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Sterling NA, Cho SH, Kim S. Entosis implicates a new role for P53 in microcephaly pathogenesis, beyond apoptosis. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300245. [PMID: 38778437 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Entosis, a form of cell cannibalism, is a newly discovered pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of small brains, termed microcephaly, in which P53 activation was found to play a major role. Microcephaly with entosis, found in Pals1 mutant mice, displays P53 activation that promotes entosis and apoptotic cell death. This previously unappreciated pathogenic mechanism represents a novel cellular dynamic in dividing cortical progenitors which is responsible for cell loss. To date, various recent models of microcephaly have bolstered the importance of P53 activation in cell death leading to microcephaly. P53 activation caused by mitotic delay or DNA damage manifests apoptotic cell death which can be suppressed by P53 removal in these animal models. Such genetic studies attest P53 activation as quality control meant to eliminate genomically unfit cells with minimal involvement in the actual function of microcephaly associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known role of P53 activation in a variety of microcephaly models and introduce a novel mechanism wherein entotic cell cannibalism in neural progenitors is triggered by P53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kisby GE, Wilson DM, Spencer PS. Introducing the Role of Genotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7221. [PMID: 39000326 PMCID: PMC11241460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have identified genetic and environmental factors involved in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and, to a lesser extent, neuropsychiatric disorders. Genomic instability, i.e., the loss of genome integrity, is a common feature among both neurodegenerative (mayo-trophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) and psychiatric (schizophrenia, autism, bipolar depression) disorders. Genomic instability is associated with the accumulation of persistent DNA damage and the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, as well as pathologic neuronal cell loss or senescence. Typically, DDR signaling ensures that genomic and proteomic homeostasis are maintained in both dividing cells, including neural progenitors, and post-mitotic neurons. However, dysregulation of these protective responses, in part due to aging or environmental insults, contributes to the progressive development of neurodegenerative and/or psychiatric disorders. In this Special Issue, we introduce and highlight the overlap between neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as the emerging clinical, genomic, and molecular evidence for the contributions of DNA damage and aberrant DNA repair. Our goal is to illuminate the importance of this subject to uncover possible treatment and prevention strategies for relevant devastating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E. Kisby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of Pacific Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Peter S. Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Jiang YN, Gao Y, Lai X, Li X, Liu G, Ding M, Wang Z, Guo Z, Qin Y, Li X, Sun L, Wang ZQ, Zhou ZW. Microcephaly Gene Mcph1 Deficiency Induces p19ARF-Dependent Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4597. [PMID: 38731817 PMCID: PMC11083351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
MCPH1 has been identified as the causal gene for primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reduced brain size and delayed growth. As a multifunction protein, MCPH1 has been reported to repress the expression of TERT and interact with transcriptional regulator E2F1. However, it remains unclear whether MCPH1 regulates brain development through its transcriptional regulation function. This study showed that the knockout of Mcph1 in mice leads to delayed growth as early as the embryo stage E11.5. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) revealed that the deletion of Mcph1 resulted in changes in the expression levels of a limited number of genes. Although the expression of some of E2F1 targets, such as Satb2 and Cdkn1c, was affected, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were not significantly enriched as E2F1 target genes. Further investigations showed that primary and immortalized Mcph1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence phenotype. Interestingly, the upregulation of p19ARF was detected in Mcph1 knockout MEFs, and silencing p19Arf restored the cell cycle and growth arrest to wild-type levels. Our findings suggested it is unlikely that MCPH1 regulates neurodevelopment through E2F1-mediated transcriptional regulation, and p19ARF-dependent cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence may contribute to the developmental abnormalities observed in primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yizhen Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xianxin Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Gen Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Mingmei Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zixiang Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yinying Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Litao Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
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Benotmane MA, Trott KR. Epidemiological and experimental evidence for radiation-induced health effects in the progeny after exposure in utero. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:1264-1275. [PMID: 38079348 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2283088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been known for many decades that radiation exposure of the developing embryo or fetus may cause two fundamentally different types of severe health effects: on the one hand, radiation may interfere with the normal intrauterine development, on the other hand, radiation may induce leukemia and cancer which become manifest in childhood. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental data has recently been presented which might be used to improve our understanding of underlying mechanisms and setting radiation protection standards. Yet, ecological studies in the populations exposed to increased levels of radiation in regions contaminated by radioactivity released from reactor accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) do not provide solid evidence which would contribute to this aim. On the other hand, well designed experimental studies demonstrated the multifactorial mechanisms which lead to different health effects after radiation exposure in utero. CONCLUSION There is no convincing evidence, neither from epidemiological nor experimental data of the existence of a dose threshold for developmental defects after radiation exposure in utero. This must be taken into account in the revision of rules and regulations of radiation protection in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Ruediger Trott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ribeiro JH, Altinisik N, Rajan N, Verslegers M, Baatout S, Gopalakrishnan J, Quintens R. DNA damage and repair: underlying mechanisms leading to microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268565. [PMID: 37881689 PMCID: PMC10597653 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents and endogenous DNA damage constantly harm genome integrity. Under genotoxic stress conditions, the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery is crucial in repairing lesions and preventing mutations in the basic structure of the DNA. Different repair pathways are implicated in the resolution of such lesions. For instance, the non-homologous DNA end joining and homologous recombination pathways are central cellular mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells maintain genome integrity. However, defects in these pathways are often associated with neurological disorders, indicating the pivotal role of DDR in normal brain development. Moreover, the brain is the most sensitive organ affected by DNA-damaging agents compared to other tissues during the prenatal period. The accumulation of lesions is believed to induce cell death, reduce proliferation and premature differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells, and reduce brain size (microcephaly). Microcephaly is mainly caused by genetic mutations, especially genes encoding proteins involved in centrosomes and DNA repair pathways. However, it can also be induced by exposure to ionizing radiation and intrauterine infections such as the Zika virus. This review explains mammalian cortical development and the major DNA repair pathways that may lead to microcephaly when impaired. Next, we discuss the mechanisms and possible exposures leading to DNA damage and p53 hyperactivation culminating in microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Honorato Ribeiro
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nazlican Altinisik
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
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Mariadoss AVA, Wang CZ. Exploring the Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDR1 and DDR2) in Bone Formation, Regeneration, and Its Associated Disease Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14895. [PMID: 37834343 PMCID: PMC10573612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase family receptor of discoidin domain receptors (DDR1 and DDR2) is known to be activated by extracellular matrix collagen catalytic binding protein receptors. They play a remarkable role in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell survival. DDR1 of the DDR family regulates matrix-metalloproteinase, which causes extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and reconstruction during unbalanced homeostasis. Collagenous-rich DDR1 triggers the ECM of cartilage to regenerate the cartilage tissue in osteoarthritis (OA) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Moreover, DDR2 is prominently present in the fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and chondrocytes. It is crucial in generating and breaking collagen vital cellular activities like proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion mechanisms. However, the deficiency of DDR1 rather than DDR2 was detrimental in cases of OA and TMDs. DDR1 stimulated the ECM cartilage and improved bone regeneration. Based on the above information, we made an effort to outline the advancement of the utmost promising DDR1 and DDR2 regulation in bone and cartilage, also summarizing their structural, biological activity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chau-Zen Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
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Wu X, Li Z, Wang ZQ, Xu X. The neurological and non-neurological roles of the primary microcephaly-associated protein ASPM. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1242448. [PMID: 37599996 PMCID: PMC10436222 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1242448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH), is a neurological disorder characterized by small brain size that results in numerous developmental problems, including intellectual disability, motor and speech delays, and seizures. Hitherto, over 30 MCPH causing genes (MCPHs) have been identified. Among these MCPHs, MCPH5, which encodes abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein (ASPM), is the most frequently mutated gene. ASPM regulates mitotic events, cell proliferation, replication stress response, DNA repair, and tumorigenesis. Moreover, using a data mining approach, we have confirmed that high levels of expression of ASPM correlate with poor prognosis in several types of tumors. Here, we summarize the neurological and non-neurological functions of ASPM and provide insight into its implications for the diagnosis and treatment of MCPH and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Zheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Genome Stability, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Jaylet T, Quintens R, Benotmane MA, Luukkonen J, Tanaka IB, Ibanez C, Durand C, Sachana M, Azimzadeh O, Adam-Guillermin C, Tollefsen KE, Laurent O, Audouze K, Armant O. Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway for radiation-induced microcephaly via expert consultation and machine learning. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1752-1762. [PMID: 35947014 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain development during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life is particularly complex and involves the interplay of many cellular processes and molecular mechanisms, making it extremely vulnerable to exogenous insults, including ionizing radiation (IR). Microcephaly is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental abnormalities that is characterized by small brain size, and is often associated with intellectual deficiency. Decades of research span from epidemiological data on in utero exposure of the A-bomb survivors, to studies on animal and cellular models that allowed deciphering the most prominent molecular mechanisms leading to microcephaly. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is used to organize, evaluate and portray the scientific knowledge of toxicological effects spanning different biological levels of organizations, from the initial interaction with molecular targets to the occurrence of a disease or adversity. In the present study, the framework was used in an attempt to organize the current scientific knowledge on microcephaly progression in the context of ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. This work was performed by a group of experts formed during a recent workshop organized jointly by the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) associations to present the AOP approach and tools. Here we report on the development of a putative AOP for congenital microcephaly resulting from IR exposure based on discussions of the working group and we emphasize the use of a novel machine-learning approach to assist in the screening of the available literature to develop AOPs. CONCLUSION The expert consultation led to the identification of crucial biological events for the progression of microcephaly upon exposure to IR, and highlighted current knowledge gaps. The machine learning approach was successfully used to screen the existing knowledge and helped to rapidly screen the body of evidence and in particular the epidemiological data. This systematic review approach also ensured that the analysis was sufficiently comprehensive to identify the most relevant data and facilitate rapid and consistent AOP development. We anticipate that as machine learning approaches become more user-friendly through easy-to-use web interface, this would allow AOP development to become more efficient and less time consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaylet
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ignacia Braga Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 lenomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho-mura, Kamikita-gun, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Durand
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LRTOX Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, 75775 CEDEX 16 Paris, France
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bfs), Section Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christelle Adam-Guillermin
- PSE-SANTE/SDOS/LMDN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, N-0579, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Olivier Laurent
- PSE-SANTE/SESANE/LEPID, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), F-92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, Inserm UMRS 1124, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Cadarache, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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Cuartas J, Gangwani L. R-loop Mediated DNA Damage and Impaired DNA Repair in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:826608. [PMID: 35783101 PMCID: PMC9243258 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.826608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair pathways are a major cause of DNA damage accumulation leading to genomic instability and neurodegeneration. Efficient DNA damage repair is critical to maintain genomicstability and support cell function and viability. DNA damage results in the activation of cell death pathways, causing neuronal death in an expanding spectrum of neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMA is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA is characterized by the degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons due to low levels of the SMN protein. The molecular mechanism of selective motor neuron degeneration in SMA was unclear for about 20 years. However, several studies have identified biochemical and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the predominant degeneration of motor neurons in SMA, including the RhoA/ROCK, the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p53-mediated pathways, which are involved in mediating DNA damage-dependent cell death. Recent studies provided insight into selective degeneration of motor neurons, which might be caused by accumulation of R-loop-mediated DNA damage and impaired non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway leading to genomic instability. Here, we review the latest findings involving R-loop-mediated DNA damage and defects in neuron-specific DNA repair mechanisms in SMA and discuss these findings in the context of other neurodegenerative disorders linked to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cuartas
- Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Laxman Gangwani
- Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Laxman Gangwani
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Antonyan L, Ernst C. Putative Roles of SETBP1 Dosage on the SET Oncogene to Affect Brain Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:813430. [PMID: 35685777 PMCID: PMC9173722 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.813430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SET BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SETBP1) cause two different clinically distinguishable diseases called Schinzel–Giedion syndrome (SGS) or SETBP1 deficiency syndrome (SDD). Both disorders are disorders of protein dosage, where SGS is caused by decreased rate of protein breakdown due to mutations in a proteosome targeting domain, and SDD is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations leading to haploinsufficiency. While phenotypes of affected individuals support a role for SETBP1 in brain development, little is known about the mechanisms that might underlie this. The binding partner which gave SETBP1 its name is SET and there is extensive literature on this important oncogene in non-neural tissues. Here we describe different molecular complexes in which SET is involved as well as the role of these complexes in brain development. Based on this information, we postulate how SETBP1 protein dosage might influence these SET-containing molecular pathways and affect brain development. We examine the roles of SET and SETBP1 in acetylation inhibition, phosphatase activity, DNA repair, and cell cycle control. This work provides testable hypotheses for how altered SETBP1 protein dosage affects brain development.
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Fielder SM, Rosenfeld JA, Burrage LC, Emrick L, Lalani S, Attali R, Bembenek JN, Hoang H, Baldridge D, Silverman GA, Schedl T, Pak SC. Functional analysis of a novel de novo variant in PPP5C associated with microcephaly, seizures, and developmental delay. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:65-73. [PMID: 35361529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a proband evaluated through the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) who presented with microcephaly, developmental delay, and refractory epilepsy with a de novo p.Ala47Thr missense variant in the protein phosphatase gene, PPP5C. This gene has not previously been associated with a Mendelian disease, and based on the population database, gnomAD, the gene has a low tolerance for loss-of-function variants (pLI = 1, o/e = 0.07). We functionally evaluated the PPP5C variant in C. elegans by knocking the variant into the orthologous gene, pph-5, at the corresponding residue, Ala48Thr. We employed assays in three different biological processes where pph-5 was known to function through opposing the activity of genes, mec-15 and sep-1. We demonstrated that, in contrast to control animals, the pph-5 Ala48Thr variant suppresses the neurite growth phenotype and the GABA signaling defects of mec-15 mutants, and the embryonic lethality of sep-1 mutants. The Ala48Thr variant did not display dominance and behaved similarly to the reference pph-5 null, indicating that the variant is likely a strong hypomorph or complete loss-of-function. We conclude that pph-5 Ala48Thr is damaging in C. elegans. By extension in the proband, PPP5C p.Ala47Thr is likely damaging, the de novo dominant presentation is consistent with haplo-insufficiency, and the PPP5C variant is likely responsible for one or more of the proband's phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Fielder
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Emrick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruben Attali
- Genomic Research Department, Emedgene Technologies, 6744332 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joshua N Bembenek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hieu Hoang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim Schedl
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen C Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Craeghs L, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Verslegers M, Van der Jeugd A, Govaerts K, Dresselaers T, Wogensen E, Verreet T, Moons L, Benotmane MA, Himmelreich U, D'Hooge R. Prenatal Radiation Exposure Leads to Higher-Order Telencephalic Dysfunctions in Adult Mice That Coincide with Reduced Synaptic Plasticity and Cerebral Hypersynchrony. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3525-3541. [PMID: 34902856 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order telencephalic circuitry has been suggested to be especially vulnerable to irradiation or other developmentally toxic impact. This report details the adult effects of prenatal irradiation at a sensitive time point on clinically relevant brain functions controlled by telencephalic regions, hippocampus (HPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pregnant C57Bl6/J mice were whole-body irradiated at embryonic day 11 (start of neurogenesis) with X-ray intensities of 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 Gy. Female offspring completed a broad test battery of HPC-/PFC-controlled tasks that included cognitive performance, fear extinction, exploratory, and depression-like behaviors. We examined neural functions that are mechanistically related to these behavioral and cognitive changes, such as hippocampal field potentials and long-term potentiation, functional brain connectivity (by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging), and expression of HPC vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (by immunohistochemical quantification). Prenatally exposed mice displayed several higher-order dysfunctions, such as decreased nychthemeral activity, working memory defects, delayed extinction of threat-evoked response suppression as well as indications of perseverative behavior. Electrophysiological examination indicated impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Prenatal irradiation also induced cerebral hypersynchrony and increased the number of glutamatergic HPC terminals. These changes in brain connectivity and plasticity could mechanistically underlie the irradiation-induced defects in higher telencephalic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livine Craeghs
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Ann Van der Jeugd
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Govaerts
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elise Wogensen
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tine Verreet
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
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13
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Teng H, Liang C, Liang D, Li Z, Wu L. Novel variants in OSGEP leading to Galloway-Mowat syndrome by altering its subcellular localization. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:297-303. [PMID: 34666032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is an extremely rare clinically heterogeneous autosomal or X-linked inherited recessive disease characterized by early-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), microcephaly and neurological impairment. In this study, two siblings mainly presenting with decreased head circumference, hypotonia, gross motor delay, and dysmorphic features were initially detected without pathogenic variants by karyotyping, SNP-array and WES. After a 3 year's follow-up, the proband manifested additional proteinuria, hematuria and "deeper sulci" with a sign of brain atrophy. By reanalysis on the proband's previous WES data, two novel compound heterozygous variants of OSGEP (c.133dupA; c.608C > T) were identified. Furthermore, functional studies showed that the variants reduced the expression of OSGEP protein and activated the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling in the lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) obtained from the patient. The analysis of protein localization with confocal microscopy revealed that the EGFP-tagged/HA-tagged mutant OSGEP proteins were abnormal aggregation or retained inside the cytosol, respectively. Our study not only expanded the pathogenic variant spectrum of OSGEP but also carried on regular follow-up for kidney involvement and established a strategy for evaluation on the function of mutant OSGFP by subcellular localization assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Teng
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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14
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Garcia-Venzor A, Toiber D. SIRT6 Through the Brain Evolution, Development, and Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:747989. [PMID: 34720996 PMCID: PMC8548377 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.747989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During an organism's lifespan, two main phenomena are critical for the organism's survival. These are (1) a proper embryonic development, which permits the new organism to function with high fitness, grow and reproduce, and (2) the aging process, which will progressively undermine its competence and fitness for survival, leading to its death. Interestingly these processes present various similarities at the molecular level. Notably, as organisms became more complex, regulation of these processes became coordinated by the brain, and failure in brain activity is detrimental in both development and aging. One of the critical processes regulating brain health is the capacity to keep its genomic integrity and epigenetic regulation-deficiency in DNA repair results in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. As the brain becomes more complex, this effect becomes more evident. In this perspective, we will analyze how the brain evolved and became critical for human survival and the role Sirt6 plays in brain health. Sirt6 belongs to the Sirtuin family of histone deacetylases that control several cellular processes; among them, Sirt6 has been associated with the proper embryonic development and is associated with the aging process. In humans, Sirt6 has a pivotal role during brain aging, and its loss of function is correlated with the appearance of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, Sirt6 roles during brain development and aging, especially the last one, are not observed in all species. It appears that during the brain organ evolution, Sirt6 has gained more relevance as the brain becomes bigger and more complex, observing the most detrimental effect in the brains of Homo sapiens. In this perspective, we part from the evolution of the brain in metazoans, the biological similarities between brain development and aging, and the relevant functions of Sirt6 in these similar phenomena to conclude with the evidence suggesting a more relevant role of Sirt6 gained in the brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Garcia-Venzor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Debra Toiber
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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15
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Shereen MA, Bashir N, Su R, Liu F, Wu K, Luo Z, Wu J. Zika virus dysregulates the expression of astrocytic genes involved in neurodevelopment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009362. [PMID: 33891593 PMCID: PMC8099136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a kind of flavivirus emerged in French Polynesia and Brazil, and has led to a worldwide public health concern since 2016. ZIKV infection causes various neurological conditions, which are associated with fetus brain development or peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS/CNS) functional problems. To date, no vaccine or any specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV infection are available. It urgently needs efforts to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of ZIKV-induced neural pathogenesis. ZIKV favorably infects neural and glial cells specifically astrocytes, consequently dysregulating gene expression and pathways with impairment of process neural cells. In this study, we applied a model for ZIKV replication in mouse primary astrocytes (MPAs) and profiled temporal alterations in the host transcriptomes upon ZIKV infection. Among the RNA-sequencing data of 27,812 genes, we examined 710 genes were significantly differentially expressed by ZIKV, which lead to dysregulation of numerous functions including neurons development and migration, glial cells differentiation, myelinations, astrocytes projection, neurogenesis, and brain development, along with multiple pathways including Hippo signaling pathway, tight junction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Furthermore, we confirmed the dysregulation of the selected genes in MPAs and human astroglioma U251 cells. We found that PTBP1, LIF, GHR, and PTBP3 were upregulated while EDNRB and MBP were downregulated upon ZIKV infection. The current study highlights the ZIKV-mediated potential genes associated with neurodevelopment or related diseases. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes serious neurological disorders of central and peripheral nervous system, and fetal brain development disorders including microcephaly. There are still uncovered explorations for the underlying molecular mechanism of ZIKV-infected pathogenesis. This study reveals a series of dysregulation of neuropathic genes mRNA and protein expression in mouse and human astrocytes upon ZIKV infection. As an ideal ZIKV infection model in mouse primary astrocytes (MPAs), RNA-seq was performed to profile transcriptome alteration by ZIKV infection. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated the significant alterations of the 710 genes that were linked to glial cell differentiation and projection, neurogenesis and migration of neurons, myelination, as well as synaptic control. Among the top selected differentially expressed genes, such as PTBP1, LIF, GHR, PTBP3, EDNRB, and MBP, the mRNA and protein expressions were confirmed to identify the dysregulation of the transcriptome in MPAs upon ZIKV infection. Furthermore, ZIKV infection altered the mRNA and protein expression of these astrocytic genes involved in neurodevelopment in U251 cells following the analysis of the transcriptome. In conclusion, the alteration of astrocytic gene functions or associated-pathways suggest a novel clue of a mechanism involved in the ZIKV-induced neurodevelopment disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadia Bashir
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
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16
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Neurodevelopmental signatures of narcotic and neuropsychiatric risk factors in 3D human-derived forebrain organoids. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7760-7783. [PMID: 34158620 PMCID: PMC8873021 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that narcotic use during pregnancy and specific environmental factors (e.g., maternal immune activation and chronic stress) may increase risk of neuropsychiatric illness in offspring. However, little progress has been made in defining human-specific in utero neurodevelopmental pathology due to ethical and technical challenges associated with accessing human prenatal brain tissue. Here we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate reproducible organoids that recapitulate dorsal forebrain development including early corticogenesis. We systemically exposed organoid samples to chemically defined "enviromimetic" compounds to examine the developmental effects of various narcotic and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors within tissue of human origin. In tandem experiments conducted in parallel, we modeled exposure to opiates (μ-opioid agonist endomorphin), cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2), alcohol (ethanol), smoking (nicotine), chronic stress (human cortisol), and maternal immune activation (human Interleukin-17a; IL17a). Human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids were consequently analyzed via an array of unbiased and high-throughput analytical approaches, including state-of-the-art TMT-16plex liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) proteomics, hybrid MS metabolomics, and flow cytometry panels to determine cell-cycle dynamics and rates of cell death. This pipeline subsequently revealed both common and unique proteome, reactome, and metabolome alterations as a consequence of enviromimetic modeling of narcotic use and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors in tissue of human origin. However, of our 6 treatment groups, human-derived organoids treated with the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 exhibited the least convergence of all groups. Single-cell analysis revealed that WIN 55,212-2 increased DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. We subsequently confirmed induction of DNA damage and apoptosis by WIN 55,212-2 within 3D human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Lastly, in a BrdU pulse-chase neocortical neurogenesis paradigm, we identified that WIN 55,212-2 was the only enviromimetic treatment to disrupt newborn neuron numbers within human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Cumulatively this study serves as both a resource and foundation from which human 3D biologics can be used to resolve the non-genomic effects of neuropsychiatric risk factors under controlled laboratory conditions. While synthetic cannabinoids can differ from naturally occurring compounds in their effects, our data nonetheless suggests that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 elicits neurotoxicity within human-derived developing forebrain tissue. These human-derived data therefore support the long-standing belief that maternal use of cannabinoids may require caution so to avoid any potential neurodevelopmental effects upon developing offspring in utero.
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17
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Yan Y, Yin Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Shi J, Weng H, Wang D. Homocysteine aggravates DNA damage by impairing the FA/Brca1 Pathway in NE4C murine neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2477-2486. [PMID: 33029090 PMCID: PMC7532487 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is existing evidence that elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are risk factors for some neurodegenerative disorders. The pathogenesis of neurological diseases could be contributed to excessive cell dysfunction and death caused by defective DNA damage response (DDR) and accumulated DNA damage. Hcy is a neurotoxic amino acid and acts as a DNA damage inducer. However, it is not clear whether Hcy participates in the DDR. To investigate the effects of Hcy on DNA damage and the DDR, we employed mitomycin C (MMC) to cause DNA damage in NE4C murine neural stem cells (NSCs). Compared to treatment with MMC alone, we found that co-treatment with MMC and Hcy worsened DNA damage and increased death in NE4C cells. Intriguingly, in this DNA damage model mimicked by MMC, immunoblotting results showed that the monoubiquitination levels of Fanconi anemia complementation group I (Fanci) and Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (Fancd2) were decreased to about 60.3% and 55.7% by supplementing cell culture medium with Hcy, indicating Hcy inactivates the function of Fanci and Fancd2 in DNA damage conditions. Given Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) is an important downstream of FANCD2, we next detected the interaction between Fancd2 and Brca1 in NE4C cells. Compared to treatment with MMC alone, the Fancd2-Brca1 interaction and the amount of Brca1 on chromatin were decreased when cells were co-exposed to MMC and Hcy, suggesting Hcy could impair the Fanconi anemia (FA)/Brca1 pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Hcy may enhance cell death, which contributes to the accumulation of DNA damage and promotion of hypersensitivity to cytotoxicity by impairing the FA/Brca1 pathway in murine NSCs in the presence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yandan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Taizhou Women and Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Huachun Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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18
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Ledur PF, Karmirian K, Pedrosa CDSG, Souza LRQ, Assis-de-Lemos G, Martins TM, Ferreira JDCCG, de Azevedo Reis GF, Silva ES, Silva D, Salerno JA, Ornelas IM, Devalle S, Madeiro da Costa RF, Goto-Silva L, Higa LM, Melo A, Tanuri A, Chimelli L, Murata MM, Garcez PP, Filippi-Chiela EC, Galina A, Borges HL, Rehen SK. Zika virus infection leads to mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human iPSC-derived astrocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1218. [PMID: 31988337 PMCID: PMC6985105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been extensively studied since it was linked to congenital malformations, and recent research has revealed that astrocytes are targets of ZIKV. However, the consequences of ZIKV infection, especially to this cell type, remain largely unknown, particularly considering integrative studies aiming to understand the crosstalk among key cellular mechanisms and fates involved in the neurotoxicity of the virus. Here, the consequences of ZIKV infection in iPSC-derived astrocytes are presented. Our results show ROS imbalance, mitochondrial defects and DNA breakage, which have been previously linked to neurological disorders. We have also detected glial reactivity, also present in mice and in post-mortem brains from infected neonates from the Northeast of Brazil. Given the role of glia in the developing brain, these findings may help to explain the observed effects in congenital Zika syndrome related to neuronal loss and motor deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Karmirian
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Assis-de-Lemos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo De Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Martino Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Ferreira de Azevedo Reis
- Insitute of Biology, Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Santos Silva
- Insitute of Biology, Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Débora Silva
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, State Institute of Brain Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Salerno
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvie Devalle
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Mendonça Higa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Melo
- Research Institute Prof. Joaquim Amorim Neto (IPESQ), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Chimelli
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, State Institute of Brain Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Massao Murata
- Insitute of Biology, Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pestana Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Galina
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo De Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Lobo Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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He MH, Liu JC, Lu YS, Wu ZJ, Liu YY, Wu Z, Peng J, Zhou JQ. KEOPS complex promotes homologous recombination via DNA resection. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:5684-5697. [PMID: 30937455 PMCID: PMC6582355 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
KEOPS complex is one of the most conserved protein complexes in eukaryotes. It plays important roles in both telomere uncapping and tRNA N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) modification in budding yeast. But whether KEOPS complex plays any roles in DNA repair remains unknown. Here, we show that KEOPS complex plays positive roles in both DNA damage response and homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair independently of its t6A synthesis function. Additionally, KEOPS displays DNA binding activity in vitro, and is recruited to the chromatin at DNA breaks in vivo, suggesting a direct role of KEOPS in DSB repair. Mechanistically, KEOPS complex appears to promote DNA end resection through facilitating the association of Exo1 and Dna2 with DNA breaks. Interestingly, inactivation of both KEOPS and Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 (MRX) complexes results in synergistic defect in DNA resection, revealing that KEOPS and MRX have some redundant functions in DNA resection. Thus we uncover a t6A-independent role of KEOPS complex in DNA resection, and propose that KEOPS might be a DSB sensor to assist cells in maintaining chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Si Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Jing Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201201, China
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20
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Passemard S, Perez F, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi stress in microcephaly. Cell Stress 2019; 3:369-384. [PMID: 31832602 PMCID: PMC6883743 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.12.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a small brain size associated with intellectual deficiency in most cases and is one of the most frequent clinical sign encountered in neurodevelopmental disorders. It can result from a wide range of environmental insults occurring during pregnancy or postnatally, as well as from various genetic causes and represents a highly heterogeneous condition. However, several lines of evidence highlight a compromised mode of division of the cortical precursor cells during neurogenesis, affecting neural commitment or survival as one of the common mechanisms leading to a limited production of neurons and associated with the most severe forms of congenital microcephaly. In this context, the emergence of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus as key guardians of cellular homeostasis, especially through the regulation of proteostasis, has raised the hypothesis that pathological ER and/or Golgi stress could contribute significantly to cortical impairments eliciting microcephaly. In this review, we discuss recent findings implicating ER and Golgi stress responses in early brain development and provide an overview of microcephaly-associated genes involved in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Passemard
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas'Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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21
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DNA repair and neurological disease: From molecular understanding to the development of diagnostics and model organisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 81:102669. [PMID: 31331820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In both replicating and non-replicating cells, the maintenance of genomic stability is of utmost importance. Dividing cells can repair DNA damage during cell division, tolerate the damage by employing potentially mutagenic DNA polymerases or die via apoptosis. However, the options for accurate DNA repair are more limited in non-replicating neuronal cells. If DNA damage is left unresolved, neuronal cells die causing neurodegenerative disorders. A number of pathogenic variants of DNA repair proteins have been linked to multiple neurological diseases. The current challenge is to harness our knowledge of fundamental properties of DNA repair to improve diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of such debilitating disorders. In this perspective, we will focus on recent efforts in identifying novel DNA repair biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurological disorders and their use in monitoring the patient response to therapy. These efforts are greatly facilitated by the development of model organisms such as zebrafish, which will also be summarised.
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22
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Pirozzi F, Nelson B, Mirzaa G. From microcephaly to megalencephaly: determinants of brain size. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 30936767 PMCID: PMC6436952 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2018.20.4/gmirzaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the human brain, and specifically the neocortex, is among the most remarkable evolutionary processes that correlates with cognitive, emotional, and social abilities. Cortical expansion is determined through a tightly orchestrated process of neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and ongoing organization, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis. Perturbations of each of these intricate steps can lead to abnormalities of brain size in humans, whether small (microcephaly) or large (megalencephaly). Abnormalities of brain growth can be clinically isolated or occur as part of complex syndromes associated with other neurodevelopmental problems (eg, epilepsy, autism, intellectual disability), brain malformations, and body growth abnormalities. Thorough review of the genetic literature reveals that human microcephaly and megalencephaly are caused by mutations of a rapidly growing number of genes linked within critical cellular pathways that impact early brain development, with important pathomechanistic links to cancer, body growth, and epilepsy. Given the rapid rate of causal gene identification for microcephaly and megalencephaly understanding the roles and interplay of these important signaling pathways is crucial to further unravel the mechanisms underlying brain growth disorders and, more fundamentally, normal brain growth and development in humans. In this review, we will (a) overview the definitions of microcephaly and megalencephaly, highlighting their classifications in clinical practice; (b) overview the most common genes and pathways underlying microcephaly and megalencephaly based on the fundamental cellular processes that are perturbed during cortical development; and (c) outline general clinical molecular diagnostic workflows for children and adults presenting with microcephaly and megalencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Pirozzi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Branden Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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Ming Y, Jian J, Yu F, Yu X, Wang J, Liu W. Molecular footprints of inshore aquatic adaptation in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). Genomics 2018; 111:1034-1042. [PMID: 30031902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, being a member of cetaceans, had fully adapted to inshore waters. As a threatened marine mammal, little molecular information available for understanding the genetic basis of ecological adaptation. We firstly sequenced and obtained the draft genome map of S. chinensis. Phylogenetic analysis in this study, based on the single copy orthologous genes of the draft genome, is consistent with traditional phylogenetic classification. The comparative genomic analysis indicated that S. chinensis had 494 species-specific gene families, which involved immune, DNA repair and sensory systems associated with the potential adaption mechanism. We also identified the expansion and positive selection genes in S. chinensis lineage to investigate the potential adaptation mechanism. Our study provided the potential insight into the molecular bases of ecological adaptation in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and will be also valuable for future understanding the ecological adaptation and evolution of cetaceans at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ming
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
| | - Jianbo Jian
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
| | - Fei Yu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
| | - Xueying Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf,Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535011, PR China.
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf,Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535011, PR China.
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
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24
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Watanabe M, Buth JE, Vishlaghi N, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Taxidis J, Khakh BS, Coppola G, Pearson CA, Yamauchi K, Gong D, Dai X, Damoiseaux R, Aliyari R, Liebscher S, Schenke-Layland K, Caneda C, Huang EJ, Zhang Y, Cheng G, Geschwind DH, Golshani P, Sun R, Novitch BG. Self-Organized Cerebral Organoids with Human-Specific Features Predict Effective Drugs to Combat Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:517-532. [PMID: 29020636 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex possesses distinct structural and functional features that are not found in the lower species traditionally used to model brain development and disease. Accordingly, considerable attention has been placed on the development of methods to direct pluripotent stem cells to form human brain-like structures termed organoids. However, many organoid differentiation protocols are inefficient and display marked variability in their ability to recapitulate the three-dimensional architecture and course of neurogenesis in the developing human brain. Here, we describe optimized organoid culture methods that efficiently and reliably produce cortical and basal ganglia structures similar to those in the human fetal brain in vivo. Neurons within the organoids are functional and exhibit network-like activities. We further demonstrate the utility of this organoid system for modeling the teratogenic effects of Zika virus on the developing brain and identifying more susceptibility receptors and therapeutic compounds that can mitigate its destructive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiannis Taxidis
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roghiyh Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Caneda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Devhare P, Meyer K, Steele R, Ray RB, Ray R. Zika virus infection dysregulates human neural stem cell growth and inhibits differentiation into neuroprogenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3106. [PMID: 29022904 PMCID: PMC5682681 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current outbreak of Zika virus-associated diseases in South America and its threat to spread to other parts of the world has emerged as a global health emergency. A strong link between Zika virus and microcephaly exists, and the potential mechanisms associated with microcephaly are under intense investigation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Zika virus infection of Asian and African lineages (PRVABC59 and MR766) in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). These two Zika virus strains displayed distinct infection pattern and growth rates in hNSCs. Zika virus MR766 strain increased serine 139 phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX), a known early cellular response proteins to DNA damage. On the other hand, PRVABC59 strain upregulated serine 15 phosphorylation of p53, p21 and PUMA expression. MR766-infected cells displayed poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 cleavage. Interestingly, infection of hNSCs by both strains of Zika virus for 24 h, followed by incubation in astrocyte differentiation medium, induced rounding and cell death. However, astrocytes generated from hNSCs by incubation in differentiation medium when infected with Zika virus displayed minimal cytopathic effect at an early time point. Infected hNSCs incubated in astrocyte differentiating medium displayed PARP cleavage within 24–36 h. Together, these results showed that two distinct strains of Zika virus potentiate hNSC growth inhibition by different mechanisms, but both viruses strongly induce death in early differentiating neuroprogenitor cells even at a very low multiplicity of infection. Our observations demonstrate further mechanistic insights for impaired neuronal homeostasis during active Zika virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Devhare
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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26
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Braun DA, Rao J, Mollet G, Schapiro D, Daugeron MC, Tan W, Gribouval O, Boyer O, Revy P, Jobst-Schwan T, Schmidt JM, Lawson JA, Schanze D, Ashraf S, Ullmann JFP, Hoogstraten CA, Boddaert N, Collinet B, Martin G, Liger D, Lovric S, Furlano M, Guerrera IC, Sanchez-Ferras O, Hu JF, Boschat AC, Sanquer S, Menten B, Vergult S, De Rocker N, Airik M, Hermle T, Shril S, Widmeier E, Gee HY, Choi WI, Sadowski CE, Pabst WL, Warejko JK, Daga A, Basta T, Matejas V, Scharmann K, Kienast SD, Behnam B, Beeson B, Begtrup A, Bruce M, Ch'ng GS, Lin SP, Chang JH, Chen CH, Cho MT, Gaffney PM, Gipson PE, Hsu CH, Kari JA, Ke YY, Kiraly-Borri C, Lai WM, Lemyre E, Littlejohn RO, Masri A, Moghtaderi M, Nakamura K, Ozaltin F, Praet M, Prasad C, Prytula A, Roeder ER, Rump P, Schnur RE, Shiihara T, Sinha MD, Soliman NA, Soulami K, Sweetser DA, Tsai WH, Tsai JD, Topaloglu R, Vester U, Viskochil DH, Vatanavicharn N, Waxler JL, Wierenga KJ, Wolf MTF, Wong SN, Leidel SA, Truglio G, Dedon PC, Poduri A, Mane S, Lifton RP, Bouchard M, Kannu P, Chitayat D, Magen D, Callewaert B, van Tilbeurgh H, Zenker M, Antignac C, Hildebrandt F. Mutations in KEOPS-complex genes cause nephrotic syndrome with primary microcephaly. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1529-1538. [PMID: 28805828 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is an autosomal-recessive disease characterized by the combination of early-onset nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and microcephaly with brain anomalies. Here we identified recessive mutations in OSGEP, TP53RK, TPRKB, and LAGE3, genes encoding the four subunits of the KEOPS complex, in 37 individuals from 32 families with GAMOS. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout in zebrafish and mice recapitulated the human phenotype of primary microcephaly and resulted in early lethality. Knockdown of OSGEP, TP53RK, or TPRKB inhibited cell proliferation, which human mutations did not rescue. Furthermore, knockdown of these genes impaired protein translation, caused endoplasmic reticulum stress, activated DNA-damage-response signaling, and ultimately induced apoptosis. Knockdown of OSGEP or TP53RK induced defects in the actin cytoskeleton and decreased the migration rate of human podocytes, an established intermediate phenotype of SRNS. We thus identified four new monogenic causes of GAMOS, describe a link between KEOPS function and human disease, and delineate potential pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geraldine Mollet
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - David Schapiro
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Daugeron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Weizhen Tan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Gribouval
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Boyer
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Revy
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Genome Dynamics in the Immune system, Paris, France
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johanna Magdalena Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lawson
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Epilepsy Genetics Program and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, and INSERM U1000, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Collinet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Sorbonne Universités UPMC, UFR 927, Sciences de la Vie, Paris, France.,Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Martin
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Liger
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Svjetlana Lovric
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Furlano
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Nephrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and REDINREN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomics platform 3P5-Necker, Université Paris Descartes-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Hu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Sanquer
- Department of Metabolomic and Proteomic Biochemistry, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1124, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vergult
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina De Rocker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merlin Airik
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobias Hermle
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolin E Sadowski
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Werner L Pabst
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian K Warejko
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tamara Basta
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Verena Matejas
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Scharmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sandra D Kienast
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Babak Behnam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan Beeson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm Bruce
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gaik-Siew Ch'ng
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsing Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Huei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick E Gipson
- Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Divisions of Adult and Pediatric Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chyong-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence and Pediatric Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Yuan Ke
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cathy Kiraly-Borri
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children and King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wai-Ming Lai
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Okashah Littlejohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amira Masri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mastaneh Moghtaderi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Fatih Ozaltin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Hacettepe University Center for Biobanking and Genomics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Department of Genetics, Metabolism and Pediatrics, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth R Roeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick Rump
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Takashi Shiihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Manish D Sinha
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Kings College London, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology &Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kenza Soulami
- Department of Nephrology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - David A Sweetser
- Division of Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Tsai
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Daw Tsai
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Udo Vester
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David H Viskochil
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nithiwat Vatanavicharn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jessica L Waxler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klaas J Wierenga
- Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthias T F Wolf
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sik-Nin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gessica Truglio
- Epilepsy Genetics Program and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Infectious Disease IRG, Singapore
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Kannu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniella Magen
- Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Chen HR, Juan HC, Wong YH, Tsai JW, Fann MJ. Cdk12 Regulates Neurogenesis and Late-Arising Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2289-2302. [PMID: 27073218 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are critical for ensuring that replication stress and various types of DNA lesion do not perturb production of neural cells during development. Cdk12 maintains genomic stability by regulating expression of DDR genes. Mutant mice in which Cdk12 is conditionally deleted in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) die after birth and exhibit microcephaly with a thinner cortical plate and an aberrant corpus callosum. We show that NPCs of mutant mice accumulate at G2 and M phase, and have lower expression of DDR genes, more DNA double-strand breaks and increased apoptosis. In addition to there being fewer neurons, there is misalignment of layers IV-II neurons and the presence of abnormal axonal tracts of these neurons, suggesting that Cdk12 is also required for the migration of late-arising cortical neurons. Using in utero electroporation, we demonstrate that the migrating mutant cells remain within the intermediate zone and fail to adopt a bipolar morphology. Overexpression of Cdk5 brings about a partially restoration of the neurons reaching layers IV-II in the mutant mice. Thus, Cdk12 is crucial to the repair of DNA damage during the proliferation of NPCs and is also central to the proper migration of late-arising neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
| | - Hsien-Chia Juan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences
| | | | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Brain Research Center.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 11221, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
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28
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Wagner SA, Oehler H, Voigt A, Dalic D, Freiwald A, Serve H, Beli P. ATR inhibition rewires cellular signaling networks induced by replication stress. Proteomics 2016; 16:402-16. [PMID: 26572502 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The slowing down or stalling of replication forks is commonly known as replication stress and arises from multiple causes such as DNA lesions, nucleotide depletion, RNA-DNA hybrids, and oncogene activation. The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) plays an essential role in the cellular response to replication stress and inhibition of ATR has emerged as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers that exhibit high levels of replication stress. However, the cellular signaling induced by replication stress and the substrate spectrum of ATR has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we employed quantitative MS-based proteomics to define the cellular signaling after nucleotide depletion-induced replication stress and replication fork collapse following ATR inhibition. We demonstrate that replication stress results in increased phosphorylation of a subset of proteins, many of which are involved in RNA splicing and transcription and have previously not been associated with the cellular replication stress response. Furthermore, our data reveal the ATR-dependent phosphorylation following replication stress and discover novel putative ATR target sites on MCM6, TOPBP1, RAD51AP1, and PSMD4. We establish that ATR inhibition rewires cellular signaling networks induced by replication stress and leads to the activation of the ATM-driven double-strand break repair signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Oehler
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Voigt
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Dalic
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
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29
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Compromized DNA repair as a basis for identification of cancer radiotherapy patients with extreme radiosensitivity. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:212-219. [PMID: 27693457 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A small percentage of cancer radiotherapy patients develop abnormally severe side effects as a consequence of intrinsic radiosensitivity. We analysed the γ-H2AX response to ex-vivo irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and plucked eyebrow hair follicles from 16 patients who developed severe late radiation toxicity following radiotherapy, and 12 matched control patients. Longer retention of the γ-H2AX signal and lower colocalization efficiency of repair factors in over-responding patients confirmed that DNA repair in these individuals was compromised. Five of the radiosensitive patients harboured LoF mutations in DNA repair genes. An extensive range of quantitative parameters of the γ-H2AX response were studied with the objective to establish a predictor for radiosensitivity status. The most powerful predictor was the combination of the fraction of the unrepairable component of γ-H2AX foci and repair rate in PBL, both derived from non-linear regression analysis of foci repair kinetics. We introduce a visual representation of radiosensitivity status that allocates a position for each patient on a two-dimensional "radiosensitivity map". This analytical approach provides the basis for larger prospective studies to further refine the algorithm, ultimately to triage capability.
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30
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Ganapathiraju MK, Karunakaran KB, Correa-Menéndez J. Predicted protein interactions of IFITMs may shed light on mechanisms of Zika virus-induced microcephaly and host invasion. F1000Res 2016; 5:1919. [PMID: 29333229 PMCID: PMC5747333 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9364.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
After the first reported case of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, in 2015, a significant increase in the reported cases of microcephaly was observed. Microcephaly is a neurological condition in which the infant's head is significantly smaller with complications in brain development. Recently, two small membrane-associated interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM1 and IFITM3) have been shown to repress members of the flaviviridae family which includes ZIKV. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the virus are yet unknown. Here, we assembled an interactome of IFITM1 and IFITM3 with known protein-protein interactions (PPIs) collected from publicly available databases and novel PPIs predicted using the High-confidence Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction (HiPPIP) model. We analyzed the functional and pathway associations of the interacting proteins, and found that there are several immunity pathways (toll-like receptor signaling, cd28 signaling in T-helper cells, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells), neuronal pathways (axonal guidance signaling, neural tube closure and actin cytoskeleton signaling) and developmental pathways (neural tube closure, embryonic skeletal system development) that are associated with these interactors. Our novel PPIs associate cilia dysfunction in ependymal cells to microcephaly, and may also shed light on potential targets of ZIKV for host invasion by immunosuppression and cytoskeletal rearrangements. These results could help direct future research in elucidating the mechanisms underlying host defense to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju
- Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalyani B. Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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31
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Ganapathiraju MK, Karunakaran KB, Correa-Menéndez J. Predicted protein interactions of IFITMs may shed light on mechanisms of Zika virus-induced microcephaly and host invasion. F1000Res 2016; 5:1919. [PMID: 29333229 PMCID: PMC5747333 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9364.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first reported case of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, in 2015, a significant increase in the reported cases of microcephaly was observed. Microcephaly is a neurological condition in which the infant’s head is significantly smaller with complications in brain development. Recently, two small membrane-associated interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM1 and IFITM3) have been shown to repress members of the flaviviridae family which includes ZIKV. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the virus are yet unknown. Here, we assembled an interactome of IFITM1 and IFITM3 with known protein-protein interactions (PPIs) collected from publicly available databases and novel PPIs predicted using the High-confidence Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction (HiPPIP) model. We analyzed the functional and pathway associations of the interacting proteins, and found that there are several immunity pathways (toll-like receptor signaling, cd28 signaling in T-helper cells, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells), neuronal pathways (axonal guidance signaling, neural tube closure and actin cytoskeleton signaling) and developmental pathways (neural tube closure, embryonic skeletal system development) that are associated with these interactors. Our novel PPIs associate cilia dysfunction in ependymal cells to microcephaly, and may also shed light on potential targets of ZIKV for host invasion by immunosuppression and cytoskeletal rearrangements. These results could help direct future research in elucidating the mechanisms underlying host defense to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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32
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Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects following Prenatal Radiation Exposure. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1243527. [PMID: 27382490 PMCID: PMC4921147 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g., radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans, raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be answered.
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33
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DNA replication and cancer: From dysfunctional replication origin activities to therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Sasagawa S, Nishimura Y, Kon T, Yamanaka Y, Murakami S, Ashikawa Y, Yuge M, Okabe S, Kawaguchi K, Kawase R, Tanaka T. DNA Damage Response Is Involved in the Developmental Toxicity of Mebendazole in Zebrafish Retina. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:57. [PMID: 27014071 PMCID: PMC4789406 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal helminths cause iron-deficiency anemia in pregnant women, associated with premature delivery, low birth weight, maternal ill health, and maternal death. Although benzimidazole compounds such as mebendazole (MBZ) are highly efficacious against helminths, there are limited data on its use during pregnancy. In this study, we performed in vivo imaging of the retinas of zebrafish larvae exposed to MBZ, and found that exposure to MBZ during 2 and 3 days post-fertilization caused malformation of the retinal layers. To identify the molecular mechanism underlying the developmental toxicity of MBZ, we performed transcriptome analysis of zebrafish eyes. The analysis revealed that the DNA damage response was involved in the developmental toxicity of MBZ. We were also able to demonstrate that inhibition of ATM significantly attenuated the apoptosis induced by MBZ in the zebrafish retina. These results suggest that MBZ causes developmental toxicity in the zebrafish retina at least partly by activating the DNA damage response, including ATM signaling, providing a potential adverse outcome pathway in the developmental toxicity of MBZ in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sasagawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ashikawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yuge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Shiko Okabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Koki Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Reiko Kawase
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research CenterTsu, Japan; Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsu, Japan; Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation InstituteTsu, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research CenterTsu, Japan
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35
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Muñoz S, Méndez J. DNA replication stress: from molecular mechanisms to human disease. Chromosoma 2016; 126:1-15. [PMID: 26797216 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genome of proliferating cells must be precisely duplicated in each cell division cycle. Chromosomal replication entails risks such as the possibility of introducing breaks and/or mutations in the genome. Hence, DNA replication requires the coordinated action of multiple proteins and regulatory factors, whose deregulation causes severe developmental diseases and predisposes to cancer. In recent years, the concept of "replicative stress" (RS) has attracted much attention as it impinges directly on genomic stability and offers a promising new avenue to design anticancer therapies. In this review, we summarize recent progress in three areas: (1) endogenous and exogenous factors that contribute to RS, (2) molecular mechanisms that mediate the cellular responses to RS, and (3) the large list of diseases that are directly or indirectly linked to RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Méndez
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Branzei D. DNA damage tolerance branches out toward sister chromatid cohesion. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1035478. [PMID: 27308553 PMCID: PMC4845193 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1035478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome duplication is temporarily coordinated with sister chromatid cohesion and DNA damage tolerance. Recently, we found that replication fork-coupled repriming is important for both optimal cohesion and error-free replication by recombination. The mechanism involved has implications for the etiology of replication-based genetic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Branzei
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , Milan, Italy
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37
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Fumasoni M, Zwicky K, Vanoli F, Lopes M, Branzei D. Error-free DNA damage tolerance and sister chromatid proximity during DNA replication rely on the Polα/Primase/Ctf4 Complex. Mol Cell 2015; 57:812-823. [PMID: 25661486 PMCID: PMC4352764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal replication is entwined with DNA damage tolerance (DDT) and chromatin structure establishment via elusive mechanisms. Here we examined how specific replication conditions affecting replisome architecture and repriming impact on DDT. We show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polα/Primase/Ctf4 mutants, proficient in bulk DNA replication, are defective in recombination-mediated damage-bypass by template switching (TS) and have reduced sister chromatid cohesion. The decrease in error-free DDT is accompanied by increased usage of mutagenic DDT, fork reversal, and higher rates of genome rearrangements mediated by faulty strand annealing. Notably, the DDT defects of Polα/Primase/Ctf4 mutants are not the consequence of increased sister chromatid distance, but are instead caused by altered single-stranded DNA metabolism and abnormal replication fork topology. We propose that error-free TS is driven by timely replicative helicase-coupled re-priming. Defects in this event impact on replication fork architecture and sister chromatid proximity, and represent a frequent source of chromosome lesions upon replication dysfunctions. Polα/Primase and cohesin support damage tolerance and sister chromatid proximity Artificial cohesion bypasses cohesin, but not Polα/Primase role in recombination Defects in Polα/Primase cause faulty strand annealing and reversed fork formation Altered ssDNA metabolism underlies Polα/Primase mutants damage tolerance defects
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fumasoni
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Zwicky
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Vanoli
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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Delgado-Esteban M, García-Higuera I, Maestre C, Moreno S, Almeida A. APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates neurogenesis and cortical size during development. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2879. [PMID: 24301314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the adult brain is the result of a delicate balance between neural progenitor proliferation and the initiation of neurogenesis in the embryonic period. Here we assessed whether the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) cofactor, Cdh1--which regulates mitosis exit and G1-phase length in dividing cells--regulates neurogenesis in vivo. We use an embryo-restricted Cdh1 knockout mouse model and show that functional APC/C-Cdh1 ubiquitin ligase activity is required for both terminal differentiation of cortical neurons in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo. Further, genetic ablation of Cdh1 impairs the ability of APC/C to promote neurogenesis by delaying the exit of the progenitor cells from the cell cycle. This causes replicative stress and p53-mediated apoptotic death resulting in decreased number of cortical neurons and cortex size. These results demonstrate that APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates cortical neurogenesis and size, thus posing Cdh1 in the molecular pathogenesis of congenital neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delgado-Esteban
- 1] Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Fundación IECSCYL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Pan L, Penney J, Tsai LH. Chromatin regulation of DNA damage repair and genome integrity in the central nervous system. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3376-88. [PMID: 25128619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the continued extension of lifespan, aging and age-related diseases have become a major medical challenge to our society. Aging is accompanied by changes in multiple systems. Among these, the aging process in the central nervous system is critically important but very poorly understood. Neurons, as post-mitotic cells, are devoid of replicative associated aging processes, such as senescence and telomere shortening. However, because of the inability to self-replenish, neurons have to withstand challenge from numerous stressors over their lifetime. Many of these stressors can lead to damage of the neurons' DNA. When the accumulation of DNA damage exceeds a neuron's capacity for repair, or when there are deficiencies in DNA repair machinery, genome instability can manifest. The increased mutation load associated with genome instability can lead to neuronal dysfunction and ultimately to neuron degeneration. In this review, we first briefly introduce the sources and types of DNA damage and the relevant repair pathways in the nervous system (summarized in Fig. 1). We then discuss the chromatin regulation of these processes and summarize our understanding of the contribution of genomic instability to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Baiji genomes reveal low genetic variability and new insights into secondary aquatic adaptations. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2708. [PMID: 24169659 PMCID: PMC3826649 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The baiji, or Yangtze River dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), is a flagship species for the conservation of aquatic animals and ecosystems in the Yangtze River of China; however, this species has now been recognized as functionally extinct. Here we report a high-quality draft genome and three re-sequenced genomes of L. vexillifer using Illumina short-read sequencing technology. Comparative genomic analyses reveal that cetaceans have a slow molecular clock and molecular adaptations to their aquatic lifestyle. We also find a significantly lower number of heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the baiji compared to all other mammalian genomes reported thus far. A reconstruction of the demographic history of the baiji indicates that a bottleneck occurred near the end of the last deglaciation, a time coinciding with a rapid decrease in temperature and the rise of eustatic sea level.
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Alcantara D, O'Driscoll M. Congenital microcephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:124-39. [PMID: 24816482 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The underlying etiologies of genetic congenital microcephaly are complex and multifactorial. Recently, with the exponential growth in the identification and characterization of novel genetic causes of congenital microcephaly, there has been a consolidation and emergence of certain themes concerning underlying pathomechanisms. These include abnormal mitotic microtubule spindle structure, numerical and structural abnormalities of the centrosome, altered cilia function, impaired DNA repair, DNA Damage Response signaling and DNA replication, along with attenuated cell cycle checkpoint proficiency. Many of these processes are highly interconnected. Interestingly, a defect in a gene whose encoded protein has a canonical function in one of these processes can often have multiple impacts at the cellular level involving several of these pathways. Here, we overview the key pathomechanistic themes underlying profound congenital microcephaly, and emphasize their interconnected nature.
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Darrigo LG, Rodrigues MC, Pieroni F, Stracieri ABPL, Moraes DA, Grecco CES, Dias JBE, Sobral AC, Simões BP. Successful outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in Seckel syndrome. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:E93-5. [PMID: 24483323 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seckel syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease, genetically heterogeneous, characterized by short stature, prenatal microcephaly, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, chromosomal instability, and hematological disorders. We report the case of a six-yr-old boy with Seckel syndrome and aplastic anemia who underwent successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from ten of ten HLA matched unrelated donor. Currently the patient is on D+771, in good health conditions and with no further complications. In conclusion, this case indicates that bone marrow transplantation is an acceptable therapeutic option for Seckel syndrome complicated by hematological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme Darrigo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Pediatric Oncology Unit, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Replication stress is a complex phenomenon that has serious implications for genome stability, cell survival and human disease. Generation of aberrant replication fork structures containing single-stranded DNA activates the replication stress response, primarily mediated by the kinase ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related). Along with its downstream effectors, ATR stabilizes and helps to restart stalled replication forks, avoiding the generation of DNA damage and genome instability. Understanding this response may be key to diagnosing and treating human diseases caused by defective responses to replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Zeman
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Agha Z, Iqbal Z, Azam M, Siddique M, Willemsen MH, Kleefstra T, Zweier C, de Leeuw N, Qamar R, van Bokhoven H. A complex microcephaly syndrome in a Pakistani family associated with a novel missense mutation in RBBP8 and a heterozygous deletion in NRXN1. Gene 2014; 538:30-5. [PMID: 24440292 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a consanguineous Pakistani family with a severe congenital microcephaly syndrome resembling the Seckel syndrome and Jawad syndrome. The affected individuals in this family were born to consanguineous parents of whom the mother presented with mild intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy and diabetes mellitus. The two living affected brothers presented with microcephaly, white matter disease of the brain, hyponychia, dysmorphic facial features with synophrys, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and ID. Genotyping with a 250K SNP array in both affected brothers revealed an 18 MB homozygous region on chromosome 18 p11.21-q12.1 encompassing the SCKL2 locus of the Seckel and Jawad syndromes. Sequencing of the RBBP8 gene, underlying the Seckel and Jawad syndromes, identified the novel mutation c.919A>G, p.Arg307Gly, segregating in a recessive manner in the family. In addition, in the two affected brothers and their mother we have also found a heterozygous 607kb deletion, encompassing exons 13-19 of NRXN1. Bidirectional sequencing of the coding exons of NRXN1 did not reveal any other mutation on the other allele. It thus appears that the phenotype of the mildly affected mother can be explained by the NRXN1 deletion, whereas the more severe and complex microcephalic phenotype of the two affected brothers is due to the simultaneous deletion in NRXN1 and the homozygous missense mutation affecting RBBP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Agha
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ionita-Laza I, Xu B, Makarov V, Buxbaum JD, Roos JL, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. Scan statistic-based analysis of exome sequencing data identifies FAN1 at 15q13.3 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:343-8. [PMID: 24344280 PMCID: PMC3890869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309475110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a family-based cluster detection approach designed to localize significant rare disease-risk variants clusters within a region of interest to systematically search for schizophrenia (SCZ) susceptibility genes within 49 genomic loci previously implicated by de novo copy number variants. Using two independent whole-exome sequencing family datasets and a follow-up autism spectrum disorder (ASD) case/control whole-exome sequencing dataset, we identified variants in one gene, Fanconi-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), as being associated with both SCZ and ASD. FAN1 is located in a region on chromosome 15q13.3 implicated by a recurrent copy number variant, which predisposes to an array of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In both SCZ and ASD datasets, rare nonsynonymous risk variants cluster significantly in affected individuals within a 20-kb window that spans several key functional domains of the gene. Our finding suggests that FAN1 is a key driver in the 15q13.3 locus for the associated psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes. FAN1 encodes a DNA repair enzyme, thus implicating abnormalities in DNA repair in the susceptibility to SCZ or ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - J. Louw Roos
- Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Neuroscience
- Physiology, and
- Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Beaulieu CL, Huang L, Innes AM, Akimenko MA, Puffenberger EG, Schwartz C, Jerry P, Ober C, Hegele RA, McLeod DR, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Bulman DE, Parboosingh JS, Boycott KM. Intellectual disability associated with a homozygous missense mutation in THOC6. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:62. [PMID: 23621916 PMCID: PMC3644499 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently described a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability in four patients from two related Hutterite families. Identity-by-descent mapping localized the gene to a 5.1 Mb region at chromosome 16p13.3 containing more than 170 known or predicted genes. The objective of this study was to identify the causative gene for this rare disorder. Methods and results Candidate gene sequencing followed by exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense mutation p.Gly46Arg, in THOC6. No other potentially causative coding variants were present within the critical region on chromosome 16. THOC6 is a member of the THO/TREX complex which is involved in coordinating mRNA processing with mRNA export from the nucleus. In situ hybridization showed that thoc6 is highly expressed in the midbrain and eyes. Cellular localization studies demonstrated that wild-type THOC6 is present within the nucleus as is the case for other THO complex proteins. However, mutant THOC6 was predominantly localized to the cytoplasm, suggesting that the mutant protein is unable to carry out its normal function. siRNA knockdown of THOC6 revealed increased apoptosis in cultured cells. Conclusion Our findings associate a missense mutation in THOC6 with intellectual disability, suggesting the THO/TREX complex plays an important role in neurodevelopment.
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Reynolds JJ, Stewart GS. A single strand that links multiple neuropathologies in human disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:14-27. [PMID: 23365091 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of the human central nervous system is a complex process involving highly coordinated periods of neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation. Disruptions in these neurodevelopmental processes can result in microcephaly, a neuropathological disorder characterized by a reduction in skull circumference and total brain volume, whereas a failure to maintain neuronal health in the adult brain can lead to progressive neurodegeneration. Defects in the cellular pathways that detect and repair DNA damage are a common cause of both these neuropathologies and are associated with a growing number of hereditary human disorders. In particular, defects in the repair of DNA single strand breaks, one of the most commonly occurring types of DNA lesion, have been associated with three neuropathological diseases: ataxia oculomotor apraxia 1, spinocerebellar ataxia with neuronal neuropathy 1 and microcephaly, early-onset, intractable seizures and developmental delay. A striking similarity between these three human diseases is that they are all caused by mutations in DNA end processing factors, suggesting that a particularly crucial stage of DNA single strand break repair is the repair of breaks with 'damaged' termini. Additionally all three disorders lack any extraneurological symptoms, such as immunodeficiency and cancer predisposition, which are typically found in other human diseases associated with defective DNA repair. However despite these similarities, two of these disorders present with progressive cerebellar degeneration, whereas the third presents with severe microcephaly. This review discusses the molecular defects behind these disorders and presents several hypotheses based on current literature on a number of important questions, in particular, how do mutations in different end processing factors within the same DNA repair pathway lead to such different neuropathologies?
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Reynolds
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Awad S, Al-Dosari MS, Al-Yacoub N, Colak D, Salih MA, Alkuraya FS, Poizat C. Mutation in PHC1 implicates chromatin remodeling in primary microcephaly pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2200-13. [PMID: 23418308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (PM) is a developmental disorder of early neuroprogenitors that results in reduction of the brain mass, particularly the cortex. To gain fresh insight into the pathogenesis of PM, we describe a consanguineous family with a novel genetic variant responsible for the disease. We performed autozygosity mapping followed by exome sequencing to detect the causal genetic variant. Several functional assays in cells expressing the wild-type or mutant gene were performed to understand the pathogenesis of the identified mutation. We identify a novel mutation in PHC1, a human orthologue of the Drosophila polyhomeotic member of polycomb group (PcG), which significantly decreases PHC1 protein expression, increases Geminin protein level and markedly abolishes the capacity to ubiquitinate histone H2A in patient cells. PHC1 depletion in control cells similarly enhances Geminin expression and decreases histone H2A ubiquitination. The ubiquitination defect and accumulation of Geminin with consequent defect in cell cycle are rescued by over-expression of PHC1 in patient cells. Although patients with the PHC1 mutation exhibit PM with no overt progression of the disease, patient cells also show aberrant DNA damage repair, which is rescued by PHC1 overexpression. These findings reveal several cellular defects in cells carrying the PHC1 mutation and highlight the role of chromatin remodeling in the pathogenesis of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Awad
- Department of Genetics, Developmental Genetics Unit
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