1
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Widiastuti M, Bisri DY, Rachman IA. The safety and efficacy of clevidipine for blood pressure management in neurocritical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6355. [PMID: 38491009 PMCID: PMC10942977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We aim to determine the safety and efficacy of clevidipine for neurocritical patients. To comprehensively identify relevant studies, a systematic search strategy was employed using the following keywords: "clevidipine", "high blood pressure", "hypertension", "Neuroscience Intensive Care", "neuro critical", and "neurosurgical patients". Searches were conducted in the Clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed, and EuroPMC databases, with the search extending until September 1, 2023. The primary outcomes of interest were the time needed to achieve the target systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the percentage of time a patient remained within the targeted SBP range. Secondary outcomes included SBP values, duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in days, rates of hypotension, and rates of tachycardia. We included five retrospective cohort studies (n = 443), utilizing nicardipine as the primary comparator. Comparison of the time to reach target systolic blood pressure (SBP) revealed no significant difference between medications (SMD = - 1.09, p = 0.33). Likewise, the achieved SBP target showed no notable distinction (RR = 1.15, p = 0.81). However, clevidipine exhibited a slightly higher percentage of time within the target SBP range (SMD = 0.33, p = 0.04), albeit with moderate heterogeneity. Importantly, all included studies were retrospective cohort studies, underscoring the methodological context of the investigation. Clevidipine and the control group were found to be comparable in terms of achieving target SBP. Clevidipine may have a slight advantage in maintaining blood pressure within the desired range, but further research is needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Widiastuti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Yulianti Bisri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Abdul Rachman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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2
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Hernandez CA, Eugenin EA. The role of Pannexin-1 channels, ATP, and purinergic receptors in the pathogenesis of HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 73:102404. [PMID: 37734241 PMCID: PMC10838406 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents such as human immune deficiency virus-1 (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) use host proteins to infect, replicate, and induce inflammation within the host. A critical component of these diseases is the axis between pannexin-1 channels, extracellular ATP, and purinergic receptors. Here, we describe the potential therapeutic role of Pannexin-1/purinergic approaches to prevent or reduce the devastating consequences of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Hernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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3
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Xu B, Chen Z, Tang G. The Current Role of Clevidipine in the Management of Hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2022; 22:127-139. [PMID: 34472038 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-021-00494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypertension, which may damage blood vessels, causes irreversible organ damage to the vasculature, central nervous system, kidney, and heart. Clevidipine, the first third-generation calcium channel antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the past 20 years, is an ultra-short-acting calcium channel blocker that inhibits L-type calcium channels with high clearance and low distribution, can be rapidly metabolized into the corresponding inactive acid, and is rapidly hydrolyzed into inactive metabolites by esterase in arterial blood. Clevidipine is the same as nicardipine in that the main physiological effect is vasodilation and the main target is the arterial system, which has a limited effect on capacitor vessels. Unlike nitroglycerin, clevidipine has a limited effect on preload. In contrast to other direct-acting vasodilators, clevidipine has an ultra-short half-life due to metabolism by nonspecific blood and tissue esterases. Clevidipine trials conducted in adult populations have proven that it can rapidly control blood pressure in cardiac surgery situations and that adverse reactions to clevidipine are similar to those with other antihypertensive agents. In recent years, clinical trials have shown that clevidipine has excellent blood pressure-lowering capability in patients with acute neurological injury (hemorrhage, stroke, and subarachnoid and acute intracerebral hemorrhage), those undergoing coronary artery bypass graft or spinal surgery, and in those with cerebral aneurysm/pheochromocytoma, acute heart failure, acute aortic syndromes, or renal insufficiency with severe hypertension, and it is equivalent to commonly used blood pressure-lowering medicines such as nicardipine or nitroglycerin. However, there is a lack of large-scale clinical trial data on the efficacy and safety of clevidipine in children during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- College of Pharmacy, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Gaorui Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
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4
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Luu R, Valdebenito S, Scemes E, Cibelli A, Spray DC, Rovegno M, Tichauer J, Cottignies-Calamarte A, Rosenberg A, Capron C, Belouzard S, Dubuisson J, Annane D, de la Grandmaison GL, Cramer-Bordé E, Bomsel M, Eugenin E. Pannexin-1 channel opening is critical for COVID-19 pathogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:103478. [PMID: 34841222 PMCID: PMC8603863 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly rampaged worldwide, causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID -19), but the biology of SARS-CoV-2 remains under investigation. We demonstrate that both SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) or its purified S protein, one of the main viruses responsible for the common cold, induce the transient opening of Pannexin-1 (Panx-1) channels in human lung epithelial cells. However, the Panx-1 channel opening induced by SARS-CoV-2 is greater and more prolonged than hCoV-229E/S protein, resulting in an enhanced ATP, PGE2, and IL-1β release. Analysis of lung lavages and tissues indicate that Panx-1 mRNA expression is associated with increased ATP, PGE2, and IL-1β levels. Panx-1 channel opening induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), endocytosis, and furin dependent. Overall, we demonstrated that Panx-1 channel is a critical contributor to SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be considered as an alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience & Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C Spray
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience & Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maximiliano Rovegno
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Tichauer
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Cottignies-Calamarte
- Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Arielle Rosenberg
- Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Virologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Coronavirus, Centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Calude Capron
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | | | - Jean Dubuisson
- Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Simone Veil School of Medicine, Université of Versailles, Versailles, France.,University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Versailles Saint-Quentin Université, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | | | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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5
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Jaque-Fernández F, Jorquera G, Troc-Gajardo J, Pietri-Rouxel F, Gentil C, Buvinic S, Allard B, Jaimovich E, Jacquemond V, Casas M. Pannexin-1 and CaV1.1 show reciprocal interaction during excitation-contraction and excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212695. [PMID: 34636893 PMCID: PMC8515650 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important functions of skeletal muscle is to respond to nerve stimuli by contracting. This function ensures body movement but also participates in other important physiological roles, like regulation of glucose homeostasis. Muscle activity is closely regulated to adapt to different demands and shows a plasticity that relies on both transcriptional activity and nerve stimuli. These two processes, both dependent on depolarization of the plasma membrane, have so far been regarded as separated and independent processes due to a lack of evidence of common protein partners or molecular mechanisms. In this study, we reveal intimate functional interactions between the process of excitation-induced contraction and the process of excitation-induced transcriptional activity in skeletal muscle. We show that the plasma membrane voltage-sensing protein CaV1.1 and the ATP-releasing channel Pannexin-1 (Panx1) regulate each other in a reciprocal manner, playing roles in both processes. Specifically, knockdown of CaV1.1 produces chronically elevated extracellular ATP concentrations at rest, consistent with disruption of the normal control of Panx1 activity. Conversely, knockdown of Panx1 affects not only activation of transcription but also CaV1.1 function on the control of muscle fiber contraction. Altogether, our results establish the presence of bidirectional functional regulations between the molecular machineries involved in the control of contraction and transcription induced by membrane depolarization of adult muscle fibers. Our results are important for an integrative understanding of skeletal muscle function and may impact our understanding of several neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jaque-Fernández
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Jorquera
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jennifer Troc-Gajardo
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - France Pietri-Rouxel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Myologie/Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Groupement hospitalier universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christel Gentil
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut de Myologie/Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Groupement hospitalier universitaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Allard
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vincent Jacquemond
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR-5310, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Mariana Casas
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Mosa FES, C S, Feng T, Barakat K. Effects of selective calcium channel blockers on ions' permeation through the human Cav1.2 ion channel: A computational study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 102:107776. [PMID: 33137694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective calcium channel antagonists are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. They are mainly classified into 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHPs) and non-DHPs. The non-DHPs class is further classified into phenylalkylamines (PAAs) and benzothiazepines (BZTs) derivatives. These blockers are used for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmias. Despite their well-established efficiency, the structural basis behind their activity is not very clear. Here we report the use of a near-open confirmation (NOC) model of the Cav1.2 cardiac ion channel to examine the mode of binding of these antagonists within the pore domain as well as the fenestration of the pore-forming domains. Effects of calcium ion permeation in the presence of drug molecules were assessed using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. These studies reveal that nicardipine, a DHP derivative, shows a strong Cav1.2 blocking activity, requiring more 2500 pN force to pull calcium ion towards the channel's pore in the presence of the compound. Similar blocking activity was observed for verapamil, a PAA derivative, requiring almost 2300 pN of force. The least blocking activity was observed for Diltiazem, a BZT derivative. Our results explain the structural basis and the binding details of 1,4-DHPs, PAAs and BZTs at their distinct Cav1.2 sites and offer detailed insights into their mechanism of action in modulating the Cav1.2 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag E S Mosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Ab, Canada
| | - Suryanarayanan C
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Ab, Canada
| | - Tianhua Feng
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Ab, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Ab, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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7
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Dahl G. The Pannexin1 membrane channel: distinct conformations and functions. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3201-3209. [PMID: 29802622 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Pannexin1 (Panx1) membrane channel responds to different stimuli with distinct channel conformations. Most stimuli induce a large cation- and ATP-permeable conformation, hence Panx1 is involved in many physiological processes entailing purinergic signaling. For example, oxygen delivery in the peripheral circulatory system is regulated by ATP released from red blood cells and endothelial cells through Panx1 channels. The same membrane channel, however, when stimulated by positive membrane potential or by cleavage with caspase 3, is highly selective for the passage of chloride ions, excluding cations and ATP. Although biophysical data do not allow a distinction between the chloride-selective channels induced by voltage or by caspase cleavage, there must be other subtle differences in the structure, because overexpression of wtPanx1 is well tolerated by cells, while expression of the truncation mutant Panx1Δ378 results in slow cell death. Thus, in addition to the well-characterized two open conformations, there might be a third, more subtle conformational change involved in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Dahl
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL, USA
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8
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Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been well established as an important extracellular ligand of autocrine signaling, intercellular communication, and neurotransmission with numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles. In addition to the classical exocytosis, non-vesicular mechanisms of cellular ATP release have been demonstrated in many cell types. Although large and negatively charged ATP molecules cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, conductive ATP release from the cytosol into the extracellular space is possible through ATP-permeable channels. Such channels must possess two minimum qualifications for ATP permeation: anion permeability and a large ion-conducting pore. Currently, five groups of channels are acknowledged as ATP-release channels: connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1, calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs, also known as volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) anion channels), and maxi-anion channels (MACs). Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in the field by molecular identification of CALHM1 as the action potential-dependent ATP-release channel in taste bud cells, LRRC8s as components of VRACs, and SLCO2A1 as a core subunit of MACs. Here, the function and physiological roles of these five groups of ATP-release channels are summarized, along with a discussion on the future implications of understanding these channels.
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9
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Xu J, Chen L, Li L. Pannexin hemichannels: A novel promising therapy target for oxidative stress related diseases. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2075-2090. [PMID: 28295275 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pannexins, which contain three subtypes: pannexin-1, -2, and -3, are vertebrate glycoproteins that form non-junctional plasma membrane intracellular hemichannels via oligomerization. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance of the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies have shown that elevated ROS levels are pivotal in the development of a variety of diseases. Recent studies indicate that the occurrence of these oxidative stress related diseases is associated with pannexin hemichannels. It is also reported that pannexins regulate the production of ROS which in turn may increase the opening of pannexin hemichannels. In this paper, we review recent researches about the important role of pannexin hemichannels in oxidative stress related diseases. Thus, pannexin hemichannels, novel therapeutic targets, hold promise in managing oxidative stress related diseases such as the tumor, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance (IR), and neural degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, P. R. China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, P. R. China
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10
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Bigiani A. Calcium Homeostasis Modulator 1-Like Currents in Rat Fungiform Taste Cells Expressing Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Currents. Chem Senses 2017; 42:343-359. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Stoicea N, Joseph N, Bergese SD. Clevidipine-induced Dyspnea Relief in Acute Heart Failure Patients. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:23-4. [PMID: 27495792 PMCID: PMC5006690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Stoicea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Nicholas Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sergio D Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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