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Exploring Potential of Aspergillus sclerotiorum: Secondary Metabolites and Biotechnological Relevance. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
This study determined the composition of fungal communities and characterized the enriched fungal species in raw and roasted malts via the third-generation PacBio-based full-length single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of the full-length amplicon of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In total, one kingdom, six phyla, 23 classes, 56 orders, 120 families, 188 genera, 333 species, and 780 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected with satisfactory sequencing depth and sample size. Wickerhamomyces (56%), Cyberlindnera (15%), Dipodascus (12%), and Candida (6.1%) were characterized as the dominant genera in the raw malts, and Aspergillus (35%), Dipodascus (21%), Wickerhamomyces (11%), and Candida (3.5%) in the roasted malts. Aspergillus proliferans, Aspergillus penicillioides, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus represented the crucial biomarkers causing intergroup differences. Correlation analysis regarding environmental factors indicated that the water activity (aw) of the samples affected the composition of the fungal communities in the malts. In practice, special attention should be paid to the mycotoxin-producing fungi, as well as other fungal genera that are inversely correlated with their growth, to ensure the safe use of malt and its end products. IMPORTANCE Fungal contamination and secondary metabolite accumulation in agricultural products represent a global food safety challenge. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is beneficial for explaining fungal communities, it presents disadvantages, such as short reads, species-level resolution, and uncertain identification. This work represents the first attempt to characterize the fungal community diversity, with a particular focus on mycotoxin-producing fungi, in malt via the third-generation PacBio-based full-length SMRT sequencing of the ITS region, aiming to explore and compare the differences between the fungal communities of raw and roasted malts. The research is beneficial for developing effective biological control and conservation measures, including improving the roasting conditions, monitoring the environmental humidity and aw, and effectively eliminating and degrading fungi in the industry chain according to the diverse fungal communities determined, for the safe use of malts and their end products, such as beers. In addition, the third-generation SMRT sequencing technology allows highly efficient analysis of fungal community diversity in complex matrices, yielding fast, high-resolution long reads at the species level. It can be extended to different research fields, updating modern molecular methodology and bioinformatics databases.
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Wu J, Zhao J, Liu M, Zhao Z, Qiu Y, Li H, Wu J, Bai J. Detection of ochratoxin A by fluorescence sensing based on mesoporous materials. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1192-1199. [PMID: 35810001 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new ochratoxin A (OTA) aptamer biosensor to promptly detect OTA in food. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were used as carriers, and aptamers were used as recognition probes and gating molecules. The fluorescent dye Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) was loaded into mesoporous silica, and through electrostatic contact, the OTA aptamer was adsorbed on amino-modified mesoporous silica. The fluorescent dye released from the mesopore in the presence of OTA because of the conformational change induced in the aptamer by the target. The amount of ochratoxin was determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity. Our findings revealed a positive relationship between the fluorescence intensity and OTA concentration, with a limit of detection of 0.28 ng mL-1, and the detection range was 0.05-200 ng mL-1. The recovery rate was 80.7%-110.8% in real samples. The proposed approach is suitable for the quantification of other toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Wu
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan City, China
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan City, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan City, China
| | - Hanle Li
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan City, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Post-Flood Impacts on Occurrence and Distribution of Mycotoxin-Producing Aspergilli from the Sections Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri in Indoor Environment. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040282. [PMID: 33198357 PMCID: PMC7711759 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin-producing Aspergilli (Circumdati, Flavi, and Nigri), usually associated with contaminated food, may also cause respiratory disorders and are insufficiently studied in water-damaged indoor environments. Airborne (N = 71) and dust borne (N = 76) Aspergilli collected at post-flood and control locations in Croatia resulted in eleven different species based on their calmodulin marker: A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. pallidofulvus, A. sclerotiorum, and A. westerdijkiae (Circumdati); A. flavus (Flavi); and A. tubingensis, A. welwitschiae, A. niger, A. piperis, and A. uvarum (Nigri). Most of the airborne (73%) and dust borne (54%) isolates were found at post-flood locations, and the highest concentrations measured in indoor air (5720 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3) and dust (2.5 × 105 CFU/g) were up to twenty times higher than in the control locations. A. flavus dominated among airborne isolates (25%) at the unrepaired locations, while 56% of the dust borne Aspergilli were identified as A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae. The ability of identified isolates to produce mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and ochratoxin A were assessed by LC-MS analysis. All ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Circumdati belonged to A. westerdijkiae (13.7 ± 15.81 µg/mL); in the section, FlaviA. flavus produced AFB1 (2.51 ± 5.31 µg/mL), while A. welwitschiae and A. niger (section Nigri) produced FB2 (6.76 ± 13.51 µg/mL and 11.24 ± 18.30 µg/mL, respectively). Water damage dominantly supported the occurrence of aflatoxigenic A. flavus in indoor environments. Yet unresolved, the causal relationship of exposure to indoor Aspergilli and adverse health effects may support the significance of this research.
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Major Differences in the Diversity of Mycobiomes Associated with Wheat Processing and Domestic Environments: Significant Findings from High-Throughput Sequencing of Fungal Barcode ITS1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132335. [PMID: 31269667 PMCID: PMC6650792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to grain dust is associated with both acute and chronic effects on the airways. However, the aetiology of these effects is not completely understood, mainly due to the complexity and variety of potentially causative agents to which workers are exposed during cereals process. In this study, we characterized the mycobiome during different steps of wheat processing—harvesting, grain unloading and straw handling—and compared it to mycobiomes of domestic environments—rural and urban. To do so, settled dust was collected at a six month interval for six weeks in the close proximity of 142 participants, 74 occupationally exposed to wheat dust—freshly harvested or stored—and 68 not occupationally exposed to it. Fungal community composition was determined in those samples by high-throughput sequencing of the primary fungal barcode marker internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The comparison of different mycobiomes revealed that fungal richness, as well as their composition, was much higher in the domestic environment than at the workplace. Furthermore, we found that the fungal community composition strongly differed between workplaces where workers handled freshly harvested wheat and those where they handled stored wheat. Indicator species for each exposed population were identified. Our results emphasize the complexity of exposure of grain workers and farmers and open new perspectives in the identification of the etiological factors responsible for the respiratory pathologies induced by wheat dust exposure.
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Sun Z, Wang X, Tang Z, Chen Q, Liu X. Development of a biotin-streptavidin-amplified nanobody-based ELISA for ochratoxin A in cereal. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:382-388. [PMID: 30616155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A biotin-streptavidin-amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a biotinylated nanobody (BA-Nb ELISA) was developed to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereal. The limit of detection (LOD) of the BA-Nb ELISA, which equals to 10% maximal inhibitory concentration, was 0.011 ng/mL for OTA in buffer, and the sensitivity was approximately improved by one order of magnitude compared with the traditional Nb ELISA (LOD = 0.112 ng/mL). Under optimal conditions, the developed assay could be accomplished in 40 min with maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.138 ng/mL and the linear detection range of 0.034-0.460 ng/mL. The average recovery rate of the BA-Nb ELISA ranged from 92.8% to 114%, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 2.04-9.85%. The developed BA-Nb ELISA was validated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the results indicated the reliability of BA-Nb ELISA for the detection of OTA in cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuerou Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zongwen Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xing Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China.
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Slamecka J, Capcarova M, Jurcik R, Sladecek T, Argente MJC, Gren A, Massanyi P. Seasonal, age and sex fluctuations in aflatoxin B 1 content in the liver and kidney of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pall). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:466-470. [PMID: 28095185 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1271671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to monitor the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in the liver and kidney of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pall) in the region of south-western Slovakia. A total of 65 samples were involved for analysis by RIA method. Brown hares were divided into the groups according to age, sex and season (month). The sex was determined visually after shooting, and the age was assigned from dried eye lens. The average concentration of AFB1 in the liver of hares was 0.54 ± 0.053 µg/kg, and lower values were measured in the kidney (0.41 ± 0.038 µg/kg). The significantly (P < 0.05) higher values were found in winter months when compared to summer months. According to the age, juvenile animals showed significant higher accumulation of B1 in both organs than adults (P < 0.05). Wild animals can serve as a good model of real environmental contamination. Thus, monitoring of risk factors such as mycotoxins in the environment is important with regard to public health, as game animals constitute an important part of food chain for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Slamecka
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | - Marcela Capcarova
- b Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Department of Animal Physiology , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jurcik
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Sladecek
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | | | - Agnieszka Gren
- d Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology , Kraków , Poland
| | - Peter Massanyi
- b Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Department of Animal Physiology , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Despot DJ, Kocsubé S, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Szekeres A, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J, Klarić MŠ. Species diversity and cytotoxic potency of airborne sterigmatocystin-producing Aspergilli from the section Versicolores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:296-304. [PMID: 27100010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution and species diversity of sterigmatocystin-producing Aspergilli from the section Versicolores in the indoor air of apartment-AP, basements-BS and grain mill-GM in Croatia, as well as the cytotoxic potency of isolates. The species comprised 0.7-20% of total airborne fungi detected in the AP, 11-55% in the BS, and 0-2% in the GM. Based on CaM sequences, seven species were identified; dominant were Aspergillus jensenii and Aspergillus creber, followed by Aspergillus protuberus, Aspergillus venenatus, Aspergillus tennesseensis, Aspergillus amoenus, Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus and three undescribed species. All of the identified species produced sterigmatocystin-STC (HPLC/UV-VIS); A. griseoaurantiacus (208.29μg/mL) and A. jensenii (1.192-133.63μg/mL) produced the highest levels, the lowest were detected in A. protuberus and A. tennesseensis (0.117-2.749μg/mL). Lower species diversity was obtained in the GM due to overgrowth with more propulsive fungi. Relatively high STC levels (0.06-2.35μg/g) detected in 52% of GM dust samples confirmed the presence of STC-producers, although this STC cannot be exclusively attributed to Aspergilli (Versicolores). STC and the majority of STC-producing Aspergilli were cytotoxic to human lung A549 cells (IC50 0.9-2.3μg/mL) and THP-1 macrophage-like cells (IC50 0.3-0.6μg/mL) in relatively low concentrations suggesting that humans can be at high risk during chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jakšić Despot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Ottó Bencsik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Anita Kecskeméti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Janos Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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