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Carmody RN, Varady K, Turnbaugh PJ. Digesting the complex metabolic effects of diet on the host and microbiome. Cell 2024; 187:3857-3876. [PMID: 39059362 PMCID: PMC11309583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The past 50 years of interdisciplinary research in humans and model organisms has delivered unprecedented insights into the mechanisms through which diet affects energy balance. However, translating these results to prevent and treat obesity and its associated diseases remains challenging. Given the vast scope of this literature, we focus this Review on recent conceptual advances in molecular nutrition targeting the management of energy balance, including emerging dietary and pharmaceutical interventions and their interactions with the human gut microbiome. Notably, multiple current dietary patterns of interest embrace moderate-to-high fat intake or prioritize the timing of eating over macronutrient intake. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of microbiome research findings has complicated multiple longstanding tenets of nutrition while also providing new opportunities for intervention. Continued progress promises more precise and reliable dietary recommendations that leverage our growing knowledge of the microbiome, the changing landscape of clinical interventions, and our molecular understanding of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krista Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Kim B, Song A, Son A, Shin Y. Gut microbiota and epigenetic choreography: Implications for human health: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39051. [PMID: 39029010 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The interwoven relationship between gut microbiota and the epigenetic landscape constitutes a pivotal axis in understanding human health and disease. Governed by a myriad of dietary, genetic, and environmental influences, the gut microbiota orchestrates a sophisticated metabolic interplay, shaping nutrient utilization, immune responses, and defenses against pathogens. Recent strides in genomics and metabolomics have shed light on the intricate connections between these microbial influencers and the host's physiological dynamics, presenting a dynamic panorama across diverse disease spectra. DNA methylation and histone modifications, as key players in epigenetics, intricately align with the dynamic orchestration of the gut microbiota. This seamless collaboration, notably evident in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and obesity, has captured the attention of researchers, prompting an exploration of its nuanced choreography. Nevertheless, challenges abound. Analyzing data is intricate due to the multifaceted nature of the gut microbiota and the limitations of current analytical methods. This underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach, where diverse disciplines converge to pave innovative research pathways. The integration of insights from microbiome and epigenome studies assumes paramount importance in unraveling the complexities of this intricate partnership. Deciphering the synchronized interactions within this collaboration offers a deeper understanding of these delicate interplays, potentially heralding revolutionary strides in treatment modalities and strategies for enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailee Kim
- Crescenta Valley High School, La Crescenta, CA
| | - Angel Song
- Harvard-Westlake School, Studio City, CA
| | - Andrew Son
- Bellarmine College Preparatory, San Jose, CA
| | - Yonghwan Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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3
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Ruța F, Pribac M, Mardale E, Suciu S, Maior R, Bogdan S, Avram C. Associations between Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Other Risk Factors in Women with a History of Urinary Tract Infections. Nutrients 2024; 16:1753. [PMID: 38892685 PMCID: PMC11174854 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among otherwise healthy women represent a problem that requires additional understanding and approaches. Evidencing the link between dysbiosis and UTIs and the associated potential risk factors could lead to therapeutic approaches with increased efficiency under the conditions of reducing the risks associated with antibiotic treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dysbiosis and other potential risk factors in women with a history of urinary tract infections; (2) Methods: Fecal dysbiosis tests were performed comparatively in two groups of women. The first group in-cluded women with recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) who had either two or more symp-tomatic episodes of UTI in the previous six months. The second group included women with spo-radic UTIs who did not have >1 UTI during a 12-month period and who did not have another UTI in the last 12 months; (3) Results: An association was shown between intestinal dysbiosis and recurrences of urinary tract infections. Increased body weight was associated with intestinal dysbiosis. Also, the lack of knowledge regarding the risk of using antibiotics and the benefits of probiotics was associated with both dysbiosis and recurrences of urinary tract infections; (4) Conclusions: Dysbiosis can have an impact on the recurrence of urinary tract infections. The risk factors for rUTI and dysbiosis in the sphere of lifestyle are potentially controllable, broadening the perspective for new approaches and changing the paradigm in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Ruța
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Mirela Pribac
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Sara Suciu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Raluca Maior
- Anti-Aging Nutrition Clinic, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | | | - Călin Avram
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (F.R.); (S.S.)
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4
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De Marco G, Cappello T, Maisano M. Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut in Response to Prebiotics and Probiotics Treatment to Improve Their Health Status: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2860. [PMID: 37760260 PMCID: PMC10525268 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) promotes the digestion and absorption of feeds, in addition to the excretion of waste products of digestion. In fish, the GIT is divided into four regions, the headgut, foregut, midgut, and hindgut, to which glands and lymphoid tissues are associated to release digestive enzymes and molecules involved in the immune response and control of host-pathogens. The GIT is inhabited by different species of resident microorganisms, the microbiota, which have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship and are responsible for metabolic benefits and counteracting pathogen infection. There is a strict connection between a fish's gut microbiota and its health status. This review focuses on the modulation of fish microbiota by feed additives based on prebiotics and probiotics as a feasible strategy to improve fish health status and gut efficiency, mitigate emerging diseases, and maximize rearing and growth performance. Furthermore, the use of histological assays as a valid tool for fish welfare assessment is also discussed, and insights on nutrient absorptive capacity and responsiveness to pathogens in fish by gut morphological endpoints are provided. Overall, the literature reviewed emphasizes the complex interactions between microorganisms and host fish, shedding light on the beneficial use of prebiotics and probiotics in the aquaculture sector, with the potential to provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.M.)
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5
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Shah N, Kulkarni A, Mongad D, Jaani K, Kajale N, Tamahane V, Bhor S, Ladkat D, Khadilkar V, Gondhalekar K, Shouche Y, Khadilkar AV. Pilot Study on Gut Microbiota Profile in Indian Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27:404-409. [PMID: 38107732 PMCID: PMC10723603 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_22_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-genetic factors like microbial dysbiosis may be contributing to the increasing incidence/progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Objectives To analyse the gut microbiota profile in Indian children with T1DM and its effect on glycaemic control. Methodology Faecal samples of 29 children with T1DM were collected and faecal microbial DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequencing and further analysis. Results The dominant phyla in children with T1DM were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Butyrate-producing bacteria Blautia and Ruminococcus showed a significant negative correlation with the glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels (p < 0.05). Coprococcus and Propionibacterium were important negative predictors of glycaemic control (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests that Indian children with T1DM have a distinct gut microbiome taxonomic composition and that short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria like Ruminococcus and Blautia (butyrate-producing) may play an important role in the glycaemic control of subjects with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Shah
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Pediatrics, Cloudnine Hospital, Malad, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijit Kulkarni
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dattatray Mongad
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kunal Jaani
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Kajale
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali Tamahane
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shital Bhor
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipali Ladkat
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaman Khadilkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketan Gondhalekar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha V. Khadilkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Overweight, obesity, undernutrition and their respective sequelae have devastating tolls on personal and public health worldwide. Traditional approaches for treating these conditions with diet, exercise, drugs and/or surgery have shown varying degrees of success, creating an urgent need for new solutions with long-term efficacy. Owing to transformative advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and gnotobiotic experimentation, we now understand that the gut microbiome profoundly impacts energy balance through diverse mechanisms affecting both sides of the energy balance equation. Our growing knowledge of microbial contributions to energy metabolism highlights new opportunities for weight management, including the microbiome-aware improvement of existing tools and novel microbiome-targeted therapies. In this Review, we synthesize current knowledge concerning the bidirectional influences between the gut microbiome and existing weight management strategies, including behaviour-based and clinical approaches, and incorporate a subject-level meta-analysis contrasting the effects of weight management strategies on microbiota composition. We consider how emerging understanding of the gut microbiome alters our prospects for weight management and the challenges that must be overcome for microbiome-focused solutions to achieve success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jordan E Bisanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
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Zhu X, Zhao Y, Sun N, Li C, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Wei H, Li Y, Hu Q, Li X. Comparison of the gut microbiota and untargeted gut tissue metabolome of Chinese mitten crabs ( Eriocheir sinensis) with different shell colors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218152. [PMID: 37520354 PMCID: PMC10374289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a highly valued freshwater crustacean in China. While the natural shell color of E. sinensis is greenish brown (GH), we found a variety with a brownish-orange shell color (RH). Although RH is more expensive, it exhibits a lower molting frequency and growth rate compared with GH, which significantly reduces its yield and hinders large-scale farming. The growth and development of animals are closely related to their gut microbiota and gut tissue metabolic profiles. Methods In this study, we compared the gut microbiome communities and metabolic profiles of juvenile RH and GH crabs using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. Results Our findings indicated that the intestinal microbial composition and metabolic characteristics of E. sinensis differed significantly between RH and GH. At the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, the α-diversity of the gut microbiota did not differ significantly between RH and GH, while the β-diversity of the RH gut microbiota was higher than that of the GH gut microbiota. At the species level, the richness of unclassified_c_Alphaproteobacteria was significantly higher in the GH group, while the RH group had a significantly higher richness of three low-abundance species, Flavobacteria bacterium BAL38, Paraburkholderia ferrariae, and uncultured_bacterium_g__Legionella. In the current study, 598 gut tissue metabolites were identified, and 159 metabolites were significantly different between GH and RH. The metabolite profile of RH was characteristic of a low level of most amino acids and lipid metabolites and a high level of several pigments compared with that of GH. These metabolites were enriched in 102 KEGG pathways. Four pathways, including (1) Central carbon metabolism in cancer, (2) protein digestion and absorption, (3) alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and (4) aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, were significantly enriched. The correlation analysis between metabolites and microbiotas indicated that most key differential metabolites were positively correlated with the abundance of Shewanella_sp_MR-7. Discussion This research provided a greater understanding of the physiological conditions of E. sinensis varieties with different shell colors by comparing the gut microbiota and gut tissue metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhu
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Sun
- Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co. Ltd., Panjin, China
| | - Changlei Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yazhao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingbiao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang, China
- Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co. Ltd., Panjin, China
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Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054997. [PMID: 36902427 PMCID: PMC10003410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have drawn much attention as important tumour-initiating cells that may also be crucial for recurrence after chemotherapy. Although the activity of CSCs in various forms of cancer is complex and yet to be fully elucidated, opportunities for therapies targeting CSCs exist. CSCs are molecularly distinct from bulk tumour cells, so they can be targeted by exploiting their signature molecular pathways. Inhibiting stemness has the potential to reduce the risk posed by CSCs by limiting or eliminating their capacity for tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, and recurrence. Here, we briefly described the role of CSCs in tumour biology, the mechanisms involved in CSC therapy resistance, and the role of the gut microbiota in cancer development and treatment, to then review and discuss the current advances in the discovery of microbiota-derived natural compounds targeting CSCs. Collectively, our overview suggests that dietary intervention, toward the production of those identified microbial metabolites capable of suppressing CSC properties, is a promising approach to support standard chemotherapy.
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Garg SS, Gupta J. Guar gum-based nanoformulations: Implications for improving drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:476-485. [PMID: 36603711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Poorly soluble drugs are reported to easily degrade in the gastrointestinal tract and contribute in limiting the effect of drug to its targeted site. Oral administration of drug is one of the prominent ways to deliver a drug, although, it experiences barriers like acidic pH, presence of microflora and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively all of these participate in the degradation of drug before it reaches its target site and thus, they impede the sustained effect of drug. A quest of choosing a polymer with good stability profile and releasing the drug to its targeted site is always been a challenge for the scientists worldwide. Many polymers have been reported to prevent the degradation of drug and one such naturally occurring biocompatible polymer is guar gum. Guar gum-based nanoformulations have been extensively used in past decades to achieve controlled drug release which defines its importance. The coating of guar gum over the drug improves the bioavailability of the drug and thus helps in minimizing the risk of drug degradation. This review intends to highlight the beneficial role of guar gum-based nanoformulations to improve drug delivery by ameliorating the bioavailibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourbh Suren Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
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Song F, Xu Y, Peng P, Li H, Zheng R, Zhang H, Han Y, Weng Q, Yuan Z. Seasonal Changes in the Structure and Function of Gut Microbiota in the Muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus). Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020248. [PMID: 36837868 PMCID: PMC9966595 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the nutrition, metabolism, and immune function of the host animal. The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a typical seasonal breeding animal. The present study performed a metagenomic analysis of cecum contents from muskrats in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results indicated that the breeding muskrats and non-breeding muskrats differed in gut microbiota structure and function. During the breeding season, the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, genus Prevotella, and genus Alistipes increased, while the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes and phylum Actinobacteria decreased. The muskrat gut microbiota was enriched in the metabolism-related pathways, especially amino acid and vitamin metabolism, and genetically related metabolites in the breeding season. We presumed that the muskrat gut microbiota might seasonally change to secure reproductive activity and satisfy the metabolic demands of different seasons. This study could explore potential mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects reproduction. Moreover, this study may provide a new theoretical basis for the management of muskrat captive breeding.
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Chen H, Cao T, Zhang B, Cai H. The regulatory effects of second-generation antipsychotics on lipid metabolism: Potential mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota and therapeutic implications. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1097284. [PMID: 36762113 PMCID: PMC9905135 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1097284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases but cause a high risk of disruption to lipid metabolism, which is an intractable therapeutic challenge worldwide. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this lipid disturbance are complex, an increasing body of evidence has suggested the involvement of the gut microbiota in SGA-induced lipid dysregulation since SGA treatment may alter the abundance and composition of the intestinal microflora. The subsequent effects involve the generation of different categories of signaling molecules by gut microbes such as endogenous cannabinoids, cholesterol, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and gut hormones that regulate lipid metabolism. On the one hand, these signaling molecules can directly activate the vagus nerve or be transported into the brain to influence appetite via the gut-brain axis. On the other hand, these molecules can also regulate related lipid metabolism via peripheral signaling pathways. Interestingly, therapeutic strategies directly targeting the gut microbiota and related metabolites seem to have promising efficacy in the treatment of SGA-induced lipid disturbances. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how SGAs can induce disturbances in lipid metabolism by altering the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Bikui Zhang, ; Hualin Cai,
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China,International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Bikui Zhang, ; Hualin Cai,
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12
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Macvanin MT, Gluvic Z, Zafirovic S, Gao X, Essack M, Isenovic ER. The protective role of nutritional antioxidants against oxidative stress in thyroid disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1092837. [PMID: 36686463 PMCID: PMC9846570 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1092837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between pro-oxidative and antioxidative cellular mechanisms is oxidative stress (OxS) which may be systemic or organ-specific. Although OxS is a consequence of normal body and organ physiology, severely impaired oxidative homeostasis results in DNA hydroxylation, protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, ultimately compromising cells' function and viability. The thyroid gland is an organ that exhibits both oxidative and antioxidative processes. In terms of OxS severity, the thyroid gland's response could be physiological (i.e. hormone production and secretion) or pathological (i.e. development of diseases, such as goitre, thyroid cancer, or thyroiditis). Protective nutritional antioxidants may benefit defensive antioxidative systems in resolving pro-oxidative dominance and redox imbalance, preventing or delaying chronic thyroid diseases. This review provides information on nutritional antioxidants and their protective roles against impaired redox homeostasis in various thyroid pathologies. We also review novel findings related to the connection between the thyroid gland and gut microbiome and analyze the effects of probiotics with antioxidant properties on thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana T. Macvanin
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Zafirovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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de Freitas PL, Miranda JPN, França LM, Paes AMDA. Plant-Derived (Poly)phenols and Their Metabolic Outcomes: The Pursuit of a Role for the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173510. [PMID: 36079768 PMCID: PMC9460414 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived (poly)phenolic compounds have been undoubtedly shown to promote endocrine homeostasis through the improvement of diverse metabolic outcomes. Amongst diverse potential mechanisms, the prebiotic modulatory effects exerted by these compounds on the gut microbiota have supported their nutraceutical application in both experimental and clinical approaches. However, the comprehension of the microbiota modulatory patterns observed upon (poly)phenol-based dietary interventions is still in its infancy, which makes the standardization of the metabolic outcomes in response to a given (poly)phenol a herculean task. Thus, this narrative review sought to gather up-to-date information on the relationship among (poly)phenols intake, their modulatory effect on the gut microbiota diversity, and consequent metabolic outcomes as a supportive tool for the future design of experimental approaches and even clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Lopes de Freitas
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Nascimento Miranda
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins França
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hu D, Fuller NR, Caterson ID, Holmes AJ, Reeves PR. Single-gene long-read sequencing illuminates Escherichia coli strain dynamics in the human intestinal microbiome. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110239. [PMID: 35021078 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome is of major interest due to its close relationship to health and disease. Bacteria usually vary in gene content, leading to functional variations within species, so resolution higher than species-level methods is needed for ecological and clinical relevance. We design a protocol to identify strains in selected species with high discrimination and in high numbers by amplicon sequencing of the flagellin gene. We apply the protocol to fecal samples from a human diet trial, targeting Escherichia coli. Across the 119 samples from 16 individuals, there are 1,532 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), but only 32 ASVs are dominant in one or more fecal samples, despite frequent dominant strain turnover. Major strains in an intestine are found to be commonly accompanied by a large number of satellite cells, and many are identified as potential extraintestinal pathogens. The protocol could be used to track epidemics or investigate the intra- or inter-host diversity of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Fuller
- The Boden Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Metabolism and Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Ian D Caterson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; The Boden Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Metabolism and Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Andrew J Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R Reeves
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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15
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Kang K, Zhou Q, McGinn L, Nguyen T, Luo Y, Djalilian A, Rosenblatt M. High fat diet induced gut dysbiosis alters corneal epithelial injury response in mice. Ocul Surf 2022; 23:49-59. [PMID: 34808360 PMCID: PMC8792274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Commensal microbiome secretes various metabolites that can exert important effects on the host immunity and inflammation and can alter cellular functions. However, little is known regarding the effect of microbiome on corneal immunity and genetic expression. The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of diet-induced gut dysbiosis on corneal immunity and corneal gene expression after wounding. METHODS This study is approved by the Animal Care and Use of the University of Illinois. Six-week-old female C57BL6 mice were fed on a normal chow diet (ND), isocaloric low-fat control diet (LFD), or a 21% milk high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks. 2 mm corneal epithelial debridement was performed (n = 10). Fecal samples from mice were used for microbial diversity analysis (n > 3). Immunofluorescence staining of corneal wholemount tissue post-debridement was used to visualize immune cell distribution. RNA Seq was performed on tissue samples from corneas following debridement. RESULTS Mice fed differing diets had significant alterations in gut microbial diversities. After corneal debridement, HFD mice experienced delayed wound healing in comparison to LFD mice and ND mice groups. However, fecal transplantation led to normalization of wound closure rates. Increased γδTCR staining was observed in the LFD group, and decreased LY6G was observed in HFD group (p < 0.05). Gene Ontology terms of differentially expressed genes included response to external stimulus, cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, defense response and leukocyte migration. Top over-represented pathways included ECM-receptor interaction, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Focal adhesion and Leukocyte trans-endothelial migration. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbial dysbiosis alters corneal immune cell distribution, corneal response to injury, and genes related to epithelial function and corneal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lander McGinn
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tara Nguyen
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuncin Luo
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ali Djalilian
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Rosenblatt
- Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Microbiota Targeted Interventions of Probiotic Lactobacillus as an Anti-Ageing Approach: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121930. [PMID: 34943033 PMCID: PMC8750034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the implementation of modern scientific protocols, the average human lifespan has significantly improved, but age-related problems remain a challenge. With the advent of ageing, there are alterations in gut microbiota and gut barrier functions, weak immune responses, increased oxidative stress, and other age-related disorders. This review has highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the significance of gut microbiota dysbiosis and ageing and its inherent effects against age-related oxidative stress as well as on the gut health and gut-brain axis. Further, we have discussed the key mechanism of action of Lactobacillus strains in the longevity of life, alleviating gut dysbiosis, and improving oxidative stress and inflammation to provide an outline of the role of Lactobacillus strains in restoration of gut microbiota dysbiosis and alleviating certain conditions during ageing. Microbiota-targeted interventions of some characterized strains of probiotic Lactobacillus for the restoration of gut microbial community are considered as a potential approach to improve several neurological conditions. However, very limited human studies are available on this alarmed issue and recommend further studies to identify the unique Lactobacillus strains with potential anti-ageing properties and to discover its novel core microbiome-association, which will help to increase the therapeutic potential of probiotic Lactobacillus strains to ageing.
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17
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Mujawdiya PK, Kapur S. Modulation of Gut Microbiota through Dietary Phytochemicals as a Novel Anti-infective Strategy. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:498-506. [PMID: 31702513 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666191107124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quorum Sensing (QS) is a phenomenon in which bacterial cells communicate with each other with the help of several low molecular weight compounds. QS is largely dependent on population density, and it triggers when the concentration of quorum sensing molecules accumulate in the environment and crosses a particular threshold. Once a certain population density is achieved and the concentration of molecules crosses a threshold, the bacterial cells show a collective behavior in response to various chemical stimuli referred to as "auto-inducers". The QS signaling is crucial for several phenotypic characteristics responsible for bacterial survival such as motility, virulence, and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is also responsible for making bacterial cells resistant to antibiotics. The human gut is home to trillions of bacterial cells collectively called "gut microbiota" or "gut microbes". Gut microbes are a consortium of more than 15,000 bacterial species and play a very crucial role in several body functions such as metabolism, development and maturation of the immune system, and the synthesis of several essential vitamins. Due to its critical role in shaping human survival and its modulating impact on body metabolisms, the gut microbial community has been referred to as "the forgotten organ" by O`Hara et al. (2006) [1]. Several studies have demonstrated that chemical interaction between the members of bacterial cells in the gut is responsible for shaping the overall microbial community. Recent advances in phytochemical research have generated a lot of interest in finding new, effective, and safer alternatives to modern chemical-based medicines. In the context of antimicrobial research various plant extracts have been identified with Quorum Sensing Inhibitory (QSI) activities among bacterial cells. This review focuses on the mechanism of quorum sensing and quorum sensing inhibitors isolated from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Mujawdiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad- 500078, India
| | - Suman Kapur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad- 500078, India
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18
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Sheikh A, Taube J, Greathouse KL. Contribution of the Microbiota and their Secretory Products to Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis: The Role of Toll-like Receptors. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1133-1142. [PMID: 34218275 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in diversity and function of the gut microbiome are associated with concomitant changes in immune response, including chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). An important component of the inflammatory response system are the toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are capable of sensing microbial components, including nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and peptidoglycans, as well as bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV). OMVs can be decorated with or carry as cargo these TLR activating factors. These microbial factors can either promote tolerance or activate signaling pathways leading to chronic inflammation. Herein we discuss the role of the microbiome and the OMVs that originate from intestinal bacteria in promoting chronic inflammation and the development of colitis-associated CRC. We also discuss the contribution of TLRs in mediating the microbiome-inflammation axis and subsequent cancer development. Understanding the role of the microbiome and its secretory factors in TLR response may lead to the development of better cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Sheikh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University
| | - Joseph Taube
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University
| | - K Leigh Greathouse
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Baylor University.,Human Science and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University
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19
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Wasson EM, Dubbin K, Moya ML. Go with the flow: modeling unique biological flows in engineered in vitro platforms. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2095-2120. [PMID: 34008661 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interest in recapitulating in vivo phenomena in vitro using organ-on-a-chip technology has grown rapidly and with it, attention to the types of fluid flow experienced in the body has followed suit. These platforms offer distinct advantages over in vivo models with regards to human relevance, cost, and control of inputs (e.g., controlled manipulation of biomechanical cues from fluid perfusion). Given the critical role biophysical forces play in several tissues and organs, it is therefore imperative that engineered in vitro platforms capture the complex, unique flow profiles experienced in the body that are intimately tied with organ function. In this review, we outline the complex and unique flow regimes experienced by three different organ systems: blood vasculature, lymphatic vasculature, and the intestinal system. We highlight current state-of-the-art platforms that strive to replicate physiological flows within engineered tissues while introducing potential limitations in current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Karen Dubbin
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Monica L Moya
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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20
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Fernandes DCR, Andreyev HJN. Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Pelvic Radiotherapy: Are We Letting Women Down? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:591-601. [PMID: 33985867 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For all cancers there are four areas of importance: prevention, early diagnosis, optimising therapy and living with and beyond. For women diagnosed with gynaecological cancers, progress in these first three areas has been immense. However, living with and beyond has largely been ignored as a significant issue. As a group, patients treated for gynaecological cancer are more often young and more often suffer the most difficult long-term issues. Despite the growing number of long-term survivors, little has been done to ensure appropriate assessment and treatment of side-effects of cancer therapies, especially when radiotherapy has been used. For many affected patients their symptoms become part of everyday life, 'normality' is adjusted and these changes are tolerated even when severely limiting activities. Data show that even expert clinicians frequently do not appreciate the true impact of these problems and the focus of treatment and of follow-up remains fixed on 5-year survival and cancer recurrence, respectively. Many clinicians are unaware of what experts can do for toxicity and do not know where to refer their patients. However, rapid identification of patients with significant symptoms can lead to earlier diagnosis of treatable pathologies and improvement in patients' quality of life. In addition, the underlying pathophysiology of radiation-induced damage is potentially amenable to disease-modifying therapies. This review focuses on the factors that contribute to patients developing pelvic radiation disease, what can be done to mitigate the toxicity of treatment and highlights the challenges that must be addressed to reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity of pelvic radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C R Fernandes
- Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK
| | - H J N Andreyev
- Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, UK; The Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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21
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Chuphal N, Singha KP, Sardar P, Sahu NP, Shamna N, Kumar V. Scope of Archaea in Fish Feed: a New Chapter in Aquafeed Probiotics? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1668-1695. [PMID: 33821466 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of diseases leading to substantial loss is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Over the last decades, the concept of using feed probiotics was more in focus to address the growth and health of cultivable aquatic organisms. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the distinct functionality of archaea from conventional probiotics in nutrient utilization, specific caloric contribution, evading immune response and processing thermal resistance. The prime limitation of conventional probiotics is the viability of desired microbes under harsh feed processing conditions. To overcome the constraints of commercial probiotics pertaining to incompatibility towards industrial processing procedure, a super microbe, archaea, appears to be a potential alternative approach in aquaculture. The peculiarity of the archaeal cell wall provides them with heat stability and rigidity under industrial processing conditions. Besides, archaea being one of the gut microbial communities participates in various health-oriented biological functions in animals. Thus, the current review devoted that administration of archaea in aquafeed could be a promising strategy in aquaculture. Archaea may be used as a potential probiotic with the possible modes of functions and advantages over conventional probiotics in aquafeed preparation. The present review also provides the challenges associated with the use of archaea for aquaculture and a brief outline of the patents on archaea to highlight the various use of archaea in different sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Chuphal
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Krishna Pada Singha
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA
| | - Parimal Sardar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Naseemashahul Shamna
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA.
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22
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Abbasi A, Rad AH, Ghasempour Z, Sabahi S, Kafil HS, Hasannezhad P, Rahbar Saadat Y, Shahbazi N. The biological activities of postbiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5983-6004. [PMID: 33715539 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to outcomes from clinical studies, an intricate relationship occurs between the beneficial microbiota, gut homeostasis, and the host's health status. Numerous studies have confirmed the health-promoting effects of probiotics, particularly in gastrointestinal diseases. On the other hand, the safety issues regarding the consumption of some probiotics are still a matter of debate, thus to overcome the problems related to the application of live probiotic cells in terms of clinical, technological, and economic aspects, microbial-derived biomolecules (postbiotics) were introducing as a potential alternative agent. Presently scientific literature confirms that the postbiotic components can be used as promising tools for both prevention and treatment strategies in gastrointestinal disorders with less undesirable side-effects, particularly in infants and children. Future head-to-head trials are required to distinguish appropriate strains of parent cells, optimal dosages of postbiotics, and assessment of the cost-effectiveness of postbiotics compared to alternative drugs. This review provides an overview of the concept and safety issues regarding postbiotics, with emphasis on their biological role in the treatment of some important gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasempour
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabahi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paniz Hasannezhad
- Department of Medical Engineering Science, University College of Rouzbahan, Sari, Iran
| | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nayyer Shahbazi
- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Food Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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23
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Yehualashet AS, Yikna BB. Microbial Ecosystem in Diabetes Mellitus: Consideration of the Gastrointestinal System. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1841-1854. [PMID: 33953584 PMCID: PMC8089103 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s304497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota is established to be a crucial element in the control of human health, and keeping the symbiotic relationship between the human body and intestinal microbes will have paramount importance. A number of investigations illustrated that many chronic diseases are associated with intestinal micro-ecological disorders implying intestinal floras as an important component among the environmental factors, and perturbations in their composition are correlated with metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Increased evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbial ecosystem have been involved in part in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 DM. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived from microbiota, have been studied for their potential action in modulating CNS, gut barrier axis, and the immune system as a promising mechanism for the observed protective effects on diabetes pathogenesis. Besides, the role of bile acid (BA) stimulated receptors to have a significant role in liver metabolism, and pathophysiology of liver-based metabolic diseases has also been investigated. In the current review, we will try to summarize the correlation between intestinal microbiota and diabetes considering the existing current evidence revealing the role of gut microbiota in onset and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Awgichew Shewasinad Yehualashet Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, PO Box 445, Debre Berhan, EthiopiaTel +251 935450290 Email
| | - Berhan Begashaw Yikna
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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24
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Abbasi A, Hajipour N, Hasannezhad P, Baghbanzadeh A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Potential in vivo delivery routes of postbiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3345-3369. [PMID: 33356449 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1865260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive micro- and macro-molecules (postbiotics) derived from gut beneficial microbes are among natural chemical compounds with medical significance. Currently, a unique therapeutic strategy has been developed with an emphasis on the small molecular weight biomolecules that are made by the microbiome, which endow the host with several physiological health benefits. A large number of postbiotics have been characterized, which due to their unique pharmacokinetic properties in terms of controllable aspects of the dosage and various delivery routes, could be employed as promising medical tools since they exert both prevention and treatment strategies in the host. Nevertheless, there are still main challenges for the in vivo delivery of postbiotics. Currently, scientific literature confirms that targeted delivery systems based on nanoparticles, due to their appealing properties in terms of high biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and significant capability to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic postbiotics, can be used as a novel and safe strategy for targeted delivery or/and release of postbiotics in various (oral, intradermal, and intravenous) in vivo models. The in vivo delivery of postbiotics are in their emerging phase and require massive investigation and randomized double-blind clinical trials if they are to be applied extensively as treatment strategies. This manuscript provides an overview of the various postbiotic metabolites derived from the gut beneficial microbes, their potential therapeutic activities, and recent progressions in the drug delivery field, as well as concisely giving an insight on the main in vivo delivery routes of postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Hajipour
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paniz Hasannezhad
- Department of Medical Engineering Science, University College of Rouzbahan, Sari, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Aguilar-Rojas A, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Human intestinal models to study interactions between intestine and microbes. Open Biol 2020; 10:200199. [PMID: 33081633 PMCID: PMC7653360 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementations of suitable in vitro cell culture systems of the human intestine have been essential tools in the study of the interaction among organs, commensal microbiota, pathogens and parasites. Due to the great complexity exhibited by the intestinal tissue, researchers have been developing in vitro/ex vivo systems to diminish the gap between conventional cell culture models and the human intestine. These models are able to reproduce different structures and functional aspects of the tissue. In the present review, information is recapitulated on the most used models, such as cell culture, intestinal organoids, scaffold-based three-dimensional models, and organ-on-a-chip and their use in studying the interaction between human intestine and microbes, and their advantages and limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad en Ginecología y Obstetricia No. 4 ‘Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala’, Av. Río Magdalena No. 289, Col. Tizapán San Ángel, C.P. 01090 Ciudad de México, México
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL9195, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Shastry RP, Rekha PD. Bacterial cross talk with gut microbiome and its implications: a short review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:15-24. [PMID: 32949007 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota exists in a complicated symbiotic relationship which postulates to impact health and disease conditions on the host. Interestingly, the gut microbiome shows different mechanisms to regulate host physiology and metabolism including cell-to-cell communications. But microbiota imbalance is characterized to change in the host normal functioning and lead to the development and progression of major human diseases. Therefore, the direct cross talk through the microbial metabolites or peptides suggests the evidence of host health and disease. Recent reports highlight the adaptation signals/small molecules promoting microbial colonization which allows modulating immunity of host and leads to pathogen colonization. Moreover, quorum sensing peptides are also evident in the involvement of host disease conditions. Here, we review the current understanding of the gut microbiota cross talk with mammalian cells through metabolites and peptides. These studies are providing insight into the prediction of signature molecules which significantly provide information for the understanding of the interaction for precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P Shastry
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - P D Rekha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
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Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation Does Not Disrupt Microbiota Development in Preterm Infants Receiving Probiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 71:216-222. [PMID: 32404742 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess whether bovine lactoferrin (bLf) supplementation disrupts intestinal microbiota development in preterm infants less than 31 weeks gestational age receiving prophylactic probiotic administration. METHODS Subjects were recruited from the LACUNA trial (ISRCTN66482337), designed to assess bLf safety. These subjects were randomized to daily receive either probiotic supplements or probiotics supplemented with 100 mg bLf mixed with their feeds (human milk or formula). Stools were collected weekly from enrolled infants for 1 month and the microbiota characterized using V6-16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling. RESULTS Infants' microbiomes did not increase in alpha diversity over time in both feeding interventions. Infants receiving bLf supplementation had overall higher species richness as compared with those not receiving these supplements and lactoferrin supplementation had differing effects on infant microbiota species richness depending on the infant's gestational age. Principal co-ordinate analysis revealed that the infant microbiotas did not separate by intervention group, gestational age bracket at birth or sampling time and the main factor dictating sample clustering was infant identity. There were very few detectable differences in taxa relative abundance or functional gene content between the microbiotas in the 2 study groups. CONCLUSIONS Bovine lactoferrin supplementation has minimal impact on microbiota composition/function in preterm infants receiving probiotics, and therefore, is unlikely to disrupt microbiota development.
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Liu P, Deng X, Peng Y, Zhou F, Zuo Z. Effect of Neotype Rectal Mild Hypothermia Therapy on Intestinal Bacterial Translocation in Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919680. [PMID: 32017761 PMCID: PMC7020737 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that a neotype rectal cooling device can induce mild hypothermia (MH) in Sprague-Dawley rats with ischemic-hypoxic brain damage (HIBD) and inhibit cell apoptosis in the hippocampal CAl region, and does not cause damage to rectal tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rectal MH on bacterial translocation (BT) in Sprague-Dawley rats with HIBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group (group C), a normothermia group (group NT), a cooling blanket group (group CB), and a rectal cooling group (group RC). Rats in group CB and group RC received MH using a cooling blanket and rectal cooling device after HIBD model establishment. Then, we measured diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactate level separately in groups NT, CB, and RC. Finally, the spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for bacterial culture, and rectal tissues were collected for H&E staining. RESULTS The therapeutic outcome was better in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving rectal MH without rectal injury compared to rats in group CB. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was found in MLNs in group RC. E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter lwoffii were detected in the rats of groups CB and NT. At 12 h following rectal MH, DAO and D-lactate levels were lower than in group NT. CONCLUSIONS The neotype rectal MH cooling method could be a potential strategy to induce rapid, controllable hypothermia, thus reducing the possibility of inflammatory cell infiltration and BT incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Deng
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zelan Zuo
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Al Kassaa I, Mechemchani S, Zaylaa M, Ismail MB, El Omari K, Dabboussi F, Hamze M. Characterization of lactobacilli strains isolated from baby's feces for their potential immunobiotic application. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:379-388. [PMID: 32148668 PMCID: PMC7049323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Several LAB species were evaluated and characterized for potential probiotic use. Besides the antimicrobial activity, probiotics showed recently a capacity to prevent and to alleviate inflammatory and chronic diseases. Immunomodulation effect is one of the modes of actions of such probiotics, called immunobiotics, which can be used in several chronic diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize lactobacilli strains from healthy baby's feces in order to select some strains with potential immunobiotic application especially strains which can stimulate anti-inflammatory responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two LAB strains were isolated and identified by the MALDI-TOF / MS technique. In addition, strains were subjected to several assessments such as antimicrobial activity, the capacity to form biofilm in polystyrene microplate and immunomodulation activity in a PBMC model. RESULTS Results showed that the majority of strains (90.4%) were identified as Lactobacillus. However, among these, only 39.4% of lactobacilli strains were not identified at the species level. All isolated lactobacilli strains showed an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, 7 strains were considered as good probiotic candidates based on their characteristics such as their antibacterial activities, formation of the strongest biofilm and their ability to stimulate an anti-inflammatory response in PBMCs model. CONCLUSION Two strains (Lactobacillus spp S14 and Lactobacillus spp S49) which showed the best immunobiotic characteristics, could be selected and evaluated more deeply in vivo model as well as in human clinical study to ensure their effectiveness in inflammatory diseases such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Al Kassaa
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Samah Mechemchani
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Zaylaa
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry Agriculture of Tripoli and North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon,Corresponding author: Monzer Hamze, PhD, Department of Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology and Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon. Tel: +9613 228881,
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Kong HG, Kim HH, Chung JH, Jun J, Lee S, Kim HM, Jeon S, Park SG, Bhak J, Ryu CM. The Galleria mellonella Hologenome Supports Microbiota-Independent Metabolism of Long-Chain Hydrocarbon Beeswax. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2451-2464.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Covasa M, Stephens RW, Toderean R, Cobuz C. Intestinal Sensing by Gut Microbiota: Targeting Gut Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30837951 PMCID: PMC6390476 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2 billion overweight and obese individuals worldwide, surpassing for the first time, the number of people affected by undernutrition. Obesity and its comorbidities inflict a heavy burden on the global economies and have become a serious threat to individuals' wellbeing with no immediate cure available. The causes of obesity are manifold, involving several factors including physiological, metabolic, neural, psychosocial, economic, genetics and the environment, among others. Recent advances in genome sequencing and metagenomic profiling have added another dimension to this complexity by implicating the gut microbiota as an important player in energy regulation and the development of obesity. As such, accumulating evidence demonstrate the impact of the gut microbiota on body weight, adiposity, glucose, lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome. This also includes the role of microbiota as a modulatory signal either directly or through its bioactive metabolites on intestinal lumen by releasing chemosensing factors known to have a major role in controlling food intake and regulating body weight. The importance of gut signaling by microbiota signaling is further highlighted by the presence of taste and nutrient receptors on the intestinal epithelium activated by the microbial degradation products as well as their role in release of peptides hormones controlling appetite and energy homeostasis. This review present evidence on how gut microbiota interacts with intestinal chemosensing and modulates the release and activity of gut peptides, particularly GLP-1 and PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Covasa
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mihai Covasa
| | - Richard W. Stephens
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Roxana Toderean
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Claudiu Cobuz
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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Liebert A. Emerging Applications of Photobiomodulation Therapy: The Interaction Between Metabolomics and the Microbiome. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:515-517. [PMID: 30234428 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Photomolecular Research Lab, Australasian Research Institute , Wahroonga, Australia
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Stefano GB, Kream RM. Alkaloids, Nitric Oxide, and Nitrite Reductases: Evolutionary Coupling as Key Regulators of Cellular Bioenergetics with Special Relevance to the Human Microbiome. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3153-3158. [PMID: 29756604 PMCID: PMC5978027 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical alkaloids expressed by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are small heterocyclic compounds containing weakly basic nitrogen groups that are critically important for mediating essential biological activities. The prototype opiate alkaloid morphine represents a low molecular mass heterocyclic compound that has been evolutionarily fashioned from a relatively restricted role as a secreted antimicrobial phytoalexin into a broad spectrum regulatory molecule. As an essential corollary, positive evolutionary pressure has driven the development of a cognate 6-transmembrane helical (TMH) domain μ3 opiate receptor that is exclusively responsive to morphine and related opiate alkaloids. A key aspect of “morphinergic” signaling mediated by μ3 opiate receptor activation is its functional coupling with regulatory pathways utilizing constitutive nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule. Importantly, tonic and phasic intra-mitochondrial NO production exerts profound inhibitory effects on the rate of electron transport, H+ pumping, and O2 consumption. Given the pluripotent role of NO as a selective, temporally-defined chemical regulator of mitochondrial respiration and cellular bioenergetics, the expansion of prokaryotic denitrification systems into mitochondrial NO/nitrite cycling complexes represents a series of evolutionary modifications of existential proportions. Presently, our short review provides selective discussion of evolutionary development of morphine, opiate alkaloids, μ3 opiate receptors, and NO systems, within the perspectives of enhanced mitochondrial function, cellular bioenergetics, and the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard M Kream
- Senior Advisor, International Scientific Information, Inc., Melville, NY, USA
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Qiang X, Liotta AS, Shiloach J, Gutierrez JC, Wang H, Ochani M, Ochani K, Yang H, Rabin A, LeRoith D, Lesniak MA, Böhm M, Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Donowitz M, Rabizadeh S, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Westlake M, Zarfeshani A, Mehdi SF, Danoff A, Ge X, Sanyal S, Schwartz GJ, Roth J. New melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli can suppress inflammation via the mammalian melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): possible endocrine-like function for microbes of the gut. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 29152323 PMCID: PMC5684143 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli releases a 33 amino acid peptide melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli (MECO-1) that is identical to the C-terminus of the E. coli elongation factor-G (EF-G) and has interesting similarities to two prominent mammalian melanocortin hormones, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Note that MECO-1 lacks HFRW, the common pharmacophore of the known mammalian melanocortin peptides. MECO-1 and the two hormones were equally effective in severely blunting release of cytokines (HMGB1 and TNF) from macrophage-like cells in response to (i) endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokine HMGB-1. The in vitro anti-inflammatoty effects of MECO-1 and of alpha-MSH were abrogated by (i) antibody against melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and by (ii) agouti, an endogenous inverse agonist of MC1R. In vivo MECO-1 was even more potent than alpha-MSH in rescuing mice from death due to (i) lethal doses of LPS endotoxin or (ii) cecal ligation and puncture, models of sterile and infectious sepsis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Haichao Wang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aviva Rabin
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Donowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Czura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Mark Westlake
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aida Zarfeshani
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xueliang Ge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suparna Sanyal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome is a multisystemic disorder, that is characterized by excess caloric intake and spillover lipotoxicity caused by ectopic lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues. Low grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance are the hallmarks of the disorder, which further aggravate the condition. Gut microbiota constitutes an indispensible part of human superorganism's energy harvesting apparatus. The dynamic composition of microbiota changes with age, life style and host metabolic background. The wealth of genetic repertoire provided by these microorganism enables to extend host's substrate processing and harvesting capability. Some of these compounds including short chain fatty acids and indole act as signalling molecules on mammalian cells and modulate their behaviour. Nonetheless, this symbiotic style of interaction is restrained by immune system. The role of chronic low grade inflammation in metabolic syndrome is well established. Treg cells are the key players that sense and reshape the composition of microbiota. In this regard, any disturbance in Treg functionality may aggravate the inflammation and shift the symbiotic balance towards dysbiosis, which is characterized by autoimmunity and insulin resistance. Thus, immune system is responsible for the modulation of host and microbiota metabolisms and Treg cells act as a bridge in between.
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xu H, Mei X, Yu D, Wang Y, Li W. Antioxidant Properties of Probiotic Bacteria. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050521. [PMID: 28534820 PMCID: PMC5452251 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress defines a condition in which the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the cell is disturbed, resulting in DNA hydroxylation, protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, ultimately compromising cells' viability. Probiotics have been known for many beneficial health effects, and the consumption of probiotics alone or in food shows that strain-specific probiotics can present antioxidant activity and reduce damages caused by oxidation. However, the oxidation-resistant ability of probiotics, especially the underling mechanisms, is not properly understood. In this view, there is interest to figure out the antioxidant property of probiotics and summarize the mode of action of probiotic bacteria in antioxidation. Therefore, in the present paper, the antioxidant mechanisms of probiotics have been reviewed in terms of their ability to improve the antioxidant system and their ability to decrease radical generation. Since in recent years, oxidative stress has been associated with an altered gut microbiota, the effects of probiotics on intestinal flora composition are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Dongyou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Mechanism of development of depression and probiotics as adjuvant therapy for its prevention and management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Ferreira MR, Muls A, Dearnaley DP, Andreyev HJN. Microbiota and radiation-induced bowel toxicity: lessons from inflammatory bowel disease for the radiation oncologist. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:e139-47. [PMID: 24599929 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent after pelvic radiotherapy and can greatly affect the quality of life of cancer survivors. The effect of radiation on the intestinal microbiota, and the clinical implications of a modified microbial balance after radiotherapy are now beginning to emerge. In this Personal View, we show the importance of the microbiota for intestinal homoeostasis, and discuss the similarity between inflammatory bowel disease, which has been extensively researched, and radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. By use of microbiota profiles for risk assessment and manipulation of the intestinal flora for prevention and treatment of radiation, enteropathy could become a reality and would be of substantial relevance to the increasing numbers of long-term cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R Ferreira
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ann Muls
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David P Dearnaley
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:55-69. [PMID: 22638926 PMCID: PMC11113561 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in research have greatly increased our understanding of the importance of the gut microbiota. Bacterial colonization of the intestine is critical to the normal development of many aspects of physiology such as the immune and endocrine systems. It is emerging that the influence of the gut microbiota also extends to modulation of host neural development. Furthermore, the overall balance in composition of the microbiota, together with the influence of pivotal species that induce specific responses, can modulate adult neural function, peripherally and centrally. Effects of commensal gut bacteria in adult animals include protection from the central effects of infection and inflammation as well as modulation of normal behavioral responses. There is now robust evidence that gut bacteria influence the enteric nervous system, an effect that may contribute to afferent signaling to the brain. The vagus nerve has also emerged as an important means of communicating signals from gut bacteria to the CNS. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying microbiome-gut-brain communication will provide us with new insight into the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and their mammalian hosts and help us identify the potential for microbial-based therapeutic strategies to aid in the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- The Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, T3302, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Fiocchi A, Burks W, Bahna SL, Bielory L, Boyle RJ, Cocco R, Dreborg S, Goodman R, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T, Heine RG, Lack G, Osborn DA, Sampson H, Tannock GW, Lee BW. Clinical Use of Probiotics in Pediatric Allergy (CUPPA): A World Allergy Organization Position Paper. World Allergy Organ J 2012; 5:148-67. [PMID: 23282383 PMCID: PMC3651185 DOI: 10.1097/wox.0b013e3182784ee0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Probiotic administration has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of specific allergic manifestations such as eczema, rhinitis, gastrointestinal allergy, food allergy, and asthma. However, published statements and scientific opinions disagree about the clinical usefulness. OBJECTIVE : A World Allergy Organization Special Committee on Food Allergy and Nutrition review of the evidence regarding the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergy. METHODS : A qualitative and narrative review of the literature on probiotic treatment of allergic disease was carried out to address the diversity and variable quality of relevant studies. This variability precluded systematization, and an expert panel group discussion method was used to evaluate the literature. In the absence of systematic reviews of treatment, meta-analyses of prevention studies were used to provide data in support of probiotic applications. RESULTS : Despite the plethora of literature, probiotic research is still in its infancy. There is a need for basic microbiology research on the resident human microbiota. Mechanistic studies from biology, immunology, and genetics are needed before we can claim to harness the potential of immune modulatory effects of microbiota. Meanwhile, clinicians must take a step back and try to link disease state with alterations of the microbiota through well-controlled long-term studies to identify clinical indications. CONCLUSIONS : Probiotics do not have an established role in the prevention or treatment of allergy. No single probiotic supplement or class of supplements has been demonstrated to efficiently influence the course of any allergic manifestation or long-term disease or to be sufficient to do so. Further epidemiologic, immunologic, microbiologic, genetic, and clinical studies are necessary to determine whether probiotic supplements will be useful in preventing allergy. Until then, supplementation with probiotics remains empirical in allergy medicine. In the future, basic research should focus on homoeostatic studies, and clinical research should focus on preventive medicine applications, not only in allergy. Collaborations between allergo-immunologists and microbiologists in basic research and a multidisciplinary approach in clinical research are likely to be the most fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fiocchi
- Department of Pediatrics - Division of Allergy - Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù - Rome, Vatican City
| | - Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sami L Bahna
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Robert J Boyle
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Renata Cocco
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sten Dreborg
- Department of Pediatric Allergology, Women's and Children's Health, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Goodman
- Department of Food Science & Technology University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mikael Kuitunen
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf G Heine
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gideon Lack
- King's College London, Asthma-UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Department of Paediatric Allergy, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - David A Osborn
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugh Sampson
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Geraedts MCP, Takahashi T, Vigues S, Markwardt ML, Nkobena A, Cockerham RE, Hajnal A, Dotson CD, Rizzo MA, Munger SD. Transformation of postingestive glucose responses after deletion of sweet taste receptor subunits or gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E464-74. [PMID: 22669246 PMCID: PMC3423100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-dependent secretion of the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a critical step in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Two molecular mechanisms have separately been suggested as the primary mediator of intestinal glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion (GSGS): one is a metabotropic mechanism requiring the sweet taste receptor type 2 (T1R2) + type 3 (T1R3) while the second is a metabolic mechanism requiring ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels. By quantifying sugar-stimulated hormone secretion in receptor knockout mice and in rats receiving Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), we found that both of these mechanisms contribute to GSGS; however, the mechanisms exhibit different selectivity, regulation, and localization. T1R3(-/-) mice showed impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis during an oral glucose challenge as well as slowed insulin granule exocytosis from isolated pancreatic islets. Glucose, fructose, and sucralose evoked GLP-1 secretion from T1R3(+/+), but not T1R3(-/-), ileum explants; this secretion was not mimicked by the K(ATP) channel blocker glibenclamide. T1R2(-/-) mice showed normal glycemic control and partial small intestine GSGS, suggesting that T1R3 can mediate GSGS without T1R2. Robust GSGS that was K(ATP) channel-dependent and glucose-specific emerged in the large intestine of T1R3(-/-) mice and RYGB rats in association with elevated fecal carbohydrate throughout the distal gut. Our results demonstrate that the small and large intestines utilize distinct mechanisms for GSGS and suggest novel large intestine targets that could mimic the improved glycemic control seen after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje C P Geraedts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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43
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Oh S, Go G, Mylonakis E, Kim Y. The bacterial signalling molecule indole attenuates the virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:622-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oh
- Department of Gastroenterology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - G.W. Go
- Cardiovascular Research Center; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven; CT; USA
| | - E. Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Y. Kim
- Department of Animal Science; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju; Korea
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44
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Connolly ML, Lovegrove JA, Tuohy KM. In vitro fermentation characteristics of whole grain wheat flakes and the effect of toasting on prebiotic potential. J Med Food 2011; 15:33-43. [PMID: 21877952 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Population studies have shown a positive correlation between diets rich in whole grains and a reduced risk of developing metabolic diseases, like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action, particularly the impact different fermentable components of whole grains have on the human intestinal microbiota. The modulation of microbial populations by whole grain wheat flakes and the effects of toasting on digestion and subsequent fermentation profile were evaluated. Raw, partially toasted, and toasted wheat flakes were digested using simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and then fermented using 24-hour, pH-controlled, anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with human feces. Major bacterial groups and production of short-chain fatty acids were compared with those for the prebiotic oligofructose and weakly fermented cellulose. Within treatments, a significant increase (P<.05) in bifidobacteria numbers was observed upon fermentation of all test carbohydrates, with the exception of cellulose. Toasting appeared to have an effect on growth of lactobacilli as only fermentation of raw wheat flakes resulted in a significant increase in levels of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Connolly
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
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45
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Abstract
'Gut health' is a term increasingly used in the medical literature and by the food industry. It covers multiple positive aspects of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the effective digestion and absorption of food, the absence of GI illness, normal and stable intestinal microbiota, effective immune status and a state of well-being. From a scientific point of view, however, it is still extremely unclear exactly what gut health is, how it can be defined and how it can be measured. The GI barrier adjacent to the GI microbiota appears to be the key to understanding the complex mechanisms that maintain gut health. Any impairment of the GI barrier can increase the risk of developing infectious, inflammatory and functional GI diseases, as well as extraintestinal diseases such as immune-mediated and metabolic disorders. Less clear, however, is whether GI discomfort in general can also be related to GI barrier functions. In any case, methods of assessing, improving and maintaining gut health-related GI functions are of major interest in preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr 12, Stuttgart D 70599, Germany.
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46
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New tools to assess toxicity, bioaccessibility and uptake of chemical contaminants in meat and seafood. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Joyner PM, Liu J, Zhang Z, Merritt J, Qi F, Cichewicz RH. Mutanobactin A from the human oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans is a cross-kingdom regulator of the yeast-mycelium transition. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5486-9. [PMID: 20852771 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent investigation of a gene cluster encoding for a hybrid PKS-NRPS metabolite in the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159 yielded evidence that this natural product might play an important role regulating a range of stress tolerance factors. We have now characterized the major compound generated from this gene cluster, mutanobactin A, and demonstrated that this secondary metabolite is also capable of influencing the yeast-mycelium transition of Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matthew Joyner
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, 101 Stephenson Parkway, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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48
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Functional cell models of the gut and their applications in food microbiology--a review. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 141 Suppl 1:S4-14. [PMID: 20444515 PMCID: PMC7173225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal experimentation has a long tradition for risk assessment of new drugs before they reach the clinic. To reduce expensive animal experimentation, attempts have been made to build inexpensive and convenient intestinal functional cell models to study toxicity and bioavailability of new substances along with providing relevant models to study interactions between the host, pathogens and intestinal microflora. We review the available cell lines and models of the intestine and their potential uses. Tumor derived cell lines such as Caco-2, T84 and HT-29 are widely used despite many drawbacks, which are discussed with respect to complexity of the gut, where various cell types interact with commensal microbiota and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To address this complexity, 3D models of human and animal gut represent a promising in vitro system to mimic in vivo situation without the use of transformed cell lines.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the intestinal microbiota occurs primarily during infancy, and a distortion could potentially contribute to a wide range of diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the intestinal microbiota in infants. The potential consequences of different colonization patterns on child health and possible preventive interventions are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies and the use of culture-independent techniques have shown that Bifidobacterium is only a minor component of the infant gut microbiota. These techniques have also introduced the concept of a core microbiome in which metabolic function is more important than the presence of a particular bacterial species. A less diverse gut microbiota with high counts of Bacteroides, Clostridium, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus early in life has been associated with an increased risk for atopic disease. Changes in infant gut colonization were also found in relation to childhood obesity. Probiotics have no proven preventive effect on the development of asthma and an unconfirmed effect on atopic dermatitis. A prebiotic trial could show a preventive effect on the development of both atopic diseases. SUMMARY Molecular techniques have improved our understanding of the infant gut ecosystem. The available probiotics for prevention of atopic disease are disappointing, and the results with prebiotics need further confirmation. New studies on the relation between gut microbiota and disease should consider asthma and atopic dermatitis separately. Future trials should focus on high-risk groups, determine their long-term effect and also investigate the effect on Bacteroides and Clostridium.
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50
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Allaoui A, Botteaux A, Dumont JE, Hoste C, De Deken X. Dual oxidases and hydrogen peroxide in a complex dialogue between host mucosae and bacteria. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:571-9. [PMID: 19913458 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the host defense mechanisms against bacteria, leukocyte phagocytosis leads to their hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-mediated destruction. The recent discovery of dual oxidase (DUOX)-dependent H(2)O(2) generation associated with peroxidase and thiocyanate secretion at the apex of mucosal cells has been similarly interpreted as a killing mechanism. However, the rapid degradation of H(2)O(2) would be expected to reduce the efficiency of this system. It has been demonstrated that H(2)O(2) acts as a chemorepellent for bacteria, and such an effect might be sufficient to block cellular infection. Therefore, H(2)O(2) generation might represent one of the mechanisms that allows the coexistence of mucosae with potentially harmful bacteria. Here, we discuss the possible role of DUOXes and H(2)O(2) in interactions between host mucosae and bacteria to maintain mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmounaaïm Allaoui
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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