1
|
Lang N, Staffa SJ, Zurakowski D, Sperotto F, Shea M, Baird CW, Emani S, del Nido PJ, Marx GR. Clinical and 2D/3D-Echo Cardiography Determinants of Mitral Valve Reoperation in Children With Congenital Mitral Valve Disease. JACC. ADVANCES 2024; 3:101081. [PMID: 39113914 PMCID: PMC11304883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Congenital mitral valve disease (CMVD) presents major challenges in its medical and surgical management. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and identify associations with MV reoperation in this setting. Methods All children <18 years of age who underwent MV reconstruction for CMVD in 2002 to 2018 were included. Preoperative and postoperative 2-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and 3DE data were collected. Competing risks and Cox regression analysis were used to identify independent associations with MV reoperation. Receiver operating characteristic and decision-tree analysis were implemented for comparison of 3DE vs 2DE. Results A total of 206 children underwent MV reconstruction for CMVD (mitral stenosis, n = 105, mitral regurgitation [MR], n = 75; mixed disease, n = 26); 64 (31%) required MV reoperation. Variables independently associated with MV reoperation were age <1 year (HR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.13-6.21), tethered leaflets (HR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.05-3.82), ≥ moderate 2DE postoperative MR (HR: 4.26; 95% CI: 2.45-7.40), changes in 3D-effective orifice area (3D-EOA) and in 3D-vena contracta regurgitant area (3D-VCRA). Changes in 3D-EOA and 3D-VCRA were more strongly associated with MV reoperation than changes in mean gradients (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.847 vs AUC: 0.676, P = 0.006) and 2D-VCRA (AUC: 0.969 vs AUC: 0.720, P = 0.012), respectively. Decision-tree analysis found that a <30% increase in 3D-EOA had 80% accuracy (HR = 8.50; 95% CI: 2.9-25.1) and a <40% decrease in 3D-VCRA had 93% accuracy (HR: 22.50; 95% CI: 2.9-175) in discriminating MV reoperation for stenotic and regurgitant MV, respectively. Conclusions Age <1 year, tethered leaflets, 2DE postoperative MR, changes in 3D-EOA and 3D-VCRA were all independently associated with MV reoperation. 3DE parameters showed a stronger association than 2DE. 3DE-based decision-tree algorithms may help prognostication and serve as a support tool for clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven J. Staffa
- Department of Surgery, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Sperotto
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melinda Shea
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher W. Baird
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sitaram Emani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro J. del Nido
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerald R. Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun S, Sun Y, Huang J, Zou P, Rao J, Xu W, Liu Q. The V-shaped double-layer patch technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect: A novel surgical technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 165:1237-1243. [PMID: 35933186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several surgical techniques for repair of a complete atrioventricular septal defect have been developed. However, the postoperative complications with these methods may lead to reoperation during follow-up. The aim of this report is to share our experience with a modified surgical technique for complete atrioventricular septal defect that has anatomic advantages postoperatively and could reduce the reoperation rate. METHODS Twenty-nine patients who underwent repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect using a V-shaped double-layer patch between April 2011 and September 2019 were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS There were no deaths (0%) and only 1 reoperation (3.4%) in the series. The aortic crossclamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 62.7 ± 16.0 minutes and 113.9 ± 25.9 minutes, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 5.1 years. To date, no significant residual ventricular septal defects have been detected and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has been seen on echocardiography in any patient. During follow-up, the left atrioventricular valve status was assessed as no incompetence in 9 patients (31.0%), trivial in 18 patients (62.1%), and mild in 2 patients (6.9%). CONCLUSIONS The V-shaped double-layer patch technique is a valuable surgical option for patients with complete atrioventricular septal defects. The midterm results in our series document excellent performance of this technique, which augments the area of the anterior valve of the left atrioventricular valve to make it closer to a normal mitral valve and may also reduce the need for reoperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Sun
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Yangxue Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingsi Huang
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zou
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Rao
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weibin Xu
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- Cardiac Center of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lasso A, Herz C, Nam H, Cianciulli A, Pieper S, Drouin S, Pinter C, St-Onge S, Vigil C, Ching S, Sunderland K, Fichtinger G, Kikinis R, Jolley MA. SlicerHeart: An open-source computing platform for cardiac image analysis and modeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:886549. [PMID: 36148054 PMCID: PMC9485637 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.886549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. 3D imaging of the heart's structure is critical to the understanding and treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, open-source tools for image analysis of cardiac images, particularly 3D echocardiographic (3DE) data, are limited. We describe the rationale, development, implementation, and application of SlicerHeart, a cardiac-focused toolkit for image analysis built upon 3D Slicer, an open-source image computing platform. We designed and implemented multiple Python scripted modules within 3D Slicer to import, register, and view 3DE data, including new code to volume render and crop 3DE. In addition, we developed dedicated workflows for the modeling and quantitative analysis of multi-modality image-derived heart models, including heart valves. Finally, we created and integrated new functionality to facilitate the planning of cardiac interventions and surgery. We demonstrate application of SlicerHeart to a diverse range of cardiovascular modeling and simulation including volume rendering of 3DE images, mitral valve modeling, transcatheter device modeling, and planning of complex surgical intervention such as cardiac baffle creation. SlicerHeart is an evolving open-source image processing platform based on 3D Slicer initiated to support the investigation and treatment of congenital heart disease. The technology in SlicerHeart provides a robust foundation for 3D image-based investigation in cardiovascular medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Lasso
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Herz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Nam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alana Cianciulli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Simon Drouin
- Software and Information Technology Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Samuelle St-Onge
- Software and Information Technology Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chad Vigil
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Ching
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kyle Sunderland
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gabor Fichtinger
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ron Kikinis
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Jolley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew A. Jolley
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nam HH, Herz C, Lasso A, Cianciulli A, Flynn M, Huang J, Wang Z, Paniagua B, Vicory J, Kabir S, Simpson J, Harrild D, Marx G, Cohen MS, Glatz AC, Jolley MA. Visualization and Quantification of the Unrepaired Complete Atrioventricular Canal Valve Using Open-Source Software. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2022; 35:985-996.e11. [PMID: 35537615 PMCID: PMC9452462 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repair of complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) is often complicated by residual left atrioventricular valve regurgitation. The structure of the mitral and tricuspid valves in biventricular hearts has previously been shown to be associated with valve dysfunction. However, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the entire unrepaired CAVC valve has not been quantified. Understanding the 3D structure of the CAVC may inform optimized repair. METHODS Novel open-source work flows were created in SlicerHeart for the modeling and quantification of CAVC valves on the basis of 3D echocardiographic images. These methods were applied to model the annulus, leaflets, and papillary muscle (PM) structure of 35 patients (29 with trisomy 21) with CAVC using transthoracic 3D echocardiography. The mean leaflet and annular shapes were calculated and visualized using shape analysis. Metrics of the complete native CAVC valve structure were compared with those of normal mitral valves using the Mann-Whitney U test. Associations between CAVC structure and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were analyzed. RESULTS CAVC leaflet metrics varied throughout systole. Compared with normal mitral valves, the left CAVC PMs were more acutely angled in relation to the annular plane (P < .001). In addition, the anterolateral PM was laterally and inferiorly rotated in CAVC, while the posteromedial PM was more superiorly and laterally rotated, relative to normal mitral valves (P < .001). Lower native CAVC atrioventricular valve annular height and annular height-to-valve width ratio before repair were both associated with moderate or greater left atrioventricular valve regurgitation after repair (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to model and quantify 3D CAVC structure using 3D echocardiographic images. The results demonstrate significant variation in CAVC structure across the cohort and differences in annular, leaflet, and PM structure compared with the mitral valve. These tools may be used in future studies to catalyze future research intended to identify structural associations of valve dysfunction and to optimize repair in this vulnerable and complex population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Nam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Herz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andras Lasso
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alana Cianciulli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maura Flynn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Saleha Kabir
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Simpson
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Harrild
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew A Jolley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nam HH, Dinh PV, Lasso A, Herz C, Huang J, Posada A, Aly AH, Pouch AM, Kabir S, Simpson J, Glatz AC, Harrild DM, Marx G, Fichtinger G, Cohen MS, Jolley MA. Dynamic Annular Modeling of the Unrepaired Complete Atrioventricular Canal Annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 2022; 113:654-662. [PMID: 33359720 PMCID: PMC8219815 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repair of complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) is often complicated by atrioventricular valve regurgitation, particularly of the left-sided valve. Understanding the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of the atrioventricular canal annulus before repair may help to inform optimized repair. However, the 3D shape and movement of the CAVC annulus has been neither quantified nor rigorously compared with a normal mitral valve annulus. METHODS The complete annuli of 43 patients with CAVC were modeled in 4 cardiac phases using transthoracic 3D echocardiograms and custom code. The annular structure was compared with the annuli of 20 normal pediatric mitral valves using 3D metrics and statistical shape analysis (Procrustes analysis). RESULTS The unrepaired CAVC annulus varied in shape significantly throughout the cardiac cycle. Procrustes analysis visually demonstrated that the average normalized CAVC annular shape is more planar than the normal mitral annulus. Quantitatively, the annular height-to-valve width ratio of the native left CAVC atrioventricular valve was significantly lower than that of a normal mitral valve in all systolic phases (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The left half of the CAVC annulus is more planar than that of a normal mitral valve with an annular height-to-valve width ratio similar to dysfunctional mitral valves. Given the known importance of annular shape to mitral valve function, further exploration of the association of 3D structure to valve function in CAVC is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Nam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick V Dinh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andras Lasso
- Laboratory for Percutaneous Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Herz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adriana Posada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed H Aly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison M Pouch
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saleha Kabir
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Simpson
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Harrild
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabor Fichtinger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew A Jolley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fong LS, Youssef D, Ayer J, Nicholson IA, Winlaw DS, Orr Y. Correlation of ventricular septal defect height and outcomes after complete atrioventricular septal defect repair. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 34:431-437. [PMID: 34633029 PMCID: PMC8860429 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are limited data available on the height of the ventricular component of the septal deficiency (VSD) in patients undergoing complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) repair. VSD height may influence optimal choice of repair strategy with potential consequences for long-term outcomes. We aimed to measure VSD height using 2-dimensional echocardiography and review its association with postoperative outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative echocardiograms of 45 consecutive patients who underwent CAVSD repair between May 2010 and December 2015 at a single centre. VSD height and left ventricular length on the four-chamber view were measured. Demographic details and early and late outcomes including reoperation and long-term survival were studied. RESULTS Twenty patients underwent modified single-patch repair and 25 patients underwent double-patch repair of CAVSD. VSD height in the modified single-patch group ranged from 4.2 to 11.7 mm and in the double-patch group ranged from 5.1 to 14.9 mm. Nine patients had a deep ‘scoop’ with a VSD height of >10 mm, (7 double patch, 2 modified single patch). VSD height did not correlate with a specific Rastelli classification. There was no significant difference in the VSD height (P = 0.51) or the VSD height-to-left ventricular length ratio (P = 0.43) between the 2 repair groups. There was no 30-day mortality. Eight patients required reoperation; however, VSD height was not a significant predictor of reoperation (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.69–1.33; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS There was no correlation between VSD height and risk of reoperation after CAVSD repair. A deep ventricular scoop is uncommon in CAVSD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Fong
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Youssef
- Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian Ayer
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian A Nicholson
- Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Winlaw
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yishay Orr
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Centre for Children, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morhy SS, Barberato SH, Lianza AC, Soares AM, Leal GN, Rivera IR, Barberato MFA, Guerra V, Ribeiro ZVDS, Pignatelli R, Rochitte CE, Vieira MLC. Position Statement on Indications for Echocardiography in Fetal and Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease of the Adult - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:987-1005. [PMID: 33295472 PMCID: PMC8452202 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio Henrique Barberato
- Cardioeco - Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
- Quanta Diagnóstico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Alessandro Cavalcanti Lianza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto da Criança e do Adolescente do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Andressa Mussi Soares
- Hospital Evangélico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim e Clínica CORImagem, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES - Brasil
| | - Gabriela Nunes Leal
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto da Criança e do Adolescente do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital e Maternidade São Luiz Itaim, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Vitor Guerra
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto - Canadá
| | | | - Ricardo Pignatelli
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas - EUA
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor, FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor, FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harake D, Gnanappa GK, Alvarez SGV, Whittle A, Punithakumar K, Boechler P, Noga M, Khoo NS. Stereoscopic Display Is Superior to Conventional Display for Three-Dimensional Echocardiography of Congenital Heart Anatomy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33:1297-1305. [PMID: 32919855 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) improves visualization of cardiac lesions. Current viewing of 3DE studies on a conventional display diminishes the encoded stereoscopic (stereo) information for depth perception. This study aims to evaluate clinician subjective and objective experience of stereo display compared with nonstereo display of 3DE in congenital heart disease. METHODS In this prospective study, 22 cardiologists, advanced cardiology trainees, and cardiothoracic surgeons used a commercially available stereo display system with proprietary software to view 10 3DE data sets, alternating between simple and complex lesions. In part A, participants viewed each data set, randomized to 1 minute of stereo display followed by 1 minute of nonstereo display, or vice versa. In part B, participants could freely toggle between stereo and nonstereo display for an additional 90 seconds per data set. Participants answered a series of questions and rated their subjective experience using stereo versus nonstereo display mode on a Likert scale. Objective data on time spent in each display mode during part B and duration of interaction and degree of movement of the 3DE data set in parts A and B were also collected. RESULTS All clinician groups found stereo display preferable to nonstereo display of 3DE (P < .0001). Viewing complex lesions was rated lower than simple lesions when using nonstereo display (P < .01). Simple and complex lesions were equally well rated when using stereo display (P = .14). When given a choice of display modes in part B, participants spent more time in stereo display (P < .0001) and interacted more with the 3DE data sets in stereo display (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Interactive stereoscopic display of 3DE was preferred over conventional nonstereo display by all clinician groups for viewing both simple and complex lesions. This preference is especially true for viewing complex lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Harake
- Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Silvia G V Alvarez
- Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Whittle
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kumaradevan Punithakumar
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Boechler
- Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle Noga
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nee Scze Khoo
- Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Depth of Coaptation: The Key to Long-term Valve Performance? Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:978-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Jone PN. Applications of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in congenital heart disease. Echocardiography 2020; 37:1665-1672. [PMID: 32594626 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional echocardiography allows for presurgical planning for congenital heart disease, reduces radiation using fusion imaging in catheter interventions, and provides guidance during catheter interventions and lead placements or extractions. The purpose of this review is to detail applications of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in presurgical planning of congenital heart disease, guidance of catheter interventions such as fusion imaging, and guidance in electrophysiology lead extractions or placements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ni Jone
- Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ho DY, Katcoff H, Griffis HM, Mercer-Rosa L, Fuller SM, Cohen MS. Left Valvar Morphology Is Associated With Late Regurgitation in Atrioventricular Canal Defect. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:969-978. [PMID: 32088289 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (LAVVR) after atrioventricular canal (AVC) repair remains a significant cause of morbidity. Papillary muscle arrangement may be important. To investigate the implications of left mural leaflet morphology, we examined anatomic characteristics of the LAVV to determine possible associations with postoperative LAVVR. METHODS All patients with biventricular AVC repair at our institution between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016, with necessary imaging were retrospectively reviewed. We assessed papillary muscle structure and novel measures of the left mural leaflet from preoperative echocardiograms and the degree of LAVVR from the first and last available follow-up echocardiograms. Associations with degree of early and late postoperative LAVVR were assessed with t tests, analysis of variance, or χ2 or Fisher exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS There were 58 of 156 patients (37%) with significant (moderate or severe) early postoperative LAVVR, and 30 of 93 (32%) had significant LAVVR after 6 or more months. Fewer patients with closely spaced or asymmetric papillary muscles had moderate or severe late LAVVR vs those with widely spaced papillary muscles (17% vs 40%, P = .019). Controlling for weight at operation, genetic syndromes, and bypass time, widely spaced papillary muscles increased the odds ratio for late LAVVR to 3.6 (P = .026). Larger mural leaflet area was also associated with late LAVVR on univariable (P = .019) and multivariable (P = .023) analyses. One-third of patients with significant late LAVVR had no significant early postoperative regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS Mural leaflet and papillary muscle anatomy are associated with late LAVVR after AVC repair. Late regurgitation can develop in the absence of early LAVVR, suggesting different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Y Ho
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Hannah Katcoff
- Healthcare Analytics Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather M Griffis
- Healthcare Analytics Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Mercer-Rosa
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie M Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to detail three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) innovations in pre-surgical planning of congenital heart disease, guidance of catheter interventions such as fusion imaging, and functional assessment of patients with congenital heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS Innovations in 3DE have helped us delineate the details of atrioventricular valve function and understand the mechanism of atrioventricular valve failure in patients with atrioventricular septal defect and single ventricle post repair. Advancement in holographic display of 3D datasets allows for better manipulation of 3D images in three dimensions and better understanding of anatomic relationships. 3DE with fusion imaging reduces radiation in catheter interventions and provides presentations of 3DE images in the similar fashion as the fluoroscopic images to improve communication between cardiologists. Lastly, 3DE allows for quantitative ventricular volumetric and functional assessment. Recent innovations in 3DE allow for pre-surgical planning for congenital heart disease, reduce radiation using fusion imaging in catheter interventions, and enable accurate assessment of ventricular volume and function without geometric assumptions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nouvelles techniques d’échocardiographie dans les cardiopathies congénitales. Presse Med 2017; 46:482-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
14
|
Simpson J, Lopez L, Acar P, Friedberg MK, Khoo NS, Ko HH, Marek J, Marx G, McGhie JS, Meijboom F, Roberson D, Van den Bosch A, Miller O, Shirali G. Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 30:1-27. [PMID: 27838227 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has become important in the management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly with pre-surgical planning, guidance of catheter intervention, and functional assessment of the heart. 3DE is increasingly used in children because of good acoustic windows and the non-invasive nature of the technique. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the optimal application of 3DE in CHD including technical considerations, image orientation, application to different lesions, procedural guidance, and functional assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Simpson
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Leo Lopez
- Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - Nee S Khoo
- Stollery Children's Hospital & University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - H Helen Ko
- Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jan Marek
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Marx
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jackie S McGhie
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Roberson
- Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Owen Miller
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Disturbed Intracardiac Flow Organization After Atrioventricular Septal Defect Correction as Assessed With 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Quantitative Particle Tracing. Invest Radiol 2016. [PMID: 26222698 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Four-dimensional (3 spatial directions and time) velocity-encoded flow magnetic resonance imaging with quantitative particle tracing analysis allows assessment of left ventricular (LV) blood flow organization. Corrected atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) patients have an abnormal left atrioventricular valve shape. We aimed to analyze flow organization in corrected AVSD patients and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 32 patients (age, 25 ± 14 years), 21 after partial AVSD correction and 11 after complete/intermediate AVSD correction, and 30 healthy volunteers (26 ± 12 years) underwent whole-heart four-dimensional velocity-encoded flow magnetic resonance imaging. Particle tracing in the 16-segment LV cavity model was used to quantitatively evaluate blood flow organization discriminating multiple components. RESULTS Patients showed a smaller percentage of direct flow compared with controls (30% ± 9% vs 44% ± 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, more inflow was observed in the basal inferior segment (22% ± 11% vs controls, 17% ± 5%; P = 0.005), with less direct but more retained inflow (ie, part of inflow that is not ejected from LV in subsequent systole). In patients, more inflow reached the midventricular level (68% ± 13% vs controls, 58% ± 9%; P < 0.001), most notably as retained inflow in the lateral segments. Subsequently, in patients, more (mostly retained) inflow reached the apex (23% ± 13% vs 14% ± 7%; P < 0.001), which correlated with early peak filling velocity (r = 0.637, P < 0.001). Patients with a corrected complete or intermediate AVSD presented with less direct flow (24% ± 8% vs 33% ± 8%; P = 0.003) and more apical inflow (30% ± 14% vs 18% ± 12%; P = 0.014) compared with a corrected partial AVSD. CONCLUSION Multicomponent particle tracing combined with 16-segment analysis quantitatively demonstrated altered LV flow organization after AVSD correction, with less direct and more retained inflow in apical and lateral LV cavity segments, which may contribute to decreased cardiac pumping efficiency.
Collapse
|
16
|
Simpson J, Lopez L, Acar P, Friedberg M, Khoo N, Ko H, Marek J, Marx G, McGhie J, Meijboom F, Roberson D, Van den Bosch A, Miller O, Shirali G. Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease: an expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17:1071-97. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jew172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
17
|
Elbaz MSM, van der Geest RJ, Calkoen EE, de Roos A, Lelieveldt BPF, Roest AAW, Westenberg JJM. Assessment of viscous energy loss and the association with three-dimensional vortex ring formation in left ventricular inflow: In vivo evaluation using four-dimensional flow MRI. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:794-805. [PMID: 26924448 PMCID: PMC5297883 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate viscous energy loss and the association with three-dimensional (3D) vortex ring formation in left ventricular (LV) blood flow during diastolic filling. THEORY AND METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers were compared with 32 patients with corrected atrioventricular septal defect as unnatural mitral valve morphology and inflow are common in these patients. 4DFlow MRI was acquired from which 3D vortex ring formation was identified in LV blood flow at peak early (E)-filling and late (A)-filling and characterized by its presence/absence, orientation, and position from the lateral wall. Viscous energy loss was computed over E-filling, A-filling, and complete diastole using the Navier-Stokes energy equations. RESULTS Compared with healthy volunteers, viscous energy loss was significantly elevated in patients with disturbed vortex ring formation as characterized by a significantly inclined orientation and/or position closer to the lateral wall. Highest viscous energy loss was found in patients without a ring-shaped vortex during E-filling (on average more than double compared with patients with ring-shape vortex, P < 0.003). Altered A-filling vortex ring formation was associated with significant increase in total viscous energy loss over diastole even in the presence of normal E-filling vortex ring. CONCLUSION Altered vortex ring formation during LV filling is associated with increased viscous energy loss. Magn Reson Med 77:794-805, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmeline E Calkoen
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert de Roos
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology.,Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arno A W Roest
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simpson JM. Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease: The next steps. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109:81-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Atrioventricular septal defect: From embryonic development to long-term follow-up. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:784-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Altered left ventricular vortex ring formation by 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging after repair of atrioventricular septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 150:1233-40.e1. [PMID: 26282608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During normal left ventricular (LV) filling, a vortex ring structure is formed distal to the left atrioventricular valve (LAVV). Vortex structures contribute to efficient flow organization. We aimed to investigate whether LAVV abnormality in patients with a corrected atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) has an impact on vortex ring formation. METHODS Whole-heart 4D flow MRI was performed in 32 patients (age: 26 ± 12 years), and 30 healthy subjects (age: 25 ± 14 years). Vortex ring cores were detected at peak early (E-peak) and peak late filling (A-peak). When present, the 3-dimensional position and orientation of the vortex ring was defined, and the circularity index was calculated. Through-plane flow over the LAVV, and the vortex formation time (VFT), were quantified to analyze the relationship of vortex flow with the inflow jet. RESULTS Absence of a vortex ring during E-peak (healthy subjects 0%, vs patients 19%; P = .015), and A-peak (healthy subjects 10% vs patients 44%; P = .008) was more frequent in patients. In 4 patients, this was accompanied by a high VFT (5.1-7.8 vs 2.4 ± 0.6 in healthy subjects), and in another 2 patients with abnormal valve anatomy. In patients compared with controls, the vortex cores had a more-anterior and apical position, closer to the ventricular wall, with a more-elliptical shape and oblique orientation. The shape of the vortex core closely resembled the valve shape, and its orientation was related to the LV inflow direction. CONCLUSIONS This study quantitatively shows the influence of abnormal LAVV and LV inflow on 3D vortex ring formation during LV inflow in patients with corrected AVSD, compared with healthy subjects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Colen T, Smallhorn JF. Three-dimensional echocardiography for the assessment of atrioventricular valves in congenital heart disease: past, present and future. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2015; 18:62-71. [PMID: 25939845 DOI: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiography has developed as an imaging technology over 60 years to become the mainstay for investigating heart disease, providing invaluable structural and functional information. In the last 20 years, 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has emerged as an adjunct to 2-dimensional echocardiography in adult and congenital heart disease. Early work with 3-dimensional imaging of the mitral valve describing normal annular shape and function significantly changed the understanding of mitral valve dynamics. Further work led to our current understanding of the mitral valve working as a unit, with all components vital to its normal function. With improving technology and ease of use, similar 3DE techniques have been used in congenital heart disease to study the unique anatomy and function of atrioventricular (AV) valves, specifically the tricuspid valve in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and the left AV valve in atrioventricular septal defects. This paper describes the role of 3DE in assessing AV valve function in normal valves, and in congenital heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Colen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey F Smallhorn
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, and Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Calkoen EE, Westenberg JJM, Kroft LJM, Blom NA, Hazekamp MG, Rijlaarsdam ME, Jongbloed MRM, de Roos A, Roest AAW. Characterization and quantification of dynamic eccentric regurgitation of the left atrioventricular valve after atrioventricular septal defect correction with 4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and retrospective valve tracking. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2015; 17:18. [PMID: 25827288 PMCID: PMC4332442 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize and directly quantify regurgitant jets of left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) in patients with corrected atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) by four-dimensional (4D)Flow Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR), streamline visualization and retrospective valve tracking. METHODS Medical ethical committee approval and informed consent from all patients or their parents were obtained. In 32 corrected AVSD patients (age 26 ± 12 years), echocardiography and whole-heart 4DFlow CMR were performed. Using streamline visualization on 2- and 4-chamber views, the angle between regurgitation and annulus was followed throughout systole. On through-plane velocity-encoded images reformatted perpendicular to the regurgitation jet the cross-sectional jet circularity index was assessed and regurgitant volume and fraction were calculated. Correlation and agreement between different techniques was performed with Pearson's r and Spearman's rho correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS In 8 patients, multiple regurgitant jets over the LAVV were identified. Median variation in regurgitant jet angle within patients was 36°(IQR 18-64°) on the 2-chamber and 30°(IQR 20-40°) on the 4-chamber. Regurgitant jets had a circularity index of 0.61 ± 0.16. Quantification of the regurgitation volume was feasible with 4DFlow CMR with excellent correlation between LAVV effective forward flow and aortic flow (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) for internal validation and moderate correlation with planimetry derived regurgitant volume (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and echocardiographic grading (rho = 0.51, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS 4DFlow CMR with streamline visualization revealed multiple, dynamic and eccentric regurgitant jets with non-circular cross-sectional shape in patients after AVSD correction. 4DFlow with retrospective valve tracking allows direct and accurate quantification of the regurgitation of these complex jets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline E Calkoen
- />Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- />Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nico A Blom
- />Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marry E Rijlaarsdam
- />Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique RM Jongbloed
- />Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- />Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, J6 Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, ZA 2333 The Netherlands
| | | | - Arno AW Roest
- />Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nii M. Assessment of Atrioventricular Valve Anatomy and Function in Congenital Heart Diseases Using Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54355-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Vijarnsorn C, Khoo NS, Tham EB, Colen T, Rebeyka IM, Smallhorn JF. Increased common atrioventricular valve tenting is a risk factor for progression to severe regurgitation in patients with a single ventricle with unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:2580-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Kutty S, Colen T, Thompson RB, Tham E, Li L, Vijarnsorn C, Polak A, Truong DT, Danford DA, Smallhorn JF, Khoo NS. Tricuspid Regurgitation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:765-72. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Kutty
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Colen
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard B. Thompson
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edythe Tham
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ling Li
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chodchanok Vijarnsorn
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda Polak
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dongngan T. Truong
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Danford
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey F. Smallhorn
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nee Scze Khoo
- From Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.K., L.L., A.P., D.A.D.); Stollery Children’s Hospital (T.C., E.T., C.V., D.T.T., J.F.S., N.S.K.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (R.B.T.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Calkoen EE, Roest AAW, Kroft LJM, van der Geest RJ, Jongbloed MRM, van den Boogaard PJ, Blom NA, Hazekamp MG, de Roos A, Westenberg JJM. Characterization and improved quantification of left ventricular inflow using streamline visualization with 4DFlow MRI in healthy controls and patients after atrioventricular septal defect correction. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 41:1512-20. [PMID: 25143314 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate trans-left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) blood flow and optimize left ventricular inflow quantification in healthy controls and patients after atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) correction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients after AVSD correction and 25 controls underwent 4DFlow MRI. Using streamline visualization in four- and two-chamber views, inflow direction at early and late filling was defined at the annulus level and at the peak inflow velocity (PIV) level. Trans-LAVV flow volume and velocity were assessed from a static 2D-multiplanar-reformat (MPR), a 4D-MPR tracking LAVV annulus and a 4D-MPR tracking the PIV-level, angulated perpendicular to the inflow. RESULTS In patients, on average 9° more laterally directed inflow was found at the PIV-level compared to controls. In controls, 4DFlow velocity mapping with LAVV annulus tracking resulted in lower absolute error with aortic flow (3 (1-8) mL) than with static 2D-MPR (7 (4-16) mL, P = 0.001). In patients, 4D-MPR tracking the PIV-level, resulted in lower absolute error with aortic flow (2 (1-4) mL) than with 4D-MPR LAVV annulus tracking (6 (2-10) mL, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Streamline visualization of 4DFlow MRI data revealed dynamic trans-LAVV inflow and more lateral flow after AVSD correction. Streamline visualization improved trans-LAVV flow quantification as the positioning and angulation of the measurement plane was optimized, allowing an accurate assessment of left ventricular inflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline E Calkoen
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arno A W Roest
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia J M Kroft
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J van der Geest
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nico A Blom
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G Hazekamp
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert de Roos
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J M Westenberg
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeng X, Nunes MCP, Dent J, Gillam L, Mathew JP, Gammie JS, Ascheim DD, Moquete E, Hung J. Asymmetric versus symmetric tethering patterns in ischemic mitral regurgitation: geometric differences from three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:367-75. [PMID: 24513242 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) results from mitral leaflet tethering from left ventricular remodeling. Heterogeneity in local or global left ventricular remodeling can result in differential tethering patterns and affect mitral valve function and the degree of mitral regurgitation. The aims of this study were to compare mitral valve geometry in asymmetric and symmetric tethering patterns using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and to examine the impact of tethering pattern on IMR severity. METHODS Sixty-two patients with moderate or greater IMR underwent three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for the assessment of mitral valve geometry. Symmetric and asymmetric tethering patterns were determined by mitral regurgitation jet direction and coaptation of the mitral leaflets. The ratio of posterior to anterior leaflet tethering angle was a measure of tethering pattern (the higher the ratio, the more asymmetric the pattern). Overall tethering degree was assessed by tenting volume (TV). RESULTS Compared with the symmetric group, the asymmetric group had less annular dilatation, greater annular heights (10.3 ± 1.9 vs 8.5 ± 1.9 mm, P < .01), greater ratios of posterior to anterior leaflet tethering angle (3.19 ± 0.88 vs 1.95 ± 0.46, P < .01), and smaller TVs with more posterior displacement of the coaptation line. Vena contracta normalized to TV was greater in the asymmetric group (0.38 ± 0.24 vs 0.19 ± 0.13 cm/mL, P < .01). Multivariate analysis showed that both ratio of posterior to anterior leaflet tethering angle (β = 0.46, P < .001) and TV (β = 0.41, P = .001) were predictors of IMR severity. CONCLUSIONS Differences in mitral valve geometry are observed between asymmetric and symmetric tethering patterns in IMR. IMR degree is affected by both the pattern of tethering and the total degree of tethering. For the same degree of tethering, an asymmetric pattern is associated with increased MR severity. The pattern of mitral leaflet tethering may be considered in therapeutic decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Carmo P Nunes
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Dent
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Linda Gillam
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey
| | - Joseph P Mathew
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James S Gammie
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Deborah D Ascheim
- Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ellen Moquete
- Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Judy Hung
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Echocardiographic Follow-up of Grown-ups with Congenital Heart Disease: Update 2013. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-013-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
29
|
Partial Zone of Apposition Closure in Atrioventricular Septal Defect: Are Papillary Muscles the Clue. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-013-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|