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Izadpanah M, Najafi M, Khosravani V. Anxiety in social interactions and nicotine dependence in nicotine-dependent men: The role of metacognitions about smoking. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106656. [PMID: 32977272 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety in social interactions is an important factor in cigarette use and nicotine dependence. Metacognitions about smoking have been found to predict smoking behavior and may help understand the relationship between anxiety in social interactions and nicotine dependence. In the current study, we evaluated the direct effect of anxiety in social interactions on nicotine dependence and its indirect effect through metacognitions (controlling for anhedonia and depression) in nicotine-dependent men (n = 388). Participants completed measures of anxiety in social interactions [the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS)], anhedonia [the Snaith HamiltonPleasure Scale (SHAPS)], metacognitions about smoking [e.g., theMetacognitions aboutSmoking Questionnaire (MSQ)] nicotine dependence [the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)], and clinical factors related to smoking including depressive symptoms [e.g., the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)]. As expected, after controlling for depressive symptoms and anhedonia, anxiety in social interactions indirectly affected nicotine dependence through negative metacognitions about smoking, but not positive metacognitions. These findings are discussed in relation to the metacognitive model of addictive behaviors.
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Bakhshaie J, Rogers AH, Kauffman BY, Fasteau M, Buckner JD, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Situational fears: Association with negative affect-related smoking cognition among treatment seeking smokers. Addict Behav 2018; 85:158-163. [PMID: 29907345 PMCID: PMC6460920 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the consistent clinically-significant relation between smoking and anxiety and its disorders, there is limited understanding of how specific fears relate to smoking processes. To isolate therapeutic targets for smoking-anxiety treatment development, there is a need to identify the underlying situational fears most related to smoking processes. Thus, the present study examined the association between interoceptive, agoraphobic, and social fears in terms of clinically significant negative affect-related smoking cognitions including negative affect reduction expectancies, coping motives, and perceived internal barriers to cessation. Participants were 469 treatment seeking smokers (48.2% female, Mage = 36.59, SD = 13.58) enrolled in a smoking cessation trial and completed baseline measures of smoking cognitions and situational fears. Results indicated that the there was a significant effect for social fears, relative to interoceptive and agoraphobic fears, for each of the studied clinically relevant smoking variables. Overall, this study offers initial empirical evidence that social fears are significantly and consistently related to several clinically-significant types of smoking cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brooke Y Kauffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, LA, United States
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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Watson NL, DeMarree KG, Cohen LM. Cigarette craving and stressful social interactions: The roles of state and trait social anxiety and smoking to cope. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:75-81. [PMID: 29428323 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that social anxiety (SA) is a risk factor for the maintenance and relapse of smoking behaviors. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The current study tested the effects of state and trait levels of SA as well as smoking to cope with symptoms of SA on craving during a social stressor task in abstinent conditions. METHODS Participants (n = 60) were daily smokers, aged 18-30. Participants attended two sessions: a baseline session and a second session, wherein they engaged in a social stressor task while deprived from nicotine for 24 h. Subjective ratings of cigarette craving and state levels of SA were assessed six times throughout the task. Data were analyzed via multilevel modeling. RESULTS Both trait SA and some forms of smoking to cope with symptoms of SA were more likely to predict increased craving during times of high, relative to low, social stress. Further, individuals with higher state SA, greater smoking to cope behaviors, and those who experience greater relief of social distress by smoking experienced greater craving throughout the task. These effects remained after controlling for nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, depression, and other symptoms of anxiety and stress. Smoking to cope with symptoms of SA did not moderate the relationship between state SA and craving. CONCLUSIONS Smokers high in SA (state and trait) and smoking to cope with symptoms of SA may be at risk for continued smoking and relapse because of the intensity of cravings they experience during stressful social situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen L Watson
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lubbock, TX, United States.
| | - Kenneth G DeMarree
- University at Buffalo, Department of Psychology, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Lee M Cohen
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lubbock, TX, United States
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LaRowe LR, Langdon KJ, Zvolensky MJ, Zale EL, Ditre JW. Pain-related anxiety as a predictor of early lapse and relapse to cigarette smoking. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:255-264. [PMID: 28594195 PMCID: PMC5547034 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although emerging research suggests that pain-related anxiety may play a role in the maintenance of tobacco dependence, no previous work has examined pain-related anxiety as a predictor of smoking cessation outcomes. The current study aimed to test the hypothesis that pain-related anxiety would predict early lapse and relapse to cigarette smoking. These data were collected in the context of a primary study examining the role of emotional vulnerabilities in smoking cessation. The current analyses were conducted among 55 daily cigarette smokers who attempted to quit without psychosocial or pharmacological cessation aids. Pain-related anxiety was assessed at baseline using the Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale-20 (PASS-20). Early lapse and relapse were assessed using timeline follow-back procedures. Cox regression analyses indicated that pain-related anxiety was a significant predictor of both early smoking lapse and relapse such that for every 1-point increase on the PASS-20, the risk of early lapse increased by 3.7% and the risk of early relapse increased by 3.6%. These effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by tobacco dependence, past 4-week pain severity, anxiety sensitivity, and the presence of current Axis I psychopathology. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses further revealed that among early lapsers, greater pain-related anxiety predicted a more rapid trajectory to lapse. Pain-related anxiety was also a significant predictor of early lapse when the sample was limited to smokers with past 4-week pain. These findings lend empirical support to the notion that pain-related anxiety may contribute to the maintenance of tobacco dependence among smokers who experience varying levels of pain intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Watson NL, Heffner JL, McClure JB, Mull KE, Bricker JB. Differential prevalence of established risk factors for poor cessation outcomes among smokers by level of social anxiety. Am J Addict 2017; 26:176-182. [PMID: 28191916 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite clear associations between social anxiety (SA), high prevalence of smoking, and cessation failure, little is known about factors contributing to these relationships. Moreover, the extent to which smokers with moderate SA represent an at-risk group of smokers is also unknown. This study examined the extent to which established risk factors for poor cessation (eg, sociodemographic, smoking history, mental health comorbidity) are prevalent among smokers with low, moderate, and high levels of SA. METHODS Participants (N = 2,637) were adult smokers from a web-based smoking cessation trial. Nineteen characteristics considered risk factors for poor cessation outcomes were assessed at baseline. Those associated with social anxiety were subsequently compared by SA level. RESULTS Regression models indicated that 10/19 risk factors were associated with SA. Compared to smokers with low SA, those with moderate and high SA endorsed 4/10 and 10/10 risk factors as more prevalent or severe, respectively. Compared to smokers with low SA, High SA was associated with greater sociodemographic risk factors, while both moderate and high SA was associated with more severe mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Smokers with moderate and high levels of SA endorse more risk factors for poor cessation outcomes than those with low levels of SA, particularly mental health symptoms. These factors may help explain the differential smoking outcomes of socially anxious smokers. Results suggest that smokers with both moderate and high levels of SA would likely benefit from cessation interventions that address and consider these risk factors. (Am J Addict 2017;26:176-182).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen L Watson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jaimee L Heffner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kristen E Mull
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan B Bricker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington.,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Savage JE, Kaprio J, Korhonen T, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Verhulst B, Dick DM. The effects of social anxiety on alcohol and cigarette use across adolescence: Results from a longitudinal twin study in Finland. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 30:462-74. [PMID: 27322804 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting reports exist on the direction of the relationship between social anxiety (SA) and alcohol/cigarette use (AU/CU) and alcohol/nicotine dependence (AD/ND), with both positive and negative associations reported. A prospective, longitudinal sample of Finnish twins (n = 1,906) was used to test potential explanations for these discrepancies. Specifically, this study used peer, parent, and teacher ratings of SA, and a clinical interview screening item for social anxiety disorder (SAD-Sc) to examine associations between SA and AU/CU and AD/ND from early adolescence into young adulthood. Peer-rated SA was negatively associated with AU, CU, and AD from age 14 through age 22, implying a protective effect (β = -0.01 to -.03). Teacher- and parent-rated SA associations were in the same directions but weaker or nonsignificant, indicating that aspects of SA that are recognizable by peers may be most relevant to AU/CU. Self-reported SAD-Sc was also negatively associated with AU, but positively associated with AD symptoms in young adulthood (β = 0.38). Our findings partially support the existence of different associations between SA and AU versus AD, but only in the context of SAD-Sc rather than trait SA. Neither trait SA nor SAD-Sc significantly predicted ND symptoms, although SAD-Sc was associated with both cigarette abstinence and daily smoking. These findings suggest that adolescent SA is modestly associated with lower AU/CU, although there may be some individuals with more severe SA who develop alcohol problems later in life. There was little evidence of a common underlying liability contributing to both SA and alcohol/cigarette use. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki
| | | | | | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington
| | - Brad Verhulst
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although social anxiety is associated with higher prevalence of smoking and lower cessation rates, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of these relationships. Research suggests that socially anxious smokers have higher levels of smoking-specific experiential avoidance and are inclined to smoke to avoid internal smoking cues. However, it is unknown which types of internal smoking cues they avoid. Thus, this study aimed to address this gap in the literature. METHODS Participants (N = 450) were adult smokers from a group-based trial for smoking cessation. Bivariate correlations and hierarchical linear regression models examined relationships between baseline levels of social anxiety and acceptance of internal smoking cues-physical sensations, emotions, and cognitions. RESULTS Social anxiety was associated with lower levels of acceptance of thoughts, sensations, and emotions that cue smoking. After controlling for levels of nicotine dependence, depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder, social anxiety still explained unique variability in overall acceptance of internal smoking cues and in acceptance of physical sensations and emotions that serve as smoking cues. Social anxiety no longer explained unique variability in acceptance of thoughts that trigger smoking. CONCLUSIONS Smokers with high levels of social anxiety are less accepting of internal smoking cues. For physical and emotional cues, this effect was independent of level of dependence and mental health comorbidity. Results help explain why smokers with social anxiety are less likely to quit and can inform the development of targeted cessation treatments for smokers with social anxiety.
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Pericot-Valverde I, García-Rodríguez O, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J, Secades-Villa R. Individual variables related to craving reduction in cue exposure treatment. Addict Behav 2015; 49:59-63. [PMID: 26047836 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although extensive research has demonstrated that cigarette craving can be effectively attenuated, very few studies have explored associations between individual variables and craving reduction. This study explored whether individual characteristics predict craving decreases during virtual reality cue exposure treatment (VR-CET). METHOD Participants were 41 treatment-seeking smokers (73% women) with a mean age of 39.4 (SD=13.2), who had been smoking 15.0 (SD=7.1) cigarettes per day for 20.0 (SD=10.7) years. Their mean score on the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was 4.8 (SD=2.3). Participants completed five cue exposure sessions using virtual reality for smoking cessation over a five-week period. The percentage of reduction in craving was calculated by comparing self-reported craving after the first and last exposure sessions. Sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, years of education and marital status), tobacco-related [duration of daily smoking, cigarettes per day, FTND and Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS)] and psychological characteristics [depressive symptoms (Beck's Depression Inventory-Second Edition, BDI-II), impulsiveness (delay discounting) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI)] were examined as possible predictors for craving reductions. RESULTS Multiple regression revealed that greater decreases in craving were associated with younger age (β=-.30, p=.043), cigarettes smoked per day (β=.30, p=.042), higher values on delay discounting (β=.34, p=.020) and higher BDI-II scores (β=.30, p=.035). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that smokers with certain individual characteristics may benefit most from interventions aimed at reducing craving through VR-CET.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Gutiérrez-Maldonado
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, University of Barcelona, Paseo Valle de Hebrón, 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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Abstract
The high prevalence of cigarette smoking and tobacco related morbidity and mortality in people with chronic mental illness is well documented. This review summarizes results from studies of smoking cessation treatments in people with schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It also summarizes experimental studies aimed at identifying biopsychosocial mechanisms that underlie the high smoking rates seen in people with these disorders. Research indicates that smokers with chronic mental illness can quit with standard cessation approaches with minimal effects on psychiatric symptoms. Although some studies have noted high relapse rates, longer maintenance on pharmacotherapy reduces rates of relapse without untoward effects on psychiatric symptoms. Similar biopsychosocial mechanisms are thought to be involved in the initiation and persistence of smoking in patients with different disorders. An appreciation of these common factors may aid the development of novel tobacco treatments for people with chronic mental illness. Novel nicotine and tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes and very low nicotine content cigarettes may also be used to improve smoking cessation rates in people with chronic mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mollie E Miller
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Kee MK, Lee SY, Kim NY, Lee JS, Kim JM, Choi JY, Ku NS, Kang MW, Kim MJ, Woo JH, Kim SW, Song JY, Baek JH, Choi BY, Kim SS. Anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in South Korea. AIDS Care 2015. [PMID: 26197063 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1035861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop mental health problems such as anxiety and depression, which negatively impact of disease progression. We investigated factors associated with the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among HIV-infected patients in Korea. A total of 840 HIV-infected patients who participated in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study from 2006 to 2012 were evaluated. Socio-demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical variables were obtained through standardized questionnaires. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV-infected patients was 32% and 36%, respectively. Ex-smoker and persistent symptoms for more than one week within the past six months and diagnosis of HIV infection within one year were associated with increased anxiety symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-2.69; OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.09-2.11; OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.20) and current smoking and persistent symptoms were also associated with increased depressive symptoms (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.31-3.30; OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.25-2.79). Marital status, current smoking, current drinking, and persistent symptoms were associated with both increased anxiety and depressive symptoms (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.88; OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06-2.61; OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.18-2.99). The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV-infected patients is higher than those estimated for the general population. This study shows the necessity to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and depression and suggest psychological support for HIV-infected patients who smoke or have persistent symptoms or have sexual partner or drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Kyung Kee
- a Division of AIDS , Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health , Chungbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Young Lee
- a Division of AIDS , Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health , Chungbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- a Division of AIDS , Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health , Chungbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- b Korea National Institute of Health , Chungbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - June Myung Kim
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Su Ku
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Won Kang
- e Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Kim
- f Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- g Department of Infectious Diseases , Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- h Department of Internal Medicine , School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- f Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Baek
- i Department of Internal Medicine , Inha University School of Medicine , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- j Department of Preventive Medicine , College of Medicine, Hanyang University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- a Division of AIDS , Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health , Chungbuk , Republic of Korea
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Gaalema DE, Miller ME, Tidey JW. Predicted Impact of Nicotine Reduction on Smokers with Affective Disorders. TOB REGUL SCI 2015; 1:154-165. [PMID: 26236765 PMCID: PMC4517852 DOI: 10.18001/trs.1.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2009 the FDA acquired the authority to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes if appropriate for public health, prompting research to evaluate the implications of this policy scientifically. Studies in non-psychiatric populations show that reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addictive levels reduces smoking rates and nicotine dependence. However, few studies have examined this hypothesis in vulnerable populations. METHODS In this narrative review we examined the extant literature on the effects of nicotine reduction or cessation on symptoms of withdrawal, as well as psychiatric symptoms, among those with affective disorders. RESULTS Following initial withdrawal from nicotine, smokers with affective disorders experience more severe mood disruption than smokers without these disorders. Use of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes during abstinence may help mitigate the mood-disrupting effects of initial abstinence. Once the initial effects of nicotine withdrawal on mood have passed, longer-term abstinence is associated with psychiatric improvement rather than worsening. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that if a national nicotine reduction policy were to be implemented, smokers with affective disorders would need additional support to overcome initial withdrawal but that long-term outcomes would likely be positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann E Gaalema
- Vermont Center of Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington VT
| | - Mollie E Miller
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University, Providence RI
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University, Providence RI
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Foster DW, Langdon KJ, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky M. Smoking processes, panic, and depressive symptoms among treatment-seeking smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:394-402. [PMID: 25496170 PMCID: PMC4418538 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.984849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated the relative contribution of panic and depressive symptoms in relation to past cessation difficulties and smoking motives among treatment-seeking daily smokers. METHODS The sample included 392 treatment-seeking daily smokers (47.07% female; Mage = 35.48; SD = 13.56), who reported smoking an average of 10 or more cigarettes daily for at least one year. RESULTS Findings indicated that panic and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with quit problems as well as addictive and negative affect motives for smoking. However, depressive symptoms were not associated with habitual smoking motives. CONCLUSIONS Differential patterns of associations with smoking-based processes imply that although panic and depression are related, there are important distinctions. Such data highlight the need for additional research to examine the putative role of panic and depressive symptoms in relation to smoking behaviors to further elucidate the mechanisms through which panic, depression, and smoking impact one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn W Foster
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut , USA
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