1
|
Zhang H, Yan X, Lin A, Xia P, Jia M, Su Y. Effect of feeding regimen on circadian activity rhythms of food anticipatory by ghrelin hormone in a pig model. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:313-331. [PMID: 35249475 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2047436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly diverse meal patterns affect the internal body clock. Ghrelin secretion is closely associated with the anticipation of a regularly scheduled mealtime, leading ghrelin to be a putative candidate for food-related entraining signals that drive activity rhythms. Here, growing pigs with different meal frequencies were used to construct an irregular eating pattern model. We found that irregular eating patterns changed central ghrelin levels of pigs, affected the circadian entrainment and circadian rhythm pathways in hypothalamus tissue, and altered the daily behavior and food anticipatory activity (FAA). To determine whether ghrelin exerts an effect, growing pigs were intravenously injected with ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 for 7 days. We showed here that [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 administration decreased locomotor activity of growing pigs in the 4-h window preceding onset of food availability. In addition, we also confirmed that the direct role of ghrelin in molecular mechanism of regulating clock genes expression via calcium mobilization through intracellular PKC/PLC and AC/PKA pathways in vitro. Collectively, irregular eating patterns affect the central circadian system by ghrelin, supporting ghrelin as a temporal messenger of food-entrainment in hypothalamic circadian functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Yan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailian Lin
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengke Xia
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglan Jia
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Disease Biomarkers of Giardiasis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:1932518. [PMID: 36065350 PMCID: PMC9440637 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1932518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common, treatable intestinal disease that adversely affects underprivileged communities living in unsanitary conditions. Giardiasis causes a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal diseases in those infected, ranging from subclinical disease that can manifest as irritable bowel syndrome with persistent abdominal symptoms. Importantly, giardiasis has been identified as a predictor of malnutrition among young children in rural areas and as a cause of waterborne mass epidemics endangering not only humans but also animals in a broad clinical, social, and economic spectrum. While the diagnosis of giardiasis is heavily dependent on the presence of cysts and/or trophozoites detected using microscopy, the intermittent cyst excretion, low infection intensity, and low sensitivity method m4akes fecal examination unrewarding, thus urging the need for an improved diagnostic method for giardiasis. Proteins are key compounds in biosynthesis, cells, tissues, and organ signaling, carrying important information related to biological and pathogenic processes, as well as pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention, and are therefore important indicators for determining disease onset, progression, and drug treatment effectiveness. In connection with this, proteins could serve as promising biomarkers for antigen-antibody detection, as well as vaccine candidates. This article is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of proteins, serological, molecular, inflammatory, volatile, and hormonal biomarkers associated with giardiasis and their potential for diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sagawa H, Saito M, Ito S, Hayakawa S, Ueno S, Okubo T, Tanaka T, Ogawa R, Takahashi H, Matsuo Y, Mitsui A, Kimura M, Takiguchi S. Near infrared ray-guided surgery using Firefly technology of the daVinci Xi system and intraoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for subtotal gastrectomy and surgery for cancer of the gastroesophageal junction. BMC Surg 2022; 22:174. [PMID: 35549907 PMCID: PMC9103454 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In gastrectomies, especially subtotal gastrectomies and operations on the gastroesophageal junction, identifying the exact location of the tumor and establishing the appropriate resection line is very important. Accurate resection lines have a major impact on the preservation of organ function and curability. Preservation of as much as possible of the remaining stomach, including the fornix, may be an important surgical goal for maintaining an adequate postoperative quality of life. In adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, the height of the esophageal dissection may affect reconstruction of the transhiatal approach. Methods We perform a new technique, near infrared ray-guided surgery, for the accurate localization of a tumor using the Firefly technology of the daVinci Xi system and intra-operative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We used this new technique for cases of upper gastric cancer or adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. In this retrospective study, we examined to determine the extent (mm) of the tumor invasion of the esophagus, visualization of near infrared ray contained within endoscopic light, and distance from the proximal margin of the tumor to the surgical cut line on rapid histopathology and in the permanent preparation, including the operative videos and extracted specimens. Results We performed near infrared ray-guided surgery for 12 patients with gastric cancer or adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, and the near infrared ray was clearly seen as green light with Firefly mode in all the patients. Near infrared ray-guided surgery was useful for obtaining localization of the tumor. In addition, it was possible to resect organ with adequate margins from tumor. Rapid intraoperative histopathological examinations confirmed that the resected specimens had negative margins. None of the patients required additional resection. Conclusions We believe that because near infrared ray-guided surgery can provide an accurate resection line, it will be useful for the resection of upper gastric cancer and adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. It will also provide patients with a good postoperative quality of life after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Sunao Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Mitsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bukhari SNA. An insight into the multifunctional role of ghrelin and structure activity relationship studies of ghrelin receptor ligands with clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114308. [PMID: 35344905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gastrointestinal acylated peptide, primarily synthesized in the stomach and regulates the secretion of growth hormone and energy homeostasis. It plays a central role in modulating the diverse biological, physiological and pathological functions in vertebrates. The synthesis of ghrelin receptor ligands after the finding of growth hormone secretagogue developed from Met-enkephalin led to reveal the endogenous ligand ghrelin and the receptors. Subsequently, many peptides, small molecules and peptidomimetics focusing on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, were derived. In this review, the key features of ghrelin's structure, forms, its bio-physiological functions, pathological roles and therapeutic potential have been highlighted. A few peptidomimetics and pseudo peptide synthetic perspectives have also been discussed to make ghrelin receptor ligands, clinical trials and their success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bergmann R, Chollet C, Els-Heindl S, Ullrich M, Berndt N, Pietzsch J, Máthé D, Bachmann M, Beck-Sickinger AG. Development of a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist for positron emission tomography. Oncotarget 2021; 12:450-474. [PMID: 33747360 PMCID: PMC7939532 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of Ghrelin receptors in vivo provides unique potential to gain deeper understanding on Ghrelin and its receptors in health and disease, in particular, in cancer. Ghrelin, an octanoylated 28-mer peptide hormone activates the constitutively active growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) with nanomolar activity. We developed novel compounds, derived from the potent inverse agonist K-(D-1-Nal)-FwLL-NH2 but structurally varied by lysine conjugation with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), palmitic acid and/or diethylene glycol (PEG2) to allow radiolabeling and improve pharmacokinetics, respectively. All compounds were tested for receptor binding, potency and efficacy in vitro, for biodistribution and -kinetics in rats and in preclinical prostate cancer models on mice. Radiolabeling with Cu-64 and Ga-68 was successfully achieved. The Cu-64- or Ga-68-NODAGA-NH-K-K-(D-1-NaI)-F-w-L-L-NH2 radiotracer were specifically accumulated by the GHS-R1a in xenotransplanted human prostate tumor models (PC-3, DU-145) in mice. The tumors were clearly delineated by PET. The radiotracer uptake was also partially blocked by K-(D-1-Nal)-FwLL-NH2 in stomach and thyroid. The presence of the GHS-R1a was also confirmed by immunohistology. In the arterial rat blood plasma, only the original compounds were found. The Cu-64 or Ga-68-NODAGA-NH-K-K-(D-1-NaI)-F-w-L-L-NH2 radiolabeled inverse agonists turned out to be potent and safe. Due to their easy synthesis, high affinity, medium potency, metabolic stability, and the suitable pharmacokinetic profiles, they are excellent tools for imaging and quantitation of GHS-R1a expression in normal and cancer tissues by PET. These compounds can be used as novel biomarkers of the Ghrelin system in precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Constance Chollet
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center, Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathur N, Mehdi SF, Anipindi M, Aziz M, Khan SA, Kondakindi H, Lowell B, Wang P, Roth J. Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610363. [PMID: 33584688 PMCID: PMC7876230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Mathur
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Manasa Anipindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sawleha A. Khan
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Hema Kondakindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma LY, Liu SF, Du JH, Niu Y, Hou PF, Shu Q, Ma RR, Wu SD, Qu QM, Lv YL. Chronic ghrelin administration suppresses IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aβ production in primary neurons and improves cognitive function via upregulation of PP1 in STZ-diabetic rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107155. [PMID: 31904547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic rats display cognition impairments accompanied by activation of NF-κB signalling and increased Aβ expression. Ghrelin has been suggested to improve cognition in diabetic rats. In this study, we investigated the role of ghrelin on cognition and NF-κB mediated Aβ production in diabetic rats. A diabetic rat model was established with streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and diabetic rats were intracerebroventricularly administered with ghrelin or (D-lys3)-GHRP-6 (DG). Our results showed that diabetic rats had cognition impairment in the Morris water maze test, accompanied by the higher expression of Aβ in the hippocampus. Western blot analysis showed that diabetic rats exhibited significantly decreased levels of GHSR-1a and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the hippocampus and increased activation of the IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway. Chronic ghrelin administration upregulated hippocampal PP1 expression, suppressed IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aβ production, and improved cognition in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These effects were reversed by DG. Then, primary rat hippocampal neurons were isolated and treated with high glucose, followed by Ghrelin and DG, PP1 or IKK. Similar to the in vivo results, high glucose suppressed the expression levels of GHSR-1a and PP1, activated the IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 pathway, increased Aβ production. Ghrelin suppressed IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 induced Aβ production. This improvement was reversed by DG and a PP1 antagonist and was enhanced by the IKK antagonist. Our findings indicated that chronic ghrelin administration can suppress IKK/NF-κB/BACE1 mediated Aβ production in primary neurons with high glucose treatment and improve the cognition via PP1 upregulation in diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lou-Yan Ma
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Song-Fang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Hui Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Song-Di Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qiu-Min Qu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ya-Li Lv
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moideen K, Kumar NP, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Babu S. Altered Systemic Adipokine Levels in Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Changes following Treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 99:875-880. [PMID: 30182920 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is associated with modulation of levels of adipokines, specifically adiponectin and leptin, but the effect of standard antituberculosis treatment (ATT) on the systemic levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin has not been well explored. To identify the association of adipokines with PTB and their relationship with disease severity and bacterial burden, we measured the levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin in PTB individuals and compared them with latent tuberculosis (LTB) and healthy control (HC) individuals. Pulmonary tuberculosis was characterized by diminished circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin and heightened circulating levels of resistin in comparison to that in LTB and HC individuals. However, PTB with bilateral or cavitary disease did not exhibit any increased systemic levels of these adipokines in comparison with those with unilateral or non-cavitary disease, respectively. In addition, none of the adipokines exhibited a positive correlation with bacterial burdens, but adiponectin alone exhibited a negative correlation with body mass index in PTB individuals. Finally, on successful completion of ATT, PTB individuals exhibited significantly increased levels of adiponectin and leptin and significantly decreased levels of resistin. Therefore, our data identify an important association of systemic adipokine levels with PTB disease and its alteration following ATT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadar Moideen
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.,National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.,National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Dina Nair
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pamuk B, Yilmaz H, Kebapçilar L, Kirbiyik H, Alacacioğlu A, Bozkaya G, Pamuk G, Demirpence M. The effect of orlistat and weight loss diet on plasma ghrelin and obestatin. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 23:95. [PMID: 30595703 PMCID: PMC6282548 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_928_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss with hypocaloric diet and orlistat treatment in addition to hypocaloric diet on gut-derived hormones ghrelin and obestatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 52, euglycemic and euthyroid, obese female patients were involved in the study. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group 1 (n = 26) received hypocaloric diet alone and Group 2 (n = 26) received orlistat in addition to hypocaloric diet for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, serum lipid, insulin levels, and obestatin and ghrelin values were assessed at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of therapy. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters including serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations and ghrelin/obestatin ratio were similar between the two groups. After 12 weeks, mean change in BMI, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) were -1.97 ± 1.56 kg/m2 (P = 0.003), -2.63% ±2.11% (P = 0.003), and -1.06 ± 0.82 kg (P = 0.003), respectively, in Group 1. In Group 2, mean change in BMI was -2.11 ± 1.24 kg/m2 (P = 0.001), fat mass was -3.09% ±2.28% (P = 0.002), and FFM was -1.26 ± 0.54 kg (P = 0.001). However, fasting glucose, lipid, and insulin levels did not change in Group 1. Furthermore, except serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, no significant change was observed in Group 2. Although serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations increased significantly in both groups (Group 1: pGhrelin: 0.047, pobestatin: 0.001 and Group 2: pGhrelin: 0.028, pobestatin: 0.006), ghrelin/obestatin ratio did not change significantly. When the changes in anthropometric assessments and laboratory parameters were compared, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between ghrelin or obestatin and any other hormonal and metabolic parameters. CONCLUSION Weight loss with diet and diet plus orlistat is both associated with increased ghrelin and obestatin concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris Pamuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Katip Celebi University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hamiyet Yilmaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Levent Kebapçilar
- Department of Endocrinology, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Kirbiyik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alacacioğlu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Giray Bozkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülseren Pamuk
- Department of Family Medicine, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demirpence
- Department of Endocrinology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
[DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-des-acyl ghrelin(1-5) as a new carrier of radionuclides and potential precursor of radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Commun 2018; 39:140-146. [PMID: 29315139 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a peptide consisting of 28 aminoacids and an octadecyl side chain (acyl group) binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a). Its des-acylated form, des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) binds to the corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 2a (CRF2a) located on endocrine cancer cells such as the prostate carcinoma cell line DU 145. AIM The aim of this study is to develop a new DAG-based carrier of radionuclides with potential application in therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trunctated C-terminal five aminoacids chain of the DAG peptide (H2N-Gly-Ser-Ser-Phe-Leu-COOH) was linked to DTPA to obtain [DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-DAG(1-5). For therapeutic application the lutetium-177 (177Lu) radionuclide was coordinated to the peptide. To determine biological and chemical properties of newly synthesized radiopharmaceutical, two iodine-131 (131I)-labelled compounds were used: [131I]-Tyr4-DAG(1-5) and full length [131I]-DAG(1-28) together with their nonradioactive forms: DAG(1-28) and DAG(1-5). RESULTS Identical HPLC elution profiles of [177Lu-DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-DAG(1-5) before and after incubation with human serum proved its stability. The lipophilicity profile of [177Lu-DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-DAG(1-5) was log DO/W=-2.68±0.05, pH 7.4. Receptor affinity of the nonradioactive conjugate [Lu-DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-DAG(1-5) was IC50 (21.06 nmol/l), as shown against the [131I]-DAG(1-28) used as a competitor. The 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay indicated the significant cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized compounds, similar to that of [131I]-Tyr4-DAG(1-5). CONCLUSION The results obtained suggest the potency of the [DTPA-(PABn)-Leu5]-DAG(1-5) as a new carrier of radionuclides in radiopharmacy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Joatar FE, Al Qarni AA, Ali ME, Al Masaud A, Shire AM, Das N, Gumaa K, Giha HA. Leu72Met and Other Intronic Polymorphisms in the GHRL and GHSR Genes Are Not Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, or Serum Ghrelin Levels in a Saudi Population. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2017; 32:360-369. [PMID: 28956366 PMCID: PMC5620033 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2017.32.3.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin (GHRL), a gastric peptide encoded by the GHRL gene, is known to be involved in energy homeostasis via its G protein receptor, encoded by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) gene. Some studies have shown associations between plasma GHRL levels and GHRL single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely the Leu72Met polymorphism (rs696217 TG), with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR), while others have not. The controversies in these associations raise the issue of 'which SNPs in which populations.' The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNPs in GHRL and/or GHSR genes were associated with T2DM, IR, or plasma GHRL levels among Arab Saudis. METHODS Blood was collected from 208 Saudi subjects with (n=107) and without (n=101) T2DM. DNA samples from these subjects were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to genotype five intronic SNPs in the GHRL (rs696217 TG, rs27647 CT, rs2075356 CT, and rs4684677 AT) and GHSR (rs509030 GC) genes. In addition, plasma GHRL levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay. RESULTS None of the SNPs were associated with T2DM, IR, or plasma GHRL levels. The frequencies of the alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes of the five SNPs were comparable between the T2DM patients and the non-diabetic subjects. A large number of the GHRL haplotypes indicates the molecular heterogeneity of the preproghrelin gene in this region. CONCLUSION Neither the Leu72Met polymorphism nor the other intronic GHRL and GHSR SNPs were associated with T2DM, IR, or GHRL levels. Further investigations should be carried out to explain the molecular basis of the association of the GHRL peptide with T2DM and IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris Elbahi Joatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Ahmed Al Qarni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhalab E Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Abdulaziz Al Masaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdirashid M Shire
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagalla Das
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Khalid Gumaa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayder A Giha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kleynhans L, Ruzive S, Ehlers L, Thiart L, Chegou NN, Conradie M, Kriel M, Stanley K, van der Spuy GD, Kidd M, van Helden PD, Walzl G, Ronacher K. Changes in Host Immune-Endocrine Relationships during Tuberculosis Treatment in Patients with Cured and Failed Treatment Outcomes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:690. [PMID: 28674532 PMCID: PMC5475380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A bidirectional communication between the immune and endocrine systems exists and facilitates optimum responses in the host during infections. This is in part achieved through changes in secretion patterns of hypothalamic hormones induced by inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to elucidate the immune–endocrine alterations during tuberculosis (TB) treatment in patients with cured and failed TB treatment outcomes. Blood samples were collected from 27 cured and 10 failed patients and hormone as well as cytokine concentrations quantified at baseline, week 4, and month 6 of TB treatment. Hormone profiles of the two treatment outcome groups were different from each other prior to as well as during TB treatment. Treatment response effects were observed for cortisol, estradiol, T3, T4 ghrelin, leptin, amylin, adiponectin, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Trends suggest that T4, amylin, and DHEA concentrations were different between treatment outcomes, although these did not reach statistical significance. Relationships between endocrine and inflammatory markers and the biological pathways involved differed between cured and failed treatment patients. These results highlight the complex interaction between the endocrine and immune system during active TB disease and throughout treatment and suggest that endocrine markers in conjunction with inflammatory markers may be useful in predicting unfavorable treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léanie Kleynhans
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sheena Ruzive
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizaan Ehlers
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lani Thiart
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Novel N Chegou
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Magda Conradie
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Magdalena Kriel
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gian D van der Spuy
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koca SS, Kara M, Özgen M, Dayanan R, Demir CF, Aksoy K, İlhan N, Dönder E, Işık A. Low prevalence of obesity in Behçet's disease is associated with high obestatin level. Eur J Rheumatol 2017. [PMID: 28638683 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2017.160095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with altered body composition. Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory effects, and its level is altered in obesity and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and ghrelin and obestatin levels in patients with Behçet's disease (BD). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and forty-three (143) patients with BD and 112 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Participants were subdivided according to the body mass index (BMI) as lean (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). In addition to the routine evaluations (fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and kidney and liver function tests), serum acylated-ghrelin (AG), unacylated-ghrelin (UAG), total ghrelin (TG) and obestatin levels were analyzed. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity was relatively lower in the BD group than in the HC group (12.6% vs. 20.5%, p=0.089). Serum ghrelin levels were similar in the BD and HC groups (p>0.05 for all) although the obestatin level was higher in the BD group compared to the HC group (p<0.001). Serum UAG, TG and obestatin levels were lower in obese BD patients (n=18) than non-obese BD patients (p=0.027, p=0.014 and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION The obestatin level was high and the prevalence of obesity was low in the BD group. Moreover, obese BD patients had low obestatin levels. These results suggest that obestatin may protect BD patients from obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Kara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sıtkı Koçman University School of Medicine, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Metin Özgen
- Department of Rheumatology, 19 Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Dayanan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Caner Feyzi Demir
- Department of Neurology, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Kader Aksoy
- Department of Endocrinology, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nevin İlhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Emir Dönder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Işık
- Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Remmel L, Tillmann V, Mäestu J, Purge P, Saar M, Lätt E, Maasalu K, Jürimäe T, Jürimäe J. Associations between Bone Mineral Characteristics and Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Peptide YY in Overweight Adolescent Boys. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:6-13. [PMID: 25966775 DOI: 10.1159/000381623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The role of ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) in bone mineralization is not fully known. The aim of this study was to determine whether acylated and des-acyl ghrelin and PYY in addition to leptin are related to bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent overweight boys (OWB) and normal-weight boys (NWB). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Fifty- five OWB (BMI >85th percentile) and 154 NWB (BMI <85th percentile) aged 12-16 years participated in this study. Fasting serum acylated and des-acyl ghrelin, PYY, leptin, testosterone levels, total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC), and BMD were measured. TB BMC for height and TB and LS bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) were calculated. RESULTS No differences were seen in acylated and des-acyl ghrelin or PYY levels, while the leptin levels were significantly higher in the OWB compared to the NWB. In the OWB, TB BMAD was positively correlated with acylated ghrelin and leptin, and TB BMC for height was positively correlated with PYY. In the OWB, the variability of TB BMD was determined by TB fat-free mass and des-acyl ghrelin, whereas the variability of TB BMAD was determined by leptin. CONCLUSIONS Des-acyl ghrelin and PYY are involved in the bone mineralization process in puberty, and the impact can vary between normal and overweight subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remmel
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maingot M, Blayo AL, Denoyelle S, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Mary S, Gagne D, Sanchez P, Aicher B, Schmidt P, Müller G, Teifel M, Günther E, Marie J, Banères JL, Martinez J, Fehrentz JA. New ligands of the ghrelin receptor based on the 1,2,4-triazole scaffold by introduction of a second chiral center. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2408-2412. [PMID: 27072910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introducing a second chiral center on our previously described 1,2,4-triazole, allowed us to increase diversity and elongate the 'C-terminal part' of the molecule. Therefore, we were able to explore mimics of the substance P analogs described as inverse agonists. Some compounds presented affinities in the nanomolar range and potent biological activities, while one exhibited a partial inverse agonist behavior similar to a Substance P analog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Maingot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Céline M'Kadmi
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sophie Mary
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Gagne
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Sanchez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Babette Aicher
- Æterna Zentaris GmbH, Weismuellerstrasse 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Æterna Zentaris GmbH, Weismuellerstrasse 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gilbert Müller
- Æterna Zentaris GmbH, Weismuellerstrasse 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Teifel
- Æterna Zentaris GmbH, Weismuellerstrasse 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckhard Günther
- Æterna Zentaris GmbH, Weismuellerstrasse 50, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jacky Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, BP 14491, Faculté de Pharmacie, bât. E, 3(ème) étage, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pavan Kumar N, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Sridhar R, Babu S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus coincident with pulmonary or latent tuberculosis results in modulation of adipocytokines. Cytokine 2016; 79:74-81. [PMID: 26771473 PMCID: PMC4729624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as major risk factor for the progress of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), although the mechanistic link between diabetes and tuberculosis remains poorly characterized. Moreover, the influence of poorly controlled diabetes on the baseline levels of adipocytokines in the context of tuberculosis has not been explored in detail. To characterize the influence of coexistent DM on adipocytokine levels in pulmonary or latent TB (LTB), we examined circulating levels of adipocytokines in the plasma of individuals with PTB-DM or LTB-DM and compared them with those without DM (PTB or LTB). PTB-DM or LTB-DM is characterized by diminished circulating levels of adiponectin and adipsin and/or heightened circulating levels of leptin, visfatin and PAI-1. In addition, adiponectin and adipsin exhibit a significant negative correlation, whereas leptin, visfatin and PAI-1 display a significant positive correlation with HbA1C levels and random blood glucose levels. Therefore, our data reveal that PTB-DM or LTB-DM is characterized by alterations in the systemic levels of adipocytokines, indicating that altered adipose tissue inflammation underlying Type 2 diabetes potentially contributes to pathogenesis of TB disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.
| | - Dina Nair
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - V V Banurekha
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Paul Kumaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Hadraawy SK, Al-ghurabi ME, Al-musawi MM, Alzeyadi M. Ghrelin and melatonin as biomarkers in patients with giardiasis. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1149038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malak Maged Al-musawi
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Alzeyadi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li G, Xia J, Jia P, Zhao J, Sun Y, Wu C, Liu B. Plasma Levels of Acylated Ghrelin in Children with Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1423-8. [PMID: 25981561 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in children with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to correlate the levels of acylated ghrelin with endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and clinical hemodynamic parameters. We investigated the plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin, ET-1, NO, and the hemodynamic parameters in 20 children with CHD, 20 children with PH-CHD, and 20 normal children. Plasma-acylated ghrelin and NO levels were significantly higher in CHD group than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Moreover, plasma-acylated ghrelin, ET-1, and NO levels were significantly elevated in PH-CHD group compared with the CHD group (P < 0.05). In PH-CHD children, plasma-acylated ghrelin levels correlated positively with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP; r = 0.740, P < 0.001), pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP; r = 0.613, P = 0.004), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP; r = 0.642, P = 0.002), mean pulmonary arterial hypertension (mPAP; r = 0.685, P = 0.001), right ventricle diameter (RVD; r = 0.473, P = 0.035), pulmonary artery trunk diameter (PAD; r = 0.613, P = 0.004), NO (r = 0.463, P = 0.04), and ET-1 (r = 0.524, P = 0.018). Plasma-acylated ghrelin levels were elevated both in CHD and in PH-CHD. Increased acylated ghrelin levels correlated positively with ET-1, NO, PASP, PADP, RVSP, mPAP, RVD, and PAD. Acylated ghrelin may be a new biomarker of PH-CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiyi Xia
- Research Center for Drug and Functional Foods of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Changxue Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khazaei M, Tahergorabi Z. Serum inflammatory markers in obese mice: Effect of ghrelin. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:145. [PMID: 26322293 PMCID: PMC4549929 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghrelin is involved in modulation of food intake and energy homeostasis; however, it may play a role in cardiovascular system and atherosclerosis process. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ghrelin on serum inflammatory markers in control and obese mice. Materials and Methods: Ghrelin (100 mg/kg/day, twice daily) was administered interaperitoneally to control and diet-induced obese mice. After 10 days, blood samples were taken. Results: Results showed that administration of ghrelin did not change serum hsCRP level; however, it reduced serum IL-6 concentration in obese mice (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the exact role and mechanism of ghrelin in prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis needs more studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schellekens H, De Francesco PN, Kandil D, Theeuwes WF, McCarthy T, van Oeffelen WEPA, Perelló M, Giblin L, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ghrelin's Orexigenic Effect Is Modulated via a Serotonin 2C Receptor Interaction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1186-97. [PMID: 25727097 DOI: 10.1021/cn500318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intricate pathways that modulate appetite and subsequent food intake is of particular importance considering the rise in the incidence of obesity across the globe. The serotonergic system, specifically the 5-HT2C receptor, has been shown to be of critical importance in the regulation of appetite and satiety. The GHS-R1a receptor is another key receptor that is well-known for its role in the homeostatic control of food intake and energy balance. We recently showed compelling evidence for an interaction between the GHS-R1a receptor and the 5-HT2C receptor in an in vitro cell line system heterologously expressing both receptors. Here, we investigated this interaction further. First, we show that the GHS-R1a/5-HT2C dimer-induced attenuation of calcium signaling is not due to coupling to GαS, as no increase in cAMP signaling is observed. Next, flow cytometry fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fcFRET) is used to further demonstrate the direct interaction between the GHS-R1a receptor and 5-HT2C receptor. In addition, we demonstrate colocalized expression of the 5-HT2C and GHS-R1a receptor in cultured primary hypothalamic and hippocampal rat neurons, supporting the biological relevance of a physiological interaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when 5-HT2C receptor signaling is blocked ghrelin's orexigenic effect is potentiated in vivo. In contrast, the specific 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin, recently approved for the treatment of obesity, attenuates ghrelin-induced food intake. This underscores the biological significance of our in vitro findings of 5-HT2C receptor-mediated attenuation of GHS-R1a receptor activity. Together, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that the GHS-R1a/5-HT2C receptor interaction translates into a biologically significant modulation of ghrelin's orexigenic effect. This data highlights the potential development of a combined GHS-R1a and 5-HT2C receptor treatment strategy in weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo N. De Francesco
- Laboratory
of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Perelló
- Laboratory
of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kilian TM, Klöting N, Bergmann R, Els-Heindl S, Babilon S, Clément-Ziza M, Zhang Y, Beck-Sickinger AG, Chollet C. Rational design of dual peptides targeting ghrelin and Y2 receptors to regulate food intake and body weight. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4180-93. [PMID: 25905598 DOI: 10.1021/jm501702q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and Y2 receptors play a central role in appetite regulation inducing opposite effects. The Y2 receptor induces satiety, while the ghrelin receptor promotes hunger and weight gain. However, the food regulating system is tightly controlled by interconnected pathways where redundancies can lead to poor efficacy and drug tolerance when addressing a single molecule. We developed a multitarget strategy to synthesize dual peptides simultaneously inhibiting the ghrelin receptor and stimulating the Y2 receptor. Dual peptides showed dual activity in vitro, and one compound induced a slight diminution of food intake in a rodent model of obesity. In addition, stability studies in rats revealed different behaviors between the dual peptide and its corresponding monomers. The Y2 receptor agonist was unstable in blood, while the dual peptide showed an intermediate stability compared to that of the highly stable ghrelin receptor inverse agonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom-Marten Kilian
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- ‡Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases (IFB), Core Unit "Animal Models", Universität Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- §Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Babilon
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathieu Clément-Ziza
- ∥CECAD - Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- ⊥B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Chollet
- †Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,⊥B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Koyuturk M, Sacan O, Karabulut S, Turk N, Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Bolkent S. The role of ghrelin on apoptosis, cell proliferation and oxidant-antioxidant system in the liver of neonatal diabetic rats. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:834-41. [PMID: 25789445 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide hormone which stimulates appetite and regulates glucose metabolism and adipogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ghrelin has protective effects in the liver of streptozocin (STZ) diabetic rats or not. Wistar-type neonatal rats were divided into four groups: I. Controls, II. Ghrelin administrated controls, III. STZ-diabetic rats, and IV. Ghrelin administrated diabetic rats. On the second day after birth, 100 mg/kg STZ was administered intraperitoneally in a single dose to induce diabetes in rats. 100 µg/kg/day ghrelin was administrated to rats subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Ghrelin administration improved histopathologic changes in STZ-diabetic liver. Obestatin immunoreactivity has been shown in livers of neonatal rats. The immunoreactivity of obestatin increased in diabetic rats and a decline was observed in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats. Caspase 8 and 3 immunoreactivities increased in diabetic rats; however, ghrelin administration differently affected caspases 8 and 3 immunoreactivities. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivities decreased in diabetic rats and in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats. Serum alanine (P < 0.05) and aspartate transaminase (P < 0.0001) and serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.0001) activities were decreased in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats. Gamma glutamyl transferase activity (P < 0.001) decreased in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats. The response of antioxidants including glutathione levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were altered in ghrelin administrated diabetic rats. Our findings indicate that ghrelin administration affects hepatic functions in neonatal diabetic rats and might be considered as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meral Koyuturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sacan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Turkey
| | - Sezin Karabulut
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Turk
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Turkey
| | - Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ercan S, Kencebay C, Basaranlar G, Ozcan F, Derin N, Aslan M. Induction of omega 6 inflammatory pathway by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and its attenuation by ghrelin. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:7. [PMID: 25889219 PMCID: PMC4335696 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used as preservative in foods but can oxidize to sulfite radicals initiating molecular oxidation. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the stomach and has anti-inflammatory effects in many organs. This study aimed to assess endogenous omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in rat peripheral organs following sodium metabisulfite treatment and determine the possible effect of ghrelin on changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway. Methods Male Wistar rats included in the study were allowed free access to standard rat chow. Sodium metabisulfite was given by gastric gavage and ghrelin was administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) in liver, heart and kidney tissues were determined by an optimized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method using ultra fast-liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in tissue samples to evaluate changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway. Results Omega-6 PUFA levels, AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratio were significantly increased in liver tissue following sodium metabisulfite treatment compared to controls. No significant change was observed in heart and kidney PUFA levels. Tissue activity of COX and PGE2 levels were also significantly increased in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats compared to controls. Ghrelin treatment decreased n-6 PUFA levels and reduced COX and PGE2 levels in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats. Conclusion Current results suggest that ghrelin exerts anti-inflammatory action through modulation of n-6 PUFA levels in hepatic tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Ercan
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Ceren Kencebay
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Goksun Basaranlar
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Ozcan
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Narin Derin
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ercan S, Kencebay C, Basaranlar G, Derin N, Aslan M. Induction of xanthine oxidase activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase activation by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and their attenuation by Ghrelin. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 76:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Gupta M, Dangi SS, Singh G, Sarkar M. Expression and localization of ghrelin and its receptor in ovarian follicles during different stages of development and the modulatory effect of ghrelin on granulosa cells function in buffalo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:87-95. [PMID: 25275756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone predominantly found in the stomach, was recently described as a factor that controls female reproductive function. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and localization of ghrelin and its active receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) in buffalo ovarian follicles of different follicular size and to investigate role of ghrelin on estradiol (E2) secretion, aromatase (CYP19A1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis regulator Bax gene expression on granulosa cell culture. Using real time PCR and western blot, we measured gene and protein expression of examined factors. Localization was done with immunofluorescence method. Expression of ghrelin increased with follicle size with significantly highest in dominant or pre-ovulatory follicle (P<0.05). Expression of GHS-R1a was comparable in medium and large follicle but was higher than small follicles (P<0.05). Both the factors were localized in granulosa and theca cells. Pattern of intensity of immunofluorescence was similar with mRNA and protein expression. In the in vitro study granulosa cells (GCs) were cultured and treated with ghrelin each at 1, 10 and 100ng/ml concentrations for two days after obtaining 75-80 per cent confluence. Ghrelin treatment significantly (P<0.05) inhibited E2 secretion, CYP19A1 expression, apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence for the presence of ghrelin and receptor GHS-R1a in ovarian follilcles and modulatory role of ghrelin on granulosa cell function in buffalo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gupta
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S S Dangi
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - G Singh
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - M Sarkar
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clinical application of ghrelin in the field of surgery. Surg Today 2014; 45:801-7. [PMID: 25366350 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered as an intrinsic ligand for the growth hormone (GH)-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in 1999. The endogenous production of ghrelin occurs mainly in the stomach. Ghrelin has multiple functions; it has orexigenic action, stimulates GH secretion, has anti-inflammatory activities, stimulates gastrointestinal activity, stabilizes heart function and has other metabolic roles. Moreover, ghrelin is the only gastrointestinal hormone known to stimulate appetite. In the past decade, clinical applications of ghrelin have been attempted for various pathologies, based on its anabolic function, including applications for patients with anorexia nervosa and cachexia due to chronic heart, renal or pulmonary diseases. In the field of surgery, we have conducted several clinical trials using exogenous ghrelin in patients undergoing total gastrectomy, esophagectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including cisplatin treatment, and consistently obtained unique and striking benefits in these patients. Ghrelin comprehensively improves the patients' general conditions and quality of life via its pleiotropic physiological functions. This characteristic is unique and different from the existing drugs; therefore, ghrelin may be an indispensable supplement to prevent surgical stress and postoperative sequelae. This review summarizes the recent advances toward the clinical application of ghrelin.
Collapse
|
27
|
The cardiovascular action of hexarelin. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 11:253-8. [PMID: 25278975 PMCID: PMC4178518 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide, can bind to and activate the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the brain similar to its natural analog ghrelin. However, the peripheral distribution of GHSR in the heart and blood vessels suggests that hexarelin might have direct cardiovascular actions beyond growth hormone release and neuroendocrine effects. Furthermore, the non-GHSR CD36 had been demonstrated to be a specific cardiac receptor for hexarelin and to mediate its cardioprotective effects. When compared with ghrelin, hexarelin is chemically more stable and functionally more potent. Therefore, it may be a promising therapeutic agent for some cardiovascular conditions. In this concise review, we discuss the current evidence for the cardiovascular action of hexarelin.
Collapse
|
28
|
Rocha-Sousa A, Pereira-Silva P, Tavares-Silva M, Azevedo-Pinto S, Rodrigues-Araújo J, Pinho S, Avelino A, Falcão-Reis F, Leite-Moreira A. Identification of the ghrelin-GHSR 1 system and its influence in the modulation of induced ocular hypertension in rabbit and rat eyes. Peptides 2014; 57:59-66. [PMID: 24780389 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies evidenced a decrease in ghrelin's aqueous humor levels in patients with glaucoma. The goal of our investigation was to study the effect of the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system in the modulation of intraocular pressure in acute ocular hypertension models and its expression and distribution in ocular tissues. Two animal models of acute ocular hypertension were used to study the effect of the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system in the modulation of intraocular pressure: the rabbit and the rat. Ocular hypertension was induced by an intravitreal injection of 20% NaCl. Ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin were delivered subconjunctivally and the intraocular pressure was assessed by a rebound tonometer that was calibrated for each species. In addition, we have studied the influence of nitric oxide and prostaglandins on ghrelin's effect in the rabbit animal model. Finally, we determined by immunofluorescence the expression of ghrelin and GHSR-1 in the rat's ocular tissue. Ghrelin decreased the intraocular pressure in both animal models (maximum decrease: 43.8±12.0% in the rabbit and 29.0±7.46% in the rat). In the rabbit, this effect was blunted in the presence of l-NAME and ketorolac. Des-acyl ghrelin only decreased the intraocular pressure in the rat (maximum decrease: 34.9±8.15%). Ghrelin expression was detected in the ciliary processes and GHSR-1 expression was detected in the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body. The ghrelin-GHSR-1 system is expressed in the anterior segment of the eye. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin are responsible for a hypotensive effect in acute ocular hypertension animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rocha-Sousa
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P Pereira-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Tavares-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Azevedo-Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - S Pinho
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Avelino
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - F Falcão-Reis
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I. Ghrelin as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension 2014; 64:450-4. [PMID: 24958496 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Mao
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.M., T.T.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokudome
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.M., T.T.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kishimoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.M., T.T.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (I.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rocha-Sousa A. The ghrelin-GHSR-1a system in the ocular neuro-humoral regulation. Pearls and controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 192-193:53-4. [PMID: 24933301 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amândio Rocha-Sousa
- Department of Senses Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mao Y, Tokudome T, Kishimoto I, Otani K, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. One dose of oral hexarelin protects chronic cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Peptides 2014; 56:156-62. [PMID: 24747279 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Both hexarelin and its natural analog ghrelin exert comparable cardioprotective activities. A single dose of ghrelin administered at the very acute phase after experimental myocardial infarction positively affects cardiac function in chronic heart failure. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether a single dose of oral hexarelin has the same effect in the chronic disease phase. Myocardial infarction or sham operation was generated by left coronary artery ligation in male C57BL/6J mice, which subsequently received one dose of hexarelin or vehicle treatment by oral gavage 30 min after operation. Although the mortality within 14 days after myocardial infarction did not differ between the groups, hexarelin treatment protected cardiac function in the chronic phase as evidenced by higher ejection fraction and fractional shortening, as well as lower lung weight/body weight and lung weight/tibial length ratios, compared with vehicle treatment. Hexarelin treatment concurrently lowered plasma epinephrine and dopamine levels, and shifted the balance of autonomic nervous activity toward parasympathetic nervous activity as evidenced by a smaller low/high-frequency power ratio and larger normalized high-frequency power on heart rate variability analysis. The results first demonstrate that one dose of oral hexarelin treatment potentially protects chronic cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction, and implicate that activating growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a might be beneficial for cardioprotection, although other mechanism may also be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokudome
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kishimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Otani
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Prodam F, Monzani A, Ricotti R, Marolda A, Bellone S, Aimaretti G, Roccio M, Bona G. Systematic review of ghrelin response to food intake in pediatric age, from neonates to adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1556-68. [PMID: 24601727 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food intake and energy balance are regulated during the lifespan with critical changes in each specific period (infancy, adulthood, aging). Some of ghrelin's changes may contribute to the regulation of food intake and weight in children. We aimed to analyze the ghrelin response to feeding in lean or obese subjects from birth to adolescence. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and EMBASE (December 1999 to February 2013) and identified 62 relevant articles, of which 29 were suitable to be included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Total ghrelin response to meals is particular, with refractoriness in neonates and lean children and an inhibition that starts from puberty. Total ghrelin levels are decreased after meals, irrespective of pubertal stages in obese children and adolescents. Conversely, total ghrelin is decreased after an oral glucose tolerance test in all ages, with the exception of neonates. Data on unacylated ghrelin response are scant but resemble those of total ghrelin. The acylated ghrelin response to meals or oral glucose tolerance test is discordant, although a precocious inhibition followed by a rise back is present in both lean and obese children. The post-feeding profile in children with Prader-Willi syndrome is also peculiar, with a conserved and deeper inhibition of all ghrelin forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences (F.P., A.M., R.R., A.M., S.B., M.R., G.B.); Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine (F.P., G.A.); and Interdisciplinary Center for Obesity Study (F.P., S.B., G.B.), Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, 28100, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Takiguchi S, Takata A, Murakami K, Miyazaki Y, Yanagimoto Y, Kurokawa Y, Takahashi T, Mori M, Doki Y. Clinical application of ghrelin administration for gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:200-5. [PMID: 24253567 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of body weight is a common (and the most serious) sequela after gastrectomy. It impairs quality of life, increases various diseases including infection, and may affect long-term survival. Ghrelin, an intrinsic ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, was discovered in the stomach in 1999. In addition to growth hormone secretion, ghrelin has pleiotropic functions including appetite stimulation, increasing bowel movement and absorption, and anti-inflammatory reactions. In consequence, ghrelin comprehensively leads positive energy balance and weight gain. The fundic gland of the stomach produces the majority of ghrelin, and plasma ghrelin declines to 10-30 % of the preoperative level after total gastrectomy and 50-70 % after distal gastrectomy. Although plasma ghrelin is never restored after total gastrectomy, it gradually recovers to the preoperative level within a few years after distal gastrectomy. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection and vagotomy are additional factors that perturb the ghrelin secretion of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy. A randomized clinical trial that revealed that recombinant ghrelin administration successfully increased both food intake and appetite, and ameliorated weight loss after total gastrectomy. Ghrelin administration could thus be a promising strategy to transiently improve the nutritional status of patients who who have undergone gastrectomy, but its effect in the long term remains unclear. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism of ghrelin and to create and evaluate the analogs that could be administered orally or subcutaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takiguchi
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 E2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kabil NN, Seddiek HA, Yassin NA, Gamal-Eldin MM. Effect of ghrelin on chronic liver injury and fibrogenesis in male rats: possible role of nitric oxide. Peptides 2014; 52:90-7. [PMID: 24333973 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that ghrelin may be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in many organs, however its role in chronic liver injury (CLI) remains unclear. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in CLI is controversial as evidence suggests that NO is either a primary mediator of liver cell injury or exhibits a protective effect against injurious stimuli. Recent evidence demonstrated that the therapeutic potential for ghrelin was through eNOS activation and increase in NO production. However, its role on NO production in the liver has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ghrelin in treatment of CLI, and whether this action is mediated through NO. Forty male rats were divided into four groups: Group I: Control; Group II: chronic liver injury (CLI); Group III: CLI+Ghrelin; and Group IV: CLI+Ghrelin+l-NAME. Liver enzymes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were measured to assess hepatocellular injury. Liver tissue collagen content, malondialdehyde (MDA), gene expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and eNOS were assessed to determine the mechanism of ghrelin action. Results showed that ghrelin decreased serum liver enzymes and TNF-α levels. Ghrelin also reduced liver tissue collagen, MDA, and Bax gene expression, and increased Bcl-2 and eNOS gene expression. The effects on TNF-α, collagen, MDA, Bax, and eNOS were partially reversed in Group IV, suggesting that ghrelin's action could be through modulation of NO levels. Therefore, ghrelin's hepatoprotective effect is partially mediated by NO release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa N Kabil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hanan A Seddiek
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Al Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Nadia A Yassin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Kasr Al Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Gamal-Eldin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Kasr Al Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase and has reached epidemic proportions. Accumulating data over the past few decades have given us key insights and broadened our understanding of the peripheral and central regulation of energy homeostasis. Despite this, the currently available pharmacological treatments, reducing body weight, remain limited due to poor efficacy and side effects. The gastric peptide ghrelin has been identified as the only orexigenic hormone from the periphery to act in the hypothalamus to stimulate food intake. Recently, a role for ghrelin and its receptor at the interface between homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries modulating the hedonic aspects of food has also emerged. Nonhomeostatic factors such as the rewarding and motivational value of food, which increase with food palatability and caloric content, can override homeostatic control of food intake. This nonhomeostatic decision to eat leads to overconsumption beyond nutritional needs and is being recognized as a key component in the underlying causes for the increase in obesity incidence worldwide. In addition, the hedonic feeding behavior has been linked to food addiction and an important role for ghrelin in the development of addiction has been suggested. Moreover, plasma ghrelin levels are responsive to conditions of stress, and recent evidence has implicated ghrelin in stress-induced food-reward behavior. The prominent role of the ghrelinergic system in the regulation of feeding gives rise to it as an effective target for the development of successful antiobesity pharmacotherapies that not only affect satiety but also selectively modulate the rewarding properties of food and reduce the desire to eat.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bossowski A, Czarnocka B, Harasymczuk J, Moniuszko A, Bardadin K, Lyczkowska A, Hanusek K, Bossowska A. Identification of GPR39 receptor and ghrelin receptor in thyroid tissues in paediatric patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases. Horm Res Paediatr 2013; 79:130-6. [PMID: 23485550 DOI: 10.1159/000347218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The preproghrelin gene is responsible for generating ghrelin and obestatin, two gastric peptides with opposite effects on food intake. Obestatin suppresses food intake and digestive motility through interaction with GPR39 (GPCR). Ghrelin is supposed to be a link connecting metabolism and energy homeostasis with growth as the result of activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR).The aim of the current study was to assess the expression of preproghrelin, GPR39 and GHSR in thyroid tissues from patients with Graves' disease (GD; n = 15), non-toxic nodular goiter (NTNG; n = 10) and toxic nodular goiter (TNG; n = 10). GPR39 and GHSR in thyroid tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, revealing higher expression of both proteins in GD patients (+++; ++) in comparison with NTNG (+; +) and TNG (++; +) patients. GPR39 was present in thyroid autoimmune disease, NTNG and TNG at band p51 (kDa). The ghrelin receptor was identified in all study groups at p70. mRNA expression for preproghrelin was found in thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases. We conclude that the expression of the ghrelin receptor family in thyroid tissues may suggest a role of gastric peptides in thyroid functions. mRNA of preproghrelin expression is a proof of ghrelin gene-derived peptide presence in thyroid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bossowski
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zheng Y, Ma A, Wang Q, Han X, Cai J, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Li Y. Relation of leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory cytokines with body mass index in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80122. [PMID: 24260344 PMCID: PMC3832650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients often suffer from anorexia and poor nutrition, causing weight loss. The peptide hormones leptin and its counterpart ghrelin, acting in the regulation of food intake and fat utilization, play an important role in nutritional balance. This study aimed to investigate the association of blood concentrations of leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory cytokines with body mass index (BMI) in TB patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS BMI, biochemical parameters and plasma levels of leptin, ghrelin and inflammatory cytokines were measured before the start of treatment in 27 incident TB patients with T2DM, 21 TB patients and 23 healthy subjects enrolled in this study. RESULTS The levels of leptin were significantly higher in TB patients (35.2 ± 19.1 ng/ml) than TB+T2DM (12.6 ± 6.1 ng/ml) and control (16.1 ± 11.1 ng/ml) groups. The level of ghrelin was significantly lower in TB (119.9 ± 46.1 pg/ml) and non-significantly lower in TB+T2DM (127.7 ± 38.6 pg/ml) groups than control (191.6 ± 86.5 pg/ml) group. The levels of TNF-α were higher, while IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were lower in patients than in the control group. Leptin showed a negative correlation with BMI in TB (r=-0.622, p<0.05) and TB+T2DM (r= -0.654, p<0.05) groups, but a positive correlation with BMI in the control group (r=0.521, p<0.05). Contrary ghrelin showed a positive correlation with BMI in TB (r=0.695, p<0.05) and TB+T2DM (r= 0.199, p>0.05) groups, but negative correlation with BMI in the control (r=-0.693, p<0.05) group. Inflammatory cytokines were poorly correlated with BMI in this study. Only IFN-γ showed a significant negative correlation with BMI in the control group (r=-0.545, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study may suggest that possible abnormalities in ghrelin and leptin regulation (high levels of leptin and low levels of ghrelin) may be associated with low BMI and may account for the poor nutrition associated with TB and TB+T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Xiuxia Han
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Evert G. Schouten
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J. Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yunchun Li
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Azevedo-Pinto S, Pereira-Silva P, Rocha-Sousa A. Ghrelin in ocular pathophysiology: from the anterior to the posterior segment. Peptides 2013; 47:12-9. [PMID: 23816797 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide produced in several organs that binds the growth hormone secretagogues receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a). It acts over a wide range of systems, e.g. the endocrine, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and immune systems and the eye. The aim of this work is to review the physiologic and pathologic implications of the ghrelin-GHSR-1a in the eye. A systematic revision of studies published between 2000 and 2013 in English, Spanish or Portuguese in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus was performed. Search words used included: ghrelin, GHSR-1a, ocular production, iris muscular kinetics, ciliary body, glaucoma, retinopathy and uvea. The production of ghrelin by the ocular tissue has been detected both in the anterior and posterior segments, as well as the presence of GHSR-1a. This peptide promotes the relaxation of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles, being this effect independent from GHSR-1a and dependent on prostaglandins release in the first case and dependent on GHSR-1a in the second. Regarding ocular pathology, ghrelin levels in the aqueous humor appear to be decreased in individuals with glaucoma. Moreover, ghrelin has been shown to decrease the intraocular pressure in animal models of ocular hypertension through GHSR-1a. In the posterior segment, the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system interferes with the development of oxygen-induced retinopathy, being protective in the vaso-obliterative phase and deleterious in the vaso-proliferative stage of the disease. Thus, the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system presents as a possible local regulatory mechanism in the eye, with pathophysiological implications, constituting a target for future clinical and therapeutic research and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Azevedo-Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Taking two to tango: a role for ghrelin receptor heterodimerization in stress and reward. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:148. [PMID: 24009547 PMCID: PMC3757321 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut hormone, ghrelin, is the only known peripherally derived orexigenic signal. It activates its centrally expressed receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), to stimulate food intake. The ghrelin signaling system has recently been suggested to play a key role at the interface of homeostatic control of appetite and the hedonic aspects of food intake, as a critical role for ghrelin in dopaminergic mesolimbic circuits involved in reward signaling has emerged. Moreover, enhanced plasma ghrelin levels are associated with conditions of physiological stress, which may underline the drive to eat calorie-dense "comfort-foods" and signifies a role for ghrelin in stress-induced food reward behaviors. These complex and diverse functionalities of the ghrelinergic system are not yet fully elucidated and likely involve crosstalk with additional signaling systems. Interestingly, accumulating data over the last few years has shown the GHS-R1a receptor to dimerize with several additional G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in appetite signaling and reward, including the GHS-R1b receptor, the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3), dopamine receptors (D1 and D2), and more recently, the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C). GHS-R1a dimerization was shown to affect downstream signaling and receptor trafficking suggesting a potential novel mechanism for fine-tuning GHS-R1a receptor mediated activity. This review summarizes ghrelin's role in food reward and stress and outlines the GHS-R1a dimer pairs identified to date. In addition, the downstream signaling and potential functional consequences of dimerization of the GHS-R1a receptor in appetite and stress-induced food reward behavior are discussed. The existence of multiple GHS-R1a heterodimers has important consequences for future pharmacotherapies as it significantly increases the pharmacological diversity of the GHS-R1a receptor and has the potential to enhance specificity of novel ghrelin-targeted drugs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Monajemzadeh M, Mokhtari S, Motamed F, Shams S, Ashtiani MTH, Abbasi A, Sani MN, Sadrian E. Plasma ghrelin levels in children with cystic fibrosis and healthy children. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:93-7. [PMID: 23515113 PMCID: PMC3598153 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.28599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disorder as a result of mutation in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Weight loss in CF patients seems to be multifactorial and metabolic factors, inflammation, recurrent infections and poor appetite are possible candidates. Ghrelin affects energy hemostasis by stimulating growth hormone secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism alteration and inhibition of the inflammatory system. Data on the role of ghrelin in energy deficiency in CF patients are sparse and controversial. The study was done to compare the plasma levels of the acylated form of ghrelin in CF patients with healthy participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty cystic fibrosis patients (aged 1-168 months) and thirty healthy matched participants were enrolled in the study. Plasma ghrelin and albumin levels were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as well. RESULTS Plasma levels of acylated ghrelin in CF patients were significantly higher than the control group (mean 25-75%: 14.5 vs. 2.7, p = 0.032). Body mass index measurements in CF patients were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.001). Using regression analysis there was no statistically significant correlation between plasma ghrelin levels and serum albumin, weight, height or BMI values in CF patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The acylated ghrelin levels are increased in CF. So plasma levels of acylated ghrelin could be used as an indicator of food uptake and energy balance in them. Further studies should be established to find out the exact role of factors affecting energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Monajemzadeh
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Motamed
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Shams
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Haghi Ashtiani
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Abbasi
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Najafi Sani
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sadrian
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Takiguchi S, Hiura Y, Miyazaki Y, Takata A, Murakami K, Doki Y. Clinical trial of ghrelin synthesis administration for upper GI surgery. Methods Enzymol 2013; 514:409-31. [PMID: 22975068 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381272-8.00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Appetite and weight loss following gastrectomy or esophagectomy is one of the major problems that affect the postoperative QoL. Ghrelin, mainly secreted from the stomach, is related to appetite, weight gain, and positive energy balance. This hormone level had been shown to become low for a long time after upper GI surgery. The efficacy of ghrelin synthesis administration for postoperative weight loss was investigated from a clinical trial to develop a new strategy for weight gain. In addition to this treatment for appetite and weight loss, we focused on the anti-inflammatory role of ghrelin. For the purpose of controlling postoperative cytokine storm after esophagectomy, this hormone was introduced in the clinical trial. Finally, ghrelin replacement therapy during chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer is also presented. Our clinical trials and their results are presented in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takiguchi
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Atalayer D, Gibson C, Konopacka A, Geliebter A. Ghrelin and eating disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:70-82. [PMID: 22960103 PMCID: PMC3522761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting a multifactorial etiology that includes genetic, neurochemical, and physiological components for eating disorders above and beyond the more conventional theories based on psychological and sociocultural factors. Ghrelin is one of the key gut signals associated with appetite, and the only known circulating hormone that triggers a positive energy balance by stimulating food intake. This review summarizes recent findings and several conflicting reports on ghrelin in eating disorders. Understanding these findings and inconsistencies may help in developing new methods to prevent and treat patients with these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Charlisa Gibson
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Konopacka
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Research and Nutrition Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Touro College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ceran C, Aksoy RT, Gülbahar O, Oztürk F. The effects of ghrelin on colonic anastomosis healing in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:239-44. [PMID: 23525322 PMCID: PMC3584276 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(02)oa19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In addition to its roles in the stimulation of growth hormone secretion and the regulation of appetite and metabolism, ghrelin exerts immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions in several organ systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on the healing of experimental colonic anastomoses. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10 in each). A segment of colon was excised, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed in the distal colon. The Ghrelin Group received 10 ng/kg/day IP ghrelin for seven days postoperatively, whereas the Control Group received an identical volume of saline. On the seventh postoperative day, the anastomotic bursting pressures and hydroxyproline levels were measured, and adhesion formation around the anastomoses was examined. Histopathological analyses were performed to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast infiltration, collagen density and neovascularization. RESULTS In the Ghrelin Group, the bursting pressure and hydroxyproline levels were significantly higher than in the Control Group. The adhesion formation scores were lower in the Ghrelin Group than in the Control Group. Although the inflammatory cell infiltration was diminished in the Ghrelin Group, the degrees of fibroblast infiltration, collagen density and neovascularization were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ghrelin improves the healing of colonic anastomoses in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Canan Ceran
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Inönü University Medical School, Malatya, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schellekens H, McNamara O, Dinan TG, McCarthy JV, McGlacken GP, Cryan JF. Semagacestat, a γ-secretase inhibitor, activates the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS-R1a) receptor. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:528-38. [PMID: 23488781 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Semagacestat, is a γ-secretase inhibitor, which belongs to a class of drugs that are being developed as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to evaluate another potential effect of semagacestat, namely its ability to stimulate the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), which may also contribute to its therapeutic efficacy. METHODS The GHS-R1a-activating potential of semagacestat and its synthetic precursor was assessed in an in vitro calcium mobilization assay in cells expressing the GHS-R1a receptor and compared with that of the endogenous peptide GHS-R1a agonist, acyl-ghrelin, as well as the non-peptidyl synthetic GHS-R1a agonist, MK0677. In addition, semagacestat-mediated cellular trafficking of the GHS-R1a receptor, expressed as an enhanced green fluorescent protein tagged fusion protein, was analysed. KEY FINDINGS Semagacestat and its precursor were shown to activate the GHS-R1a receptor, as demonstrated by an increased GHS-R1a-mediated intracellular calcium influx. Moreover, a synergistic GHS-R1a receptor activation was shown following a combined exposure to ghrelin and semagacestat. In addition, GHS-R1a receptor internalization was observed upon exposure to semagacestat and its precursor. CONCLUSION These data suggest a novel molecular mechanism of action for semagacestat via modest GHS-R1a receptor activation. Studies focusing on the relative functional consequence of such effects in vivo are now warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- Food for Health Ireland and School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Spiroazetidine–piperidine bromoindane as a key modular template to access a variety of compounds via C–C and C–N bond-forming reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
46
|
Cardillo C. Drug treatments to restore vascular function and diabesity. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2012; 71:27-33. [PMID: 23348853 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, an escalating rate of type 2 diabetes has paralleled an epidemic rise in the prevalence of obesity. Both diabetes and obesity confer an increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities, including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. Vascular dysfunction, represented by impaired endothelial release of vasodilator substances or defective smooth muscle vasodilator reactivity, is the early stage of the process leading to atherosclerosis and a common finding in patients with diabesity. It is understandable, therefore, that effective treatments for diabesity should restore vascular function to prevent the development of cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence from clinical studies supports the efficacy of incretin-based antidiabetic therapies for vascular protection. Thus, glucose control with either DDP-4 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor therapies seems associated with favorable effects on vascular function in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Another mechanism to counter excess plasma glucose and reduce body weight in these patients may rely on drug therapies targeting gut hormones, as suggested by the efficacy of bariatric surgery to produce both sustained weight loss and high diabetes remission rates. Also, as knowledge of the multifaceted vascular actions of adipokines and their dysregulation in patients with diabesity increases, these substances become attractive targets for treatments aimed at cardiovascular prevention. The increasing coexistence of diabetes and obesity presents complex treatment challenges owing to the elevated risk of developing cardiovascular complications. Hence, therapeutic strategies integrating glycemic control, weight loss and vascular protection are of the greatest importance to successfully counteract the health and economic burden posed by diabesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Majchrzak K, Pawłowski KM, Orzechowska EJ, Dolka I, Mucha J, Motyl T, Król M. A role of ghrelin in canine mammary carcinoma cells proliferation, apoptosis and migration. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:170. [PMID: 22999388 PMCID: PMC3514346 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghrelin is a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). They are often co-expressed in multiple human tumors and related cancer cell lines what can indicate that the ghrelin/GHS-R axis may have an important role in tumor growth and progression. However, a role of ghrelin in canine tumors remains unknown. Thus, the aim of our study was two-fold: (1) to assess expression of ghrelin and its receptor in canine mammary cancer and (2) to examine the effect of ghrelin on carcinoma cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. The expression of ghrelin and its receptor in canine mammary cancer tissues and cell lines (isolated from primary tumors and their metastases) was examined using Real-time qPCR and immunohistochemistry. For apoptosis analysis the Annexin V and propidium iodide dual staining was applied whereas cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay and BrdU incorporation test. The influence of ghrelin on cancer cells migration and invasion was assessed using Boyden chamber assays and wound healing assay. Results The highest expression of ghrelin was observed in metastatic cancers whereas the lowest expression of ghrelin receptor was detected in tumors of the 3rd grade of malignancy. Higher expression of ghrelin and its receptor was detected in cancer cell lines isolated from metastases than in cell lines isolated from primary tumors. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to low doses of ghrelin stimulates cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis and promotes motility and invasion of canine mammary cancer cells. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor inhibitor ([D-Lys3]-GHRP6) as well as RNA interference enhances early apoptosis. Conclusion The presence of ghrelin and GHS-R in all of the examined canine mammary tumors may indicate their biological role in cancer growth and development. Our experiments conducted in vitro confirmed that ghrelin promotes cancer development and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - WULS, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kim HH, Park MI, Lee SH, Hwang HY, Kim SE, Park SJ, Moon W. Effects of vagus nerve preservation and vagotomy on peptide YY and body weight after subtotal gastrectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4044-50. [PMID: 22912556 PMCID: PMC3420002 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the function of vagus nerve and peptide YY3-36 and ghrelin levels after subtotal gastrectomy.
METHODS: We enrolled a total of 16 patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy due to gastric cancer. All surgeries were performed by a single skilled surgeon. We measured peptide YY3-36, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, growth hormone levels, and body weight immediately before and one month after surgery.
RESULTS: Vagus nerve preservation group showed less body weight loss and less increase of peptide YY3-36 compared with vagotomy group (-5.56 ± 2.24 kg vs -7.85 ± 1.57 kg, P = 0.037 and 0.06 ± 0.08 ng/mL vs 0.19 ± 0.12 ng/mL, P = 0.021, respectively). Moreover, patients with body weight loss of less than 10% exhibited reduced elevation of peptide YY3-36 level, typically less than 20% [6 (66.7%) vs 0 (0.0%), P = 0.011, odd ratio = 3.333, 95% confidence interval (1.293, 8.591)].
CONCLUSION: Vagus nerve preservation contributes to the maintenance of body weight after gastrectomy, and this phenomenon may be related to the suppressed activity of peptide YY3-36.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid multi-functional peptide hormone, which was identified as a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Pituitary growth hormone-releasing activity in both animals and humans has been well documented. It has various biological functions, including regulation of appetite and body weight, control of energy homeostasis, modulation of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system and anti-inflammatory effect. However, both ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R) are widely distributed in various tumors, which strongly implies their role in neoplastic cell growth trough autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Multiple studies have demonstrated the role of ghrelin in cancer cells proliferation, differentiation, invasiveness and apoptosis inhibition. The ghrelin axis is more complex than it was originally thought and consist of several compounds that might interact with each other and affect ghrelin activities. Here, we provide an overview of the ghrelin and its receptor role in tumor progression.
Collapse
|
50
|
Szentirmai É. Central but not systemic administration of ghrelin induces wakefulness in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41172. [PMID: 22815958 PMCID: PMC3398952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide hormone widely known for its orexigenic and growth hormone-releasing activities. Findings from our and other laboratories indicate a role of ghrelin in sleep regulation. The effects of exogenous ghrelin on sleep-wake activity in mice are, however, unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the sleep-modulating effects of ghrelin after central and systemic administrations in mice. Sleep-wake activity after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 0.2, 1 and 5 µg ghrelin and intraperitoneal injections of 40, 100, and 400 µg/kg ghrelin prior to light onset were determined in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, body temperature, motor activity and 1-hour food intake was measured after the systemic injections. Sleep effects of systemic ghrelin (40 and 400 µg/kg) injected before dark onset were also determined. I.c.v. injection of ghrelin increased wakefulness and suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and electroencephalographic slow-wave activity in the first hour after injections. Rapid-eye-movement sleep was decreased for 2-4 hours after each dose of ghrelin. Sytemic administration of ghrelin did not induce changes in sleep-wake activity in mice at dark or light onset. Motor activity and body temperature remained unaltered and food intake was significantly increased after systemic injections of ghrelin given prior the light period. These findings indicate that the activation of central, but not peripheral, ghrelin-sensitive mechanisms elicits arousal in mice. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the activation of the hypothalamic neuronal circuit formed by ghrelin, orexin, and neuropeptide Y neurons triggers behavioral sequence characterized by increased wakefulness, motor activity and feeding in nocturnal rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szentirmai
- Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho (WWAMI) Medical Education Program, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|