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Simon CS, Garg V, Kuo YY, Niakan KK, Hadjantonakis AK. ETV4 and ETV5 Orchestrate FGF-Mediated Lineage Specification and Epiblast Maturation during Early Mouse Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604964. [PMID: 39091858 PMCID: PMC11291132 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions in early mammalian embryos are tightly regulated processes crucial for proper development. While FGF signaling plays key roles in early embryo patterning, its downstream effectors remain poorly understood. Our study demonstrates that the transcription factors Etv4 and Etv5 are critical mediators of FGF signaling in cell lineage specification and maturation in mouse embryos. We show that loss of Etv5 compromises primitive endoderm formation at pre-implantation stages. Furthermore, Etv4/5 deficiency delays naïve pluripotency exit and epiblast maturation, leading to elevated NANOG and reduced OTX2 expression within the blastocyst epiblast. As a consequence of delayed pluripotency progression, Etv4/5 deficient embryos exhibit anterior visceral endoderm migration defects post-implantation, a process essential for coordinated embryonic patterning and gastrulation initiation. Our results demonstrate the successive roles of these FGF signaling effectors in early lineage specification and embryonic body plan establishment, providing new insights into the molecular control of mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Simon
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Kuo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathy K. Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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2
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Nasr El-Din WA, Potu BK, Fadel RA, Salem AH, Sequeira RP, Almarabheh A, El-Fark MMO. Impact of maternal topiramate ingestion on ossification of skull and appendicular bones in rat fetuses. Morphologie 2024; 108:100702. [PMID: 37890283 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2023.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The skull and appendicular bones are derived from different embryological sources during their development. The impact of prenatal exposure of topiramate on ossification of these bones is not adequately studied. The goal of this study was to assess the ossification patterns of the craniofacial bones and bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in 20-day-old rat fetuses after maternal exposure to topiramate at doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley pregnant rats were used: control, topiramate 50mg/kg/day (T50) and topiramate 100mg/kg/day (T100). Topiramate was given by oral gavage from day 6 to day19 of gestation. Ossification was evaluated in the bones of 20 days fetuses after staining with Alizarin red. Results showed a significant reduction in complete ossified centers of the metacarpal, metatarsal and craniofacial bones in topiramate-exposed fetuses at both doses when compared to the control group. Also, a significant decrease in the length of ossified part of the long bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs in topiramate-exposed fetuses at both doses was noted when compared to the control group. Crown-rump length and fetal weight were significantly decreased in topiramate treated groups compared to the control group. In all examined groups, there was a positive correlation between the crown-rump length and the lengths of humerus and femur. No abnormalities in the ossified bones and no significant changes in their ossification pattern were observed between the treated groups. In conclusion, prenatal administration of topiramate in doses equivalent to human therapeutic doses delayed ossification and development of craniofacial and appendicular bones in rat fetuses and their effects are not dose dependent at doses investigated. The implications of these findings in women who require topiramate therapy in pregnancy merit further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Nasr El-Din
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - B K Potu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - R A Fadel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - A H Salem
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - R P Sequeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - A Almarabheh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - M M O El-Fark
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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3
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Pei F, Ma L, Guo T, Zhang M, Jing J, Wen Q, Feng J, Lei J, He J, Janečková E, Ho TV, Chen JF, Chai Y. Sensory nerve regulates progenitor cells via FGF-SHH axis in tooth root morphogenesis. Development 2024; 151:dev202043. [PMID: 38108472 PMCID: PMC10820866 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nerves play important roles in organ development and tissue homeostasis. Stem/progenitor cells differentiate into different cell lineages responsible for building the craniofacial organs. The mechanism by which nerves regulate stem/progenitor cell behavior in organ morphogenesis has not yet been comprehensively explored. Here, we use tooth root development in mouse as a model to investigate how sensory nerves regulate organogenesis. We show that sensory nerve fibers are enriched in the dental papilla at the initiation of tooth root development. Through single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of the trigeminal ganglion and developing molar, we reveal several signaling pathways that connect the sensory nerve with the developing molar, of which FGF signaling appears to be one of the important regulators. Fgfr2 is expressed in the progenitor cells during tooth root development. Loss of FGF signaling leads to shortened roots with compromised proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Furthermore, Hh signaling is impaired in Gli1-CreER;Fgfr2fl/fl mice. Modulation of Hh signaling rescues the tooth root defects in these mice. Collectively, our findings elucidate the nerve-progenitor crosstalk and reveal the molecular mechanism of the FGF-SHH signaling cascade during tooth root morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Ma
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Quan Wen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jie Lei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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4
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Shia DW, Choi W, Vijayaraj P, Vuong V, Sandlin JM, Lu MM, Aziz A, Marin C, Aros CJ, Sen C, Durra A, Lund AJ, Purkayastha A, Rickabaugh TM, Graeber TG, Gomperts BN. Targeting PEA3 transcription factors to mitigate small cell lung cancer progression. Oncogene 2023; 42:434-448. [PMID: 36509998 PMCID: PMC9898033 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a lethal disease with a dismal overall survival rate of 6% despite promising responses to upfront combination chemotherapy. The key drivers of such rapid mortality include early metastatic dissemination in the natural course of the disease and the near guaranteed emergence of chemoresistant disease. Here, we found that we could model the regression and relapse seen in clinical SCLC in vitro. We utilized time-course resolved RNA-sequencing to globally profile transcriptome changes as SCLC cells responded to a combination of cisplatin and etoposide-the standard-of-care in SCLC. Comparisons across time points demonstrated a distinct transient transcriptional state resembling embryonic diapause. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that expression of the PEA3 transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5 were transiently upregulated in the surviving fraction of cells which we determined to be necessary for efficient clonogenic expansion following chemotherapy. The FGFR-PEA3 signaling axis guided the identification of a pan-FGFR inhibitor demonstrating in vitro and in vivo efficacy in delaying progression following combination chemotherapy, observed inhibition of phosphorylation of the FGFR adaptor FRS2 and corresponding downstream MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Taken together, these data nominate PEA3 transcription factors as key mediators of relapse progression in SCLC and identify a clinically actionable small molecule candidate for delaying relapse of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Shia
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - WooSuk Choi
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Preethi Vijayaraj
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Valarie Vuong
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jenna M Sandlin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michelle M Lu
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adam Aziz
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caliope Marin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cody J Aros
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chandani Sen
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Abdo Durra
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrew J Lund
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arunima Purkayastha
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tammy M Rickabaugh
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Zhang Y, Ma W, Lin H, Gu X, Xie H. The effects of esketamine on the intestinal microenvironment and intestinal microbiota in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231211894. [PMID: 38116628 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of esketamine on the intestinal flora and microenvironment in mice using mRNA transcriptome sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing. METHODS Ten female mice were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received daily intramuscular injections of sterile water, while the other group received esketamine. After 24 days, the mice were sacrificed, and their intestinal tissues and contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and mRNA transcriptome sequencing. The intergroup differences in the mouse intestinal flora were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes were utilized to construct ceRNA networks and transcription factor regulatory networks to assess the effects of esketamine on the intestinal flora and intestinal tissue genes. RESULTS Esketamine significantly altered the abundance of intestinal microbiota, including Adlercreutzia equolifaciens and Akkermansia muciniphila. Differential expression analysis revealed 301 significantly upregulated genes and 106 significantly downregulated genes. The ceRNA regulatory network consisted of 6 lncRNAs, 44 miRNAs, and 113 mRNAs, while the regulatory factor network included 13 transcription factors and 53 target genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily associated with immunity, including B-cell activation and humoral immune response mediation. The biological processes in the ceRNA regulatory network primarily involved transport, such as organic anion transport and monocarboxylic acid transport. The functional annotation of target genes in the TF network was mainly related to epithelial cells, including epithelial cell proliferation and regulation. CONCLUSION Esketamine induces changes in gut microbiota and the intestinal microenvironment, impacting the immune environment and transport modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Sun D, Llora Batlle O, van den Ameele J, Thomas JC, He P, Lim K, Tang W, Xu C, Meyer KB, Teichmann SA, Marioni JC, Jackson SP, Brand AH, Rawlins EL. SOX9 maintains human foetal lung tip progenitor state by enhancing WNT and RTK signalling. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111338. [PMID: 36121125 PMCID: PMC9627674 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation in human foetal lung epithelial progenitors controls the size and function of the adult organ. Moreover, progenitor cell gene regulation networks are employed by both regenerating and malignant lung cells, where modulators of their effects could potentially be of therapeutic value. Details of the molecular networks controlling human lung progenitor self-renewal remain unknown. We performed the first CRISPRi screen in primary human lung organoids to identify transcription factors controlling progenitor self-renewal. We show that SOX9 promotes proliferation of lung progenitors and inhibits precocious airway differentiation. Moreover, by identifying direct transcriptional targets using Targeted DamID, we place SOX9 at the centre of a transcriptional network, which amplifies WNT and RTK signalling to stabilise the progenitor cell state. In addition, the proof-of-principle CRISPRi screen and Targeted DamID tools establish a new workflow for using primary human organoids to elucidate detailed functional mechanisms underlying normal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Oriol Llora Batlle
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John C Thomas
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Peng He
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)CambridgeUK
| | - Kyungtae Lim
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Walfred Tang
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Chufan Xu
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | | | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Department of Physics/Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)CambridgeUK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrea H Brand
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Emma L Rawlins
- Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Swanholm TB, Van Ly D, Dsouza N, Singh BN, Kawakami H, Young S, Chen KQ, Kawakami Y, Garry DJ. Etv2 regulates enhancer chromatin status to initiate Shh expression in the limb bud. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4221. [PMID: 35864091 PMCID: PMC9304341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for limb development, and the mechanisms that govern the propagation and maintenance of its expression has been well studied; however, the mechanisms that govern the initiation of Shh expression are incomplete. Here we report that ETV2 initiates Shh expression by changing the chromatin status of the developmental limb enhancer, ZRS. Etv2 expression precedes Shh in limb buds, and Etv2 inactivation prevents the opening of limb chromatin, including the ZRS, resulting in an absence of Shh expression. Etv2 overexpression in limb buds causes nucleosomal displacement at the ZRS, ectopic Shh expression, and polydactyly. Areas of nucleosome displacement coincide with ETS binding site clusters. ETV2 also functions as a transcriptional activator of ZRS and is antagonized by ETV4/5 repressors. Known human polydactyl mutations introduce novel ETV2 binding sites in the ZRS, suggesting that ETV2 dosage regulates ZRS activation. These studies identify ETV2 as a pioneer transcription factor (TF) regulating the onset of Shh expression, having both a chromatin regulatory role and a transcriptional activation role. The embryonic limb bud is known to be patterned by a Shh morphogen gradient, though how Shh expression is activated remains less clear. Here the authors show that Etv2 acts as a pioneer transcription factor to mediate accessibility of the ZRS enhancer and initiate Shh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Hamre, Schumann, Mueller & Larson, P.C., Minneapolis, MN, 55402, USA.,Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tran B Swanholm
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Van Ly
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bhairab N Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Young
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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8
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Sharma D, Mirando AJ, Leinroth A, Long JT, Karner CM, Hilton MJ. HES1 is a novel downstream modifier of the SHH-GLI3 Axis in the development of preaxial polydactyly. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009982. [PMID: 34928956 PMCID: PMC8726490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in polydactyly and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling regulates cell cycle factors controlling mesenchymal cell proliferation, while simultaneously regulating Grem1 to coordinate BMP-induced chondrogenesis. SHH/GLI3 signaling also coordinates the expression of additional genes, however their importance in digit formation remain unknown. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. Our data indicate that HES1, a direct SHH/GLI signaling target, induces mesenchymal cell proliferation via suppression of Cdkn1b, while inhibiting chondrogenic genes and the anterior autopod boundary regulator, Pax9. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD. Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in additional digits and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling within the developing limb regulates numerous genes critical for proper autopod (hand/foot) development, however not all target genes are known to be truly important for digit formation. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. We further propose a mechanistic model by which HES1 coordinates the expression of genes important for proper digit development. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Mirando
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail Leinroth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Long
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ly TTG, Yun J, Lee DH, Chung JS, Kwon SM. Protective Effects and Benefits of Olive Oil and Its Extracts on Women's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:4279. [PMID: 34959830 PMCID: PMC8705829 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Women and men share similar diseases; however, women have unique issues, including gynecologic diseases and diseases related to menstruation, menopause, and post menopause. In recent decades, scientists paid more attention to natural products and their derivatives because of their good tolerability and effectiveness in disease prevention and treatment. Olive oil is an essential component in the Mediterranean diet, a diet well known for its protective impact on human well-being. Investigation of the active components in olive oil, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, showed positive effects in various diseases. Their effects have been clarified in many suggested mechanisms and have shown promising results in animal and human studies, especially in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and other disorders. This review summarizes the current evidence of the role of olives and olive polyphenols in women's health issues and their potential implications in the treatment and prevention of health problems in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Truong Giang Ly
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jisoo Yun
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Joo-Seop Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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10
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Li K, Shao S, Ji T, Liu M, Wang L, Pang Y, Chen M, Xu S, Zhang K, Wang Q, Zhuang Z, Wei L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen K, Lian H, Zhong C. Capicua Regulates Dendritic Morphogenesis Through Ets in Hippocampal Neurons in vitro. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:669310. [PMID: 34385910 PMCID: PMC8353115 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.669310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Capicua (Cic), a transcriptional repressor frequently mutated in brain cancer oligodendroglioma, is highly expressed in adult neurons. However, its function in the dendritic growth of neurons in the hippocampus remains poorly understood. Here, we confirmed that Cic was expressed in hippocampal neurons during the main period of dendritogenesis, suggesting that Cic has a function in dendrite growth. Loss-of-function and gain-of function assays indicated that Cic plays a central role in the inhibition of dendritic morphogenesis and dendritic spines in vitro. Further studies showed that overexpression of Cic reduced the expression of Ets in HT22 cells, while in vitro knockdown of Cic in hippocampal neurons significantly elevated the expression of Ets. These results suggest that Cic may negatively control dendrite growth through Ets, which was confirmed by ShRNA knockdown of either Etv4 or Etv5 abolishing the phenotype of Cic knockdown in cultured neurons. Taken together, our results suggest that Cic inhibits dendritic morphogenesis and the growth of dendritic spines through Ets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongjie Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lufeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuiming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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DeSalvo J, Ban Y, Li L, Sun X, Jiang Z, Kerr DA, Khanlari M, Boulina M, Capecchi MR, Partanen JM, Chen L, Kondo T, Ornitz DM, Trent JC, Eid JE. ETV4 and ETV5 drive synovial sarcoma through cell cycle and DUX4 embryonic pathway control. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141908. [PMID: 33983905 DOI: 10.1172/jci141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive malignancy with no effective treatments for patients with metastasis. The synovial sarcoma fusion SS18-SSX, which recruits the SWI/SNF-BAF chromatin remodeling and polycomb repressive complexes, results in epigenetic activation of FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. In genetic FGFR-knockout models, culture, and xenograft synovial sarcoma models treated with the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398, we show that FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were crucial for tumor growth. Transcriptome analyses of BGJ398-treated cells and histological and expression analyses of mouse and human synovial sarcoma tumors revealed prevalent expression of two ETS factors and FGFR targets, ETV4 and ETV5. We further demonstrate that ETV4 and ETV5 acted as drivers of synovial sarcoma growth, most likely through control of the cell cycle. Upon ETV4 and ETV5 knockdown, we observed a striking upregulation of DUX4 and its transcriptional targets that activate the zygotic genome and drive the atrophy program in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy patients. In addition to demonstrating the importance of inhibiting all three FGFRs, the current findings reveal potential nodes of attack for the cancer with the discovery of ETV4 and ETV5 as appropriate biomarkers and molecular targets, and activation of the embryonic DUX4 pathway as a promising approach to block synovial sarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna DeSalvo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Luyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | - Zhijie Jiang
- University of Miami Center for Computational Science, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Boulina
- Analytical Imaging Core Facility, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Juha M Partanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Josiane E Eid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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12
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Talley MJ, Nardini D, Qin S, Prada CE, Ehrman LA, Waclaw RR. A role for sustained MAPK activity in the mouse ventral telencephalon. Dev Biol 2021; 476:137-147. [PMID: 33775695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK pathway is a major growth signal that has been implicated during the development of progenitors, neurons, and glia in the embryonic brain. Here, we show that the MAPK pathway plays an important role in the generation of distinct cell types from progenitors in the ventral telencephalon. Our data reveal that phospho-p44/42 (called p-ERK1/2) and the ETS transcription factor Etv5, both downstream effectors in the MAPK pathway, show a regional bias in expression during ventral telencephalic development, with enriched expression in the dorsal region of the LGE and ventral region of the MGE at E13.5 and E15.5. Interestingly, expression of both factors becomes more uniform in ventricular zone (VZ) progenitors by E18.5. To gain insight into the role of MAPK activity during progenitor cell development, we used a cre inducible constitutively active MEK1 allele (RosaMEK1DD/+) in combination with a ventral telencephalon enriched cre (Gsx2e-cre) or a dorsal telencephalon enriched cre (Emx1cre/+). Sustained MEK/MAPK activity in the ventral telencephalon (Gsx2e-cre; RosaMEK1DD/+) expanded dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE) enriched genes (Gsx2 and Sp8) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) markers (Olig2, Pdgfrα, and Sox10), and also reduced markers in the ventral (v) LGE domain (Isl1 and Foxp1). Activation of MEK/MAPK activity in the dorsal telencephalon (Emx1cre/+; RosaMEK1DD/+) did not initially activate the expression of dLGE or OPC genes at E15.5 but ectopic expression of Gsx2 and OPC markers were observed at E18.5. These results support the idea that MAPK activity as readout by p-ERK1/2 and Etv5 expression is enriched in distinct subdomains of ventral telencephalic progenitors during development. In addition, sustained activation of the MEK/MAPK pathway in the ventral or dorsal telencephalon influences dLGE and OPC identity from progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Talley
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diana Nardini
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shenyue Qin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Carlos E Prada
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lisa A Ehrman
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ronald R Waclaw
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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13
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Kinoshita M, Barber M, Mansfield W, Cui Y, Spindlow D, Stirparo GG, Dietmann S, Nichols J, Smith A. Capture of Mouse and Human Stem Cells with Features of Formative Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:453-471.e8. [PMID: 33271069 PMCID: PMC7939546 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells emerge as a naive founder population in the blastocyst, acquire capacity for germline and soma formation, and then undergo lineage priming. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSCs) represent the initial naive and final primed phases of pluripotency, respectively. Here, we investigate the intermediate formative stage. Using minimal exposure to specification cues, we derive stem cells from formative mouse epiblast. Unlike ESCs or EpiSCs, formative stem (FS) cells respond directly to germ cell induction. They colonize somatic tissues and germline in chimeras. Whole-transcriptome analyses show similarity to pre-gastrulation formative epiblast. Signal responsiveness and chromatin accessibility features reflect lineage capacitation. Furthermore, FS cells show distinct transcription factor dependencies, relying critically on Otx2. Finally, FS cell culture conditions applied to human naive cells or embryos support expansion of similar stem cells, consistent with a conserved staging post on the trajectory of mammalian pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Michael Barber
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - William Mansfield
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yingzhi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Daniel Spindlow
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Giuliano Giuseppe Stirparo
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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14
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Abstract
The identification of mutations in FGFR3 in bladder tumors in 1999 led to major interest in this receptor and during the subsequent 20 years much has been learnt about the mutational profiles found in bladder cancer, the phenotypes associated with these and the potential of this mutated protein as a target for therapy. Based on mutational and expression data, it is estimated that >80% of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) and ∼40% of muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) have upregulated FGFR3 signalling, and these frequencies are likely to be even higher if alternative splicing of the receptor, expression of ligands and changes in regulatory mechanisms are taken into account. Major efforts by the pharmaceutical industry have led to development of a range of agents targeting FGFR3 and other FGF receptors. Several of these have entered clinical trials, and some have presented very encouraging early results in advanced bladder cancer. Recent reviews have summarised the drugs and related clinical trials in this area. This review will summarise what is known about the effects of FGFR3 and its mutant forms in normal urothelium and bladder tumors, will suggest when and how this protein contributes to urothelial cancer pathogenesis and will highlight areas that may benefit from further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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15
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Lin GH, Zhang L. Apical ectodermal ridge regulates three principal axes of the developing limb. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:757-766. [PMID: 33043642 PMCID: PMC7606201 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding limb development not only gives insights into the outgrowth and differentiation of the limb, but also has clinical relevance. Limb development begins with two paired limb buds (forelimb and hindlimb buds), which are initially undifferentiated mesenchymal cells tipped with a thickening of the ectoderm, termed the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). As a transitional embryonic structure, the AER undergoes four stages and contributes to multiple axes of limb development through the coordination of signalling centres, feedback loops, and other cell activities by secretory signalling and the activation of gene expression. Within the scope of proximodistal patterning, it is understood that while fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function sequentially over time as primary components of the AER signalling process, there is still no consensus on models that would explain proximodistal patterning itself. In anteroposterior patterning, the AER has a dual-direction regulation by which it promotes the sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene expression in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) for proliferation, and inhibits Shh expression in the anterior mesenchyme. In dorsoventral patterning, the AER activates Engrailed-1 (En1) expression, and thus represses Wnt family member 7a (Wnt7a) expression in the ventral ectoderm by the expression of Fgfs, Sp6/8, and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) genes. The AER also plays a vital role in shaping the individual digits, since levels of Fgf4/8 and Bmps expressed in the AER affect digit patterning by controlling apoptosis. In summary, the knowledge of crosstalk within AER among the three main axes is essential to understand limb growth and pattern formation, as the development of its areas proceeds simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-hao Lin
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports Health Promotion, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports Health Promotion, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
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16
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Weiss AC, Rivera-Reyes R, Englert C, Kispert A. Expansion of the renal capsular stroma, ureteric bud branching defects and cryptorchidism in mice with Wilms tumor 1 gene deletion in the stromal compartment of the developing kidney. J Pathol 2020; 252:290-303. [PMID: 32715478 DOI: 10.1002/path.5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian kidney is orchestrated by reciprocal interactions of stromal and nephrogenic mesenchymal cells with the ureteric bud epithelium. Previous work showed that the transcription factor Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) acts in the nephrogenic lineage to maintain precursor cells, to drive the epithelial transition of aggregating precursors into a renal vesicle and to specify and maintain the podocyte fate. However, WT1 is expressed not only in the nephrogenic lineage but also transiently in stromal progenitors in the renal cortex. Here we report that specific deletion of Wt1 in the stromal lineage using the Foxd1cre driver line results at birth in cryptorchidism and hypoplastic kidneys that harbour fewer and enlarged ureteric bud tips and display an expansion of capsular stroma into the cortical region. In vivo and ex vivo analysis at earlier stages revealed that stromal loss of Wt1 reduces stromal proliferation, and delays and alters branching morphogenesis, resulting in a variant architecture of the collecting duct tree with an increase of single at the expense of bifurcated ureteric bud tips. Molecular analysis identified a transient reduction of Aldh1a2 expression and of retinoic acid signalling activity in stromal progenitors, and of Ret in ureteric bud tips. Administration of retinoic acid partly rescued the branching defects of mutant kidneys in culture. We propose that WT1 maintains retinoic acid signalling in the cortical stroma, which, in turn, assures proper levels and dynamics of Ret expression in the ureteric bud tips, and thus normal ramification of the ureteric tree. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Englert
- Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Mesenchymal ETV transcription factors regulate cochlear length. Hear Res 2020; 396:108039. [PMID: 32866767 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cochlear development encompasses a series of morphological and molecular events that results in the formation of a highly intricate structure responsible for hearing. One remarkable event occurs during development is the cochlear lengthening that starts with cochlear outgrowth around E11 and continues throughout development. Different mechanisms contribute to this process including cochlear progenitor proliferation and convergent extension. We previously identified that FGF9 and FGF20 promote cochlear lengthening by regulating auditory sensory epithelial proliferation through FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the periotic mesenchyme. Here, we provide evidence that ETS-domain transcription factors ETV4 and ETV5 are downstream of mesenchymal FGF signaling to control cochlear lengthening. Next generation RNA sequencing identified that Etv1, Etv4 and Etv5 mRNAs are decreased in the Fgf9 and Fgf20 double mutant periotic mesenchyme. Deleting both Etv4 and Etv5 in periotic mesenchyme resulted in shortening of cochlear length but maintaining normal patterning of organ of Corti and density of hair cells and supporting cells. This recapitulates phenotype of mesenchymal-specific Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 deleted inner ear. Furthermore, analysis of Etv1/4/5 triple conditional mutants revealed that ETV1 does not contribute in this process. Our study reveals that ETV4 and ETV5 function downstream of mesenchymal FGF signaling to promote cochlear lengthening.
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18
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Yin Q, Ni Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li W, Nie A, Wang S, Gu Y, Wang Q, Ning G. Raptor determines β-cell identity and plasticity independent of hyperglycemia in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2538. [PMID: 32439909 PMCID: PMC7242325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised β-cell identity is emerging as an important contributor to β-cell failure in diabetes; however, the precise mechanism independent of hyperglycemia is under investigation. We have previously reported that mTORC1/Raptor regulates functional maturation in β-cells. In the present study, we find that diabetic β-cell specific Raptor-deficient mice (βRapKOGFP) show reduced β-cell mass, loss of β-cell identity and acquisition of α-cell features; which are not reversible upon glucose normalization. Deletion of Raptor directly impairs β-cell identity, mitochondrial metabolic coupling and protein synthetic activity, leading to β-cell failure. Moreover, loss of Raptor activates α-cell transcription factor MafB (via modulating C/EBPβ isoform ratio) and several α-cell enriched genes i.e. Etv1 and Tspan12, thus initiates β- to α-cell reprograming. The present findings highlight mTORC1 as a metabolic rheostat for stabilizing β-cell identity and repressing α-cell program at normoglycemic level, which might present therapeutic opportunities for treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Yin
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200137, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Aifang Nie
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Garg A, Hannan A, Wang Q, Makrides N, Zhong J, Li H, Yoon S, Mao Y, Zhang X. Etv transcription factors functionally diverge from their upstream FGF signaling in lens development. eLife 2020; 9:e51915. [PMID: 32043969 PMCID: PMC7069720 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal regulated transcription factors (SRTFs) control the ultimate transcriptional output of signaling pathways. Here, we examined a family of FGF-induced SRTFs - Etv1, Etv 4, and Etv 5 - in murine lens development. Contrary to FGF receptor mutants that displayed loss of ERK signaling and defective cell differentiation, Etv deficiency augmented ERK phosphorylation without disrupting the normal lens fiber gene expression. Instead, the transitional zone for lens differentiation was shifted anteriorly as a result of reduced Jag1-Notch signaling. We also showed that Etv proteins suppresses mTOR activity by promoting Tsc2 expression, which is necessary for the nuclei clearance in mature lens. These results revealed the functional divergence between Etv and FGF in lens development, demonstrating that these SRTFs can operate outside the confine of their upstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Abdul Hannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Neoklis Makrides
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Neurological Institute and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineWhite PlainsUnited States
| | - Hongge Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sungtae Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yingyu Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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20
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Dynamic and self-regulatory interactions among gene regulatory networks control vertebrate limb bud morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 139:61-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Purushothaman S, Elewa A, Seifert AW. Fgf-signaling is compartmentalized within the mesenchyme and controls proliferation during salamander limb development. eLife 2019; 8:48507. [PMID: 31538936 PMCID: PMC6754229 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although decades of studies have produced a generalized model for tetrapod limb development, urodeles deviate from anurans and amniotes in at least two key respects: their limbs exhibit preaxial skeletal differentiation and do not develop an apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Here, we investigated how Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling regulate limb development in the axolotl. We found that Shh-expressing cells contributed to the most posterior digit, and that inhibiting Shh-signaling inhibited Fgf8 expression, anteroposterior patterning, and distal cell proliferation. In addition to lack of a morphological AER, we found that salamander limbs also lack a molecular AER. We found that amniote and anuran AER-specific Fgfs and their cognate receptors were expressed entirely in the mesenchyme. Broad inhibition of Fgf-signaling demonstrated that this pathway regulates cell proliferation across all three limb axes, in contrast to anurans and amniotes where Fgf-signaling regulates cell survival and proximodistal patterning. Salamanders are a group of amphibians that are well-known for their ability to regenerate lost limbs and other body parts. At the turn of the twentieth century, researchers used salamander embryos as models to understand the basic concepts of how limbs develop in other four-limbed animals, including amphibians, mammals and birds, which are collectively known as “tetrapods”. However, the salamander’s amazing powers of regeneration made it difficult to carry out certain experiments, so researchers switched to using the embryos of other tetrapods – namely chickens and mice – instead. Studies in chickens, later confirmed in mice and frogs, established that there are two major signaling centers that control how the limbs of tetrapod embryos form and grow: a small group of cells known as the “zone of polarizing activity” within a structure called the “limb bud mesenchyme”; and an overlying, thin ridge of cells called the “apical ectodermal ridge”. Both of these centers release potent signaling molecules that act on cells in the limbs. The cells in the zone of polarizing activity produce a molecule often called Sonic hedgehog, or Shh for short. The apical ectodermal ridge produces another group of signals commonly known as fibroblast growth factors, or simply Fgfs. Several older studies reported that salamander embryos do not have an apical ectodermal ridge suggesting that these amphibian’s limbs may form differently to other tetrapods. Yet, contemporary models in developmental biology treated salamander limbs like those of chicks and mice. To address this apparent discrepancy, Purushothaman et al. studied how the forelimbs develop in a salamander known as the axolotl. The experiments showed that, along with lacking an apical ectodermal ridge, axolotls did not produce fibroblast growth factors normally found in this tissue. Instead, these factors were only found in the limb bud mesenchyme. Purushothaman et al. also found that fibroblast growth factors played a different role in axolotls than previously reported in chick, frog and mouse embryos. On the other hand, the pattern and function of Shh activity in the axolotl limb bud was similar to that previously observed in chicks and mice. These findings show that not all limbs develop in the same way and open up questions for evolutionary biologists regarding the evolution of limbs. Future studies that examine limb development in other animals that regenerate tissues, such as other amphibians and lungfish, will help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
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22
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Xu L, Deng S, Xiong H, Shi W, Luo S, Chen L. GATA-6 transcriptionally inhibits Shh to repress cell proliferation and migration in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 115:105591. [PMID: 31442607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GATA-6 is a transcription factor that participates in cell lineage differentiation and organogenesis in many tissue types. The abnormal expression of GATA-6 is associated with the development of diverse cancers. GATA-6 acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor based on tumor origin. Here, we investigated the effects of GATA-6 on lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). We found that GATA-6 was significantly reduced in LSCC tissues compared with the paired normal tissues. The overexpression of GATA-6 inhibited LSCC cell proliferation and migration. Importantly, a luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that GATA-6 negatively regulated the expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh) by directly binding to its promoter region. Furthermore, N-Shh stimulation rescued the inhibition of LSCC cell proliferation and migration upon GATA-6 overexpression. Thus, GATA-6 inhibited the proliferation and migration of LSCC cells by transcriptionally inhibiting the expression of Shh, indicating that targeting GATA-6 may be a potential approach for LSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Suyue Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Huanting Xiong
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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23
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Complementary Activity of ETV5, RBPJ, and TCF3 Drives Formative Transition from Naive Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:785-801.e7. [PMID: 31031137 PMCID: PMC6509416 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The gene regulatory network (GRN) of naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) must be reconfigured to enable lineage commitment. TCF3 sanctions rewiring by suppressing components of the ESC transcription factor circuitry. However, TCF3 depletion only delays and does not prevent transition to formative pluripotency. Here, we delineate additional contributions of the ETS-family transcription factor ETV5 and the repressor RBPJ. In response to ERK signaling, ETV5 switches activity from supporting self-renewal and undergoes genome relocation linked to commissioning of enhancers activated in formative epiblast. Independent upregulation of RBPJ prevents re-expression of potent naive factors, TBX3 and NANOG, to secure exit from the naive state. Triple deletion of Etv5, Rbpj, and Tcf3 disables ESCs, such that they remain largely undifferentiated and locked in self-renewal, even in the presence of differentiation stimuli. Thus, genetic elimination of three complementary drivers of network transition stalls developmental progression, emulating environmental insulation by small-molecule inhibitors.
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24
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di Martino E, Alder O, Hurst CD, Knowles MA. ETV5 links the FGFR3 and Hippo signalling pathways in bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5740. [PMID: 30952872 PMCID: PMC6450944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) are common in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). Silencing or inhibition of mutant FGFR3 in bladder cancer cell lines is associated with decreased malignant potential, confirming its important driver role in UC. However, understanding of how FGFR3 activation drives urothelial malignant transformation remains limited. We have previously shown that mutant FGFR3 alters the cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion properties of urothelial cells, resulting in loss of contact-inhibition of proliferation. In this study, we investigate a transcription factor of the ETS-family, ETV5, as a putative effector of FGFR3 signalling in bladder cancer. We show that FGFR3 signalling induces a MAPK/ERK-mediated increase in ETV5 levels, and that this results in increased level of TAZ, a co-transcriptional regulator downstream of the Hippo signalling pathway involved in cell-contact inhibition. We also demonstrate that ETV5 is a key downstream mediator of the oncogenic effects of mutant FGFR3, as its knockdown in FGFR3-mutant bladder cancer cell lines is associated with reduced proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Overall this study advances our understanding of the molecular alterations occurring during urothelial malignant transformation and indicates TAZ as a possible therapeutic target in FGFR3-dependent bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Olivia Alder
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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25
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Jones MR, Lingampally A, Dilai S, Shrestha A, Stripp B, Helmbacher F, Chen C, Chao CM, Bellusci S. Characterization of Tg(Etv4-GFP) and Etv5 RFP Reporter Lines in the Context of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 Signaling During Mouse Embryonic Lung Development. Front Genet 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 30923534 PMCID: PMC6426760 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the PEA3 transcription factors are emerging as bone fide targets for fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Among them, ETV4 and ETV5 appear to mediate FGF10 signaling during early embryonic lung development. In this paper, recently obtained Tg(Etv4-GFP) and Etv5CreERT2−RFP fluorescent reporter lines were generally characterized during early embryonic development and in the context of FGF10 signaling, in particular. We found that both Tg(Etv4-GFP) and Etv5CreERT2−RFP were primarily expressed in the epithelium of the lung during embryonic development. However, the expression of Etv5CreERT2−RFP was much higher than that of Tg(Etv4-GFP), and continued to increase during development, whereas Tg(Etv4-GFP) decreased. The expression patterns of the surrogate fluorescent protein GFP and RFP for ETV4 and ETV5, respectively, agreed with known regions of FGF10 signaling in various developing organs, including the lung, where ETV4-GFP was seen primarily in the distal epithelium and to a lesser extent in the surrounding mesenchyme. As expected, ETV5-RFP was restricted to the lung epithelium, showing a decreasing expression pattern from distal buds to proximal conducting airways. FGF10 inhibition experiments confirmed that both Etv4 and Etv5 are downstream of FGF10 signaling. Finally, we also validated that both fluorescent reporters responded to FGF10 inhibition in vitro. In conclusion, these two reporter lines appear to be promising tools to monitor FGF10/FGFR2b signaling in early lung development. These tools will have to be further validated at later stages and in other organs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jones
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arun Lingampally
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Salma Dilai
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barry Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Gießen, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany.,International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Life Science Institute, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Member of the German Lung Center, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.,International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Life Science Institute, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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26
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Jin L, Wu J, Bellusci S, Zhang JS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 and Vertebrate Limb Development. Front Genet 2019; 9:705. [PMID: 30687387 PMCID: PMC6338048 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb development requires fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)-mediated coordination between growth and patterning to ensure the proper formation of a functional organ. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a domain of thickened epithelium located at the distal edge of the limb bud that coordinates outgrowth along the proximodistal axis. Considerable amount of work has been done to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying induction, maintenance and regression of the AER. Fgf10, a paracrine Fgf that elicits its biological responses by activating the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b), is crucial for governing proximal distal outgrowth as well as patterning and acts upstream of the known AER marker Fgf8. A transgenic mouse line allowing doxycycline-based inducible and ubiquitous expression of a soluble form of Fgfr2b has been extensively used to identify the role of Fgfr2b ligands at different time points during development. Overexpression of soluble Fgfr2b (sFgfr2b) post-AER induction leads to irreversible loss of cellular β-catenin organization and decreased Fgf8 expression in the AER. A similar approach has been carried out pre-AER induction. The observed limb phenotype is similar to the severe proximal truncations observed in human babies exposed to thalidomide, which has been proposed to block the Fgf10-AER-Fgf8 feedback loop. Novel insights on the role of Fgf10 signaling in limb formation pre- and post-AER induction are summarized in this review and will be integrated with possible future investigations on the role of Fgf10 throughout limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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27
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Nicholas TR, Strittmatter BG, Hollenhorst PC. Oncogenic ETS Factors in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:409-436. [PMID: 31900919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is unique among carcinomas in that a fusion gene created by a chromosomal rearrangement is a common driver of the disease. The TMPRSS2/ERG rearrangement drives aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factor ERG in 50% of prostate tumors. Similar rearrangements promote aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factors ETV1 and ETV4 in another 10% of cases. Together, these three ETS factors are thought to promote tumorigenesis in the majority of prostate cancers. A goal of precision medicine is to be able to apply targeted therapeutics that are specific to disease subtypes. ETS gene rearrangement positive tumors represent the largest molecular subtype of prostate cancer, but to date there is no treatment specific to this marker. In this chapter we will review the latest findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of ETS factor function in the prostate. These molecular details may provide a path towards new therapeutic targets for this subtype of prostate cancer. Further, we will describe efforts to target the oncogenic functions of ETS family transcription factors directly as well as indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brady G Strittmatter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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28
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Ubiquitin ligase COP1 coordinates transcriptional programs that control cell type specification in the developing mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11244-11249. [PMID: 30322923 PMCID: PMC6217379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805033115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 modifies specific transcription factor substrates with polyubiquitin so that they are degraded. However, the Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway can inactivate CRL4COP1/DET1 and thereby promote the rapid accumulation of these transcription factors. Here we show that constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1) has a critical role in mouse brain development because its deletion from neural stem cells stabilizes the transcription factors c-JUN, ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5, leading to perturbation of normal gene expression patterns; anatomic anomalies in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum; and perinatal lethality. The E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 is active in the absence of ERK signaling, modifying the transcription factors ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, and c-JUN with polyubiquitin that targets them for proteasomal degradation. Here we show that this posttranslational regulatory mechanism is active in neurons, with ETV5 and c-JUN accumulating within minutes of ERK activation. Mice with constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (Cop1) deleted in neural stem cells showed abnormally elevated expression of ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, and c-JUN in the developing brain and spinal cord. Expression of c-JUN target genes Vimentin and Gfap was increased, whereas ETV5 and c-JUN both contributed to an expanded number of cells expressing genes associated with gliogenesis, including Olig1, Olig2, and Sox10. The mice had subtle morphological abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by embryonic day 18 and died soon after birth. Elevated c-JUN, ETV5, and ETV1 contributed to the perinatal lethality, as several Cop1-deficient mice also lacking c-Jun and Etv5, or lacking Etv5 and heterozygous for Etv1, were viable.
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29
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FGF-induced Pea3 transcription factors program the genetic landscape for cell fate determination. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007660. [PMID: 30188892 PMCID: PMC6143274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF signaling is a potent inducer of lacrimal gland development in the eye, capable of transforming the corneal epithelium into glandular tissues. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the Pea3 family of transcription factors not only disrupted the ductal elongation and branching of the lacrimal gland, but also biased the lacrimal gland epithelium toward an epidermal cell fate. Analysis of high-throughput gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation data revealed that the Pea3 genes directly control both the positive and negative feedback loops of FGF signaling. Importantly, Pea3 genes are also required to suppress aberrant Notch signaling which, if gone unchecked, can compromise lacrimal gland development by preventing the expression of both Sox and Six family genes. These results demonstrate that Pea3 genes are key FGF early response transcriptional factors, programing the genetic landscape for cell fate determination. FGF signaling regulates cell fate decision by inducing genome-wide changes in gene expression. We identified Pea3 family transcription factors as the key effectors of FGF signaling in reprograming the epithelia transcriptome. Pea3 factors control both the feedback and feedforward circuities of FGF signaling in lacrimal gland development. They also activate specific expression of Six and Sox family genes and suppress aberrant activation of Notch signaling. In the absence of Pea3 genes, the lacrimal gland progenitors become epidermal-like in their gene expression patterns. The study of Pea3 function resolves the long standing conundrum of how FGF induces the lacrimal gland fate, providing direction for regenerating the lacrimal gland to treat dry eye diseases.
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30
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Fontanet PA, Ríos AS, Alsina FC, Paratcha G, Ledda F. Pea3 Transcription Factors, Etv4 and Etv5, Are Required for Proper Hippocampal Dendrite Development and Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:236-249. [PMID: 27909004 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper formation and morphogenesis of dendrites is essential to the establishment of neuronal connectivity. We report that 2 members of the Pea3 family of transcription factors, Etv4 and Etv5, are expressed in hippocampal neurons during the main period of dendritogenesis, suggesting that they have a function in dendrite development. Here, we show that these transcription factors are physiological regulators of growth and arborization of pyramidal cell dendrites in the developing hippocampus. Gain and loss of function assays indicate that Etv4 and Etv5 are required for proper development of hippocampal dendritic arbors and spines. We have found that in vivo deletion of either Etv4 or Etv5 in hippocampal neurons causes deficits in dendrite size and complexity, which are associated with impaired cognitive function. Additionally, our data support the idea that Etv4 and Etv5 are part of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated transcriptional program required for proper hippocampal dendrite connectivity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldana Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Soledad Ríos
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Cruz Alsina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine. University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Watson BA, Feenstra JM, Van Arsdale JM, Rai-Bhatti KS, Kim DJH, Coggins AS, Mattison GL, Yoo S, Steinman ED, Pira CU, Gongol BR, Oberg KC. LHX2 Mediates the FGF-to-SHH Regulatory Loop during Limb Development. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E13. [PMID: 29914077 PMCID: PMC6027391 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb development, fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) govern proximal⁻distal outgrowth and patterning. FGFs also synchronize developmental patterning between the proximal⁻distal and anterior⁻posterior axes by maintaining Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in cells of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the distal posterior mesoderm. Shh, in turn, maintains Fgfs in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) that caps the distal tip of the limb bud. Crosstalk between Fgf and Shh signaling is critical for patterned limb development, but the mechanisms underlying this feedback loop are not well-characterized. Implantation of Fgf beads in the proximal posterior limb bud can maintain SHH expression in the former ZPA domain (evident 3 h after application), while prolonged exposure (24 h) can induce SHH outside of this domain. Although temporally and spatially disparate, comparative analysis of transcriptome data from these different populations accentuated genes involved in SHH regulation. Comparative analysis identified 25 candidates common to both treatments, with eight linked to SHH expression or function. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LHX2, a LIM Homeodomain transcription factor, is an intermediate in the FGF-mediated regulation of SHH. Our data suggest that LHX2 acts as a competency factor maintaining distal posterior SHH expression subjacent to the AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy A Watson
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Van Arsdale
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Karndeep S Rai-Bhatti
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Diana J H Kim
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Ashley S Coggins
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Gennaya L Mattison
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Stephen Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Eric D Steinman
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Charmaine U Pira
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Brendan R Gongol
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Expressed repetitive elements are broadly applicable reference targets for normalization of reverse transcription-qPCR data in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7642. [PMID: 29769563 PMCID: PMC5955877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard method for gene expression analysis on mRNA level. To remove experimental variation, expression levels of the gene of interest are typically normalized to the expression level of stably expressed endogenous reference genes. Identifying suitable reference genes and determining the optimal number of reference genes should precede each quantification study. Popular reference genes are not necessarily stably expressed in the examined conditions, possibly leading to inaccurate results. Stably and universally expressed repetitive elements (ERE) have previously been shown to be an excellent alternative for normalization using classic reference genes in human and zebrafish samples. Here, we confirm that in mouse tissues, EREs are broadly applicable reference targets for RT-qPCR normalization, provided that the RNA samples undergo a thorough DNase treatment. We identified Orr1a0, Rltr2aiap, and Rltr13a3 as the most stably expressed mouse EREs across six different experimental conditions. Therefore, we propose this set of ERE reference targets as good candidates for normalization of RT-qPCR data in a plethora of conditions. The identification of widely applicable stable mouse RT-qPCR reference targets for normalization has great potential to facilitate future murine gene expression studies and improve the validity of RT-qPCR data.
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Das KK, Heeg S, Pitarresi JR, Reichert M, Bakir B, Takano S, Kopp JL, Wahl-Feuerstein A, Hicks P, Sander M, Rustgi AK. ETV5 regulates ductal morphogenesis with Sox9 and is critical for regeneration from pancreatitis. Dev Dyn 2018. [PMID: 29532564 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasticity of pancreatic acinar cells to undergo acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) has been demonstrated to contribute to the regeneration of the pancreas in response to injury. Sox9 is critical for ductal cell fate and important in the formation of ADM, most likely in concert with a complex hierarchy of, as yet, not fully elucidated transcription factors. RESULTS By using a mouse model of acute pancreatitis and three dimensional organoid culture of primary pancreatic ductal cells, we herein characterize the Ets-transcription factor Etv5 as a pivotal regulator of ductal cell identity and ADM that acts upstream of Sox9 and is essential for Sox9 expression in ADM. Loss of Etv5 is associated with increased severity of acute pancreatitis and impaired ADM formation leading to delayed tissue regeneration and recovery in response to injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights in the regulation of ADM with implications in our understanding of pancreatic homeostasis, pancreatitis and epithelial plasticity. Developmental Dynamics 247:854-866, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik K Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steffen Heeg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,II. Medizinische Klinik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Basil Bakir
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anja Wahl-Feuerstein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Hicks
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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34
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The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Tooth Development and Incisor Renewal. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7549160. [PMID: 29713351 PMCID: PMC5866892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7549160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralized tissue of the tooth is composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone; enamel is a calcified tissue with no living cells that originates from oral ectoderm, while the three other tissues derive from the cranial neural crest. The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are critical during the tooth development. Accumulating evidence has shown that the formation of dental tissues, that is, enamel, dentin, and supporting alveolar bone, as well as the development and homeostasis of the stem cells in the continuously growing mouse incisor is mediated by multiple FGF family members. This review discusses the role of FGF signaling in these mineralized tissues, trying to separate its different functions and highlighting the crosstalk between FGFs and other signaling pathways.
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35
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Leung AW, Li JYH. The Molecular Pathway Regulating Bergmann Glia and Folia Generation in the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:42-48. [PMID: 29218544 PMCID: PMC5809181 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of complex behaviors in higher vertebrates and primates require the development of sophisticated neuronal circuitry and the expansion of brain surface area to accommodate the vast number of neuronal and glial populations. To achieve these goals, the neocortex in primates and the cerebellum in amniotes have developed specialized types of basal progenitors to aid the folding of their cortices. In the cerebellum, Bergmann glia constitute such a basal progenitor population, having a distinctive morphology and playing a critical role in cerebellar corticogenesis. Here, we review recent studies on the induction of Bergmann glia and their crucial role in mediating folding of the cerebellar cortex. These studies uncover a key function of FGF-ERK-ETV signaling cascade in the transformation of Bergmann glia from radial glia in the ventricular zone. Remarkably, in the neocortex, the same signaling axis operates to facilitate the transformation of ventricular radial glia into basal radial glia, a Bergmann glia-like basal progenitor population, which have been implicated in the establishment of neocortical gyri. These new findings draw a striking similarity in the function and ontogeny of the two basal progenitor populations born in distinct brain compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Leung
- Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8073, USA
| | - James Y H Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-6403, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-6403, USA.
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36
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Tulenko FJ, Massey JL, Holmquist E, Kigundu G, Thomas S, Smith SME, Mazan S, Davis MC. Fin-fold development in paddlefish and catshark and implications for the evolution of the autopod. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2780. [PMID: 28539509 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of the autopod involved a loss of the fin-fold and associated dermal skeleton with a concomitant elaboration of the distal endoskeleton to form a wrist and digits. Developmental studies, primarily from teleosts and amniotes, suggest a model for appendage evolution in which a delay in the AER-to-fin-fold conversion fuelled endoskeletal expansion by prolonging the function of AER-mediated regulatory networks. Here, we characterize aspects of paired fin development in the paddlefish Polyodon spathula (a non-teleost actinopterygian) and catshark Scyliorhinus canicula (chondrichthyan) to explore aspects of this model in a broader phylogenetic context. Our data demonstrate that in basal gnathostomes, the autopod marker HoxA13 co-localizes with the dermoskeleton component And1 to mark the position of the fin-fold, supporting recent work demonstrating a role for HoxA13 in zebrafish fin ray development. Additionally, we show that in paddlefish, the proximal fin and fin-fold mesenchyme share a common mesodermal origin, and that components of the Shh/LIM/Gremlin/Fgf transcriptional network critical to limb bud outgrowth and patterning are expressed in the fin-fold with a profile similar to that of tetrapods. Together these data draw contrast with hypotheses of AER heterochrony and suggest that limb-specific morphologies arose through evolutionary changes in the differentiation outcome of conserved early distal patterning compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Tulenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - James L Massey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Elishka Holmquist
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA
| | - Gabriel Kigundu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA
| | - Susan M E Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, GA 30144, USA
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37
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Garg A, Bansal M, Gotoh N, Feng GS, Zhong J, Wang F, Kariminejad A, Brooks S, Zhang X. Alx4 relays sequential FGF signaling to induce lacrimal gland morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007047. [PMID: 29028795 PMCID: PMC5656309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential use of signaling pathways is essential for the guidance of pluripotent progenitors into diverse cell fates. Here, we show that Shp2 exclusively mediates FGF but not PDGF signaling in the neural crest to control lacrimal gland development. In addition to preventing p53-independent apoptosis and promoting the migration of Sox10-expressing neural crests, Shp2 is also required for expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Alx4, which directly controls Fgf10 expression in the periocular mesenchyme that is necessary for lacrimal gland induction. We show that Alx4 binds an Fgf10 intronic element conserved in terrestrial but not aquatic animals, underlying the evolutionary emergence of the lacrimal gland system in response to an airy environment. Inactivation of ALX4/Alx4 causes lacrimal gland aplasia in both human and mouse. These results reveal a key role of Alx4 in mediating FGF-Shp2-FGF signaling in the neural crest for lacrimal gland development. The dry eye disease caused by lacrimal gland dysgenesis is one of the most common ocular ailments. In this study, we show that Shp2 mediates the sequential use of FGF signaling in lacrimal gland development. Our study identifies Alx4 as a novel target of Shp2 signaling and a causal gene for lacrimal gland aplasia in humans. Given this result, there may also be a potential role for Alx4 in guiding pluripotent stem cells to produce lacrimal gland tissue. Finally, our data reveals an Alx4-Fgf10 regulatory unit broadly conserved in the diverse array of terrestrial animals from humans to reptiles, but not in aquatic animals such as amphibians and fish, which sheds light on how the lacrimal gland arose as an evolutionary innovation of terrestrial animals to adapt to their newfound exposure to an airy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- PsychoGenics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa city, Japan
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, United States of America
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Steven Brooks
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Peluso S, Douglas A, Hill A, De Angelis C, Moore BL, Grimes G, Petrovich G, Essafi A, Hill RE. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) prime the limb specific Shh enhancer for chromatin changes that balance histone acetylation mediated by E26 transformation-specific (ETS) factors. eLife 2017; 6:28590. [PMID: 28949289 PMCID: PMC5659820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the limb bud organizing centre called the zone of polarizing activity is regulated by the ZRS enhancer. Here, we examine in mouse and in a mouse limb-derived cell line the dynamic events that activate and restrict the spatial activity of the ZRS. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the distal limb primes the ZRS at early embryonic stages maintaining a poised, but inactive state broadly across the distal limb mesenchyme. The E26 transformation-specific transcription factor, ETV4, which is induced by FGF signalling and acts as a repressor of ZRS activity, interacts with the histone deacetylase HDAC2 and ensures that the poised ZRS remains transcriptionally inactive. Conversely, GABPα, an activator of the ZRS, recruits p300, which is associated with histone acetylation (H3K27ac) indicative of an active enhancer. Hence, the primed but inactive state of the ZRS is induced by FGF signalling and in combination with balanced histone modification events establishes the restricted, active enhancer responsible for patterning the limb bud during development. As an animal embryo develops, specific genes need to be switched on and off at the right time and place to ensure that the embryo’s tissues and organs form properly. Proteins called transcription factors control the activity of individual genes by binding to regions of DNA known as enhancers. Changes in the way DNA is packaged inside cells can affect the ability of transcription factors to access the enhancers, and therefore also influence when particular genes are switched on or off. Sonic hedgehog (or Shh for short) is a gene that helps to control various aspects of development including the formation of the limbs and brain. The limb forms from a structure in the embryo referred to as the limb bud. An enhancer called ZRS regulates the precise position within the limb bud where the Shh gene is active in a region designated as the “zone of polarizing activity”. Yet, it was not known how the enhancer is controlled to ensure this pattern is achieved. Peluso et al. investigated the events that lead to ZRS becoming active in mice embryos. The experiments show that the ZRS enhancer exists in three different states in cells across the limb bud: poised, active and inactive. The enhancer is poised in a broad region of the limb bud in cells that are potentially able to switch on the Shh gene. Proteins called fibroblast growth factors drive the enhancer to enter this poised state by altering the way the DNA containing the enhancer is packaged in the cell. Specific transcription factors are able to bind to the poised enhancer and it is the balance between these different transcription factors that activates the enhancer in the zone of polarizing activity. Furthermore in the region of the limb bud where the fibroblast growth factors are not present the ZRS is inactive. These findings show that fibroblast growth factors, in combination with other changes to the ZRS enhancer, restrict the area in which the enhancer is active to a particular region of the limb bud. Differences in enhancer elements are known to underlie a range of inherited characteristics and may influence whether an individual develops many common diseases. In the future, investigating how cells control the activity of enhancers may provide clues to identifying new targets for drugs to treat some of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peluso
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo De Angelis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Moore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Petrovich
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelkader Essafi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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39
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Delgado I, Torres M. Coordination of limb development by crosstalk among axial patterning pathways. Dev Biol 2017; 429:382-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Park SW, Do HJ, Choi W, Song H, Chung HJ, Kim JH. NANOG gene expression is regulated by the ETS transcription factor ETV4 in human embryonic carcinoma NCCIT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:532-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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41
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Heng X, Guo Q, Leung AW, Li JY. Analogous mechanism regulating formation of neocortical basal radial glia and cerebellar Bergmann glia. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28489004 PMCID: PMC5457141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical basal radial glia (bRG) and cerebellar Bergmann glia (BG) are basal progenitors derived from ventricular apical radial glia (aRG) that selectively lose their apical processes. bRG and BG have been implicated in the expansion and folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. Here, we analyzed the molecular characteristics and development of bRG and BG. Transcriptomic comparison revealed striking similarity of the molecular features of bRG and BG. We found that heightened ERK signaling activity in aRG is tightly linked to the temporal formation and the relative abundance of bRG in human and mouse cortices. Forced activation of an FGF-ERK-ETV axis that is crucial to BG induction specifically induced bRG with canonical human bRG features in mice. Therefore, our data point to a common mechanism of bRG and BG generation, bearing implications to the role for these basal progenitors in the evolution of cortical folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23253.001 The outer layer of the brain of a mammal, called the cortex, helps support mental abilities such as memory, attention and thought. In rodents, the cortex is smooth whereas in primates it is organized into folds. These folds increase the surface area of the brain and thus the number of neurons it can contain, which may in turn increase its processing power. Folding occurs as the brain develops in the womb. Specialized cells called basal or outer radial glia, which are more abundant in humans than in rodents, are believed to trigger the folding process. Another area of the brain, called the cerebellum, is intricately folded in both rodents and humans. As the brain develops, cells within the cerebellum called Bergmann glia cause the tissue to fold. Bergmann glia and basal radial glia share a number of similarities, but it was not known whether the same molecular pathway might regulate both types of cell. Now, Heng et al. show that Bergmann glia in the cerebellums of mice and basal radial glia in human cortex contain similar sets of active genes. Moreover, the molecular pathway that gives rise to Bergmann glia in mice is also active in the cortex of both mice and humans. However, it is much more active in humans, leading Heng et al. to speculate that high levels of activity in this pathway might give rise to basal radial glia. Consistent with this prediction, artificially activating the pathway at high levels in mouse cortex triggered the formation of basal radial glia in mice too. These results thus suggest that a common mechanism generates both types of glial cells involved in brain folding. The work of Heng et al. lays the foundations for further studies into how these cells fold the brain and thus how they contribute to more complex mental abilities. Remaining questions to address are whether other species with Bergmann glia also have folded cerebellums, and whether incorrect development of basal radial glia in humans leads to disorders in which the cortex folds abnormally. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23253.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Heng
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Alan W Leung
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - James Yh Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, United States
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42
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Penny MK, Finco I, Hammer GD. Cell signaling pathways in the adrenal cortex: Links to stem/progenitor biology and neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:42-54. [PMID: 27940298 PMCID: PMC5508551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is a dynamic tissue responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens in humans. Advances have been made in understanding the role of adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell populations in cortex homeostasis and self-renewal. Recently, large molecular profiling studies of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have given insights into proteins and signaling pathways involved in normal tissue homeostasis that become dysregulated in cancer. These data provide an impetus to examine the cellular pathways implicated in adrenocortical disease and study connections, or lack thereof, between adrenal homeostasis and tumorigenesis, with a particular focus on stem and progenitor cell pathways. In this review, we discuss evidence for stem/progenitor cells in the adrenal cortex, proteins and signaling pathways that may regulate these cells, and the role these proteins play in pathologic and neoplastic conditions. In turn, we also examine common perturbations in adrenocortical tumors (ACT) and how these proteins and pathways may be involved in adrenal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Penny
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Isabella Finco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Transcription factor Etv5 is essential for the maintenance of alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3903-3908. [PMID: 28351980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621177114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (AT2) cell dysfunction contributes to a number of significant human pathologies including respiratory distress syndrome, lung adenocarcinoma, and debilitating fibrotic diseases, but the critical transcription factors that maintain AT2 cell identity are unknown. Here we show that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcription factor Etv5 is essential to maintain AT2 cell identity. Deletion of Etv5 from AT2 cells produced gene and protein signatures characteristic of differentiated alveolar type I (AT1) cells. Consistent with a defect in the AT2 stem cell population, Etv5 deficiency markedly reduced recovery following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung tumorigenesis driven by mutant KrasG12D was also compromised by Etv5 deficiency. ERK activation downstream of Ras was found to stabilize Etv5 through inactivation of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 that targets Etv5 for proteasomal degradation. These findings identify Etv5 as a critical output of Ras signaling in AT2 cells, contributing to both lung homeostasis and tumor initiation.
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Matsubara H, Saito D, Abe G, Yokoyama H, Suzuki T, Tamura K. Upstream regulation for initiation of restricted Shh expression in the chick limb bud. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:417-430. [PMID: 28205287 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organizing center, which serves as a morphogen source, has crucial functions in morphogenesis in animal development. The center is necessarily located in a certain restricted area in the morphogenetic field, and there are several ways in which an organizing center can be restricted. The organizing center for limb morphogenesis, the ZPA (zone of polarizing activity), specifically expresses the Shh gene and is restricted to the posterior region of the developing limb bud. RESULTS The pre-pattern along the limb anteroposterior axis, provided by anterior Gli3 expression and posterior Hand2 expression, seems insufficient for the initiation of Shh expression restricted to a narrow, small spot in the posterior limb field. Comparison of the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression between Shh and some candidate genes (Fgf8, Hoxd10, Hoxd11, Tbx2, and Alx4) upstream of Shh expression suggested that a combination of these genes' expression provides the restricted initiation of Shh expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with results of functional assays, we propose a model in which positive and negative transcriptional regulatory networks accumulate their functions in the intersection area of their expression regions to provide a restricted spot for the ZPA, the source of morphogen, Shh. Developmental Dynamics 246:417-430, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Matsubara
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Koh B, Hufford MM, Sun X, Kaplan MH. Etv5 Regulates IL-10 Production in Th Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2165-2171. [PMID: 28100679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has broad effects across the immune system. In Th cell subsets, Th2 cells produce considerable amounts of IL-10. The transcription factors that regulate IL-10 production in Th2 cells are still incompletely described. In this study, we demonstrate that the ETS family transcription factor ETS variant (Etv)5 regulates IL-10 production in Th2 cells. T cell-specific Etv5-deficient and littermate control mice demonstrated that IL-10 production and gene expression were significantly decreased in the absence of Etv5. In an Aspergillus fumigatus extract-induced inflammation model, IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung were significantly decreased in mice that lacked Etv5 in T cells, compared with control mice. We showed that Etv5 directly binds to the Il10 locus conserved noncoding sequence 3 site and that it activates gene expression in a luciferase reporter assay and following retroviral transduction. Etv5 deficiency did not affect the expression of other transcription factors known to be important for expression of IL-10, including Jun family members, GATA3, E4BP4, and IFN regulatory factor 4. However, in the absence of Etv5, binding of these transcription factors to the Il10 locus was dramatically reduced. Ectopic Etv5 expression in Th2 cells that lack Etv5 restored IL-10 production and the binding of IL-10-inducing transcription factors including E4BP4, IFN regulatory factor 4, and GATA3. Taken together, we conclude that Etv5 plays a crucial role in regulating IL-10 production in Th2 cells by facilitating the binding of IL-10-inducing transcription factors at the Il10 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Koh
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
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Wang B, Diao Y, Liu Q, An H, Ma R, Jiang G, Lai N, Li Z, Zhu X, Zhao L, Guo Q, Zhang Z, Sun R, Li X. An increased duplication of ZRS region that caused more than one supernumerary digits preaxial polydactyly in a large Chinese family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38500. [PMID: 27922091 PMCID: PMC5138840 DOI: 10.1038/srep38500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preaxial polydactyly (PPD) is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by the presence of one or more supernumerary digits on the thumb side. It had been identified that point mutation or genomic duplications of the long-range limb-specific cis-regulator - zone of polarizing activity regulatory sequence (ZRS) cause PPD or other limb deformities such as syndactyly type IV (SD4) and Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS). Most previously reported cases involved with no more than one extra finger; however, the role of the point mutation or genomic duplications of ZRS in the case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly remains unclear. In this article, we reported a family case of more than one redundant finger polydactyly on the thumb side for bilateral hands with a pedigree chart of the family. Results of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequence analysis suggested that the relative copy number (RCN) of ZRS but not point mutation (including insertion and deletion) was involved in all affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of peripheral vascular disease, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Wenhua xi Road, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Yutao Diao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Department of medical genetics, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongqiang An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Xintai, Xintai 271200, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Yanzi Shanxi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Rare &Uncommon diseases of Shandong province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
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Dee A, Li K, Heng X, Guo Q, Li JYH. Regulation of self-renewing neural progenitors by FGF/ERK signaling controls formation of the inferior colliculus. Development 2016; 143:3661-3673. [PMID: 27578777 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic tectum displays an anteroposterior gradient in development and produces the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus. Studies suggest that partition of the tectum is controlled by different strengths and durations of FGF signals originated from the so-called isthmic organizer at the mid/hindbrain junction; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We show that deleting Ptpn11, which links FGF with the ERK pathway, prevents inferior colliculus formation by depleting a previously uncharacterized stem cell zone. The stem-zone loss is attributed to shortening of S phase and acceleration of cell cycle exit and neurogenesis. Expression of a constitutively active Mek1 (Mek1DD), the known ERK activator, restores the tectal stem zone and the inferior colliculus without Ptpn11. By contrast, Mek1DD expression fails to rescue the tectal stem zone and the inferior colliculus in the absence of Fgf8 and the isthmic organizer, indicating that FGF and Mek1DD initiate qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinctive signaling. Together, our data show that the formation of the inferior colliculus relies on the provision of new cells from the tectal stem zone. Furthermore, distinctive ERK signaling mediates Fgf8 in the control of cell survival, tissue polarity and cytogenetic gradient during the development of the tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Kairong Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Xin Heng
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - Qiuxia Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA
| | - James Y H Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA .,Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Chen X, Hou XM, Fan YF, Jin YT, Wang YL. Sonic hedgehog protein regulates fibroblast growth factor 8 expression in metanephric explant culture from BALB/c mice: Possible mechanisms associated with renal morphogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2929-36. [PMID: 27510750 PMCID: PMC5042753 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen regulates cell differentiation and controls a number of genes during renal morphogenesis. To date, the effects of SHH on fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) in embryonic kidney development remain unclear. In the present study, explants of BALB/c mouse embryonic kidney tissues were used to investigate the role of exogenous SHH on Fgf8 and Fgf10 expression levels ex vivo. Ureteric bud branches and epithelial metanephric derivatives were used to determine the renal morphogenesis with Dolichos biflorus agglutinin or hematoxylin‑eosin staining. mRNA expression levels were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the protein expression levels were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. During the initial stages of metanephric development, low levels of SHH, Fgf8, and Fgf10 expression were observed, which were found to increase significantly during more advanced stages of metanephric development. In addition, exogenous SHH protein treatment increased the number of ureteric bud branches and enhanced the formation of nephrons. Exogenous SHH reduced the Fgf8 mRNA and protein expression levels, whereas cyclopamine (an SHH‑smoothened receptor inhibitor) interfered with SHH‑mediated downregulation of Fgf8 expression. By contrast, exogenous SHH protein was not found to modulate Fgf10 mRNA and protein expression levels. In conclusion, these results indicate that the modulatory effects of SHH on BALB/c mouse metanephric explant cultures may involve the regulation of Fgf8 expression but not Fgf10 expression, which provides evidence for the functional role of Fgf proteins in renal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - You-Fei Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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49
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Koh B, Hufford MM, Pham D, Olson MR, Wu T, Jabeen R, Sun X, Kaplan MH. The ETS Family Transcription Factors Etv5 and PU.1 Function in Parallel To Promote Th9 Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2465-72. [PMID: 27496971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The IL-9-secreting Th9 subset of CD4 Th cells develop in response to an environment containing IL-4 and TGF-β, promoting allergic disease, autoimmunity, and resistance to pathogens. We previously identified a requirement for the ETS family transcription factor PU.1 in Th9 development. In this report, we demonstrate that the ETS transcription factor ETS variant 5 (ETV5) promotes IL-9 production in Th9 cells by binding and recruiting histone acetyltransferases to the Il9 locus at sites distinct from PU.1. In cells that are deficient in both PU.1 and ETV5 there is lower IL-9 production than in cells lacking either factor alone. In vivo loss of PU.1 and ETV5 in T cells results in distinct effects on allergic inflammation in the lung, suggesting that these factors function in parallel. Together, these data define a role for ETV5 in Th9 development and extend the paradigm of related transcription factors having complementary functions during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Duy Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Rukhsana Jabeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202;
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50
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Hayashi S, Akiyama R, Wong J, Tahara N, Kawakami H, Kawakami Y. Gata6-Dependent GLI3 Repressor Function is Essential in Anterior Limb Progenitor Cells for Proper Limb Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006138. [PMID: 27352137 PMCID: PMC4924869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gli3 is a major regulator of Hedgehog signaling during limb development. In the anterior mesenchyme, GLI3 is proteolytically processed into GLI3R, a truncated repressor form that inhibits Hedgehog signaling. Although numerous studies have identified mechanisms that regulate Gli3 function in vitro, it is not completely understood how Gli3 function is regulated in vivo. In this study, we show a novel mechanism of regulation of GLI3R activities in limb buds by Gata6, a member of the GATA transcription factor family. We show that conditional inactivation of Gata6 prior to limb outgrowth by the Tcre deleter causes preaxial polydactyly, the formation of an anterior extra digit, in hindlimbs. A recent study suggested that Gata6 represses Shh transcription in hindlimb buds. However, we found that ectopic Hedgehog signaling precedes ectopic Shh expression. In conjunction, we observed Gata6 and Gli3 genetically interact, and compound heterozygous mutants develop preaxial polydactyly without ectopic Shh expression, indicating an additional prior mechanism to prevent polydactyly. These results support the idea that Gata6 possesses dual roles during limb development: enhancement of Gli3 repressor function to repress Hedgehog signaling in the anterior limb bud, and negative regulation of Shh expression. Our in vitro and in vivo studies identified that GATA6 physically interacts with GLI3R to facilitate nuclear localization of GLI3R and repressor activities of GLI3R. Both the genetic and biochemical data elucidates a novel mechanism by Gata6 to regulate GLI3R activities in the anterior limb progenitor cells to prevent polydactyly and attain proper development of the mammalian autopod. Gli3 is a major regulator of Hedgehog signaling in the limb, where Gli3 counteracts Sonic hedgehog (Shh) for patterning and proliferative expansion of limb progenitor cells. In the anterior limb mesenchyme, GLI3 is proteolytically processed into GLI3R, a truncated repressor form that inhibits Hedgehog signaling. In this study, we show a novel mechanism of regulation of GLI3R activities in limb buds by Gata6, a member of GATA transcription factor family. Conditional inactivation of Gata6 in mice caused formation of an extra digit in the anterior hindlimbs, a common congenital limb malformation. This phenotype was associated with ectopic Hedgehog signaling activation, and later ectopic Shh expression, in the anterior of hindlimb buds. We show that Gata6; Gli3 compound heterozygous mutants developed anterior extradigit without ectopic Shh expression, indicating there to be an additional and prior mechanism before ectopic Shh activation that induces extradigit formation. We identified that GATA6 physically interacts with GLI3R and that the interaction facilitates nuclear localization of GLI3R and repressor activities of GLI3R. Therefore, our study identified a novel mechanism by Gata6 to regulate GLI3R activities in the anterior limb mesenchyme to prevent extra digit formation and proper development of the mammalian autopod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryutaro Akiyama
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julia Wong
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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