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Singh DN, Bohra JS, Dubey TP, Shivahre PR, Singh RK, Singh T, Jaiswal DK. Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6761-6774. [PMID: 37970422 PMCID: PMC10630845 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We are frequently exposed to potentially harmful microbes of various types on a daily basis. Our immune system is an amazing collection of unique organs and cells that defends us from hazardous germs as well as certain diseases. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Maintaining a healthy immune system requires consuming a balanced diet that provides a variety of macro- and micronutrients. By consuming sufficient amounts of water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, herbs, and foods rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, one can enhance their health and immunity, and prevent infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on common foods known for their potential to boost human immunity. The review begins by discussing the various components of the immune system and their functions. It then delves into the current understanding of how nutrition can influence immune response, highlighting the importance of a well-balanced diet in supporting optimal immune function. The article presents an extensive analysis of a range of common foods that have been studied for their immune-boosting properties. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal-based foods. Each food category is explored in terms of its specific nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to immune support. Foods such as milk, eggs, fruits, leafy greens, and spices like onion, garlic, and turmeric contain beneficial compounds that can enhance the immune system's function, activate and inhibit immune cells, and interfere with multiple pathways that eventually lead to improved immune responses and defense. The available literature on the issue was accessed via online resources and evaluated thoroughly as a methodology for preparing this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra Singh Bohra
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Tej Pratap Dubey
- Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)BhaktapurNepal
| | - Pushp Raj Shivahre
- Department of Animal Husbandry and DairyingUdai Pratap Autonomous CollegeVaranasiIndia
| | - Ram Kumar Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Tejbal Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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Ikinyom N, Lamwaka AV, Malagala AT, Ndyomugyenyi EK. Ethnobotanical study of nutraceutical plants used to manage opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS in Acholi sub-region, Northern Uganda. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:50. [PMID: 37658427 PMCID: PMC10472741 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutraceutical plants play a potential role as supportive treatment with antiretroviral drugs in the management of opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS. There is limited documentation of nutraceutical plants in Northern Uganda and limited literature addressing processes to be adopted for quality assurance of herbal formulations in Uganda. This study aimed to document plant species with nutritional and medicinal properties used for managing opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS by traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs), who included professional herbalists, herbal farmers and herbal sellers in Acholi sub region, Northern Uganda. METHODS An ethnobotanical study was carried out in Amuru, Gulu and Pader districts, Northern Uganda. Cross-sectional data were collected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. A total of four hundred (378 women and 22 men) informants were selected. Data were collected using semistructured interviews, focus group discussions and direct observation. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, familiarity index (FI), fidelity level (FL) and informant consensus factor (ICF). RESULTS This study recorded a total of 84 nutraceutical plant species, which are used to manage opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS. Most abundant families were Leguminoceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae. Six nutraceutical plants that had higher fidelity level and familiarity index values included Momordica foetida Schumach, Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch. Bip, Mangifera indica L, Cajanus cajan L. Millsp, Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Cucurbita pepo L. Respondents' knowledge on nutraceutical plants had a positive significant correlation with age (R2 = 0.0524, p ≤ 0.01). The popular mode of preparation are decoctions/boiling in water (70%), while the most used route of administration is oral (76%). TMPs tried to ensure that during collection and processing, plant materials were free from contamination. TMPs reported limited knowledge on preservation techniques. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the availability and diversity of nutraceutical plants in Uganda and reports methods of processing and administration used by TMPs. Both men and women used nutraceutical plants to manage opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS and showed great extent of their traditional knowledge. Most of the nutraceutical plants in study area are wild and abundant; however, high percentage use of plant roots and bark threatens the sustainable use from the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Ikinyom
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
| | - Alice Veronica Lamwaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | | | - Elly Kurobuza Ndyomugyenyi
- Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
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Zhang XW, Li J, Hou WB, Jiang Y, Zheng RX, Xu DH, Shen C, Robinson N, Liu JP. Chinese herbal medicine for drug-induced liver injury in patients with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100918. [PMID: 36632130 PMCID: PMC9826828 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2022.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods A systematic search was made of eight databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Sinomed) and two trial registries (WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov) from inception to September 2022. The effect size was presented as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with their 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cochrane Risk of Bias and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) tools were used for quality appraisal. Results Ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 732 participants were included. Comparing CHM alone with routine treatment, the CHM group showed lower aspartate aminotransferase (MD=-11.47 U/L, 95%CI[-13.05, -9.89], low certainty), lower alanine aminotransferase (MD=-2.68 U/L, 95%CI[-4.27, -1.08], low certainty), lower total bilirubin (MD=-4.31 mmol/L, 95%CI[-5.66, -2.96], low certainty), lower bilirubin direct (MD=-3.19 mmol/L, 95%CI[-3.87, -2.51], low certainty), and higher effective rate (assessed by symptoms and liver indicators) (RR=1.13, 95%CI[1.06, 1.20], low certainty). A significant difference was also found in CHM plus routine treatment versus routine treatment in the previous outcomes. No significant difference was found on helper T cells among these comparisons. Only one RCT reported safety of CHM and found no adverse reaction during the trial. Conclusions CHM may improve the liver function indices and effective rate for HIV/AIDS patients with DILI. However, the sample size was small and quality was low. Larger-samples of high-quality trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-wen Zhang
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of the Innovative Development of Functional Staple and the Nutritional Intervention for Chronic Disease, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries co,.ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Wen-bin Hou
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong 999077, China
| | - Ruo-xiang Zheng
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - De-hao Xu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Jian-ping Liu
- Centre for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
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Anywar GU, Kakudidi E, Oryem-Origa H, Schubert A, Jassoy C. Cytotoxicity of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Traditional Healers in Treating People Suffering From HIV/AIDS in Uganda. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:832780. [PMID: 35586188 PMCID: PMC9108544 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.832780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Uganda widely use herbal medicines. However, their toxicity and safety have not been investigated. The use of these plants can potentially cause harmful effects to the health of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of some commonly used medicinal plant species used by PLHIV. Methods: The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was determined with the AlamarBlue cell viability assay using the human glioblastoma cell line U87.CD4.CXCR4. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of extracts of Warburgia ugandensis, Erythrina abyssinica, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Albizia coriaria, Psorospermum febrifugium, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Securidaca longipendunculata, Vachellia hockii, Gardenia ternifolia, and Bridelia micrantha reconstituted with ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Using regression analysis, the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the plant extracts were calculated from exponential curve fits, since they provided the highest coefficient of determination, R2. Results: The ethanol extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 7.6 μg/ml) and A. coriaria (CC50 = 1.5 μg/ml) as well as the DMSO-reconstituted extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 6.4 μg/ml) and A. coriria (CC50 = < 4 μg/ml) were highly cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of W. ugandensis and A. coriaria compared well with the indigenous traditional knowledge of the toxic effects experienced when the plants were not used correctly. However, the cytotoxicity of most of the plant extracts (15/22) was low to moderate (CC50 = 21–200 μg/ml). Conclusion: Most of the plant species tested in this study had low to moderate cytotoxicity against U87.CD4.CXCR4 cells, except W. ugandensis and A. coriria which were highly cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Upoki Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Upoki Anywar, , ,
| | - Esezah Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannington Oryem-Origa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andreas Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Used to Manufacture Herbal Products with Regulatory Approval in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1304839. [PMID: 35463071 PMCID: PMC9020950 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1304839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Uganda National Drug Authority requires phytochemical screening, freedom from microbial contamination, and evidence of safety and efficacy of the constituent plants to register herbal products. Since Uganda has no pharmacopeia, safety, efficacy, and plant processing information are not readily available. We documented the plant materials used to manufacture products in Uganda and established evidence of their safety and efficacy and availability of monographs. Methods The NDA register of herbal products was reviewed, and a product list was extracted. The herbal products were purchased from local pharmacies, and their labels were studied to identify plant ingredients and drug use. Literature was reviewed to document evidence of the safety and efficacy of the plant materials concerning manufacturer's claims. Also, the WHO and available African Pharmacopeia were searched to establish the availability of the plant monographs. Results Of the 84 NDA-registered local products, only 18 were obtained from the market; 82% were indicated for respiratory tract disorders. Thirty-three plant materials were listed with Eucalyptus globulus Labill, being the commonest. Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate efficacy, thus supporting the use of the selected plant species for empirical treatment as stated on the product label. While most plants were safe, some species such as Albizia coriaria Oliv. had dose-dependent toxicities that cannot be predicted in combinations. The WHO, African Pharmacopoeia, and West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia had only 16 plant monographs of the 33 plants of interest. Nevertheless, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Allium sativum L. monographs were published by all three pharmacopoeias. Conclusions Preclinical evidence of safety and efficacy exists in the literature for most of the plants used to manufacture registered herbal products in Uganda. More specific bioassays and clinical trials are required for the products to provide conclusive evidence of safety and toxicity. Monographs are urgently needed for the Ugandan plants.
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Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira and Mpanga Central Forest Reserves, Uganda. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:52. [PMID: 34187581 PMCID: PMC8243914 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants form an integral part of many health care systems in Uganda. This study aimed at documenting the therapeutic importance of plant species used in primary health care among communities living adjacent to Mabira and Mpanga forest reserves in Central Uganda. Methods An ethnobotanical study was conducted between April and June 2018 in 7 villages adjacent to Mpanga and 6 villages adjacent to Mabira central forest reserves. Information was obtained from 28 respondents identified using snowball and purposive sampling techniques and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. The quantitative analysis of data was done using fidelity level, informant consensus factor, and percent respondent knowledge indices. Results A total of 136 medicinal plants were recorded. The plant species classified into 55 families were grouped under 14 medical categories with the highest number of plant species being used for digestive disorders (44%), followed by respiratory (38%) and dermatological disorders (36%). Hoslundia opposita Vahl was mentioned by 71% of the respondents for treating 22 disease conditions. Plant Family Fabaceae was the most represented with 16 species. Informant consensus agreement was high (0.7) for respiratory disorders. The fidelity level was 100% for Bidens pilosa L. and Callistemon citrinus Skeels for treating wounds and cough, respectively. Plant remedies were mainly prepared by decoction (31%) and administered orally (36%). A large number of plants (61%) were harvested from wild habitats. Herbs (50%) and leaves (50%) contributed the highest percentage of plant biological forms and parts used in remedy preparation. Conclusion This study recorded plant species with the potential to treat a wide range of illnesses. This is reflected in the high diversity of the recorded species used for medicinal purposes. Pharmacological studies on the plants with high percentage use values and fidelity levels are needed to validate their uses in the management of the said therapeutic applications. Further research on the isolation and characterization of the plant active compounds could lead to the discovery of new potential drugs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41182-021-00341-z.
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Olwenyi OA, Asingura B, Naluyima P, Anywar GU, Nalunga J, Nakabuye M, Semwogerere M, Bagaya B, Cham F, Tindikahwa A, Kiweewa F, Lichter EZ, Podany AT, Fletcher CV, Byrareddy SN, Kibuuka H. In-vitro Immunomodulatory activity of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Ethanol: water mixture against HIV associated chronic CD4 + T-cell activation/ exhaustion. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:114. [PMID: 33836748 PMCID: PMC8034071 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sub-Saharan Africa, herbal therapy continues to be utilized for HIV-1 disease management. However, the therapeutic benefits of these substances remain ambiguous. To date, little is known about the effects of these plant extracts on chronic CD4 + T-cell activation and exhaustion which is partly driven by HIV-1 associated microbial translocation. METHODS Effects of Azadirachta indica, Momordica foetida and Moringa oleifera ethanol: water mixtures on cell viability were evaluated using the Guava PCA system. Then, an in-vitro cell culture model was developed to mimic CD4+ T cell exposures to antigens following HIV-1 microbial translocation. In this, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HIV negative (n = 13), viral load < 1000 copies per mL (n = 10) and viral load > 1000 copies per mL (n = 6) study participants from rural Uganda were treated with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). Then, the candidate plant extract (A. indica) was added to test the potential to inhibit corresponding CD4+ T cell activation. Following BD Facs Canto II event acquisition, variations in %CD38, %CD69, Human Leukocyte Antigen -DR (HLA-DR), Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3), interferon gamma (IFN γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) CD4 + T cell expression were evaluated. RESULTS Following exposure to SEB, only A. indica demonstrated a concentration-dependent ability to downregulate the levels of CD4 + T cell activation. At the final concentration of 0.500 μg/mL of A. indica, a significant downregulation of CD4 + CD38 + HLA-DR+ expression was observed in HIV negative (p < 0.0001) and both HIV infected groups (P = 0.0313). This plant extract also significantly lowered SEB induced % CD4+ T cell HLADR, PD-1 and Tim-3 levels. PD-1 and CD69 markers were only significantly downmodulated in only the HIV negative ((p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0078 respectively) and viral load< 1000 copies per ml (p = 0.0078) groups. CONCLUSION A. indica exhibited the in-vitro immunomodulatory potential to inhibit the continuum of SEB induced CD4+ T-cell activation/ exhaustion without impacting general T-cell specific functions such as cytokine secretion. Additional studies are needed to confirm A. indica as a source of natural products for targeting persistent immune activation and inflammation during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A Olwenyi
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Bannet Asingura
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prossy Naluyima
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godwin Upoki Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Nalunga
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mariam Nakabuye
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Bernard Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fatim Cham
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Tindikahwa
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Kiweewa
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eliezer Z Lichter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University, Walter Reed Project, P.O Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
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Fongnzossie Fedoung E, Biwole AB, Nyangono Biyegue CF, Ngansop Tounkam M, Akono Ntonga P, Nguiamba VP, Essono DM, Forbi Funwi P, Tonga C, Nguenang GM, Kemeuze V, Sonwa DJ, Tsabang N, Bouelet IS, Tize Z, Boum AT, Momo Solefack MC, Betti JL, Nouga Bissoue A, Lehman LG, Mapongmetsem PM, Nneme Nneme L, Ngono Ngane RA, Ngogang Yonkeu J. A review of Cameroonian medicinal plants with potentials for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC7994110 DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evariste Fongnzossie Fedoung
- Laboratory of Forest Resources and Wood Valorization, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Advanced Technical Teachers Training School for Technical Education, University of Douala,, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Achille Bernard Biwole
- Laboratory of Forest Resources and Wood Valorization, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Marlene Ngansop Tounkam
- Laboratory of Botany, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Akono Ntonga
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Véronique Priscille Nguiamba
- Advanced Technical Teachers Training School for Technical Education, University of Douala,, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Damien Marie Essono
- Laboratory of Botany, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Preasious Forbi Funwi
- Laboratory of Botany, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calvin Tonga
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Guy Merlin Nguenang
- Laboratory of Botany, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Victor Kemeuze
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Denis Jean Sonwa
- Center for International Forestry Research, PO Box 2008, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nole Tsabang
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Zra Tize
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Marie Caroline Momo Solefack
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Applied Botany, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jean Lagarde Betti
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Physiology, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Achille Nouga Bissoue
- Laboratory of Process Engineering, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Leopold Gustave Lehman
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Marie Mapongmetsem
- Millenium Ecologic Museum, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leandre Nneme Nneme
- Advanced Technical Teachers Training School for Technical Education, University of Douala,, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Jeanne Ngogang Yonkeu
- Cameroon Ethnobotany Network, PO Box 8038, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Cameroon Academy of Science, Douala, Cameroon
- Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon
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