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Thao HV, Chuyen BT, Toan PV, Nam TS, Cong NV. Effects of fenobucarb based-Excel Basa 50EC on brain cholinesterase of juvenile snakehead fish (Channa striata) in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta's rice fields. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023027-0. [PMID: 38298046 PMCID: PMC10834075 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fenobucarb is one of most common insecticides applied to rice crops in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Paddy fields are preferred habitats for snakehead fish (Channa striata). Therefore, the probability of exposure risks and growth effects is highly. This paper aimed to examine the effects of using fenobucarb based - Excel Basa 50EC on the brain cholinesterase (ChE) of snakehead fish. Two rice fields, in which a single dose of Excel Basa 50EC was applied to one field, whilst the other acted as a control. Each field was subdivided into three plots by earthen dikes. In each plot, one fish cage (1.2 m x 1.2 m x 1.2 m) was installed that was stocked with 20 snakehead fish. The Excel Basa 50EC was applied once at the indication dose. The results highlighted that the concentration of fenobucarb in water at 1 hr after application was 116.72 ppb ± 12.64, which decreased to 23.96 ± 6.61 ppb after d and then to below detection limits (0.02 ppb). For fish living in this field, no mortality was seen, but ChE was significantly inhibited for 31 % on the first day and recovery following 7 days of exposure. Residues of fenobucarb in soil and fish should also be investigated furthermore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Van Thao
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Bui Thi Chuyen
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Toan
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - Tran Sy Nam
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Cong
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Vietnam
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Van Cong N, Giao NT, Hang BTB. Sensitivity of cholinesterase activity in juvenile giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) to organophosphate diazinon. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113578. [PMID: 35526457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides containing diazinon are frequently used in agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong delta region leading to their potential residual occurrence in the environment. Under laboratory conditions, exposure to diazinon has been shown to result in adverse inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) activity and subsequent death in several fish species. This study investigated a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of diazinon concentrations from 0.08 to 1.25 mg/L on juvenile giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) in tanks in the laboratory. Inhibition of ChE in the flesh and in the eyes of the tested shrimps after exposed to diazinon concentrations of 2.7, 27, 67.5 μg/L equivalent to 1%, 10%, 25% LC50-96 h was calculated. The results indicated that diazinon was highly toxic to giant freshwater prawn with a low LC50-96 h of 270 μg/L. The activity of ChE in the flesh was more sensitive to diazinon than that in the eyes. Furthermore, in the future, the activity of ChE in the flesh or in the eyes of shrimps has potential to be used as biomarker for rapid recognition of diazinon contamination in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Cong
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Thanh Giao
- College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Viet Nam
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Matsushita T, Kikkawa Y, Omori K, Matsui Y, Shirasaki N. Metabolism-Coupled Cell-Independent Acetylcholinesterase Activity Assay for Evaluation of the Effects of Chlorination on Diazinon Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2070-2078. [PMID: 34374289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water quality guideline values for toxic compounds are determined based on their acceptable daily intake. The toxicological end point for determining the acceptable daily intake of most organophosphorus insecticides is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Although insecticides ingested with drinking water are partly metabolized by the liver before transport to the rest of the body, no current cell-independent AChE activity assay takes the effects of metabolism into account. Here, we incorporated metabolism into a cell-independent AChE activity assay and then evaluated the change in anti-AChE activity during chlorination of a solution containing the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon. The anti-AChE activities of solutions of diazinon or diazinon-oxon, the major transformation product of diazinon during chlorination, were dramatically changed by metabolism: the activity of diazinon solution was markedly increased, whereas that of diazinon-oxon solution was slightly decreased, clearly indicating the importance of incorporating metabolism into assays examining toxicity after oral ingestion. Upon chlorination, diazinon was completely transformed, in part to diazinon-oxon. Although diazinon solution without metabolism did not show anti-AChE activity before chlorination, it did after chlorination. In contrast, with metabolism, diazinon solution did show anti-AChE activity before chlorination, but chlorination gradually decreased this activity over time. The observed anti-AChE activities were attributable solely to diazinon and diazinon-oxon having been contained in the samples before metabolism, clearly suggesting that the presence not only of diazinon but also of diazinon-oxon should be monitored in drinking water. Further examination using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and in silico site-of-metabolism analyses revealed the structure of a single metabolite that was responsible for the observed anti-AChE activity after metabolism. However, because this compound is produced via metabolism in the human body after oral ingestion of diazinon, its presence in drinking water need not be monitored and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Matsushita
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuji Kikkawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kei Omori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shirasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Flynn K, Johnson R, Lothenbach D, Swintek J, Whiteman F, Etterson M. The effects of combinations of limited ration and diazinon exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity, growth and reproduction in Oryzias latipes, the Japanese medaka. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:535-547. [PMID: 31960457 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination can negatively impact fish populations. In addition to acute toxicity leading to death, toxicants can reduce fish growth and lower reproduction. The potential for adverse population level effects of environmental contaminants are estimated to conduct risk assessments from laboratory toxicity tests that most often measure apical endpoints related to growth, survival and reproduction. The relationships between these effect endpoints are being evaluated to predict shifts in fish population demography better after exposure to environmental toxicants. Environmental contaminants can also affect fish populations indirectly by reducing prey biomass. However, estimating the magnitude of the combined effects of prey reduction and direct toxicity is difficult and rarely attempted. Here we describe a toxicity test designed to estimate the effect on Japanese medaka of both reduced food and chronic exposure to diazinon, an acetylcholinesterase inhibiting organophosphate pesticide. Fish were reared with limited food ration and/or diazinon exposure through a full life cycle to assess possible interactions between the two stressors in their effects on growth and reproduction. Diazinon exposure (10 or 20 μg/L), reduced ration (50% and 25% of ad libitum), or combinations of both lowered growth rates and reproductive output of Japanese medaka. In addition, growth and reproduction alone were modeled, and then various relationships between the two stressors (diazinon and ration) and how they relate to growth and reproduction were modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Flynn
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Rodney Johnson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota (retired), United States
| | - Doug Lothenbach
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota (retired), United States
| | - Joe Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Frank Whiteman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota (retired), United States
| | - Matthew Etterson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota
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Al-Otaibi AM, Al-Balawi HFA, Ahmad Z, Suliman EM. Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of diazinon on blood profile and histology of liver, gills and kidney of catfish, Clarias gariepinus. BRAZ J BIOL 2019; 79:326-336. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.185408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to different acute concentrations (5-10 mg/l) of diazinon and the Lc50 value was recorded as high as 7.3 mg/l for 96 hours. The fishes exposed to three sub-lethal levels of diazinon (0.73, 1.095 and 1.46 mg/l) for 30 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in different blood parameters. Number of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin level and haematocrit values were elevated whereas white blood cells (WBC) count was reduced. Various blood indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobine (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobine concentration (MCHC) vary insignificantly in the fish treated with diazinon. Glucose level and activity level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased in Clarias gariepinus exposed to diazinon. Protein level in plasma of fish treated with pesticide was changed but the change was insignificant. Histological changes in the liver, gills and kidney of fishes exposed to diazinon were apparent when compared to control. Hepatocytes necrosis and bleeding were more distinct in the fishes exposed to pesticide. Glomerulus hypertrophy and bleeding in kidneys; and fusion and degeneration of secondary lamellae and epithelial hyperplasia in gills were also observed in the exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Z. Ahmad
- King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abdel-Diam MM, Samak DH, El-Sayed YS, Aleya L, Alarifi S, Alkahtani S. Curcumin and quercetin synergistically attenuate subacute diazinon-induced inflammation and oxidative neurohepatic damage, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in albino rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3659-3665. [PMID: 30535736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of diazinon (DZN, an organophosphorus insecticide) has increased the probability of occupational, public, and the ecosystem exposure; these exposures are linked to negative health outcomes. The flavonoids curcumin (CUR) and quercetin (QUE) exert significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities against toxicants, including insecticides. However, it is unclear whether their combination enhances these activities. Therefore, 40 albino rat were divided randomly into the CTR, DZN, CUR + DZN, QUE + DZN, and CUR + QUE + DZN groups, which are treated daily via gavage for 28 days. DZN induced neurohepatic inflammation and oxidative damage, which was confirmed by significant (P < 0.05) induction of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and tumor necrosis factor-α and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, the liver and brain of DZN-exposed rats exhibited a notable elevation in MDA level paralleled with reduction in antioxidant molecules, i.e., glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. The pretreatment of DZN-intoxicated rats with CUR or QUE substantially mitigated neurohepatic dysfunction and inflammation and improved liver and brain antioxidant status with reducing oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, pretreatment with CUR + QUE synergistically restored the neurohepatic dysfunction and oxidative levels to approximately normal levels. The overall results suggested that CUR or QUE inhibits DZN-mediated neurohepatic toxicity via their favorable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical-scavenging activities. Moreover, both QUE and CUR may be mutual adjuvant agents against oxidative stress neurohepatic damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdel-Diam
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Dalia H Samak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Nwani CD, Somdare PO, Ukonze JA, Ejere VC, Nwadinigwe AO, Nwani JC, Odo GE, Ugbor ON. Subchronic Exposure to Fenthion Induces Hematological Changes in Liver Tissue of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:229-234. [PMID: 27764572 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1194907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) Clarias gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations of fenthion of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/L for 21 d and allowed to recover for 7 d to investigate the potential for hematological changes. Whole blood was sampled on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 postexposure and after a 7-d recovery period. During exposure, fenthion caused a reduction in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume. There was an increase in white blood cell counts but no significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Both increases and decreases were observed in white blood cell differentials. After the 7-d recovery period, both increases and decreases were observed in the hematological parameters. These results reveal that sublethal concentrations of fenthion can cause hematological alterations in African Catfish and that the substance should be used with caution. Received October 20, 2015; accepted May 4, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peace Onas Somdare
- b Department of Biological Science , Federal University , Lokoja , Nigeria
| | | | - Vincent Chikwendu Ejere
- a Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
| | - Alfreda O Nwadinigwe
- d Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
| | - Jacinta Chinedu Nwani
- e Department of Crop Science and Landscape Management , Ebonyi State University , Abakaliki , Nigeria
| | - Gregory Ejike Odo
- a Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
| | - Ogechi Nnabuchi Ugbor
- a Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
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Ali M. Effects of Vitamin E, Selenium and Vitamin C on Various Biomarkers Following Oxidative Stress Caused by Diazinon Exposure in Rainbow Trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15406/jamb.2015.02.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Peace OS, Christopher DN, Alfreda ON, Jacinta CN, Gregory EO, Ogechi NU, Juliana AU, Ada BCE. Fenthion induced toxicity and histopathological changes in gill tissue of freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2015.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Belenguer V, Martinez-Capel F, Masiá A, Picó Y. Patterns of presence and concentration of pesticides in fish and waters of the Júcar River (Eastern Spain). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 265:271-279. [PMID: 24315814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Júcar River, in a typical Mediterranean Basin, is expected to suffer a decline in water quality and quantity as a consequence of the climate change. This study is focused on the presence and distribution of pesticides in water and fish, using the first extensive optimization and application of the QuEChERS method to determine pesticides in freshwater fish. Majority pesticides in water - in terms of presence and concentration - were dichlofenthion, chlorfenvinphos, imazalil, pyriproxyfen and prochloraz (associated with a frequent use in farming activities), as well as buprofezin, chlorpyriphos and hexythiazox. In fish, the main compounds were azinphos-ethyl, chlorpyriphos, diazinon, dimethoate and ethion. The analysis of bio-concentration in fish indicated differences by species. The maximum average concentration was detected in European eel (a critically endangered fish species). The wide presence of pesticides in water and fish suggests potential severe effects on fish populations and other biota in future scenarios of climate change, in a river basin with several endemic and endangered fish species. The potential effects of pesticides in combination with multiple stressors require further research to prioritize the management of specific chemicals and suggest effective restoration actions at the basin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Belenguer
- Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco Martinez-Capel
- Research Institute for Integrated Management of Coastal Areas (IGIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Masiá
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València (UV), Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València (UV), Burjassot, Spain.
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Jordaan MS, Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ. Biomarker responses and morphological effects in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus following sequential exposure to the organophosphate azinphos-methyl. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:133-140. [PMID: 24177216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are contaminants of aquatic environments. Such ecosystems in the Western Cape, South Africa are at risk as most organophosphates are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. The objective of this experimental study was firstly to determine the acute toxicity of azinphos-methyl (AZP) to juvenile fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and, secondly, to investigate the effects of repeated exposure of fish to an array of sublethal concentrations on morphological parameters such as growth, condition factor and organ-somatic indices. Food consumption and feeding response time were investigated as ecologically relevant behavioral endpoints which could affect growth, reproduction and survival and subsequently causes impacts at the population and/or community level. Finally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was used as biomarker to investigate effects at sub-organismal level following sequential exposure to AZP. The aim was to determine how sequential spraying procedures, using different exposure concentrations and intervals, affected fish as reflected by their responses at different organizational levels. A dose-dependent effect on feeding impairment was observed in the feeding response experiment. The correlation found between growth impairment, feeding activity and AChE inhibition therefore indicates that frequency of exposure can play an important role regarding the severity of impacts to non-target organisms. This study provides evidence that AZP has harmful effects on non-target aquatic organisms, such as fish which can be manifested in the early developmental stages. Sequential exposures showed that dosage and frequency of spraying and spraying interval could exacerbate harmful effects. AChE inhibition and organosomatic indices can be used effectively to measure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine S Jordaan
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Anyusheva M, Lamers M, La N, Nguyen VV, Streck T. Fate of pesticides in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:515-525. [PMID: 22370414 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, high population growth and export-oriented economics in Vietnam have led to a tremendous intensification of rice production, which in turn has significantly increased the amount of pesticides applied in rice cropping systems. Since pesticides are toxic by design, there is a natural concern on the impact of their presence in the environment on human health and environmental quality. The present study was designed to examine the water regime and fate of pesticides (fenitrothion, dimethoate) during two consecutive rice crop seasons in combined paddy rice-fish pond farming systems in northern Vietnam. Major results revealed that 5 and 41% (dimethoate), and 1 and 17% (fenitrothion) of the applied mass of pesticides were lost from the paddy field to the adjacent fish pond during spring and summer crop seasons, respectively. The decrease of pesticide concentration in paddy surface water was very rapid with dissipation half-life values of 0.3 to 0.8 and 0.2 d for dimethoate and fenitrothion, respectively. Key factors controlling the transport of pesticides were water solubility and paddy water management parameters, such as hydraulic residence time and water holding period. Risk assessment indicates that the exposure to toxic levels of pesticides for aquaculture (, ) is significant, at least shortly after pesticide application.
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Huynh HPV, Nugegoda D. Effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on growth and food utilization in Australian catfish, Tandanus tandanus. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:25-29. [PMID: 22011786 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Australian catfish, T. tandanus were exposed to a short term pulse of chlorpyrifos at 2 or 10 μg L(-1) and grown in optimal conditions to investigate the effect of the pesticide on fish growth. The final weight was lower in fish exposed to chlorpyrifos (8.54 ± 0.19 and 8.77 ± 0.44 g) respectively compared to the control fish (10.5 ± 0.72 g) while the hepatosomatic index in fish exposed to chlorpyrifos was a higher (1.86 ± 0.10 and 2.01 ± 0.12) than in the control fish (1.65 ± 0.14). Both bi-weekly growth rate and brain Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity increased with post-exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy P V Huynh
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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15
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Yen J, Donerly S, Levin ED, Linney EA. Differential acetylcholinesterase inhibition of chlorpyrifos, diazinon and parathion in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:735-41. [PMID: 22036888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly used for developmental neurotoxicity testing because early embryonic events are easy to visualize, exposures are done without affecting the mother and the rapid development of zebrafish allows for high throughput testing. We used zebrafish to examine how exposures to three different organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon and parathion) over the first five days of embryonic and larval development of zebrafish affected their survival, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and behavior. We show that at non-lethal, equimolar concentrations, chlorpyrifos (CPF) is more effective at equimolar concentrations than diazinon (DZN) and parathion (PA) in producing AChE inhibition. As concentrations of DZN and PA are raised, lethality occurs before they can produce the degree of AChE inhibition observed with CPF at 300 nM. Because of its availability outside the mother at the time of fertilization, zebrafish provides a complementary model for studying the neurotoxicity of very early developmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Yen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Choi JY, Yu J, Yang DB, Ra K, Kim KT, Hong GH, Shin KH. Acetylthiocholine (ATC)--cleaving cholinesterase (ChE) activity as a potential biomarker of pesticide exposure in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, of Korea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 71:162-168. [PMID: 21262527 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The acetylthiocholine (ATC) - cleaving cholinesterase (ChE) activity in Manila clam, which is widely distributed throughout the coastal environment of Korea, was assayed as a potentially useful biomarker of organophosphorous pesticides (OPs). A clear dose-response relationship was determined between inhibited ChE in adductor muscle of clams and four OPs (methidathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, IBP) which are heavily used OPs in Korea. The measured EC(50)-24 h values of methidathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and IBP for Ruditapes philippinarum were 7.16 μg l(-1), 0.34 mg l(-1), 3.01 mg l(-1), and 3.41 mg l(-1), respectively. In field studies, ChE activity in Manila clams collected from 23 stations in the mid-western coastal region demonstrated spatial variation with statistical differences. These results suggest that ChE activity in R. philippinarum is a potential biomarker for assessing organophosphorous pesticide contamination in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Marine Environment and Pollution Prevention Research Department, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
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Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Rault M. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the terrestrial snail Xeropicta derbentina transplanted in apple orchards with different pesticide management strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:319-323. [PMID: 20932618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Apple orchards are highly manipulated crops in which large amounts of pesticides are used. Some of these pesticides lack target specificity and can cause adverse effects in non-target organisms. In order to evaluate the environmental risk of these products, the use of transplanted sentinel organisms avoids side-effects from past events and facilitate comparison of multiple sites in a short time. We released specimens of the terrestrial snail Xeropicta derbentina in each 5 of two kinds of apple orchards with either conventional or organic management strategies plus in a single abandoned orchard. After one month, individuals were retrieved in order to measure acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Mean values of AChE activity were significantly reduced in all conventional apple orchards compared to the others. Results show that the measurement of biomarkers such as AChE inhibition in transplated X. derbentina could be useful in the environmental risk assessment of post-authorized pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mazzia
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UMR 406 UAPV/INRA, "Abeilles et Environnement", Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France.
| | - Yvan Capowiez
- INRA, UR 1115 "Plante et Systèmes Horticoles", Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - Juan C Sanchez-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany; Steinbeis-Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstrasse 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Magali Rault
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UMR 406 UAPV/INRA, "Abeilles et Environnement", Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
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Almeida JR, Oliveira C, Gravato C, Guilhermino L. Linking behavioural alterations with biomarkers responses in the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax L. exposed to the organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1369-81. [PMID: 20686920 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion on Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles were investigated through a bioassay using biomarkers and swimming behaviour as effect criteria. After 96 h of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of fenitrothion, the swimming velocity and several biomarkers were individually determined, namely: brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; muscle cholinesterases (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities; liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO). A significant decrease of the swimming velocity (LOEC = 2 mg l(-1)), an inhibition of both AChE (LOEC = 0.06 mg l(-1)) and ChE activities (LOEC = 0.03 mg l(-1)), and a positive and significant correlation between the swimming velocity and AChE were found in exposed fish, suggesting an influence of the inhibition of these enzymes in the swimming velocity decrease. An increase of EROD activity (LOEC = 1 mg l(-1)), indicating the involvement of this enzyme in fenitrothion biotransformation, and a negative and significant correlation between EROD activity and swimming velocity were also found, suggesting that the two findings may somehow be related. Furthermore, results show a significant induction of SOD (LOEC = 0.13 mg l(-1)) without LPO increase, suggesting that the enzyme is preventing oxidative stress damage. No significant alterations were found in any of the other parameters tested. Thus, exposure of seabass to fenitrothion in the wild at concentrations similar to those tested here may have adverse consequences at population level as neurotransmission and swimming ability are essential for fish performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Almeida
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Ecologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Bonacci S, Corsi I, Focardi S. Cholinesterases in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki: characterization and sensitivity to pollutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1481-1488. [PMID: 19246092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica is affected by man-made contamination and development of sensitive ecotoxicological tools for impact assessment is a priority task. The aims of the present study were to characterize cholinesterase (ChE) activities in an Antarctic key species, the scallop Adamussium colbecki, and to investigate their sensitivity as biological markers (biomarkers) of exposure to pollutants and of their effects. Our results show that ChEs in gills share most characteristics with true acetylcholinesterase. The present results show that ChE activities in A. colbecki are significantly inhibited by organophosphates (OPs) and somehow affected by in vitro exposure to mixtures of marine contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), even if no concentration-dependent pattern of response was observed and no effect was elicited by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present results do not demonstrate ChEs in A. colbecki as sensitive tools to measure exposure to the above chemicals, but they may be worthy of further study considering the importance of the scallop in Antarctic marine ecosystems and its suitability as a sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonacci
- Department of Environmental Sciences "G. Sarfatti", University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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