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Mu J, Lam SM, Shui G. Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials of sphingolipids in pathophysiology: emphasis on fatty acyl heterogeneity. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:268-278. [PMID: 37364711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids not only exert structural roles in cellular membranes, but also act as signaling molecules in various physiological and pathological processes. A myriad of studies have shown that abnormal levels of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes are associated with a variety of human diseases. Moreover, blood sphingolipids can also be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. This review summarizes the biosynthesis, metabolism, and pathological roles of sphingolipids, with emphasis on the biosynthesis of ceramide, the precursor for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids with different fatty acyl chains. The possibility of using sphingolipids for disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment is also discussed. Targeting endogenous ceramides and complex sphingolipids along with their specific fatty acyl chain to promote future drug development will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Yu B, Hu M, Jiang W, Ma Y, Ye J, Wu Q, Guo W, Sun Y, Zhou M, Xu Y, Wu Z, Wang Y, Lam SM, Shui G, Gu J, Li JZ, Fu Z, Gong Y, Zhou H. Ceramide d18:1/24:1 as a potential biomarker to differentiate obesity subtypes with unfavorable health outcomes. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:166. [PMID: 37794463 PMCID: PMC10548646 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The criteria for metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) remain controversial. This research aimed to identify a potential biomarker to differentiate the subtypes of obesity. METHODS The study conducted a lipidomic evaluation of ceramide in the serum of 77 Chinese adults who had undergone hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. These adults were divided into three groups according to the clinical data: normal weight control group (N = 21), MHO (N = 20), and MUO (N = 36). RESULTS The serum Cer d18:1/24:1 level in the MHO group was lower than that in the MUO group. As the Cer d18:1/24:1 level increased, insulin sensitivity decreased, and the unfavorable parameters increased in parallel. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum Cer d18:1/24:1 levels were independently correlated with MUO in obesity. Individuals with higher levels of Cer d18:1/24:1 also had an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Most ceramide subtype levels increased in obesity compared to normal-weight individuals, but the levels of serum Cer d18:0/18:0 and Cer d18:1/16:0 decreased in obesity. CONCLUSIONS The relationships between ceramide subtypes and metabolic profiles might be heterogeneous in populations with different body weights. Cer d18:1/24:1 could be a biomarker that can be used to differentiate MUO from MHO, and to better predict who will develop unfavorable health outcomes among obese individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University's Institutional Review Board authorized this study protocol, and all participants provided written informed consent (2014-SR-003) prior to study entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Moran Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanzi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhe Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingya Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinyi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhoulu Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Ali-Berrada S, Guitton J, Tan-Chen S, Gyulkhandanyan A, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Circulating Sphingolipids and Glucose Homeostasis: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12720. [PMID: 37628901 PMCID: PMC10454113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules produced through different pathways in mammals. Sphingolipids are structural components of membranes, but in response to obesity, they are implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes, including inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, autophagy, and insulin resistance which favors dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Of all sphingolipids, two species, ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are also found abundantly secreted into the bloodstream and associated with lipoproteins or extracellular vesicles. Plasma concentrations of these sphingolipids can be altered upon metabolic disorders and could serve as predictive biomarkers of these diseases. Recent important advances suggest that circulating sphingolipids not only serve as biomarkers but could also serve as mediators in the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. In this review, advances of molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ceramides and S1P association to lipoproteins or extracellular vesicles and how they could alter glucose metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ali-Berrada
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.A.-B.); (S.T.-C.); (A.G.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Guitton
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, 91400 Saclay, France;
| | - Sophie Tan-Chen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.A.-B.); (S.T.-C.); (A.G.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Gyulkhandanyan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.A.-B.); (S.T.-C.); (A.G.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (S.A.-B.); (S.T.-C.); (A.G.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, 91400 Saclay, France;
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Luo X, Ren X, Huang S, Li Y, Xue Q, Shi D, Li X. Seminal plasma lipid profiles of differential cryotolerance of semen in Mediterranean Buffalo bulls. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 58:481-485. [PMID: 36530017 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cryotolerance of semen obtained from Mediterranean buffalo bulls usually is more likely to deteriorate during the summer. To obtain the optimal sperm for fertility, the physiological status and reproductive performance of Mediterranean buffalo bulls in the summer and spring were first analysed by assessing blood serum and seminal plasma samples; then, the lipid profiles of seminal plasma were investigated by LC-MS/MS. The T, T3 and SOD levels of serum and seminal plasma in the spring were significantly higher than in the summer (p < .05). The results suggest that T3 level is positively correlated with semen cryotolerance; sphingolipids are potential markers for semen cryotolerance of Mediterranean buffalo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of targeted lipidomics in semen cryotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shihai Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingsong Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Liu Y, Chen L, Liu L, Zhao SS, You JQ, Zhao XJ, Liu HX, Xu GW, Wen DL. Interplay between dietary intake, gut microbiota, and metabolic profile in obese adolescents: Sex-dependent differential patterns. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2706-2719. [PMID: 36351362 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The interplay among dietary intake, gut microbiota, gut metabolites and circulating metabolites in adolescents is barely known, not to mention sex-dependent pattern. We aimed to explore unique profiles of gut bacterial, gut metabolites and circulating metabolites from both genders of adolescents due to BMI and eating pattern. METHODS Clinical indices, fecal gut microbiota, fecal and plasma metabolites, and diet intake information were collected in case-control sample matched for normal and obesity in girls (normal = 12, obesity = 12) and boys (normal = 20, obesity = 20), respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics was performed to analysis the signature of gut microbiota and metabolites. Unique profiles of girls associated with BMI and eating pattern was revealed by Spearman's correlations analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS Gender difference was found between normal and obese adolescents in gut microbiota, fecal metabolites, and plasma metabolites. The Parabacteroides were only decreased in obese girls. And the characteristic of obese girls' and boys' cases in fecal and plasma was xanthine and glutamine, ornithine and LCA, respectively. Soy products intake was negatively associated with Parabacteroides. The predicted model has a higher accuracy based on the combined markers in obesity boys (AUC = 0.97) and girls (AUC = 0.97), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Reduced abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and Parabacteroides, as well as the increased fecal xanthine and ornithine, may provide a novel biomarker signature in obesity girls and boys. Soy products intake was positively and negatively associated with Romboutsia and Parabacteroides abundance, respectively. And the combined markers facilitate the accuracy of predicting obesity in girls and boys in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jun-Qiao You
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Jie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Guo-Wang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - De-Liang Wen
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Fu Z, Wu Q, Guo W, Gu J, Zheng X, Gong Y, Lu C, Ye J, Ye X, Jiang W, Hu M, Yu B, Fu Q, Liu X, Bai J, Li JZ, Yang T, Zhou H. Impaired Insulin Clearance as the Initial Regulator of Obesity-Associated Hyperinsulinemia: Novel Insight Into the Underlying Mechanism Based on Serum Bile Acid Profiles. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:425-435. [PMID: 34880066 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of insulin clearance and insulin secretion in the development of hyperinsulinemia in obese subjects and to reveal the association between insulin clearance and bile acids (BAs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In cohort 1, insulin secretion, sensitivity, and endogenous insulin clearance were evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test in 460 recruited participants. In cohort 2, 81 participants underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to assess insulin secretion, endogenous and exogenous insulin clearance, and insulin sensitivity. Based on insulin resistance levels ranging from mild to severe, obese participants without diabetes were further divided into 10 quantiles in cohort 1 and into tertiles in cohort 2. Forty serum BAs were measured in cohort 2 to examine the association between BAs and insulin clearance. RESULTS All obese participants had impaired insulin clearance, and it worsened with additional insulin resistance in obese subjects without diabetes. However, insulin secretion was unchanged from quantile 1 to 3 in cohort 1, and no difference was found in cohort 2. After adjustments for all confounding factors, serum-conjugated BAs, especially glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA; β = -0.335, P = 0.004) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA; β = -0.333, P = 0.003), were negatively correlated with insulin clearance. The ratio of unconjugated to conjugated BAs (β = 0.335, P = 0.002) was positively correlated with insulin clearance. CONCLUSIONS Hyperinsulinemia in obese subjects might be primarily induced by decreased insulin clearance rather than increased insulin secretion. Changes in circulating conjugated BAs, especially GDCA and TDCA, might play an important role in regulating insulin clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinyi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Guo
- Department of Health Promotion Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyu Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuqin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingya Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanzi Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Moran Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baowen Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China.,College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - John Zhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Disease, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jiang X, Xu Q, Zhang A, Liu Y, Li Z, Tang H, Cao D, Zhang D. Revealing the Hypoglycemic Effects and Mechanism of GABA-Rich Germinated Adzuki Beans on T2DM Mice by Untargeted Serum Metabolomics. Front Nutr 2022; 8:791191. [PMID: 34970582 PMCID: PMC8712313 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.791191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and exploring strategies to prevent and treat diabetes has become extremely important. In recent decades the search for new therapeutic strategies for T2DM involving dietary interventions has attracted public attention. We established a diabetic mouse model by feeding mice a high-fat diet combined with injection of low-dose streptozotocin, intending to elucidate the effects and possible mechanisms of different dosages of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich germinated adzuki beans on the treatment of diabetes in mice. The mice were treated for 6 weeks either with increasing doses of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans, with non-germinated adzuki beans, with GABA, or with the positive control drug metformin. Then, the blood glucose levels and blood lipid biochemical indicators of all the mice were measured. At the same time, serum differential metabolite interactions were explored by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic analysis. The results showed that body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). We also report improved levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and serum creatinine. We observed a significant improvement in the homeostasis model assessment of the beta cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA-β and HOMA-IR) scores (P < 0.05) in the group of mice treated with the highest dose of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans. In addition, the metabolic profiles of the serum were analyzed, and 31 differential metabolites including amino acids and lipids were obtained. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, this was found to be correlated with nine significantly enriched metabolic pathways involving the up-regulation of levels of L-serine, SM (d18:1/22:1(13Z)), L-histidine, creatine, and 3-indoleacetic acid. Our data suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans on diabetic mice may be related to improving tryptophan metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, sphingosline metabolism, and the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways. This study provides a reference for the application of GABA-enriched germinated foods in type 2 diabetes and could provide a cue for searching biomarkers to be adopted for T2DM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Jiang
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qingpeng Xu
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Aiwu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhijiang Li
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Huacheng Tang
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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