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Xu Y, Ding T, Zhu Q, Tao L, Liu SS, Hu L, Liao C. Ecological risk of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A study based on their spatial distribution in water, sediment, and soil from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119920. [PMID: 39237016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and risks of novel synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) remain largely unclear. By using a typical algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) as model organism, we evaluated the ecological risks of both traditional and novel SPAs, based on their concentrations in water, sediment, and soil collected from the Yangtze River Delta, China. Detection frequencies (DFs) of 10 novel SPAs were 25-100% in water, 3-100% in sediment, and 0-100% in soil, with geometric means (GMs) of 2700 ng/L, 1270 ng/g, and 2440 ng/g, respectively. For 8 traditional SPAs, DFs were 50-100% (GM: 680 ng/L), 3-100% (534 ng/g), and 47-100% (2240 ng/g) in water, sediment, and soil, respectively. AO3114 was the main pollutant in water, while AO1010 dominated in sediment and soil. Notably, low-molecular-weight SPAs showed migration behavior from sediment to water. Four SPAs (AO626, AO1035, AO1098, and AO1076) showed dose- and time-dependent toxicity on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. As time progressed, sediment-released SPAs became more toxic than those in water. Two SPAs (AO1135 and BHT-Q) posed high risks (RQW > 1) to green algae, daphnia, and fish. The SPA mixture exhibited high risks (RQmix > 1) to these organisms, increasing with the trophic level. This research holds valuable guidance for further SPA risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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AbuQamar SF, El-Saadony MT, Alkafaas SS, Elsalahaty MI, Elkafas SS, Mathew BT, Aljasmi AN, Alhammadi HS, Salem HM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Zaghloul RA, Mosa WFA, Ahmed AE, Elrys AS, Saad AM, Alsaeed FA, El-Tarabily KA. Ecological impacts and management strategies of pesticide pollution on aquatic life and human beings. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116613. [PMID: 39053258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination has become a global concern. Pesticides can sorb onto suspended particles and deposit into the sedimentary layers of aquatic environments, resulting in ecosystem degradation, pollution, and diseases. Pesticides impact the behavior of aquatic environments by contaminating organic matter in water, which serves as the primary food source for aquatic food webs. Pesticide residues can increase ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate in aquatic systems; thus, threatening ecological environment and human health. Several physical, chemical, and biological methodologies have been implemented to effectively remove pesticide traces from aquatic environments. The present review highlights the potential consequences of pesticide exposure on fish and humans, focusing on the (epi)genetic alterations affecting growth, behavior, and immune system. Mitigation strategies (e.g., bioremediation) to prevent/minimize the detrimental impacts of pesticides are also discussed. This review aims to shed light on the awareness in reducing the risk of water pollution for safe and sustainable pesticide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Samar S Alkafaas
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Elsalahaty
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Sara S Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menofia, 32511, Egypt; Faculty of Control System and Robotics, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Betty T Mathew
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal N Aljasmi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hajar S Alhammadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soil and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Rashed A Zaghloul
- Department Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Elrys
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Fatimah A Alsaeed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Limbu S, Glasgow E, Block T, Dakshanamurthy S. A Machine-Learning-Driven Pathophysiology-Based New Approach Method for the Dose-Dependent Assessment of Hazardous Chemical Mixtures and Experimental Validations. TOXICS 2024; 12:481. [PMID: 39058133 PMCID: PMC11281031 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals, such as PFAS, exist as mixtures and are frequently encountered at varying concentrations, which can lead to serious health effects, such as cancer. Therefore, understanding the dose-dependent toxicity of chemical mixtures is essential for health risk assessment. However, comprehensive methods to assess toxicity and identify the mechanisms of these harmful mixtures are currently absent. In this study, the dose-dependent toxicity assessments of chemical mixtures are performed in three methodologically distinct phases. In the first phase, we evaluated our machine-learning method (AI-HNN) and pathophysiology method (CPTM) for predicting toxicity. In the second phase, we integrated AI-HNN and CPTM to establish a comprehensive new approach method (NAM) framework called AI-CPTM that is targeted at refining prediction accuracy and providing a comprehensive understanding of toxicity mechanisms. The third phase involved experimental validations of the AI-CPTM predictions. Initially, we developed binary, multiclass classification, and regression models to predict binary, categorical toxicity, and toxic potencies using nearly a thousand experimental mixtures. This empirical dataset was expanded with assumption-based virtual mixtures, compensating for the lack of experimental data and broadening the scope of the dataset. For comparison, we also developed machine-learning models based on RF, Bagging, AdaBoost, SVR, GB, KR, DT, KN, and Consensus methods. The AI-HNN achieved overall accuracies of over 80%, with the AUC exceeding 90%. In the final phase, we demonstrated the superior performance and predictive capability of AI-CPTM, including for PFAS mixtures and their interaction effects, through rigorous literature and statistical validations, along with experimental dose-response zebrafish-embryo toxicity assays. Overall, the AI-CPTM approach significantly improves upon the limitations of standalone AI models, showing extensive enhancements in identifying toxic chemicals and mixtures and their mechanisms. This study is the first to develop a hybrid NAM that integrates AI with a pathophysiology method to comprehensively predict chemical-mixture toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Huang X, Xie F, Dai B, Ma T, Zeng J. Combined toxicity and adverse outcome pathways of common pesticides on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:611-621. [PMID: 38329146 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides due to their extensive use have entered the soil and water environment through various pathways, causing great harm to the environment. Herbicides and insecticides are common pesticides with long-term biological toxicity and bioaccumulation, which can harm the human body. The concept of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) involves systematically analyzing the response levels of chemical mixtures to health-related indicators at the molecular and cellular levels. The AOP correlates the structures of chemical pollutants, toxic molecular initiation events and adverse outcomes of biological toxicity, providing a new model for toxicity testing, prediction, and evaluation of pollutants. Therefore, typical pesticides including diquat (DIQ), cyanazine (CYA), dipterex (DIP), propoxur (PRO), and oxamyl (OXA) were selected as research objects to explore the combined toxicity of typical pesticides on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) and their adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The mixture systems of pesticides were designed by the direct equipartition ray (EquRay) method and uniform design ray (UD-Ray) method. The toxic effects of single pesticides and their mixtures were systematically investigated by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis (t-MTA) method. The interactions of their mixtures were analyzed by the concentration addition model (CA) and the deviation from the CA model (dCA). The toxicity data showed a good concentration-effect relationship; the toxicities of five pesticides were different and the order was CYA > DIQ > OXA > PRO > DIP. Binary, ternary and quaternary mixture systems exhibited antagonism, while quinary mixture systems exhibited an additive effect. The AOP of pesticides showed that an excessive accumulation of peroxide in green algae cells led to a decline in stress resistance, inhibition of the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein in algal cells, destruction of the cellular structure, and eventually led to algal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Xianhuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Fazhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Biya Dai
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Jianping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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Chormare R, Kumar MA. Environmental health and risk assessment metrics with special mention to biotransfer, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of environmental pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134836. [PMID: 35525441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment pollutants, which are landed up in environment because of human activities like urbanization, mining and industrializations, affects human health, plants and animals. The living organisms present in environment are constantly affected by the toxic pollutants through direct contact or bioaccumulation of chemicals from the environment. The toxic and hazardous pollutants are easily transferred to different environmental matrices like land, air and water bodies such as surface and ground waters. This comprehensive review deeply discusses the routes and causes of different environmental pollutants along with their toxicity, impact, occurrences and fate in the environment. Environment health and risk assessment tools that are used to evaluate the harmfulness, exposure of living organisms to pollutants and the amount of pollutant accumulated are explained with help of bio-kinetic models. Biotransfer, toxicity factor, biomagnification and bioaccumulation of different pollutants in the air, water and marine ecosystems are critically addressed. Thus, the presented survey would be collection of correlations those addresses the factors involved in assessing the environmental health and risk impacts of distinct environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Chormare
- Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
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6
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Li X, Zhang TA, Wang K, Lv G, Chao X, Yang X. Experimental Research on Vortex Melting Reduction of High-Iron Red Mud (Bauxite Residue). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:155-162. [PMID: 35338371 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the advantages of the vortex melting reduction treatment of red mud were verified. Vortex melting reduction can improve the feeding rate, promote the reaction and the directional deposition of iron, which was conducive to the separation of slag and gold. The effects of different adding methods, stirring speed and reaction time on iron recovery were investigated by using red mud, aluminum leached slag and calcified slag as raw materials. According to the experiment, the best reaction conditions were that the raw material put into the furnace by rolling pellets, stirring speed 125 RPM, and reaction time 30 min. The results provided an experimental basis for the harmless and high-value utilization of high-iron red mud treated by vortex melting reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ting-An Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Guozhi Lv
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xi Chao
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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7
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Zaluski AB, Wiprich MT, de Almeida LF, de Azevedo AP, Bonan CD, Vianna MRM. Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:841826. [PMID: 35444550 PMCID: PMC9014172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine and Diuron are widely used herbicides. The use of pesticides contaminates the aquatic environment, threatening biodiversity and non-target organisms such as fish. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute exposure for 96 h hours to atrazine and diuron commercial formulations in zebrafish (Danio rerio, wild-type AB) embryos and larvae and adult stages. We observed a significant concentration-dependent survival decrease and hatching delays in animals exposed to both herbicides and in the frequency of malformations compared to the control groups. Morphological defects included cardiac edema, tail reduction, and head malformation. At 7 days post-fertilization (dpf), atrazine exposure resulted in a reduction in the head length at 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L and increased the ocular distance at 1, 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L atrazine when compared to controls. At the same age, diuron increased the ocular distance in animals exposed to diuron (1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) and no effects were observed on the head length. We also evaluated a behavioral repertoire in larvae at 7 dpf, and there were no significant differences in distance traveled, mean speed, time in movement, and thigmotaxis for atrazine and diuron when animals were individually placed in a new environment. The cognitive ability of the larvae was tested at 7 dpf for avoidance and optomotor responses, and neither atrazine nor diuron had significant impacts when treated groups were compared to their corresponding controls. Adults’ behavior was evaluated 7 and 8 days after the end of the acute herbicide exposure. Exploration of a new environment and associated anxiety-like parameters, social interaction, and aggressiveness were not altered. Our results highlight the need for further studies on the sublethal effects of both herbicides and the consideration of the effects of commercial formulas vs. isolated active ingredients. It also emphasizes the need to take sublethal effects into consideration when establishing the environmental limits of residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Zaluski
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melissa T Wiprich
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza F de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa P de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla D Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Monica R M Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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Qu R, Hou H, Xiao K, Liu B, Liang S, Hu J, Bian S, Yang J. Prediction on the combined toxicities of stimulation-only and inhibition-only contaminants using improved inverse distance weighted interpolation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132045. [PMID: 34563772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of ecological risks of contaminant mixtures to organisms is very challenging due to the non-linear response of organisms to each component, especially under the co-existence of both stimulators and inhibitors. Whether the stimulatory effect can reduce or even offset the inhibitory effect would be critical to the risk assessment and the treatment measures of mixed pollutants. Here, the combined toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF), a stimulator with stimulation rate >100%, and six compounds that cannot induce hormesis (four ionic liquids (ILs) and two pesticides) were studied. The time-dependent toxicity of each toxicant on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was investigated at 0.25, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h. Results showed that four ILs and two pesticides failed to induce hormesis, while NaF induced hormesis from 2 to 6 h and induced stimulation only after 6 h and reached its maximum (650%) at 12 h. All mixture rays with NaF induced hormesis at different times. In the four NaF-IL mixture systems, the absolute value of maximum stimulation demonstrated an upwards and then a downwards trend with the increasing of mixture ratio of IL. In two NaF-pesticide systems, the maximum stimulation effect declined with the increasing of the mixture ratio of pesticide. The toxicities of the mixture were successfully predicted by the improved inverse distance weighted interpolation, which are not able to be predicted by the commonly used concentration addition or independent action models. This paper shed lights on evaluating the hormesis of mixtures and the ecological risk of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Research Center of Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Shijie Bian
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Research Center of Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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9
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Shah ZU, Parveen S. Pesticide residues in Rita rita and Cyprinus carpio from river Ganga, India, and assessment of human health risk. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1638-1644. [PMID: 34956839 PMCID: PMC8674587 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of pesticide residues in fish due to continuous use in agricultural areas along river Ganga basin. Residues concentrate in the humans through consumption of food from the river. Health impacts like non-carcinogenic (THQ) and carcinogenic (R) risks are never negligible by these residues.
Present study was carried out to determine the concentration and bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in two commonly edible fishes: bagrid fish, Rita rita and common carp, Cyprinus carpio collected from river Ganga at Narora, India. The human health risk via consumption of these fishes was also assessed. The n-hexane extract of the muscle tissues was characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and quantified by electron capture detector for pesticide residues. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) in bagrid fish for detected pesticides was found to be higher than those in common carp. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values in our study were insignificantly higher than Average daily intake (ADI) values. Target hazard quotient (THQ) via consumption of selected fishes was found to be lower than the set 1.0, inferring non-carcinogenic risk. With regard to contaminants carcinogenic effects the total risk ratio (R) values of each pesticide was found lower than threshold risk limit except of heptachlor which indicates carcinogenic risk. The results justify pesticide pollution in river Ganga at Narora and thus more attention is required in order to help improve the health status of this ecosystem and reduce contamination of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Umar Shah
- Limnology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Saltanat Parveen
- Limnology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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10
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Mello JLDAS, Colombo V, Gorni GR, Corbi JJ. Effects of pyrimethanil fungicide on Chironomidae community structure. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200860. [PMID: 34550199 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of agrochemicals in agriculture may impact aquatic ecosystems, particularly influencing the stream insect communities. Among aquatic insects, the family Chironomidae is the most abundant and species-diverse insect group found in freshwater ecosystems. However, in the southern hemisphere, studies with Chironomidae are still sparse, compared to Europe and North America. The present study evaluates the responses of Chironomidae species (Insecta: Diptera) to pyrimethanil fungicide in a mesocosm experiment. Water contamination and chironomid community were monitored over 10 months. After five months of monitoring, the pyrimethanil fungicide was completely degraded and there was a statistically significant increase in the Margalef Richness and Shannon-Wiener Index (H') in the control units when compared with the contaminated mesocosms (p = 0.003). Our results point out that the utilization of agrochemicals can be a harmful factor influencing negatively the Chironomidae populations. This finding has key implications for insect conservation strategies and ecological management environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leonardo DA Silva Mello
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Colombo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Universidade de Araraquara, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Territorial e Meio Ambiente, Rua Carlos Gomes, 1338, Centro, 14801-340 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rossi Gorni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Universidade de Araraquara, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Territorial e Meio Ambiente, Rua Carlos Gomes, 1338, Centro, 14801-340 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano J Corbi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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11
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Lu T, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Hu B, Chen J, Chen J, Qian H. Pollutant toxicology with respect to microalgae and cyanobacteria. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:175-186. [PMID: 33183695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem. Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological assessments. Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments; thus, their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively. However, the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved. While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily, new ones are also being produced continuously. As a result, the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants, namely, metals, nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Further, we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene, microplastics, and ionic liquids. Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobacteria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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12
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Tao MT, Bian ZQ, Zhang J, Wang T, Shen HY. Quantitative evaluation and the toxicity mechanism of synergism within three organophosphorus pesticide mixtures to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2095-2103. [PMID: 32926050 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) pollutants in the environment pose toxicity risks to living organisms, and the possible toxicity mechanism needs to be further clarified. Therefore, the individual and combined toxicity of three OPPs namely acephate (ACE), trichlorfon (TRI) and glyphosate (GIY) towards a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) was investigated by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis method. Here, a ternary mixture system of the three OPPs including five rays with different concentration ratios was designed by the uniform design ray method. The standard additive reference model, concentration addition (CA), was used to analyse toxicity interaction within ternary mixtures and the toxicity interaction intensity was characterized using a deviation from CA model (dCA). Besides, the effects of the three OPPs and their mixtures on the chlorophyll (CHL) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of C. pyrenoidosa were also investigated to explore the possible mechanisms. The results show that toxicity of the three pesticides and their ternary mixture rays is time-dependent and the combined toxicity correlates well with the components, ACE and GLY. It is likely that there is a significant time-dependent synergism in ternary mixtures induced by ACE and GLY. The synergism intensity of the ternary mixtures is not more than 30% at the whole experimental concentration level. The CHL reduction rate and MDA content of C. pyrenoidosa increase, while the SOD activity of C. pyrenoidosa decreases with the lengthening of exposure time under the action of the three pesticides and their ternary mixtures. So, the possible mechanism of the three pesticides and their mixtures may be by affecting the photosynthesis, and then causing oxidative damage to C. pyrenoidosa cells. The results can provide reference for the combined toxicity assessment of OPPs to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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13
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Mansano AS, Moreira RA, Dornfeld HC, Freitas EC, Vieira EM, Daam MA, Rocha O, Seleghim MHR. Individual and mixture toxicity of carbofuran and diuron to the protozoan Paramecium caudatum and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110829. [PMID: 32531577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of the insecticide carbofuran and herbicide diuron (individually and in mixture) to the invertebrates Paramecium caudatum and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was evaluated. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were carried out with the diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial products, Diuron Nortox® 500 SC and Furadan® 350 SC, respectively. Individual toxicity tests showed that C. silvestrii was more sensitive to both carbofuran and diuron than P. caudatum. In single exposures, both pesticides caused adverse effects to C. silvestrii in environmentally relevant concentrations (48 h EC50 = 0.001 mg L-1 and 8 d LOEC = 0.00038 mg L-1 for formulated carbofuran; 8 d LOEC < 0.05 mg L-1 for formulated diuron). For P. caudatum, carbofuran and diuron in single exposures were only slightly toxic (24 h IC50 = 5.1 mg L-1 and 6.9 mg L-1 for formulated carbofuran and diuron, respectively). Acute and chronic exposures to diuron and carbofuran mixtures caused significant deviations of the toxicity predicted by the Concentration Addition and Independent Action reference models for both test species. For the protozoan P. caudatum, a dose-dependent deviation was verified for mortality, with synergism caused mainly by carbofuran and antagonism caused mainly by diuron. For protozoan population growth, however, an antagonistic deviation was observed when the active ingredient mixtures were tested. In the case of C. silvestrii, antagonism at low concentrations and synergism at high concentrations were revealed after acute exposure to active ingredient mixtures, whereas for reproduction an antagonistic deviation was found. Commercial formulation mixtures presented significantly higher toxicity than the active ingredient mixtures. Our results showed that carbofuran and diuron interact and cause different toxic responses than those predicted by the individually tested compounds. Their mixture toxicity should therefore be considered in risk assessments as these pesticides are likely to be present simultaneously in edge-of-field waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Dornfeld
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela C Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirna H R Seleghim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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14
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Büyüksoylu S, Özgür ME, Gül CC, Taşlıdere A, Aydemir S, Erdoğan S. An investigation of histopathological changes and bioaccumulation in tissues of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to dodine. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:537-547. [PMID: 32102573 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1730884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to determine ecotoxicological effects of dodine (n-dodecylguanidini acetate) on aquatic environments. Though dodine is widely used as a fungicide in agriculture, but there is no much data about its ecotoxicology. In this regard, we investigated bioaccumulation levels and histological alterations on the tissues of muscle, liver and gills in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against different doses (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) of Dodine exposure. The tissues of fish were extracted according to QUECHERS method and analyzed by mass spectrometer (LC-MS-MS). Neither of the applied dodine doses resulted in killing 50% of the total individuals in the experimental groups. However, 48 hours after doses, behaviors such as instability, anomaly in swimming or sudden jumping movements were observed. Histological results of the study showed deteriorations of the radiological pattern of hepatocytes, sinusoidal dilatations, hemorrhages, edemas, mononuclear cell infiltrations, vascular congestions, hyperplasia and hypertrophy in liver, gill and muscle tissues. Accumulation of dodine in tissues correlated with increase of dose. The maximum level of active substance accumulation in tissues were measured 96 hours after application of 1 mg/L dodine dose -in order- in gills, muscles and liver. The accumulations were statistically significant (p < 0.05) when compared with control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Büyüksoylu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erkan Özgür
- Faculty of Fishery, Department of Aquaculture, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemile Ceren Gül
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Taşlıdere
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Songül Aydemir
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Selim Erdoğan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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15
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Gao C, Gao L, Duan P, Wu H, Li M. Evaluating combined toxicity of binary heavy metals to the cyanobacterium Microcystis: A theoretical non-linear combined toxicity assessment method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109809. [PMID: 31654861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical non-linear combined toxicity assessment method is proposed and evaluated using Microcystis aeruginosa as the test organism. The combined toxicity of binary heavy metals was evaluated by comparing the actual inhibitory rates shown from the experiments with the theoretically calculated inhibitory rates. It was identified that the binary mixtures of Cu2++ Cd2+, Cu2++ Cr3+ and Zn2++ Cr3+ had the synergistic effects when the combined concentrations were low, but exhibited the antagonistic effects with the higher combined concentrations. Furthermore, the toxic effect of Pb2+ was not influenced by the addition of Cu2+ when combined concentration was low, but it was enhanced by Cu2+ at the high combined concentration. The binary mixtures of Zn2++ Cd2+, Pb2++ Cr3+, Pb2++ Cd2+, Pb2++ Zn2+, and Cr3++ Cd2+ always presented antagonistic effects, while the synergistic toxicity effect on M. aeruginosa was observed for the binary mixtures of Cu2++ Zn2+ regardless of combined concentration. The proposed assessment method was also validated by the antioxidant enzyme activity, which showed synergistic or antagonistic effects under different binary mixtures of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- South East Water, 101 Wells Street, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Haiming Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China.
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16
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Wang X, Miao J, Pan L, Li Y, Lin Y, Wu J. Toxicity effects of p-choroaniline on the growth, photosynthesis, respiration capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities of a diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutu. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:654-661. [PMID: 30496998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk issues of p-choroaniline have been concerned by the widespread application and transportation of this important chemical intermediate. The information about the toxicity of p-chloroaniline was mainly concentrated on freshwater organisms while the current knowledge on marine organisms was scarce yet. In this study, acute toxicity and toxic physiology characteristic of p-chloroaniline to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) were first determined. In the acute experiments, the effect of the p-choroaniline to P. tricornutum showed time- and dose-dependent response, which the half maximum effective concentration (EC50) at 24 h, 48 h and 96 h was 35.35, 20.10 and 10.00 mgL-1, respectively. Toxic physiology assays in P. tricornutum indicated that the p-choroaniline induced significant changes of photosynthetic pigments (Chl-a, Chl-b, Caro, Chl-a/b and Chl-(a+b)/Caro), Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ETR, qP and NPQ), rates of photosynthetic O2 release and respiration O2 consumption, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT). The obvious decrease of Fv/Fm, ETR and chl-a in low p-choroaniline treatments (≤ 5.00 mgL-1) compared with the control could be observed, which implied that these parameters could be taken as sensitive indicators for the environmental assessment. Meanwhile, the activities of SOD and CAT significant increase in p-choroaniline stress after 24 h and the extent of the increase has fallen after 96 h. These toxicity data obtained here might provide available basic data for the ecological risk assessment of p-choroaniline pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Wang
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China
| | - Yun Li
- The key laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong p, China.
| | - Yufei Lin
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, State Ocean Administration, People's Republic of China, Beijing 100194, China
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17
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JIN XW, LI ZY, XU PP, ZHANG XY, REN NQ, Kurilenko VV, SUN K. Advances in Microfluidic Biosensors Based on Luminescent Bacteria. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Ju Z, Liu SS, Xu YQ, Li K. Combined Toxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Its Metabolites 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on Two Nontarget Organisms. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1669-1677. [PMID: 31459423 PMCID: PMC6648169 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide, is among the most widely distributed pollutants in the environment. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), as the main metabolite of 2,4-D, always accompanies 2,4-D. In this paper, we did research on the combined toxicities of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) and Caenorhabditis elegans. It was found that the toxicity of 2,4-DCP is more severe than that of its parent 2,4-D at any concentration levels whether to Q67 or to C. elegans. Furthermore, 2,4-DCP to Q67 has the time-dependent toxicity. The toxicity of the mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP to Q67 is increasing with the exposure time, but that to C. elegans does not change over time. There is a good linear relationship between the pEC50/pLC50 value of binary mixture ray of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP and the mixture ratio of 2,4-DCP, which implies the predictability of mixture toxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP. The toxicological interactions of the binary mixtures to Q67 are basically additive actions whether at 0.25 or at 12 h. However, most mixtures have antagonistic interactions against C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ju
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- E-mail: . Phone: (86)-021-65982767
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pollution
Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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19
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Chen Y, Yu K, Hassan M, Xu C, Zhang B, Gin KYH, He Y. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of pesticides in a river-reservoir system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:320-327. [PMID: 30278393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The water environment from river to reservoir has been considered as a hybrid river-reservoir system due to pronounced environmental properties. This study investigated the distribution and potential environmental behavior of pesticides in river-reservoir system, examining 31 target pesticides in water phase from a key drinking water source (Dongjiang River). The concentrations of ∑8OCPs, ∑16OPPs and ∑7SPs with the corresponding occurrence were in the range of 107.57-340.35 ng/L (moderate level), 232.65-1197.95 ng/L (moderate level) and 125.23-245.09 ng/L (low level), respectively. Ecological risk assessments indicated that most of the pesticides posed a high level of risk to the aquatic organisms. Moreover, seasonal agricultural application, rainfall and temperature could influence the levels and compositions of ∑8OCPs, ∑16OPPs and ∑7SPs in the river system, while seasonal hydrological processes could only influence their compositions in the reservoir system. In the wet season, the levels of ∑8OCPs and ∑7SPs decreased from the river system to reservoir system probably via biogeochemical processes, while the level of ∑16OPPs decreased along the environmental gradient probably via dilution process. Additionally, longer hydraulic retention time of the reservoir system could contribute to the biogeochemical processes for OPPs and SPs exported from the river system, but it might fail to facilitate this process for OCPs. Taken together, this study highlighted that the distributions and environmental behavior of pesticides in river-reservoir system varied seasonally from river system to reservoir system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaifeng Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cong Xu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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20
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Rocha O, Neto AJG, Dos Santos Lima JC, Freitas EC, Miguel M, da Silva Mansano A, Moreira RA, Daam MA. Sensitivities of three tropical indigenous freshwater invertebrates to single and mixture exposures of diuron and carbofuran and their commercial formulations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:834-844. [PMID: 29679314 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As compared to their temperate counterparts, few toxicity tests have been conducted so far into the evaluation of the sensitivity of indigenous tropical species to pesticides. Especially mixture toxicity assessments appear to be scarce. To contribute to increase our knowledge in this arena, we evaluated the acute toxicity of diuron and carbofuran and their mixtures to the neotropical oligochaetes Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus, and the ostracod Strandesia trispinosa. Tests were performed with both the pure active ingredients, as well as their formulated products. The toxicity of the latter to the three test organisms was generally greater than that of the pure active ingredients, although absolute differences were rather small. The sensitivity of the indigenous species was slightly greater than temperate test species from the same taxonomic groups. The concentration addition conceptual model best described the results of the mixture toxicity data. Derived deviations of this model appeared to be dependent on the test organism and as to whether the pesticides were applied as active ingredients or their commercial products. Reported field concentrations of the two pesticides indicate risks to freshwater biota, especially if they are both present. The test species used in the present study are concluded to be suitable candidates as surrogate test organisms in local pesticide risk evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Antônio José Gazonato Neto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos Lima
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Miguel
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Mansano AS, Moreira RA, Dornfeld HC, Freitas EC, Vieira EM, Sarmento H, Rocha O, Seleghim MHR. Effects of diuron and carbofuran and their mixtures on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:312-321. [PMID: 28433596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, organisms are often exposed to mixtures of several pesticides. In this study, the effects of carbofuran and diuron and their mixtures on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata were investigated. For this purpose, toxicity tests were performed with the single compounds (active ingredients and commercial formulations) and their combinations (only active ingredients). According to the results, the toxicity of active ingredients and their commercial formulations to R. subcapitata was similar. In the single exposures, both carbofuran and diuron inhibited significantly the R. subcapitata growth and caused physiological (chlorophyll a content) and morphological (complexity and cell size) changes in cells, as captured by flow cytometry single-cell properties. Regarding the mixture toxicity tests, data fitted to both reference models, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), and evidenced significant deviations. After the CA fitting, dose-ratio dependent deviation had the best fit to the data, demonstrating synergism caused mainly by diuron and antagonism caused mainly by carbofuran. After fitting the IA model, a synergistic deviation represented the best fit for the diuron and carbofuran mixtures. In general, the two reference models indicated the occurrence of synergism in the mixtures of these compounds, especially when diuron was the dominant chemical in the combinations. The increased toxicity caused by the mixture of these pesticides could pose a greater environmental risk for phytoplankton. Thus, exposure to diuron and carbofuran mixtures must also be considered in risk assessments, since the combination of these compounds may result in more severe effects on algae population growth than single exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Dornfeld
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela C Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirna H R Seleghim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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22
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Parvez S, Frost K, Sundararajan M. Evaluation of Drinking Water Disinfectant Byproducts Compliance Data as an Indirect Measure for Short-Term Exposure in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050548. [PMID: 28531123 PMCID: PMC5451998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of shorter term disinfectant byproducts (DBPs) data on regulated Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs), epidemiologists and risk assessors have used long-term annual compliance (LRAA) or quarterly (QA) data to evaluate the association between DBP exposure and adverse birth outcomes, which resulted in inconclusive findings. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of using long-term LRAA and QA data as an indirect measure for short-term exposure. Short-term residential tap water samples were collected in peak DBP months (May–August) in a community water system with five separate treatment stations and were sourced from surface or groundwater. Samples were analyzed for THMs and HAAs per the EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) standard methods (524.2 and 552.2). The measured levels of total THMs and HAAs were compared temporally and spatially with LRAA and QA data, which showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Most samples from surface water stations showed higher levels than LRAA or QA. Significant numbers of samples in surface water stations exceeded regulatory permissible limits: 27% had excessive THMs and 35% had excessive HAAs. Trichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid were the major drivers of variability. This study suggests that LRAA and QA data are not good proxies of short-term exposure. Further investigation is needed to determine if other drinking water systems show consistent findings for improved regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kali Frost
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Madhura Sundararajan
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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23
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Feng L, Liu SS, Li K, Tang HX, Liu HL. The time-dependent synergism of the six-component mixtures of substituted phenols, pesticides and ionic liquids to Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:11-17. [PMID: 28033493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traditional environmental risk assessment rarely focused on exposures to multi-component mixtures which may cause toxicological interactions and usually ignored that toxicity is a process in time, which may underestimate the environment risk of mixtures. In this paper, six chemicals belonging to three categories, two substituted phenols, two pesticides and two Ionic liquids, were picked to construct a six-component mixture system. To systematically examine the effects of various concentration compositions, the uniform design ray method was employed to design nine mixture rays with nine mixture ratios and for every mixture ray 12 concentration levels were specified by the fixed ratio ray design. The improved combination index was used to evaluate the combined toxicities of the mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in the exposure times of 6, 12 and 24h. It was shown that the mixture rays display time-dependent synergism, i.e. the range of synergistic effect narrows and the strength of synergism runs down with exposure time, which illustrates that the mixture toxicity of some chemicals is not a sum of individual toxicities at some exposure times and it is necessary to consider the toxicological interaction in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Han-Xiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hai-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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24
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Ma X, Wang X, Liu Y, Gao J, Wang Y. Variations in toxicity of semi-coking wastewater treatment processes and their toxicity prediction. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:163-169. [PMID: 28049073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analyses and bioassays using Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna were conducted to evaluate comprehensively the variation of biotoxicity caused by contaminants in wastewater from a semi-coking wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Pretreatment units (including an oil-water separator, a phenols extraction tower, an ammonia stripping tower, and a regulation tank) followed by treatment units (including anaerobic-oxic treatment units, coagulation-sedimentation treatment units, and an active carbon adsorption column) were employed in the semi-coking WWTP. Five benzenes, 11 phenols, and five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated as the dominant contaminants in semi-coking wastewater. Because of residual extractant, the phenols extraction process increased acute toxicity to V. fischeri and immobilization and lethal toxicity to D. magna. The acute toxicity of pretreated wastewater to V. fischeri was still higher than that of raw semi-coking wastewater, even though 90.0% of benzenes, 94.8% of phenols, and 81.0% of PAHs were removed. After wastewater pretreatment, phenols and PAHs were mainly removed by anaerobic-oxic and coagulation-sedimentation treatment processes respectively, and a subsequent active carbon adsorption process further reduced the concentrations of all target chemicals to below detection limits. An effective biotoxicity reduction was found during the coagulation-sedimentation and active carbon adsorption treatment processes. The concentration addition model can be applied for toxicity prediction of wastewater from the semi-coking WWTP. The deviation between the measured and predicted toxicity results may result from the effects of compounds not detectable by instrumental analyses, the synergistic effect of detected contaminants, or possible transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, China.
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, China.
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, China
| | - Yongkun Wang
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, China
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25
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García-Gutierrez AR, Poblano-Bata R, Flores-Merino MV, Castillo-Cadena J. In vitro evaluation of the mutagenic and cytostatic effect of Tamaron, Lannate and Manzate alone and in mixture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:731-735. [PMID: 27385630 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1198636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are often used in agriculture, especially in floriculture. They are frequently applied in binary or ternary mixtures. Nevertheless, their impact on the genetic material has been scarcely explored. In this study, the mutagenic and cytostatic effect of three widely used pesticides, alone and combined, were analyzed. Briefly, lymphocytes cultures were obtained from peripheral blood samples of five healthy donors to determine the sister chromatid exchange and the replicative index (RI). Then, lymphocytes were exposed to Tamaron (100 ppm), Lannate (200 ppm) and Manzate (300 ppm) alone and combined. For the binary mixtures, the concentrations used were 50 ppm of Tamaron, 100 ppm of Lannate and 150 ppm of Manzate. For the ternary mixtures the following concentrations were used: Tamaron (33 ppm), Lannate (70 ppm) and Manzate (100 ppm). Finally, differential staining was performed. It was found that the frequency of SCE/cell showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the control (2.66) and the individual treatments of Tamaron (4.87), Lannate: (5.12) and Manzate (4.23). Also, the values of the SCE in the binary mixture of Tamaron+Lannate (5.57), Tamaron+Manzate (6.06) and Lannate+Manzate (6.22) and the ternary mixture (6.63) were statistically different compared to the control. In the RI there was a significant difference between the control (1.98) and the Manzate (1.87). RI differences were also statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) in mixtures of Tamaron+Lannate (1.64), Tamaron+Manzate (1.63), Lannate+Manzate (1.69) and total mixture (1.53). Therefore, it is suggested that these pesticides alone and in mixtures have both mutagenic and cytostatic synergistic effect in human lymphocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo R García-Gutierrez
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous National University of Mexico , Mexico City , Mexico
- b Cell and Biology Molecular Lab, Research Center in Biomedical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Reyes Poblano-Bata
- b Cell and Biology Molecular Lab, Research Center in Biomedical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Miriam V Flores-Merino
- b Cell and Biology Molecular Lab, Research Center in Biomedical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico , Toluca , Mexico
| | - Julieta Castillo-Cadena
- b Cell and Biology Molecular Lab, Research Center in Biomedical Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico , Toluca , Mexico
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26
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Lasienė K, Straukas D, Vitkus A, Juodžiukynienė N. The influence of copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) on the embryo development in the guppies (Poecilia reticulata). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1209990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lasienė
- Histologijos ? embriologijos katedra, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Straukas
- Histologijos ? embriologijos katedra, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Vitkus
- Histologijos ? embriologijos katedra, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nomeda Juodžiukynienė
- Histologijos ? embriologijos katedra, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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27
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Jiang L, Yang Y, Jia LX, Lin JL, Liu Y, Pan B, Lin Y. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide simetryne in soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:87-94. [PMID: 26803524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rotation of rice and wheat is widely used and highly endorsed, and simetryne (s-triazine herbicide) is one of the principal herbicides widely used in this rotation for weed and grass control. However, little is known regarding the mechanism of the ecological and physiological effects of simetryne on wheat crops. In this study, we performed a comprehensive investigation of crop response to simetryne to elucidate the accumulation and phytotoxicity of the herbicide in wheat crops. Wheat plants exposed to 0.8 to 8.0mgkg(-1) simetryne for 7 d exhibited suppressed growth and decreased chlorophyll content. With simetryne concentration in the soil varied from 0.8mgkg(-1) to 8.0mgkg(-1), simetryne was progressively accumulated by the wheat plants. The accumulation of simetryne in the wheat plants not only induced the over production of ROS and injured the membrane lipids but also stimulated the production of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). A test of enzymatic activity and gene expression illustrated that the wheat plants were wise enough to motivate the antioxidant enzymes through both molecular and physiological mechanisms to alleviate the simetryne-induced stress. This study offers an illuminating insight into the effective adaptive response of the wheat plants to the simetryne stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Danzhou Scientific Observing an Experimental Station of Agro-Environment Ministry Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Lin Xian Jia
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Ling Lin
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; Danzhou Scientific Observing an Experimental Station of Agro-Environment Ministry Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China.
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28
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Chen Z, Zou Y, Wang J, Li M, Wen Y. Phytotoxicity of chiral herbicide bromacil: Enantioselectivity of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 548-549:139-147. [PMID: 26802342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of chiral herbicides and the frequent detection of photosystem II (PSII) herbicides, it is of great importance to assess the direct effects of PSII herbicides on photosynthesis in an enantiomeric level. In the present study, the enantioselective phytotoxicity of bromacil (BRO), typical photosynthesis inhibition herbicide, on Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. The results showed that S-BRO exhibited a greater inhibition of electron transmission in photosystem I (PSI) of A. thaliana than R-BRO by inhibiting the transcription of fnr 1. S-BRO also changed the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Y (II), Y (NO), and Y (NPQ) to a greater extent than R-Bro. Transcription of genes psbO2, Lhcb3 and Lhcb6 was down-regulated in an enantioselective rhythm and S-BRO caused more serious influence, indicating that S-BRO did worse damage to the photosystem II (PSII) of A. thaliana than R-BRO. This study suggested that S-BRO disturbed the photosynthesis of plants to a larger extent than R-BRO and provided a new sight to evaluate the phytotoxicity of chiral herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meichao Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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29
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Uniform design ray in the assessment of combined toxicities of multi-component mixtures. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Qin LT, Wu J, Mo LY, Zeng HH, Liang YP. Linear regression model for predicting interactive mixture toxicity of pesticide and ionic liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12759-12768. [PMID: 25929456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nature of most environmental contaminants comes from chemical mixtures rather than from individual chemicals. Most of the existed mixture models are only valid for non-interactive mixture toxicity. Therefore, we built two simple linear regression-based concentration addition (LCA) and independent action (LIA) models that aim to predict the combined toxicities of the interactive mixture. The LCA model was built between the negative log-transformation of experimental and expected effect concentrations of concentration addition (CA), while the LIA model was developed between the negative log-transformation of experimental and expected effect concentrations of independent action (IA). Twenty-four mixtures of pesticide and ionic liquid were used to evaluate the predictive abilities of LCA and LIA models. The models correlated well with the observed responses of the 24 binary mixtures. The values of the coefficient of determination (R (2)) and leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validated correlation coefficient (Q(2)) for LCA and LIA models are larger than 0.99, which indicates high predictive powers of the models. The results showed that the developed LCA and LIA models allow for accurately predicting the mixture toxicities of synergism, additive effect, and antagonism. The proposed LCA and LIA models may serve as a useful tool in ecotoxicological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
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31
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Shinn C, Delello-Schneider D, Mendes LB, Sanchez AL, Müller R, Espíndola ELG, Araújo CVM. Immediate and mid-term effects of pyrimethanil toxicity on microalgae by simulating an episodic contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:407-413. [PMID: 25216469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since pesticides can represent a threat for non-target aquatic communities, including microalgae, we looked at the effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil on the growth of the freshwater green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum. Additionally, attenuation of the toxicity of pyrimethanil due to its dissipation in the water was assessed. Pyrimethanil-contaminated samples were taken from outdoor mesocosms one (1.4 mg L(-1) of pyrimethanil) and ten (0.78 mg L(-1) of pyrimethanil) days after pyrimethanil application. Different dilutions were prepared using both nutrient-rich culture medium (LC Oligo) and non-contaminated mesocosm samples, and cell growth inhibition was assessed. Reference mesocosm samples were also diluted with LC Oligo in order to verify how the nutrient concentration in the LC Oligo could improve cell growth. Comparing cell growth of population exposed to pyrimethanil-treated sample taken at day 1 with cells growing in reference sample and LC Oligo, the growth inhibition was 80% (± 6.5) and 95% (± 2.0), respectively. The toxicity of samples taken from contaminated mesocosms at day 10 was attenuated to 34% (± 15) (when compared with reference sample) and 88% (± 3.0) (when compared with LC Oligo), as pyrimethanil concentrations in the mesocosms decreased. In conclusion, (i) pyrimethanil can be an environmental disturber for the microalgae; (ii) the toxicity of pyrimethanil in water was reduced almost 2.4 times (when compared with the reference sample) at as short a period as 10d if assuming that pesticide entrance is not continuous; (iii) toxicity of an environmental sample could be underestimated if the sample/medium used in dilution presents different nutrient levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Shinn
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador - Sede Ibarra, Ibarra, Ecuador.
| | | | - Lucas B Mendes
- Center for Water Resources and Applied Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - André L Sanchez
- Center for Water Resources and Applied Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ruth Müller
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Department Climate and Adaptation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- Center for Water Resources and Applied Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Central Department of Research, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro of Manabí (ULEAM), Ciudadela Universitaria, vía San Mateo, Manta, Ecuador
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Zhu D, Jiang L, Liu RL, Chen P, Lang L, Feng JW, Yuan SJ, Zhao DY. Wire-cylinder dielectric barrier discharge induced degradation of aqueous atrazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:506-514. [PMID: 25268075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The wire-cylinder dielectric barrier discharge reactor was adopted for removal of aqueous atrazine. The effect of different parameters on the degradation efficiency of atrazine was investigated, and the degradation mechanism of atrazine was studied. The experimental results showed that when the discharge power was 50 W and the air flow rate was 140 L h(-1), 93.7% of atrazine was degraded after 18 min of discharge time. The concentrations of generated O3 and H2O2 increased with increasing discharge time. The pH decreased from 6.80 to 2.50, 12.7% of TOC was removed after 18 min. The concentrations of generated Cl(-) and NO3(-) increased significantly during the degradation process of atrazine, and the decreasing toxicity trend was observed for the treated atrazine solution. The degradation byproducts of atrazine were identified using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), which might be formed mainly in dechlorination hydroxylation, alkyl oxidation, dechlorination hydroxylation combined with alkyl oxidation and demethylation oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Run-Long Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Pei Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lin Lang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jing-Wei Feng
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Shou-Jun Yuan
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Da-Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Barman DN, Haque MA, Islam SMA, Yun HD, Kim MK. Cloning and expression of ophB gene encoding organophosphorus hydrolase from endophytic Pseudomonas sp. BF1-3 degrades organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:135-141. [PMID: 25062445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that has adverse effect on animals and plants. We isolated endophytic bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp. BF1-3, from balloon flower root which can hydrolyze chlorpyrifos. A gene (ophB) encoding a protein involved in chlorpyrifos degradation from this strain was cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α for confirming enzyme activity. After sequencing, total 1024bp nucleotide sequences were found in the open reading frame of ophB. The chlorpyrifos degradation patterns by E. coli DH5α (ophB) were observed. During incubation in minimal salt (M9) medium supplemented with chlorpyrifos (100mgL(-1)), the E. coli DH5α harboring ophB degraded about 97% initial chlorpyrifos (100mgL(-1)) and accumulated 86mgL(-1) 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) within 9 days. In addition, optical density (OD) of E. coli DH5α (ophB) culture at 600nm was increased from 0.172 to 1.118 within 2 days of inoculation in the chlorpyrifos supplemented M9 medium. The estimated molecular weight of purified OphB protein was determined to be 31.4kDa by SDS-PAGE. The OphB enzyme was most active at pH 8 and an optimal temperature around 35°C. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria are supposed to be useful for biological control of environments contaminated with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Nath Barman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Azizul Haque
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Shah Md Asraful Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Han Dae Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Keun Kim
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Chinju 660-360, Republic of Korea.
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Lampa E, Lind L, Lind PM, Bornefalk-Hermansson A. The identification of complex interactions in epidemiology and toxicology: a simulation study of boosted regression trees. Environ Health 2014; 13:57. [PMID: 24993424 PMCID: PMC4120739 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to evaluate complex interaction effects on human health, such as those induced by mixtures of environmental contaminants. The usual approach is to formulate an additive statistical model and check for departures using product terms between the variables of interest. In this paper, we present an approach to search for interaction effects among several variables using boosted regression trees. METHODS We simulate a continuous outcome from real data on 27 environmental contaminants, some of which are correlated, and test the method's ability to uncover the simulated interactions. The simulated outcome contains one four-way interaction, one non-linear effect and one interaction between a continuous variable and a binary variable. Four scenarios reflecting different strengths of association are simulated. We illustrate the method using real data. RESULTS The method succeeded in identifying the true interactions in all scenarios except where the association was weakest. Some spurious interactions were also found, however. The method was also capable to identify interactions in the real data set. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that boosted regression trees can be used to uncover complex interaction effects in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lampa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala Sweden
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Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1-11. [PMID: 23999158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the merits of being time-saving, cost effective and simple operation, the luminescent bacteria toxicity assay (LBTA) has been widely used for environmental pollution monitoring. Based on numerous studies since 2007, this critical review aims to give an overview on the mechanisms, developments and applications of LBTA. Firstly, based on the introduction of the mechanisms of LBTA, this review shows the interferences from the characteristics of testing samples (such as inorganic nutrients, color, turbidity) and summarizes the improvements on pretreatment method, test methods and test systems in recent years. Regarding the factors that affect the toxicity prediction of single chemicals, the correlation between the toxicity index expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and characters (such as Kow, the alkyl chain length, the anion and the cation) of known chemicals, especially the emerging ionic liquids (ILs), were given an in-depth discussion. The models for predicting the joint effect of mixtures to luminescent bacteria were also presented. For the factors that affect the toxicity of actual waters, the correlation of toxicity of actual samples to luminescent bacteria and their conventional indexes were discussed. Comparing the sensitivity of the LBTA with other bioassays could indicate the feasibility of the LBTA applied on specific samples. The summary on the application of LBTA to environmental samples has been made to find the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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