel D, Lehmann T, Kehne M, Baumeister J. Mobile Electroencephalography Reveals Differences in Cortical Processing During Exercises With Lower and Higher Cognitive Demands in Preadolescent Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:214-224. [PMID: 36944368 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine whether cortical activity changes during exercise with increasing cognitive demands in preadolescent children. METHOD Twenty healthy children (8.75 [0.91] y) performed one movement game, which was conducted with lower and higher cognitive demands. During a baseline measurement and both exercise conditions, cortical activity was recorded using a 64-channel electroencephalographic system, and heart rate was assessed. Ratings of perceived excertion and perceived cognitive engagement were examined after each condition. To analyze power spectral density in the theta, alpha-1, and alpha-2 frequency bands, an adaptive mixture independent component analysis was used to determine the spatiotemporal sources of cortical activity, and brain components were clustered to identify spatial clusters. RESULTS One-way repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed significant main effects for condition on theta in the prefrontal cluster, on alpha-1 in the prefrontal, central, bilateral motor, bilateral parieto-occipital, and occipital clusters, and on alpha-2 in the left motor, central, and left parieto-occipital clusters. Compared with the lower cognitive demand exercise, cortical activity was significantly higher in theta power in the prefrontal cluster and in alpha-1 power in the occipital cluster during the higher cognitive demand exercise. CONCLUSION The present study shows that exercise complexity seems to influence cortical processing as it increased with increasing cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Exercise & Health, Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn,Germany
| | - Daniel Büchel
- Department of Exercise & Health, Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn,Germany
| | - Tim Lehmann
- Department of Exercise & Health, Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn,Germany
| | - Miriam Kehne
- Department of Exercise & Health, Childhood and Youth Research in Sports, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn,Germany
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Department of Exercise & Health, Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn,Germany
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James J, Pringle A, Mourton S, Roscoe CMP. The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1019. [PMID: 37371251 DOI: 10.3390/children10061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Schools offer a unique environment to influence children's physical activity (PA) levels positively. This study aims to systematically review the evidence surrounding how PA affects academic performance by analysing how the frequency, intensity, time, and type of PA mediate academic performance outcomes. This review was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Keyword searches were conducted in Science Direct, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus. Children that were obese, typically developing, typical weight, disabled, with a developmental disability, from a low socio-economic background, or an ethnic minority were included. A total of 19 studies were included, with a total of 6788 participants, a mean age of 9.3 years (50.2% boys, and 49.8% girls). Overall, 63.2% were nondisabled, while 36.8% were diagnosed with a disability. Two authors met, reviewed papers with regard to the inclusion criteria, and agreed on outputs to be included. Evidence suggests that associations between PA and academic performance were primarily positive or nonsignificant. PA levels of 90 min plus per week were associated with improved academic performance, as was PA performed at moderate to vigorous intensity. The optimal duration of PA was 30-60 min per session, whilst various sports induced positive academic effects. Importantly, findings support that PA does not have a deleterious effect on academic performance but can enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph James
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Andy Pringle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Stuart Mourton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Clare M P Roscoe
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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15
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de Bruijn AGM, Meijer A, Königs M, Oosterlaan J, Smith J, Hartman E. The mediating role of neurocognitive functions in the relation between physical competencies and academic achievement of primary school children. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102390. [PMID: 37665853 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies into associations between physical, neurocognitive and academic skills have reported inconsistent results. This study aimed to get more insight into these relations by examining all three domains simultaneously, testing a complete mediational model including measures of physical competencies (cardiovascular fitness and motor skills), neurocognitive skills (attention, information processing, and core executive functions), and academic achievement (reading, mathematics, and spelling). Dutch primary school students (n = 891, 440 boys, mean age 9.17 years) were assessed on the Shuttle Run Test (cardiovascular fitness), items of the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test-II (fundamental motor skills), computerized neurocognitive tests, and standardized academic achievement tests. A multilevel structural equation model showed that physical competencies were only indirectly related to academic achievement, via specific neurocognitive functions depending on the academic domain involved. Results provide important implications, highlighting the importance of well-developed physical competencies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne G M de Bruijn
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anna Meijer
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Smith
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Choi YJ, Chalatzoglidis G, Trapezanidou M, Delmas S, Savva E, Yacoubi B, Arabatzi F, Christou EA. Adolescent boys who participate in sports exhibit similar ramp torque control with young men despite differences in strength and tendon characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:965-974. [PMID: 36607415 PMCID: PMC10718087 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this paper was to determine if sports participation influences torque control differently for adolescent boys and young men during a slow ramp task. METHODS Twenty-one adolescent boys (11 athletes) and 31 young men (16 athletes) performed a slow ramp increase in plantar flexion torque from 0 to maximum. We quantified torque control as the coefficient of variation (CV) of torque during the ramp and quantified the Achilles tendon mechanical properties using ultrasonography. RESULTS Relative to adolescent boys, young men were taller, heavier, stronger, and had a longer and stiffer Achilles tendon. However, these characteristics were not different between athletes and non-athletes in adolescent boys. For the CV of torque, there was a significant interaction with sports participation, indicating that only adolescent boys who were non-athletes had greater variability than young men. The CV of torque of all participants was predicted from the maximum torque and torque oscillations from 1 to 2 Hz, whereas the CV of torque for adolescent boys was predicted only from torque oscillations from 1 to 2 Hz. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that adolescent boys who participate in sports exhibited lower torque variability during a slow ramp task, which was not explained by differences in Achilles tendon properties or strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8205, USA
| | - George Chalatzoglidis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Martha Trapezanidou
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Stefan Delmas
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8205, USA
| | - Evangelia Savva
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Basma Yacoubi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8205, USA
| | - Fotini Arabatzi
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Cadenas-Sanchez C, Migueles JH, Verdejo-Román J, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I, Catena A, Ortega FB. Physical activity, sedentary time, and fitness in relation to brain shapes in children with overweight/obesity: Links to intelligence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:319-330. [PMID: 36337011 PMCID: PMC11227654 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness with the shapes of subcortical brain structures in children with overweight/obesity. Further, we analyzed whether differences in the shapes of subcortical brain structures were related to intelligence. We hypothesized that those children with higher physical activity levels, lower sedentary time, and better fitness, would show greater expansion of the brain regions analyzed, and these expansions would be associated with higher intelligence. STUDY DESIGN 100 children (10.0 ± 1.1 years, 40 girls) were included in the analyses. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry, and physical fitness was evaluated by a fitness battery. Shapes of subcortical brain structures were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Intelligence was measured by the Kaufmann Brief Intelligence test. RESULTS Physical activity was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum, right/left putamen, and right thalamus (p < 0.05). Higher sedentary time was related to contraction of the left thalamus and right nucleus accumbens (p < 0.05). Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with expansion of the right amygdala (p = 0.022). Greater strength in the upper-limb was related to expansion of the right/left pallidum and the left nucleus accumbens (p < 0.038), and contraction of the left amygdala (p = 0.030). Better speed-agility was associated with expansion of the left nucleus accumbens (p = 0.036). Physical activity- and fitness-related expansion of the right pallidum was associated with higher intelligence (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Physical activity, sedentary time, and physical fitness were significantly related to the shapes of subcortical brain structures, which in turn were related to intelligence in children with overweight/obesity.
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Grants
- J.V.-R. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant numbers, FJCI-2017-33396 & IJC2019-041916-I).
- J.H.M. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (grant number, FPU15/02645) and by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2012-00036).
- Additional support was obtained from the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation (grant number, ALICIAK-2018), University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades; and under the umbrella of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant number, 667302); the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the
- C.C.-S. is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number, FJC2018-037925-I) and by a grant from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 101028929.
- IEC is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number, RYC2019-027287-I).
- This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" (grant numbers, DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP, and RYC-2011-09011)
- P30 CA047904 NCI NIH HHS
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation (IS-FOOD), Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jairo H. Migueles
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juan Verdejo-Román
- Department of Personality, Assessment & Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Brain Aging & Cognitive Health Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, USA
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Risk factors for neurocognitive impairment and the relation with structural brain abnormality in children and young adults with severe chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 38:1957-1969. [PMID: 36322259 PMCID: PMC10154258 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children and young adults has shown to be associated with abnormal brain development, which may contribute to neurocognitive impairments. We aimed to investigate risk factors for neurocognitive impairment and investigate the relation with structural brain abnormalities in young severe CKD patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study includes 28 patients with severe CKD (eGFR < 30), aged 8-30 years (median 18.5 years), on different treatment modalities (pre-dialysis [n = 8], dialysis [n = 8], transplanted [n = 12]). We assessed neurocognitive functioning using a comprehensive test battery and brain structure by magnetic resonance imaging metrics of brain volume and white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy [FA] and mean diffusivity [MD] measured with diffusion tensor imaging). Multivariate regression and mediation analyses were performed between clinical CKD parameters, brain structure, and neurocognitive outcome. RESULTS A combination of risk factors (e.g., longer time since kidney transplantation, longer dialysis duration and late CKD onset) was significantly associated with lower intelligence and/or worse processing speed and working memory. Lower FA in a cluster of white matter tracts was associated with lower intelligence and mediated the relation between clinical risk factors and lower intelligence. CONCLUSIONS Young severe CKD patients with a prolonged duration of kidney replacement therapy, either dialysis or transplantation are at particular risk for impairments in intelligence, processing speed, and working memory. Disrupted white matter integrity may importantly contribute to these neurocognitive impairments. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in CKD and treatment that affect white matter integrity and neurocognitive outcome in young patients. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Meijer A, Königs M, Pouwels PJW, Smith J, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. Effects of aerobic versus cognitively demanding exercise interventions on brain structure and function in healthy children-Results from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14034. [PMID: 35292978 PMCID: PMC9541584 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical activity on neurocognitive functioning in children are considered to be facilitated by physical activity-induced changes in brain structure and functioning. In this study, we examined the effects of two 14-week school-based exercise interventions in healthy children on white matter microstructure and brain activity in resting-state networks (RSNs) and whether changes in white matter microstructure and RSN activity mediate the effects of the exercise interventions on neurocognitive functioning. A total of 93 children were included in this study (51% girls, mean age 9.13 years). The exercise interventions consisted of four physical education lessons per week, focusing on either aerobic or cognitively demanding exercise and were compared with a control group that followed their regular physical education program of two lessons per week. White matter microstructure was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging in combination with tract-based spatial statistics. Independent component analysis was performed on resting-state data to identify RSNs. Furthermore, neurocognitive functioning (information processing and attention, working memory, motor response inhibition, interference control) was assessed by a set of computerized tasks. Results indicated no Group × Time effects on white matter microstructure or RSN activity, indicating no effects of the exercise interventions on these aspects of brain structure and function. Likewise, no Group × Time effects were found for neurocognitive performance. This study indicated that 14-week school-based interventions regarding neither aerobic exercise nor cognitive-demanding exercise interventions influence brain structure and brain function in healthy children. This study was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR5341).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Emma Neuroscience GroupEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra J. W. Pouwels
- Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Smith
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Emma Neuroscience GroupEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Associations of Device-Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Executive Function in Preadolescents: A Latent Profile Approach. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 35:77-83. [PMID: 35894896 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the associations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and executive function in preadolescents. METHODS One hundred and twenty preadolescents were recruited from 2 Hong Kong primary schools. PA and sedentary behavior were recorded for 7 consecutive days by accelerometer. Executive function performance, including inhibition (Stroop task and Flanker task) and working memory (Sternberg paradigm task), were measured. Body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness (multistage fitness test) were tested. Latent profile analysis explored the profiles of PA and sedentary behavior in preadolescents. RESULTS Three distinct profiles were identified: low activity, average activity, and high activity. Participants in low activity performed worse in the accuracy of Stroop task (vs average activity, P = .03; vs high activity, P < .01), Flanker task (vs average activity, P = .02; vs high activity, P < .001), and Sternberg paradigm task (vs average activity, P < .01; vs high activity, P < .01). No significant difference was observed between participants with average and high activities. No significant association was observed for profiles on body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSION Supplementing the consensus of the literature that moderate to vigorous PA benefits cognition, the authors conclude that light PA may also enhance preadolescents' executive functioning.
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21
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Meijer A, Königs M, Pouwels PJ, Smith J, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J. Resting state networks mediate the association between both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning. Child Dev 2022; 93:e412-e426. [PMID: 35426121 PMCID: PMC9545658 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skill performance are related to neurocognitive functioning by influencing brain structure and functioning. This study investigates the role of resting-state networks (RSNs) in the relation of cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning in healthy 8- to 11-year-old children (n = 90, 45 girls, 10% migration background). Cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills were related to brain activity in RSNs. Furthermore, brain activity in RSNs mediated the relation of both cardiovascular fitness (Frontoparietal network and Somatomotor network) and gross motor skills (Somatomotor network) with neurocognitive functioning. The results indicate that brain functioning may contribute to the relation between both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of PediatricsAmsterdam Reproduction & DevelopmentUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra J.W. Pouwels
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Smith
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of PediatricsAmsterdam Reproduction & DevelopmentUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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22
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Fang Q, Fang C, Li L, Song Y. Impact of sport training on adaptations in neural functioning and behavioral performance: A scoping review with meta-analysis on EEG research. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:206-215. [PMID: 35510253 PMCID: PMC9035717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Investigating the neural mechanisms underlying sport performance has been a research focus in the field of sport science. The current review aims to identify distinct characteristics between athletes and non-athletes at behavioral and neural levels. Further analysis was conducted as to potential reasons that contributed to the differences. Methods Literature was searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, EBSCO, and Web of Science for EEG studies that compared athletes with non-athletes or novices in behavioral performance and brain function. Results The process of literature search and selection identified 16 studies that satisfied the predetermined inclusion criteria. Theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands were employed as the primary EEG measures of cortical activities in the included studies. Athletes indicated significant advantages over controls in behavioral performance, Hedges′g=0.42,p=0.02, and brain function, Hedges′g=0.49,p=0.03. Moderator analysis on behavioral performance indicated a large effect size in sport-related performance, Hedges′g=0.90,p=0.01, but a small, non-significant effect size in general tasks, Hedges′g=0.14,p=0.44. Conclusions Superior performance in sport-related tasks mostly contributed to athletes’ significant advantage in behavioral performance. Additionally, favorable profiles of brain function associated with athletes included neural efficiency, increased cortical asymmetry, greater cognitive flexibility, and precise timing of cortical activation. Applying EEG technique to sport has shown promising directions in performance improvement and talent identification for young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Fang
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Longxi Li
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, USA
| | - Ying Song
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, China
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23
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Bracero-Malagón J, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Reigal RE, Caballero-Cerbán M, Hernández-Mendo A, Morales-Sánchez V. Logical Intelligence and Mathematical Competence Are Determined by Physical Fitness in a Sample of School Children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:833844. [PMID: 35645885 PMCID: PMC9135127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children (50.79% girls; 49.21% boys) from Castro del Río (Córdoba, Spain), aged between 11 and 12 years (M = 11.44, SD = 0.64), participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test (SLIT) and the EVAMAT 1.0–5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed–agility test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical–mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed–agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence (R2 = 0.16; β = −0.41) and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical–mathematical intelligence (R2 = 0.24; β = 0.50). These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael E. Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Anthropology and East Asian Studies, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Verónica Morales-Sánchez,
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24
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Ferrer-Uris B, Ramos MA, Busquets A, Angulo-Barroso R. Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:150-174. [PMID: 35860684 PMCID: PMC9256523 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Ramos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
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25
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Contreras-Osorio F, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Cerda-Vega E, Chirosa-Ríos L, Ramírez-Campillo R, Campos-Jara C. Anthropometric Parameters, Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Executive Functions among Primary School Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053045. [PMID: 35270736 PMCID: PMC8910200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity during childhood and adolescence favors brain development and cognitive functioning, particularly the executive functions. This study aimed to assess potential associations between anthropometric parameters, physical activity, physical fitness, and executive functions among elementary school children returning to school after the COVID-19 lockdown in Chile. School-age male and female participants (n = 90; age, 10−12 years) participated in the study. To determine the association between variables, a multivariable linear regression analysis was performed. Higher fat-related anthropometric indexes were associated with lower working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, and attention (r = −0.55 to −0.22; p = 0.031 to <0.001). In contrast, higher physical activity levels, better sprint performance, higher lower-body muscular power, and greater upper-body muscular strength were associated with better working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, planning, and/or attention (r = 0.19 to −0.54; p = 0.04 to <0.001). Current results consistently suggest the need for adequate levels of physical activity, physical fitness, and anthropometric parameters among the school-age population to promote healthy and adequate executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falonn Contreras-Osorio
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-O.); (L.C.-R.)
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile
| | - Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Cerda-Vega
- Pedagogy in Physical Education and Health Career, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile 7820436, Chile;
| | - Luis Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-O.); (L.C.-R.)
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile;
| | - Christian Campos-Jara
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-42057069
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26
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Tallon CM, Smith KJ, Nowak-Flück D, Koziol AV, Rieger MG, Lutes LD, Green DJ, Tremblay MS, Ainslie PN, McManus AM. The influence of sex and maturation on carotid and vertebral artery hemodynamics and associations with free-living (in)activity in 6-17-year-olds. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1575-1583. [PMID: 34617820 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00537.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the influence of sex and maturation on resting cervical artery hemodynamics (common carotid artery, CCA; internal carotid artery, ICA; and vertebral artery, VA), free-living physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children 6-17 yr of age. In addition, we investigated the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cervical artery hemodynamics. Seventy-eight children and adolescents, girls (n = 42; mean age, 11.4 ± 2.5 yr) and boys (n = 36; mean age, 11.0 ± 2.6 yr), completed anthropometric measures, duplex ultrasound assessment of the cervical arteries, and wore an activPAL accelerometer to assess physical activity (indexed by steps/day) and sedentary behavior for 7 days. The ICA and VA diameters were similar between prepubertal and pubertal groups, as was volumetric blood flow (Q); however, the CCA diameter was significantly larger in the pubertal group (P < 0.05). Boys were found to have larger diameters in all cervical arteries than girls, as well as higher QCCA, QICA, and global cerebral blood flow (P < 0.05). The pubertal group was more sedentary (100 min/day more; P < 0.05) and took 3,500 fewer steps/day than the prepubertal group (P < 0.05). Shear rate (SR) and Q of the cervical arteries showed no relationship to physical activity or prolonged bouts of sedentary behavior; however, a significant negative relationship was apparent between total sedentary time and internal carotid artery shear rate (ICASR) after covarying for steps/day and maturation (P < 0.05). These findings provide novel insight into the potential influence sedentary behavior may have on cerebrovascular blood flow in healthy girls and boys.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral blood flow is known to change with age; however, assessing these age-related changes is complex and requires consideration of pubertal status. This, to our knowledge, is the first study to investigate the influence of sex and maturation on resting cervical artery hemodynamics and subsequently explore associations with physical activity and sedentary behavior in healthy children and adolescents. Our findings suggest that habitual sedentary behavior may influence cervical artery hemodynamics in youth, independent of physical activity, maturation, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tallon
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kurt J Smith
- Cerebrovascular Health, Exercise, and Environmental Research Sciences Laboratory, School of Exercise Science and Physical Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniela Nowak-Flück
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa V Koziol
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathew G Rieger
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lesley D Lutes
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Obesity and Well-Being Research Excellence, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Science (Sport and Exercise Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali M McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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de Bruijn AGM, van der Fels IMJ, Renken RJ, Königs M, Meijer A, Oosterlaan J, Kostons DDNM, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Smith J, Hartman E. Differential effects of long-term aerobic versus cognitively-engaging physical activity on children's visuospatial working memory related brain activation: A cluster RCT. Brain Cogn 2021; 155:105812. [PMID: 34716033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different types of physical activity are thought to differentially affect children's brain activation, via physiological mechanisms, or by activating similar brain areas during physical and cognitive tasks. Despite many behavioral studies relying on these mechanisms, they have been rarely studied. This study looks at both mechanisms simultaneously, by examining effects of two physical activity interventions (aerobic vs. cognitively-engaging) on children's brain activation. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 62 children (48.4% boys, mean age 9.2 years) was analyzed. Children's visuospatial working memory related brain activity patterns were tested using a Spatial Span Task before and after the 14-week interventions consisting of four physical education lessons per week. The control group followed their regular program of two lessons per week. Analyses of activation patterns in SPM 12.0 revealed no activation changes between pretest and posttest (p > .05), and no differences between the three conditions in pretest-posttest changes in brain activation (p > .05). Large inter-individual differences were found, suggesting that not every child benefited from the interventions in the same way. To get more insight into the assumed mechanisms, further research is needed to understand whether, when, for whom, and how physical activity results in changed brain activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G M de Bruijn
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 3, 9712 TG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - I M J van der Fels
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R J Renken
- Neuroimaging Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M Königs
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Meijer
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Emma Neuroscience Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - D D N M Kostons
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 3, 9712 TG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - C Visscher
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R J Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 3, 9712 TG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Smith
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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28
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Lubans DR, Leahy AA, Mavilidi MF, Valkenborghs SR. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Executive Functions in Youth: Effects, Moderators, and Mechanisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:103-130. [PMID: 34697789 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a growing body of research has examined the link between physical activity, fitness, and cognitive function in children and adolescents. Physical activity experimental research conducted with children and adolescents has identified selectively greater effects for tasks requiring higher order executive functions. As such, the primary aim of our chapter is to provide an overview of findings from systematic reviews and meta-analyses that have examined the effects of physical activity on measures of executive function in child and adolescent populations. We begin our chapter with definitions of key concepts associated with physical activity, fitness and cognitive function. We then provide a synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that have examined the acute and chronic effect of physical activity on EFs. Following this, we discuss the quantitative (e.g., time, intensity) and qualitative (e.g., type) characteristics of physical activity that may moderate effects. The next section focuses on the neurobiological, psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms responsible for the effect of physical activity on executive functions. We conclude by highlighting the limitations of the existing evidence base and providing recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angus A Leahy
- The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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29
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Meijer A, Pouwels PJW, Smith J, Visscher C, Bosker RJ, Hartman E, Oosterlaan J, Königs M. The relationship between white matter microstructure, cardiovascular fitness, gross motor skills, and neurocognitive functioning in children. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2201-2215. [PMID: 34019710 PMCID: PMC8453576 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skill performance are related to enhanced neurocognitive functioning in children by influencing brain structure and functioning. This study investigates the role of white matter microstructure in the relationship of both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning in healthy children. In total 92 children (mean age 9.1 years, range 8.0-10.7) were included in this study. Cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skill performance were assessed using performance-based tests. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using computerized tests (working memory, inhibition, interference control, information processing, and attention). Diffusion tensor imaging was used in combination with tract-based spatial statistics to assess white matter microstructure as defined by fractional anisotropy (FA), axial and radial diffusivity (AD, RD). The results revealed positive associations of both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning. Information processing and motor response inhibition were associated with FA in a cluster located in the corpus callosum. Within this cluster, higher cardiovascular fitness and better gross motor skills were both associated with greater FA, greater AD, and lower RD. No mediating role was found for FA in the relationship of both cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills with neurocognitive functioning. The results indicate that cardiovascular fitness and gross motor skills are related to neurocognitive functioning as well as white matter microstructure in children. However, this study provides no evidence for a mediating role of white matter microstructure in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meijer
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Petra J. W. Pouwels
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joanne Smith
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chris Visscher
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roel J. Bosker
- Groningen Institute for Educational ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement SciencesUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology SectionVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Emma Neuroscience GroupEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Neuroscience GroupEmma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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30
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Drozdowska A, Falkenstein M, Jendrusch G, Platen P, Lücke T, Kersting M, Sinningen K. Interrelations of Physical Fitness and Cognitive Functions in German Schoolchildren. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:669. [PMID: 34438560 PMCID: PMC8391688 DOI: 10.3390/children8080669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between different levels of physical fitness and cognitive functions in boys and girls. Schoolchildren from a comprehensive school in Germany (n = 211, 39% girls, 5th and 6th grade) attended regular or sport-focused classes with different numbers of physical education (PE) classes per week (3 vs. 5-6 h). Performance of physical fitness was tested according to endurance, strength, speed, coordination and flexibility. Four computerized instruments (switch task, 2-back task, Corsi block-tapping task and flanker task) were used to test cognitive functions. Additional predictors, sex, age, PE class, Body Mass Index and physical activity, were included in analyses. The results showed that physical fitness was associated with improved attention and memory functions in children, although the associations were mostly small. After Bonferroni correction, mainly coordination was related to improved cognition. Physical activity, i.e., step counts, PE class and sex were associated with specific cognitive outcomes. These findings may be important for effective health promotion, and supporting children's education in the school environment. Sex-specific physical activities in school could potentially lead to greater cognitive benefits in children. Randomized trials are needed to replicate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Drozdowska
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (T.L.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Gernot Jendrusch
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (G.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (T.L.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (T.L.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kathrin Sinningen
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (T.L.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
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31
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Examining the relationships among adolescent health behaviours, prefrontal function, and academic achievement using fNIRS. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 50:100983. [PMID: 34265630 PMCID: PMC8280512 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies document effects of lifestyle behaviors on the brain and academics. Among adolescents we found that activity and eating both predict task performance. Activity also predicts functional activation in the right lateral dlPFC, but not grades. Substance use predicted worse grades but not brain-related mediators.
Several adolescent health behaviours have been hypothesized to improve academic performance via their beneficial impact on cognitive control and functional aspects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The primary objective of this study is to examine the association between lifestyle behaviours and academic performance in a sample of adolescents, and to examine the extent to which activity within the PFC and behavioural indices of inhibition may mediate this relationship. Sixty-seven adolescents underwent two study sessions five days apart. Sleep and physical activity were measured using wrist-mounted accelerometry; eating habits, substance use and academic achievement were measured by self-report. Prefrontal function was quantified by Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) performance, and task-related activity via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Higher levels of physical activity predicted higher MSIT accuracy scores (β = .321, ρ = 0.019) as well as greater activation within the right dlPFC (b = .008, SE = .004, ρ = .0322). Frequency of fast-food consumption and substance use were negatively associated with MSIT accuracy scores (β = −0.307, ρ = .023) and Math grades (b = −3.702, SE = 1.563, ρ = .022), respectively. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of lifestyle behaviours as predictors of prefrontal function and academic achievement in youth.
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Morawietz C, Muehlbauer T. Effects of Physical Exercise Interventions on Spatial Orientation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:664640. [PMID: 34222859 PMCID: PMC8247469 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.664640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Regular physical exercise plays an integral part in the psychomotor and psychosocial development of children and adolescents, with complex motor and cognitive processes closely linked. Spatial abilities, one aspect of cognitive functioning start to evolve from earliest childhood and reach adult-like levels by early adolescence. As they have been associated with good spatial orientation, wayfinding, map-reading skills, problem solving or analyzing spatial information, these skills facilitate independence and autonomy while growing up. Despite promising results, only few studies investigate this relation between physical exercise and spatial abilities. To use this benefit and develop purposive physical exercise interventions, it is essential to summarize the current evidence. Objectives: This literature review aims to systematically summarize findings regarding the impact of physical exercise interventions on spatial abilities in healthy children and adolescents and identify knowledge gaps. Methods: A systematic search of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo from their inception date till March 2021. Additionally, Google Scholar and refence lists of relevant publications were searched. A descriptive analysis of results was conducted. Results: The literature search identified a total of N = 1,215 records, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this review. A total of 621 participants aged 4 to 15 years participated in the studies. Exercise interventions included sport-specific activities, motor-coordinative exercises, high-intensity functional training or spatial orientation/navigation training. Five studies evaluated training effects on mental rotation performance (i.e., Mental Rotation Test), four studies investigated visuo-spatial working memory function/spatial memory (i.e., Corsi Block Test, Virtual Reality Morris Water Maze) and two studies tested spatial orientation capacity (i.e., Orientation-Running Test). Overall, results show a potential for improvement of spatial abilities through physical exercise interventions. However, keeping the diversity of study designs, populations and outcomes in mind, findings need to be interpreted with care. Conclusions: Despite growing interest on the effects of physical exercise interventions on spatial abilities and promising findings of available studies, evidence to date remains limited. Future research is needed to establish how spatial ability development of healthy children and adolescents can be positively supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Morawietz
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ishihara T, Miyazaki A, Tanaka H, Fujii T, Takahashi M, Nishina K, Kanari K, Takagishi H, Matsuda T. Childhood exercise predicts response inhibition in later life via changes in brain connectivity and structure. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118196. [PMID: 34029739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in exercise during early life (i.e., childhood through adolescence) enhances response inhibition; however, it is unclear whether participation in exercise during early life positively predicts response inhibition in later life. This historical cohort study was designed to clarify whether participation in exercise (e.g., structured sports participation) during early life predicts response inhibition in adulthood and if so, to reveal the brain connectivity and cortical structures contributing to this association. We analyzed data derived from 214 participants (women = 104, men = 110; age: 26‒69 years). Results indicated that participation in exercise during childhood (before entering junior high school; ≤ 12 years old) significantly predicted better response inhibition. No such association was found if exercise participation took place in early adolescence or later (junior high school or high school; ≥ 12 years old). The positive association of exercise participation during childhood with response inhibition was moderated by decreased structural and functional connectivity in the frontoparietal (FPN), cingulo-opercular (CON), and default mode networks (DMN), and increased inter-hemispheric structural networks. Greater cortical thickness and lower levels of dendritic arborization and density in the FPN, CON, and DMN also moderated this positive association. Our results suggest that participation in exercise during childhood positively predicts response inhibition later in life and that this association can be moderated by changes in neuronal circuitry, such as increased cortical thickness and efficiency, and strengthened inter-hemispheric connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyazaki
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Takahashi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nishina
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kei Kanari
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Haruto Takagishi
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan.
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How children with neurodevelopmental disorders can benefit from the neurocognitive effects of exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:514-519. [PMID: 33991545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is an integral part of children's lives, and research in educational settings has found that regular engagement promises improvements in executive function (i.e. top-down control of goal-directed behavior). Based on recent advances in understanding the moderators and the neurocognitive mechanisms of these effects, we highlight a potential application of exercise in the treatment of executive dysfunction. Even though different neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by a heterogeneity in core symptoms, children affected by these disorders often face common executive function deficits. So far, exercise has not been recognized as an alternative or additional treatment for this specific cognitive impairment. The limited experimental evidence in children with neurodevelopmental disorders provides a first indication that regular exercise engagement benefits executive function. However, we identified key research questions that need to be answered before a prescription of exercise to children with executive dysfunction can be encouraged in clinical practice.
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Okechukwu C. Mental health and physical activity considerations in the pediatric population during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic. APOLLO MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_31_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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