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Caroprese AC, Navarrete ANC, Prieto SJG, Villamil JC, Uribe OAC, Reyes JCS, Pinzón AHAM. Cytotoxic effects on human dental pulp stem Cells after exposure to adhesive bonding agents. Braz Dent J 2024; 35:e245529. [PMID: 38922248 PMCID: PMC11196030 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202405529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies regarding cytotoxic effects attributed to the use of adhesive bonding agents on pulp tissue are not conclusive. To point out whether these materials are safe for clinical use, in vivo exposure of dental pulp to adhesive bonding agents was simulated using an experimental setup in which Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSC) are exposed to the action of two kinds of adhesives: self-etching adhesives and two-step bonding agents through a dentine barrier. Cytotoxic effects on these cells were evaluated by MTT assay protocol and fluorescence microscopy, and their results were contrasted to those obtained through Raman spectra taken on single hDPSCs. Overall, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed by combining all the techniques, and cell viability close to 90% was achieved for a dentine barrier of at least 1 mm thick. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was able to detect structural DNA damage in some dental pulp cells when exposed to two-step bonding agents, suggesting that this technique could be considered a complementary tool with the potential to evaluate cell toxicity beyond cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Janeth Gutiérrez Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, BogotáD.C., Colombia
| | - Jean Carlos Villamil
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, BogotáD.C., Colombia
| | | | - Juan Carlos Salcedo Reyes
- Grupo de Películas delgadas y Nanofotónica, Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, BogotáD.C., Colombia
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Sharma S, Khan Q, Schreurs OJF, Sapkota D, Samuelsen JT. Investigation of biological effects of HEMA in 3D-organotypic co-culture models of normal and malignant oral keratinocytes. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2234400. [PMID: 37456807 PMCID: PMC10348043 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2234400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several in vitro studies utilizing 2-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems have linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with cytotoxic effects in oral mucosa and dental pulp cells. Although such studies are invaluable in dissecting the cellular and molecular effects of HEMA, there is a growing interest in the utilization of appropriate 3-dimensional (3D) models that mimic the structure of oral mucosa. Using a previously characterized 3D-organotypic co-culture model, this study aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular effects of HEMA on a 3D-co-culture model consisting of primary normal oral keratinocyte (NOK) grown directly on top of collagen I gel containing primary oral fibroblasts (NOF). The second aim was to examine the suitability of a 3D-co-culture system consisting of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells as a model system to investigate the biological effects of HEMA. We demonstrated that HEMA treatment led to reduced viability of NOK, NOF and OSCC-cell lines in 2D-culture. The keratinocytes in 3D-co-cultures of NOK and OSCC-cells reacted similarly with respect to cell proliferation and activation of autophagy flux, to HEMA treatment. Nevertheless, NOK was found to be more susceptible to apoptosis following HEMA treatment than OSCC in 3D-co-cultures. These results indicate that 3D-organotypic co-cultures of NOK might represent an appropriate model system for the investigation of the biological effects of HEMA and other dental biomaterials. Given the challenges in obtaining primary cultures of NOK and issues associated with their rapid differentiation in culture, the possible use of OSCC cells as an alternative to NOK for 3D models represents an area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
- Christiania Dental Clinic, Malo Dental, Oslo, Norway
| | - Qalbi Khan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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3
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Samuelsen JT, Dahl JE. Biological aspects of modern dental composites. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2223223. [PMID: 37347059 PMCID: PMC10281392 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2223223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological evaluation of resin-based dental composites has traditionally been based on in vitro endpoint tests with different methods to determine loss of cell viability and cell morphology changes after exposure to the material or monomer constituents. The data reveals a potential for biological effects, but clinical relevance of such data is limited. Positive allergy tests and allergic clinical reactions to dental monomers are observed in dental personnel and patients. The aim of this review is to address newer research on molecular events caused by exposure to resin-based composites to have a better understanding of the potential for clinical adverse effects. A more accurate understanding of the biological aspects of dental composite materials has been found after studying parameters like glutathione depletion, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and immunomodulatory key effects in various cell culture models. Using omics-based approaches allow for a broader and non-specified search of changes caused by methacrylate exposure. Defense mechanisms and adaption are observed in cells exposed to monomer concentrations relevant to clinical exposure. The above-mentioned methods are the foundations for modified testing strategies. The clinical relevance of most available in vitro endpoint tests is of limited relevance for the patient. Research focusing on molecular mechanisms has given new insight into methacrylate toxicity in exposed cells. Using this knowledge from mechanistic studies to develop standardized in vitro biocompatibility tests will likely improve their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon E. Dahl
- NIOM - Nordic institute of dental materials, Oslo, Norway
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Bandarra S, Neves J, Paraíso A, Mascarenhas P, Ribeiro AC, Barahona I. Biocompatibility of self-adhesive resin cement with fibroblast cells. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 125:705.e1-705.e7. [PMID: 33597080 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Dental cements that release monomers that negatively impact adjacent oral soft tissues may adversely affect clinical outcomes. However, in vitro studies evaluating the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of substances released from dental cements are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to define and compare the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the eluates of a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2 Automix) autopolymerized and light polymerized with 2 other types of luting cements: a glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem Easymix) and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem Plus). MATERIAL AND METHODS The eluates were prepared, and 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were exposed for 24 hours to serial eluate dilutions of the 3 types of cement. Cytotoxicity was determined by using a cell viability assessment through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet assays. Genotoxic effects were determined by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. RESULTS Cell viability was higher in the presence of the glass ionomer cement eluate than of the resin-modified glass ionomer cement and resin cement eluates. A pronounced decrease in viability was found when the cells were exposed to undiluted samples of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (around 50%) or resin cement (around 80% to 90%). No significant difference in cell viability was found between autopolymerized and light-polymerized resin cements. All cements induced a dose-dependent response of mononucleated cell formation. However, only the resin cements showed double strand breaks significant differences in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules against the basal DNA lesions that occurred spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS The glass ionomer cement was not found to be cytotoxic or genotoxic, whereas the eluates derived from the resin-modified glass ionomer cement and resin cement, independently of the polymerization method, were cytotoxic in fibroblast cells. Maximum cytotoxicity was observed in the presence of resin cement, which also showed genotoxicity, independently of being light polymerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Bandarra
- PhD student, Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Neves
- Master student in Dental Medicine, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Paraíso
- Master student in Dental Medicine, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paulo Mascarenhas
- Assistant Professor, Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana C Ribeiro
- Associate Professor, Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Barahona
- Professor, Centro de Investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal.
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Morisbak E, Uvsløkk S, Samuelsen JT. In vitro effects of dental monomer exposure - Dependence on the cell culture model. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104906. [PMID: 32502623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylate monomers are major components of resin-based biomaterials. The polymerization of these materials is never complete, and methacrylates leaking from cured materials cause exposure of patients. Only some selected methacrylates have thoroughly been tested for possible interaction with living cells. In the current study, we compared the effects of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA; a carefully studied methacrylate) and hydroxypropyl-methacrylate (HPMA; a scarcely investigated methacrylate). Five cell lines differing in both source and cell type were used. The cells were exposed to methacrylates (1-8 mM). Cell viability, cell death, glutathione levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell growth pattern were measured. Both methacrylates reduced cell viability, and glutathione depletion was observed in all cell lines. The cell death pattern varied among the cell lines. The ROS levels and cell growth pattern also differed between the cell lines after exposure to methacrylate monomers. No difference between HEMA and HPMA exposures were observed in any of the cell lines. The variation between cell lines shows that the measured methacrylate toxicity depends heavily on the test system chosen. Further, the conformity between HEMA and HPMA effects suggests that the two methacrylates similarly affect living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Morisbak
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway
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Samuelsen JT, Michelsen VB, Bruun JA, Dahl JE, Jensen E, Örtengren U. The dental monomer HEMA causes proteome changes in human THP-1 monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:851-859. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Jon E. Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM); Oslo Norway
| | - Einar Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Cariology; Institute for Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University; Göteborg Sweden
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7
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Juráňová J. Illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanism of the potential toxicity of methacrylate monomers used in biomaterials. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 43:266-278. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1488860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Juráňová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 5, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Becher R, Valen H, Olderbø BP, Bølling AK, Samuelsen JT. The dental monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) causes transcriptionally regulated adaptation partially initiated by electrophilic stress. Dent Mater 2019; 35:125-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Dahl JE, Stenhagen IS. Optimizing quality and safety of dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126 Suppl 1:102-105. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon E. Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM) Oslo Norway
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van Dijken JWV, Pallesen U. Durability of a low shrinkage TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system in Class II restorations. A 6-year follow up. Dent Mater 2017; 33:944-953. [PMID: 28545657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this randomized controlled prospective trial was to evaluate the durability of a low shrinkage and TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system in posterior restorations in a 6-year follow up. METHODS 139 Class II restorations were placed in 67 patients with a mean age of 53 years (range 29-82). Each participant received at random two, as similar as possible, Class II restorations. In the first cavity of each pair the TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system was placed with its 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (cmf-els). In the second cavity a 1-step HEMA-free self-etch adhesive was used (AdheSe One F). The restorations were evaluated using slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline and then yearly during 6 years. Caries risk and parafunctional habits of the participants were estimated. RESULTS Three molar teeth showed mild post-operative sensitivity during 3 weeks for temperature changes and occlusal forces. After 6 years, 134 Class II restorations were evaluated. Twenty-one restorations, 8 cmf-els (11.4%) and 13 ASE-els (20%) failed during the 6 years (p<0.0001). The annual failure rates were 1.9% and 3.3%, respectively. The main reasons for failure were fracture followed by recurrent caries. Most fractures and all caries lesions were found in high risk participants. SIGNIFICANCE The Class II resin composite restorations performed with the new TEGDMA/HEMA-free low shrinkage resin composite system showed good durability over six years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W V van Dijken
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Pallesen
- Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Jiang RD, Lin H, Zheng G, Zhang XM, Du Q, Yang M. In vitro dentin barrier cytotoxicity testing of some dental restorative materials. J Dent 2017; 58:28-33. [PMID: 28077291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the cytotoxicity of four dental restorative materials in three-dimensional (3D) L929 cell cultures using a dentin barrier test. METHODS The cytotoxicities of light-cured glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond), total-etching adhesive (GLUMA Bond5), and two self-etching adhesives (GLUMA Self Etch and Single Bond Universal) were evaluated. The permeabilities of human dentin disks with thicknesses of 300, 500, and 1000μm were standardized using a hydraulic device. Test materials and controls were applied to the occlusal side of human dentin disks. The 3D-cell scaffolds were placed beneath the dentin disks. After a 24-h contact with the dentin barrier test device, cell viabilities were measured by performing MTT assays. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The mean (SD) permeabilities of the 300-μm, 500-μm, and 1000-μm dentin disks were 0.626 (0.214), 0.219 (0.0387) and 0.089 (0.028) μlmin-1cm-2cm H2O-1. Vitrebond was severely cytotoxic, reducing the cell viability to 10% (300-μm disk), 17% (500μm), and 18% (1000μm). GLUMA Bond5 reduced the cell viability to 40% (300μm), 83% (500μm), and 86% (1000μm), showing moderate cytotoxicity (300-μm) and non-cytotoxicity (500-μm and 1000-μm). Single Bond Universal and GLUMA Self Etch did not significantly reduce cell viability, regardless of the dentin thicknesses, which characterized them as non-cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS Cytotoxicity varied with the materials tested and the thicknesses of the dentin disks. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The tested cytotoxicity of materials applied on 300-, 500-, and 1000-μm dentin disks indicates that the clinical use of the test materials (excepting self-etching adhesives) in deep cavities poses a potential risk of damage to the pulp tissues to an extent, depending on the thickness of the remaining dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jiang
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H Lin
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - G Zheng
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X M Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Q Du
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Hospital of Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100039, China
| | - M Yang
- Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Dental Materials Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Nilsen BW, Örtengren U, Simon-Santamaria J, Sørensen KK, Michelsen VB. Methods and terminology used in cell-culture studies of low-dose effects of matrix constituents of polymer resin-based dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:511-525. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo W. Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Cariology; Institute of Odontology/Sahlgrenska Academy; Göteborg Sweden
| | | | - Karen K. Sørensen
- Department of Medical Biology; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
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13
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Transcriptome modifications in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Gene 2016; 582:38-46. [PMID: 26828614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA),a tooth filling material, was proven to have toxic effects on different cell types, including human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and to be able to influence odontoblast vitality. The aim of the present study was to assess the differential transcriptome modulation induced by low HEMA concentration in cultured HGFs. RNA extracted from cultured HGFs exposed to 3 mmol/l HEMA for 24 or 96 h underwent a whole genome microarray analysis. Data analysis showed the presence of two gene clusters, composed by 310 transcripts differentially expressed after 24- and 96-h HEMA treatment compared to controls. Functional analysis demonstrated that these transcripts are mainly involved in cellular survival and death, and inflammatory response. The study highlighted an overall damage induced by HEMA exposure at both 24 and 96 h, mainly leading to a proliferation impairment. Interestingly, 24-h HEMA treatment seems to induce the cells to trigger repair mechanisms, evidencing an early compensatory response, whereas 96-h incubation appears to cause the occurrence of apoptosis as a consequence of the chronic damage.
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14
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Grande R, Pacella S, Di Giulio M, Rapino M, Di Valerio V, Cellini L, Cataldi A. NF-kB mediated down-regulation of collagen synthesis upon HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) treatment of primary human gingival fibroblast/Streptococcus mutans co-cultured cells. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:841-9. [PMID: 25200938 PMCID: PMC4429030 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro studies have evidenced the cytotoxic effect of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), the most common component of dental resin-based restorative material, which is released within the oral cavity, on eukaryotic cells such as gingival fibroblast and epithelial cells. However, since the presence of microorganisms within the oral cavity cannot be excluded and little is known about the interactions occurring between eukaryotic cells and the human oral microbiota, our attention has been addressed to investigate the effect of 3 mM HEMA on the molecular mechanisms driving the response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) co-cultured with Streptococcus mutans. METHODOLOGY HGF/S. mutans co-culture has been set up in our lab, and upon HEMA treatment, S.mutans and HGF cells' viability and adhesion along with type I collagen gene and pro-collagen I, Bax, Bcl2, nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), IkBα, pIkBα protein expression by PCR, Western blotting and ELISA assays have been investigated. RESULTS HEMA treatment determines a significant decrease of type I collagen protein production, even in the presence of S. mutans, in parallel to a decrease of cell viability and adhesion, which seem to be regulated by NF-kB activation. In fact, when SN50, NF-kB-specific pharmacological inhibitor, is added to the culture, cell proliferation along with collagen synthesis is restored. CONCLUSION The modulation exerted by S. mutans on the cytotoxic effect of HEMA suggests that within the oral cavity, the eukaryotic/prokaryotic cell interactions, maintaining the balance of the environment, allow HEMA to perform its adhesive and bonding function and that the use of a co-culture system, which simulates the oral cavity organization, improves the knowledge concerning the biocompatibility of this dental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Grande
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - S. Pacella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Di Giulio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Rapino
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR, Unità di Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - V. Di Valerio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - L. Cellini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Di Nisio C, De Colli M, di Giacomo V, Rapino M, Di Valerio V, Marconi GD, Gallorini M, Di Giulio M, Cataldi A, Zara S. A dual role for β1 integrin in an in vitro Streptococcus mitis/human gingival fibroblasts co-culture model in response to TEGDMA. Int Endod J 2014; 48:839-49. [PMID: 25231818 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of TEGDMA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in vitro co-cultured with Streptococcus mitis, focusing on the signalling pathways underlying cell tissue remodelling and inflammatory response processes. METHODOLOGY β1 integrin expression was evaluated by means of imaging flow cytometry. The Western blot technique was used to investigate the expression of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and 3 (MMP3). RT-PCR was performed to quantify nuclear factor-kb subunits (Nf-kb1, ReLa), IkB kinase β (IkBkB), cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (anova). RESULTS When HGFs are co-cultured with S. mitis, β1 integrin intensity, phosphorylated PKC (p-PKC), activated ERK (p-ERK), IkBkB mRNA level and MMP9 expression increased (for all molecules P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis). A higher level of MMP3 in HGFs treated with TEGDMA was recorded (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA). COX-2 inflammatory factor mRNA level appeared higher in HGFs exposed to 1 mmol L(-1) TEGDMA (P < 0.01 HGFs versus HGFs exposed to TEGDMA), whereas TNF-α gene expression was higher in HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis (P < 0.05 HGFs versus HGFs co-cultured with S. mitis). CONCLUSIONS β1 integrin triggered the signalling pathway, transduced by p-PKCα and involving ERK 1 and 2 and MMPs. This pathway resulted in an unbalanced equilibrium in tissue remodelling process, along with inflammatory response when HGFs are exposed to bacteria or biomaterial alone. On the contrary, the TEGDMA/S. mitis combination restored the balance between extracellular matrix deposition and degradation and prevented an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Nisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M De Colli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - V di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Rapino
- Unit of Chieti, Institute of Molecular Genetics CNR, Chieti, Italy
| | - V Di Valerio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G D Marconi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - A Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Zara
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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16
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Zingler S, Matthei B, Diercke K, Frese C, Ludwig B, Kohl A, Lux CJ, Erber R. Biological evaluation of enamel sealants in an organotypic model of the human gingiva. Dent Mater 2014; 30:1039-51. [PMID: 24993810 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various sealant materials have been suggested to decrease decalcification during orthodontic treatment. However, only a few in vitro studies on the cytotoxicity of resinous pit and fissure sealants have been published, and to the best of our knowledge no similar studies are available for the enamel sealants used in orthodontics. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the possible adverse effects of enamel sealants, especially on the gingival epithelium. METHODS Organotypic cultures of the human gingival mucosa were used to assess the possible impact of six enamel sealants. Differentiation and apoptosis were determined by immunofluorescent staining. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA. Cytotoxicity was measured using MTS assays in monolayer cultures of human gingival fibroblasts. Leaching of monomers from enamel sealants was quantified using HPLC. RESULTS The differentiation of the organotypic gingival mucosa remained unaffected. All under-cured and several standard-cured sealants (Light Bond™ Sealant, Light Bond™ Filled Sealant, and L.E.D. Pro Seal®) significantly induced apoptosis in the organotypic model. Light Bond™ Sealant, Light Bond™ Filled Sealant, and L.E.D. Pro Seal® caused a significant induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Reducing curing time had an influence on cytotoxicity in monolayer cultures of primary human oral cells. All resin-based sealants leached monomers. SIGNIFICANCE Enamel sealants might exert adverse effects on the gingival epithelium. Due to the vicinity of the enamel sealant to the gingival epithelium, and the large surface area of applied sealants, these materials should be carefully applied and sufficiently cured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zingler
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Byron Matthei
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Diercke
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Frese
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Ludwig
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Private Practice, Traben-Trarbach, Germany
| | - Annette Kohl
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Lux
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Erber
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate-induced apoptosis through the ATM- and p53-dependent intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2890-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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van Dijken JW. A randomized controlled 5-year prospective study of two HEMA-free adhesives, a 1-step self etching and a 3-step etch-and-rinse, in non-carious cervical lesions. Dent Mater 2013; 29:e271-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Lodienė G, Kopperud HM, Ørstavik D, Bruzell EM. Detection of leachables and cytotoxicity after exposure to methacrylate- and epoxy-based root canal sealers in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:488-96. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dag Ørstavik
- Department of Endodontics; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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20
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Bianchi L, Ribeiro APD, Carrilho MRDO, Pashley DH, de Souza Costa CA, Hebling J. Cytotoxicity of adhesive systems of different hydrophilicities on cultured odontoblast-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1498-507. [PMID: 23744725 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of experimental adhesive systems (EASs) on odontoblast-like cells. Paper discs (n = 132) were impregnated with 10 µL of each EAS-R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 (in an ascending order of hydrophilicity), followed by photoactivation. R1 and R2 are nonsolvated hydrophobic blends, R3 represents a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive system, and R4 and R5 represent simplified self-etch adhesive systems. Discs were immersed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium for 24 h to obtain eluates applied on MDPC-23 cell cultures. No material was applied on discs used as control (R0). Cell viability [3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay], total protein (TP) production, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type of cell death, and degree of monomer conversion Fourier transform infrared (%DC-FTIR) were evaluated. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 0.05). Considering R0 (control) as having 100% of cell viability, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 reduced the metabolic activity of cells by 36.4, 3.1, 0.2, 21.5, and 65.7%, respectively, but only R1 and R5 differed from R0. Comparing with R0, lower TP production was observed for R1, R4, and R5, while ALP activity decreased for R1 and R5. Necrotic cell death was predominant for all EASs, but only R1, R4, and R5 differed from R0. Only R5 presented a different apoptotic cell death ratio from R0. R1 presented the lowest %DC (ca. 37%), whereas R4 and R5 presented the highest (ca. 56%). In conclusion, R2 and R3 were not toxic to the MDPC-23 cells, suggesting that the degree of hydrophilicity or %DC of the EASs alone were not responsible for their cytopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bianchi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Krifka S, Spagnuolo G, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. A review of adaptive mechanisms in cell responses towards oxidative stress caused by dental resin monomers. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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di Giacomo V, Pacella S, Rapino M, Di Giulio M, Zara S, Pasquantonio G, Cellini L, Cataldi A. pPKC α regulates through integrin β 1 human gingival fibroblasts/Streptococcus mitisadhesion in response to HEMA. Int Endod J 2013; 46:1164-72. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - S. Pacella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - M. Rapino
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del CNR; Unità di Chieti; Chieti; Italy
| | - M. Di Giulio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - S. Zara
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - G. Pasquantonio
- Dipartimento di Materiali Dentali e Tecnologie Prostodontiche; Università di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| | - L. Cellini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - A. Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università G. d'Annunzio; Chieti-Pescara Italy
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23
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Diamanti E, Mathieu S, Jeanneau C, Kitraki E, Panopoulos P, Spyrou G, About I. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and mineralization inhibition mechanism by the resinous monomer HEMA. Int Endod J 2012; 46:160-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Diamanti
- Departments of Endodontics and Basic Sciences; Dental School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
- Biochemistry Division; Foundation for Biomedical Research; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - S. Mathieu
- INSERM UMR 911; CR02; Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille France
| | - C. Jeanneau
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; ISM UMR 7287, 13288; Marseille cedex 09 France
| | - E. Kitraki
- Departments of Endodontics and Basic Sciences; Dental School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - P. Panopoulos
- Departments of Endodontics and Basic Sciences; Dental School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - G. Spyrou
- Biochemistry Division; Foundation for Biomedical Research; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - I. About
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; ISM UMR 7287, 13288; Marseille cedex 09 France
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24
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Cataldi A, Zara S, Rapino M, Patruno A, di Giacomo V. Human gingival fibroblasts stress response to HEMA: A role for protein kinase C α. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:378-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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El-kholany NR, Abielhassan MH, Elembaby AE, Maria OM. Apoptotic effect of different self-etch dental adhesives on odontoblasts in cell cultures. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:775-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Illeperuma RP, Park YJ, Kim JM, Bae JY, Che ZM, Son HK, Han MR, Kim KM, Kim J. Immortalized gingival fibroblasts as a cytotoxicity test model for dental materials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:753-62. [PMID: 22071981 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cytotoxicity test is an initial step to identify the harmful effects of new dental materials. Aim of this study was to develop a stable human cell line derived from normal gingival fibroblasts (hNOF) and to assess its feasibility in in vitro cytotoxicity testing. Immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (hTERT-hNOF) were successfully established with human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene transfection, preserving its phenotypical characteristics, replicative potential and biological properties. Utilizing standard cytotoxicity test modeling and dental materials, hTERT-hNOF were evaluated for their feasibility in cytotoxicity testing, compared with hNOF and L929 cells. Similar pattern of cytotoxic response was observed among hNOF, hTERT-hNOF and L929 cells. Cytotoxicity response of hTERT-hNOF was significantly similar to hNOF, moreover hTERT-hNOF and hNOF were found to be more sensitive towards the tested dental materials compared to L929 cells. This study suggested that hTERT-hNOF is an effective cytotoxic test model for dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika P Illeperuma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Brain Korea 21 Project, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Ansteinsson V, Solhaug A, Samuelsen J, Holme J, Dahl J. DNA-damage, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced in BEAS-2B cells by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Szczepanska J, Poplawski T, Synowiec E, Pawlowska E, Chojnacki CJ, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a tooth restoration component, exerts its genotoxic effects in human gingival fibroblasts trough methacrylic acid, an immediate product of its degradation. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1561-74. [PMID: 21617943 PMCID: PMC3249584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), a methacrylate commonly used in dentistry, was reported to induce genotoxic effects, but their mechanism is not fully understood. HEMA may be degraded by the oral cavity esterases or through mechanical stress following the chewing process. Methacrylic acid (MAA) is the primary product of HEMA degradation. In the present work we compared cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced by HEMA and MAA in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). A 6-h exposure to HEMA or MAA induced a weak decrease in the viability of HGFs. Neither HEMA nor MAA induced strand breaks in the isolated plasmid DNA, but both compounds evoked DNA damage in HGFs, as evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Oxidative modifications to the DNA bases were monitored by the DNA repair enzymes Endo III and Fpg. DNA damage induced by HEMA and MAA was not persistent and was removed during a 120 min repair incubation. Results from the neutral comet assay indicated that both compounds induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and they were confirmed by the γ-H2AX assay. Both compounds induced apoptosis and perturbed the cell cycle. Therefore, methacrylic acid, a product of HEMA degradation, may be involved in its cytotoxic and genotoxic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary J. Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 91-647 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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29
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Andersson J, Dahlgren U. Effects on mouse immunity of long-term exposure in vivo to minute amounts of HEMA. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:109-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Porto IC, Oliveira DC, Raele RA, Ribas KH, Montes MA, De Castro CM. Cytotoxicity of current adhesive systems: In vitro testing on cell cultures of primary murine macrophages. Dent Mater 2011; 27:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Krifka S, Petzel C, Bolay C, Hiller KA, Spagnuolo G, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. Activation of stress-regulated transcription factors by triethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomer. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1787-95. [PMID: 21145583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is a resin monomer available for short exposure scenarios of oral tissues due to incomplete polymerization processes of dental composite materials. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of resin monomers is discussed as a common mechanism underlying cellular reactions as diverse as disturbed responses of the innate immune system, inhibition of dentin mineralization processes, genotoxicity and a delayed cell cycle. Yet, the signaling pathway through a network of proteins that finally initiates the execution of monomer-induced specific cell responses is unknown so far. The aim of the present study was to extend the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of monomer-induced cell death as a basis for reasonable therapy strategies. Thus, the monomer-induced expression and phosphorylation of stress-related transcription factors was analyzed in various cell lines. The time-related induction of apoptosis was investigated as well. The expression of p53 increased in HeLa cell cultures treated with camptothecin (positive control) for 24h, and the formation of p53Ser15 and p53Ser46 was detected in cell nuclei by Western blotting. TEGDMA (3 mm) appeared to stimulate p53 expression only slightly, but increased p21 expression was found in cell nuclei and cytoplasm. Both camptothecin and TEGDMA increased p53 expression to some extent in the nuclear fraction in human transformed pulp-derived cells (tHPC), and similar effects were detected in RAW264.7 macrophages. No clear induction of c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun by TEGDMA was detected in HeLa cell nuclei, and the expression of ATF-2 and phospho-ATF-2 was inhibited in the presence of the monomer. ATF-3 expression was found only in the nuclear fraction of camptothecin-treated HeLa cultures. TEGDMA seemed to inhibit the formation of phospho-c-Jun and phospho-ATF-2 in tHPC, and the monomer acted negatively on the expression of c-Jun, ATF-2 and ATF-3 in RAW264.7 macrophages. These changes in the expression and activation of stress-related transcription factors were time-related to the induction of apoptosis by TEGDMA in all cell lines. The present study provides experimental evidence that TEGDMA interferes with the regulation of cellular pathways through transcription factors activated as a consequence of DNA damage like p53 or initiated downstream of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) like c-Jun, ATF-2 and ATF-3. The direct causal correlation between DNA damage, activation or inhibition of MAPKs and transcription factors, and apoptosis is under current investigation. However, the induction of apoptosis in different cell lines in the presence of monomers like TEGDMA may be subject to a higher level of complexity than currently suggested by simple linear models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krifka
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Samuelsen JT, Kopperud HM, Holme JA, Dragland IS, Christensen T, Dahl JE. Role of thiol-complex formation in 2-hydroxyethyl- methacrylate-induced toxicity in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:395-401. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Falconi M, Ortolani M, Teti G, Zago M, Orsini G, Selan L, Mazzotti G. Suppression of procollagen {alpha}1 type 1 by long-term low-dose exposure to 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:523-31. [PMID: 20668299 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810375003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of low doses and long-term exposure to 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) on the protein expression of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to different concentrations of HEMA ranging from 0.5 mmol/L to 3 mmol/L for periods of time from 72 hours to 2 weeks. A significant decrease in the expression of procollagen α1 type I protein was observed 72 hours after treatment of cells with 3 mmol/L HEMA. Although low concentrations of the monomer after 2 weeks of exposure to HEMA did not appear to induce any marked changes in the morphology or viability of cells, the expression of procollagen α1 type I protein and its messenger RNA (mRNA) markedly decreased. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that cell viability and morphology assays could be deficient parameters in evaluating the biocompatibility of dental resin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Falconi
- Department of Human Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio, 48-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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34
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Influence of TEGDMA on the mammalian cell cycle in comparison with chemotherapeutic agents. Dent Mater 2010; 26:232-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Nocca G, D'Antò V, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Valletta R, Baquala AM, Schweikl H, Lupi A, Rengo S, Spagnuolo G. N-acetyl cysteine directed detoxification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by adduct formation. Biomaterials 2009; 31:2508-16. [PMID: 20022629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of the dental resin monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and the protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on monomer-induced cell damage are well demonstrated. The aim of our study was to analyze the hypothesis that the protection of NAC from HEMA cytotoxicity might be due to direct NAC adduct formation. To this end, using HPLC we first measured the actual intracellular HEMA concentrations able to cause toxic effects on 3T3-fibroblasts and then determined the decrease in intracellular and extracellular HEMA levels in the presence of NAC. In addition, by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry analysis (CE-MS), we evaluated NAC-HEMA adduct formation. HEMA reduced 3T3 cell vitality in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The concentration of HEMA inside the cells was 15-20 times lower than that added to the culture medium for cell treatment (0-8 mmol/L). In the presence of 10 mmol/L NAC, both intracellular and extracellular HEMA concentrations greatly decreased in conjunction with cytotoxicity. NAC-HEMA adducts were detected both in the presence and absence of cells. Our findings suggest that the in vitro detoxification ability of NAC against HEMA-induced cell damage occurs through NAC adduct formation. Moreover, we provide evidence that the actual intracellular concentration of HEMA able to cause cytotoxic effects is at least one magnitude lower than that applied extracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Nocca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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36
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Detection of HEMA in self-etching adhesive systems with high performance liquid chromatography. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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TEGDMA-induced oxidative DNA damage and activation of ATM and MAP kinases. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2006-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Paranjpe A, Cacalano NA, Hume WR, Jewett A. Mechanisms of N-acetyl cysteine-mediated protection from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-induced apoptosis. J Endod 2008; 34:1191-7. [PMID: 18793918 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resin-based materials are now commonly used in dentistry in restorative materials as well as in endodontic sealers. These materials have been shown to be cytotoxic. The mechanisms by which resin-based materials mediate their adverse effects have not been completely elucidated. Here we show that 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) induces apoptotic cell death in oral keratinocytes and immune cells through the intrinsic cell death pathway. Functional loss and cell death induced by HEMA was significantly inhibited in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment. In addition, HEMA induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and an increase in cleaved caspases was potently inhibited in the presence of NAC treatment. Overall, the results reported in this article indicate that NAC is an effective chemoprotectant that can safely be used to protect the pulp and the surrounding tissues from adverse effects of dental restorative and endodontic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avina Paranjpe
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), Dental Research Institute, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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