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Lee LKF, Hipfner JM, Frankfurter G, Cray C, Pearson SF, Fiorello C, Clyde NMT, Hudson SA, Parker SE, Stallknecht DE, Furst E, Haman KH. Baseline health parameters of rhinoceros auklets ( Cerorhinca monocerata) using serum protein electrophoresis, acute phase proteins, and biochemistry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1379980. [PMID: 38983768 PMCID: PMC11231077 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1379980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical metrics of baseline health in sentinel seabird species can offer insight into marine ecosystem dynamics, individual and population health, and assist in wildlife rehabilitation and conservation efforts. Protein electrophoresis is useful for detecting changes in acute phase proteins and immunoglobulin levels that may indicate subtle inflammatory responses and/or infectious disease. Serum biochemistry can highlight nutritional status, metabolic derangements, and organ injury and function. However, baseline values for such health parameters are largely unknown for many seabird species. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish baseline clinical health reference intervals for serum protein electrophoresis, acute phase proteins including serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, and biochemistry parameters in the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), a key sentinel species in the North Pacific. From 2013 to 2019, 178 wild, apparently healthy breeding adult rhinoceros auklets were captured across four breeding colonies in British Columbia, Canada (Lucy Island, Pine Island, Triangle Islands, and SGang Gwaay) and from one colony in Washington, United States (Protection Island). Reference intervals were calculated for protein electrophoresis fractions and acute phase proteins (n = 163), and serum biochemistry (n = 35) following established guidelines by the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Animals were also assessed for the presence of antibodies to the influenza A virus. Approximately 48% (70/147) of sampled birds were seropositive for influenza A virus, with a prevalence of 50% (6/12) in 2013, 75% (47/63) in 2014, and 24% (17/72) in 2019. This work provides clinical baseline health metrics of a key North Pacific sentinel species to help inform marine ecosystem monitoring, recovery, and rehabilitation efforts in the Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K F Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J Mark Hipfner
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - Greg Frankfurter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Scott F Pearson
- Wildlife Program, Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, United States
| | | | - Nikolas M T Clyde
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hudson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Department of Population Health, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Katherine H Haman
- Wildlife Program, Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, United States
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Ruberg EJ, King MD, Elliott JE, Tomy GT, Idowu I, Vermette ML, Williams TD. Effects of diluted bitumen exposure on the survival, physiology, and behaviour of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113071. [PMID: 34915220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diluted bitumen (dilbit) is an unconventional crude petroleum increasingly being extracted and transported to market by pipeline and tanker. Despite the transport of dilbit through terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal habitat important to diverse bird fauna, toxicity data are currently only available for fish and invertebrates. We used the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) as a tractable, avian model system to investigate exposure effects of lightly weathered Cold Lake blend dilbit on survival, tissue residue, and a range of physiological and behavioural endpoints. Birds were exposed via oral gavage over 14-days with dosages of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 mL dilbit/kg bw/day. We identified an LD50 of 9.4 mL/kg/d dilbit, with complete mortality at 12 mL/kg/d. Mortality was associated with mass loss, external oiling, decreased pectoral and heart mass, and increased liver mass. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was elevated in all dilbit-dosed birds compared with controls but there was limited evidence of sublethal effects of dilbit on physiological endpoints at doses < 10 mL/kg/d (hematocrit, hemoglobin, total antioxidants, and reactive oxygen metabolites). Dilbit exposure affected behavior, with more dilbit-treated birds foraging away from the feeder, more birds sleeping or idle at low dilbit doses, and fewer birds huddling together at high dilbit doses. Naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, and their alkylated congeners in particular (e.g. C2-napthalene and C2-dibenzothiophene) accumulated in the liver at greater concentrations in dilbit-treated birds compared to controls. Although directly comparable studies in the zebra finch are limited, our mortality data suggest that dilbit is more toxic than the well-studied MC252 conventional light crude oil with this exposure regime. A lack of overt sublethal effects at lower doses, but effects on body mass and composition, behaviour, high mortality, and elevated PAC residue at doses ≥ 10 mL/kg/d suggest a threshold effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Ruberg
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Melissa L Vermette
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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King MD, Elliott JE, Marlatt V, Crump D, Idowu I, Wallace SJ, Tomy GT, Williams TD. Effects of Avian Eggshell Oiling With Diluted Bitumen Show Sublethal Embryonic Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:159-174. [PMID: 34918379 PMCID: PMC9299908 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breeding birds that become oiled may contaminate the shells of their eggs, and studies of conventional crude oil suggest that even small quantities can be absorbed through the eggshell and cause embryotoxicity. Unconventional crude oils remain untested, so we evaluated whether a major Canadian oil sands product, diluted bitumen (dilbit), would be absorbed and cause toxicity when applied to eggshells of two species, domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and double-crested cormorant (Nannopterum auritum). We artificially incubated eggs and applied lightly weathered dilbit (Cold Lake blend) to the eggshells (0.015-0.15 mg g-1 egg in chicken; 0.1-0.4 mg g-1 egg in cormorant) at various points during incubation before sampling prehatch embryos. Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) residue in cormorant embryos was elevated only at the highest dilbit application (0.4 mg g-1 egg) closest (day 16) to sampling on day 22. In contrast, cormorant liver cytochrome P450 1a4 (Cyp1a4) mRNA expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay) was elevated only in embryos treated with the earliest and lowest dilbit application (0.1 mg g-1 egg on day 4). These results confirm that dilbit can cross through the eggshell and be absorbed by embryos, and they imply rapid biotransformation of PACs and a nonmonotonic Cyp1a4 response. Despite evidence of exposure in cormorant, we found no detectable effects on the frequency of survival, deformity, and gross lesions, nor did we find effects on physiological endpoints indicative of growth and cardiovascular function in either chicken or cormorant. In ovo dilbit exposure may be less toxic than well-studied conventional crude oils. The effects of an oil spill scenario involving dilbit to bird embryos might be subtle, and PACs may be rapidly metabolized. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:159-174. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D. King
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Science and Technology DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Sarah J. Wallace
- Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Eau Terre EnvironnementQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Gregg T. Tomy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Tony D. Williams
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Richard FJ, Southern I, Gigauri M, Bellini G, Rojas O, Runde A. Warning on nine pollutants and their effects on avian communities. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Fallon JA, Goodchild C, DuRant SE, Cecere T, Sponenberg DP, Hopkins WA. Hematological and histological changes from ingestion of Deepwater Horizon crude oil in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118026. [PMID: 34479165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to crude oil during spill events causes a variety of pathologic effects in birds, including oxidative injury to erythrocytes, which is characterized in some species by the formation of Heinz bodies and subsequent anemia. However, not all species appear to develop Heinz bodies or anemia when exposed to oil, and there are limited controlled experiments that use both light and electron microscopy to evaluate structural changes within erythrocytes following oil exposure. In this study, we orally dosed zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with 3.3 or 10 mL/kg of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon crude oil or 10 mL/kg of peanut oil (vehicle control) daily for 15 days. We found that birds receiving the highest dosage experienced a significant increase in reticulocyte percentage, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and liver mass, as well as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen. However, we found no evidence of Heinz body formation based on both light and transmission electron microscopy. Although there was a tendency for packed cell volume and hemoglobin to decrease in birds from the high dose group compared to control and low dose groups, the changes were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that additional experimental dosing studies are needed to understand factors (e.g., dose- and species-specific sensitivity) and confounding variables (e.g., dispersants) that contribute to the presence and severity of anemia resulting from oil exposure in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Fallon
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | | | - Sarah E DuRant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - D Phillip Sponenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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6
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Takeshita R, Bursian SJ, Colegrove KM, Collier TK, Deak K, Dean KM, De Guise S, DiPinto LM, Elferink CJ, Esbaugh AJ, Griffitt RJ, Grosell M, Harr KE, Incardona JP, Kwok RK, Lipton J, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Peters ES, Roberts AP, Rowles TK, Rusiecki JA, Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Wetzel DL, Ziccardi MH, Hall AJ. A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:355-394. [PMID: 34542016 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1975182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, a number of government agencies, academic institutions, consultants, and nonprofit organizations conducted lab- and field-based research to understand the toxic effects of the oil. Lab testing was performed with a variety of fish, birds, turtles, and vertebrate cell lines (as well as invertebrates); field biologists conducted observations on fish, birds, turtles, and marine mammals; and epidemiologists carried out observational studies in humans. Eight years after the spill, scientists and resource managers held a workshop to summarize the similarities and differences in the effects of DWH oil on vertebrate taxa and to identify remaining gaps in our understanding of oil toxicity in wildlife and humans, building upon the cross-taxonomic synthesis initiated during the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Across the studies, consistency was found in the types of toxic response observed in the different organisms. Impairment of stress responses and adrenal gland function, cardiotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, disruption of blood cells and their function, effects on locomotion, and oxidative damage were observed across taxa. This consistency suggests conservation in the mechanisms of action and disease pathogenesis. From a toxicological perspective, a logical progression of impacts was noted: from molecular and cellular effects that manifest as organ dysfunction, to systemic effects that compromise fitness, growth, reproductive potential, and survival. From a clinical perspective, adverse health effects from DWH oil spill exposure formed a suite of signs/symptomatic responses that at the highest doses/concentrations resulted in multi-organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Takeshita
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Zoological Pathology Program, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
| | | | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lisa M DiPinto
- Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Cornelis J Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - John P Incardona
- NOAA Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center of Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Health and Environment Division, Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, LSU School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- NOAA Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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7
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Bautista NM, do Amaral-Silva L, Dzialowski E, Burggren WW. Dietary Exposure to Low Levels of Crude Oil Affects Physiological and Morphological Phenotype in Adults and Their Eggs and Hatchlings of the King Quail ( Coturnix chinensis). Front Physiol 2021; 12:661943. [PMID: 33897469 PMCID: PMC8063051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.661943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the current knowledge of the devastating effects of external exposure to crude oil on animal mortality, the study of developmental, transgenerational effects of such exposure has received little attention. We used the king quail as an animal model to determine if chronic dietary exposure to crude oil in a parental population would affect morpho-physiological phenotypic variables in their immediate offspring generation. Adult quail were separated into three groups: (1) Control, and two experimental groups dietarily exposed for at least 3 weeks to (2) Low (800 PAH ng/g food), or (3) High (2,400 PAH ng/g food) levels of crude oil. To determine the parental influence on their offspring, we measured metabolic and respiratory physiology in exposed parents and in their non-exposed eggs and hatchlings. Body mass and numerous metabolic (e.g., O2 consumption, CO2 production) and respiratory (e.g., ventilation frequency and volume) variables did not vary between control and oil exposed parental groups. In contrast, blood PO2, PCO2, and SO2 varied among parental groups. Notably, water loss though the eggshell was increased in eggs from High oil level exposed parents. Respiratory variables of hatchlings did not vary between populations, but hatchlings obtained from High oil-exposed parents exhibited lower capacities to maintain body temperature while exposed to a cooling protocol in comparison to hatchlings from Low- and Control-derived parents. The present study demonstrates that parental exposure to crude oil via diet impacts some aspects of physiological performance of the subsequent first (F1) generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim M Bautista
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward Dzialowski
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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King MD, Elliott JE, Williams TD. Effects of petroleum exposure on birds: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142834. [PMID: 33109373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Birds are vulnerable to petroleum pollution, and exposure has a range of negative effects resulting from plumage fouling, systemic toxicity, and embryotoxicity. Recent research has not been synthesized since Leighton's 1993 review despite the continued discharge of conventional petroleum, including high-volume oil spills and chronic oil pollution, as well as the emergence of understudied unconventional crude oil types. To address this, we reviewed the individual-level effects of crude oil and refined fuel exposure in avifauna with peer-reviewed articles published 1993-2020 to provide a critical synthesis of the state of the science. We also sought to answer how unconventional crude petroleum effects compare with conventional crude oil. Relevant knowledge gaps and research challenges were identified. The resulting review examines avian exposure to petroleum and synthesizes advances regarding the physical effects of oil hydrocarbons on feather structure and function, as well the toxic effects of inhaled or ingested oil, embryotoxicity, and how exposure affects broader scale endpoints related to behavior, reproduction, and survival. Another outcome of the review was the knowledge gaps and challenges identified. The first finding was a paucity of oil ingestion rate estimates in birds. Characterizing environmentally realistic exposure and ingestion rates is a higher research priority than additional conventional oral dosing experiments. Second, there is an absence of toxicity data for unconventional crude petroleum. Although the effects of air and water contamination in the Canadian oil sands region have received attention, toxicity data for direct exposure to unrefined bitumen produced there in high volumes and other such unconventional oil types are needed. Third, we encountered barriers to the interpretation, replication, broad relevance, and comparability of studies. We therefore propose best practices and promising technological advancements for researchers. This review consolidates our understanding of petroleum's effects on birds and points a way forward for researchers and resource managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada.
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Goodchild CG, Love AC, Krall JB, DuRant SE. Weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 crude oil ingestion alters cytokine signaling, lowers heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and induces sickness behavior in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115302. [PMID: 33254636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill caused an estimated 100,000 bird mortalities. However, mortality estimates are often based on the number of visibly oiled birds and likely underestimate the true damage to avian populations as they do not include toxic effects from crude oil ingestion. Elevated susceptibility to disease has been postulated to be a significant barrier to recovery for birds that have ingested crude oil. Effective defense against pathogens involves integration of physiological and behavioral traits, which are regulated in-part by cytokine signaling pathways. In this study, we tested whether crude oil ingestion altered behavioral and physiological aspects of disease defense in birds. To do so, we used artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 242 crude oil to orally dose zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with 3.3 mL/kg or 10 mL/kg of crude oil or a control (peanut oil) for 14 days. We measured expression of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and proinflammatory pathways (NF-κB, COX-2) in the intestine, liver, and spleen (tissues that exhibit pathology in oil-exposed birds). We also measured heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio and complement system activity, and video-recorded birds to analyze sickness behavior. Finches that ingested crude oil exhibited tissue-specific changes in cytokine mRNA expression. Proinflammatory cytokine expression decreased in the intestine but increased in the liver and spleen. Birds exposed to crude oil had lower H:L ratios compared to the control on day 14, but there were no differences in complement activity among treatments. Additionally, birds exposed to 10 mL/kg crude oil had reduced activity, indicative of sickness behavior. Our results suggest cytokines play a role in mediating physiological and behavioral responses to crude oil ingestion. Although most avian population damage assessments focus on mortality caused by external oiling, crude oil ingestion may also indirectly affect survival by altering physiological and behavioral traits important for disease defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goodchild
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Virginia Tech, Biological Sciences, 926 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Ashley C Love
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Krall
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Sarah E DuRant
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biological Sciences, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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10
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Bonisoli-Alquati A, Xu W, Stouffer PC, Taylor SS. Transcriptome analysis indicates a broad range of toxic effects of Deepwater Horizon oil on Seaside Sparrows. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137583. [PMID: 32325582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In marine species, the transcriptomic response to Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil implicated many biochemical pathways, with corresponding adverse outcomes on organ development and physiological performance. Terrestrial organisms differ in their mechanisms of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their physiological challenges, and may reveal either distinct effects of oil on biochemical pathways or the generality of the responses to oil shown in marine species. Using a cross-species hybridization microarray approach, we investigated the transcriptomic response in the liver of Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima) exposed to DWH oil compared with birds from a control site. Our analysis identified 295 genes differentially expressed between birds exposed to oil and controls. Gene ontology (GO) and canonical pathway analysis suggested that the identified genes were involved in a coordinated response that promoted hepatocellular proliferation and liver regeneration while inhibiting apoptosis, necrosis, and liver steatosis. Exposure to oil also altered the expression of genes regulating energy homeostasis, including carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis, and the biosynthesis, transport and metabolism of lipids. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the long-standing observation of hepatic hypertrophy and altered lipid biosynthesis and transport in birds exposed to crude oil. Several of the activated pathways and pathological outcomes shown here overlap with the ones altered in fish species upon exposure to oil. Overall, our study shows that the path of oil contamination from the marine system into salt marshes can lead to similar responses in terrestrial birds to those described in marine organisms, suggesting similar adverse outcomes and shared machinery for detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonisoli-Alquati
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America.
| | - W Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States of America
| | - P C Stouffer
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America; LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - S S Taylor
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America; LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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11
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Dorr BS, Mathewson PD, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy KA, Horak KE, Porter W. Landscape scale thermoregulatory costs from sublethal exposure to Deep Water Horizon oil in the double-crested cormorant. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110915. [PMID: 32479288 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of heavy oiling to wildlife are well known from oil spills, although sublethal oil exposure effects are poorly understood. We used Niche Mapper™, to compute spatially and temporally specific energetic and behavioral impacts of repeated sublethal oil exposure to double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). During winter (October-March) cormorants exposed to 13 g, 39 g, and 65-78 g of oil, had on average a 31%, 59%, and 76% predicted increase in total resting energetic requirements (RMR) compared to unoiled birds, respectively. Increased RMR resulted in a mean (±SD) predicted increase in time spent foraging of 36 (±13) min·d-1. During the breeding season (April-September), cormorants had on average a 29%, 57% and 73% increase in total RMR and the mean predicted increase in time spent foraging was 131 (±49) min·d-1. Thermoregulatory effects of sublethal oil exposure may cause greater impacts to bird populations than is currently understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regional Field Office, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Warren Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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12
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Dannemiller NG, Horak KE, Ellis JW, Barrett NL, Wolfe LL, Shriner SA. Effects of External Oiling and Rehabilitation on Hematological, Biochemical, and Blood Gas Analytes in Ring-Billed Gulls ( Larus delawarensis). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:405. [PMID: 31803767 PMCID: PMC6877692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian species experience extensive morbidity and mortality following large-scale oil spills, often resulting in oiled birds being rescued, and admitted to rehabilitation. Our objective was to experimentally establish time-specific, descriptive blood analyte data following sublethal oil exposure and subsequent rehabilitation. Thirty wild Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups of 10 birds each. One treatment group served as controls and two treatment groups were externally oiled daily for 3 days with weathered MC252 oil collected from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, mimicking the upper threshold of the US Fish and Wildlife Service's moderate oiling classification. Following external oiling, one oiled treatment group was cleaned via standard rehabilitation practices. Serial venous blood samples were collected for a month to measure packed cell volume, total solids, blood gas and select plasma biochemistry analytes, total white blood cell estimates and differentials, and reticulocyte estimates. We found that both sublethal oil exposure and aspects of captivity were associated with a mild non-regenerative anemia. No other differences in venous blood gas and biochemical analytes as well as white blood cell concentrations were observed among the three groups. These findings suggest that the mild anemia seen in oiled birds undergoing rehabilitation is possibly multifactorial and that moderately oiled gulls have subtle, but potentially not insignificant clinicopathological abnormalities following sublethal oil exposure. Oiled gulls did not develop any clinicopathological derangements post-rehabilitation, suggesting current standard practices for rehabilitation cause minimal morbidity in clinically stable, moderately oiled gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Dannemiller
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy W Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nicole L Barrett
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lisa L Wolfe
- Wildlife Health Program, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Susan A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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13
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Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Assadi-Porter FM, Selen ES, Healy KA, Horak KE. Effects of Repeated Sublethal External Exposure to Deep Water Horizon Oil on the Avian Metabolome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:371. [PMID: 30674908 PMCID: PMC6344488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed adverse effects of external sublethal exposure of Deepwater Horizon, Mississippi Canyon 252 oil on plasma and liver metabolome profiles of the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), a large (1.5 to 3.0 kg) diving waterbird common in the Gulf of Mexico. Metabolomics analysis of avian plasma showed significant negative effects on avian metabolic profiles, in some cases after only two external exposures (26 g cumulative) to oil. We observed significant (p < 0.05) changes in intermediate metabolites of energy metabolism and fatty acid and amino acid metabolic pathways in cormorants after repeated exposure to oil. Exposure to oil increased several metabolites (glycine, betaine, serine and methionine) that are essential to the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Lipid metabolism was affected, causing an increase in production of ketone bodies, suggesting lipids were used as an alternative energy source for energy production in oil exposed birds. In addition, metabolites associated with hepatic bile acid metabolism were affected by oil exposure which was correlated with changes observed in bile acids in exposed birds. These changes at the most basic level of phenotypic expression caused by sublethal exposure to oil can have effects that would be detrimental to reproduction, migration, and survival in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, MS State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Fariba M Assadi-Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Ebru Selin Selen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, 36532, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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14
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Mathewson PD, Hanson-Dorr KC, Porter WP, Bursian SJ, Dean KM, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Harr KE, Dorr BS. Experimental and modeled thermoregulatory costs of repeated sublethal oil exposure in the Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:216-223. [PMID: 30301033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the impact of oil exposure, it is important to understand sublethal effects like how increased thermoregulatory costs may affect survival and reproduction. However, it is difficult and time-consuming to measure these effects in wild animals. We present a novel use of a bioenergetics model, Niche Mapper™, to estimate thermoregulatory impacts of oiling, using data from captive Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) experimentally exposed to oil. Oiled cormorants had significant increases in surface body temperatures following exposure. Niche Mapper accurately predicted surface temperatures and metabolic rates for unoiled and oiled cormorants and predicted 13-18% increased daily energetic demands due to increased thermoregulatory costs of oiling, consistent with increased food consumption observed in experimentally oiled cormorants. We show that Niche Mapper can provide valuable insight into sublethal oiling effects by quantifying the extent to which thermoregulatory costs divert energy resources away from important life processes like maintenance, reproduction and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste. 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Kate Healy
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Natural Resource Damage Assessment Regional Field Office, 341 Greeno Road North, Suite A, Fairhope, AL 36532, USA
| | - Katherine Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Brian S Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, P.O. Box 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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15
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Dubansky B, Verbeck G, Mach P, Burggren W. Methodology for exposing avian embryos to quantified levels of airborne aromatic compounds associated with crude oil spills. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:163-169. [PMID: 29408758 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills on birds and other organisms have focused primarily on direct effects of oil exposure through ingestion or direct body fouling. Little is known of indirect effects of airborne volatiles from spilled oil, especially on vulnerable developing embryos within the bird egg. Here a technique is described for exposing bird embryos in the egg to quantifiable amounts of airborne volatile toxicants from Deepwater Horizon crude oil. A novel membrane inlet mass spectrometry system was used to measure major classes of airborne oil-derived toxicants and correlate these exposures with biological endpoints. Exposure induced a reduction in platelet number and increase in osmolality of the blood of embryos of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Additionally, expression of cytochrome P4501A, a protein biomarker of oil exposure, occurred in renal, pulmonary, hepatic and vascular tissues. These data confirm that this system for generating and measuring airborne volatiles can be used for future in-depth analysis of the toxicity of volatile organic compounds in birds and potentially other terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dubansky
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX, 76203, United States.
| | - Guido Verbeck
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, 1417 Hickory Street, Denton, TX, 76203, United States
| | - Phillip Mach
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, 1417 Hickory Street, Denton, TX, 76203, United States; Aberdeen Proving Ground, 5183 Balckhawk Rd, E3150, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, United States
| | - Warren Burggren
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX, 76203, United States
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16
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Harr KE, Rishniw M, Rupp TL, Cacela D, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy K, Horak K, Link JE, Reavill D, Bursian SJ, Cunningham FL. Dermal exposure to weathered MC252 crude oil results in echocardiographically identifiable systolic myocardial dysfunction in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:76-82. [PMID: 28666537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment, gross morphologic cardiac abnormalities, including softer, more distensible musculature, were noted upon gross necropsy in hearts from laughing gulls and double-crested cormorants exposed to weathered MC252 crude oil. A species specific, echocardiographic technique was developed for antemortem evaluation of function that was used to evaluate and better characterize cardiac dysfunction. Control (n=12) and treated (n=13) cormorant groups of similar sex-ratio and ages were dermally treated with approximately 13ml of water or weathered MC252 crude oil, respectively, every 3 days for 6 dosages. This resulted in a low to moderate external exposure. Upon visualization and clinical assessment of the hearts of all test subjects, comprehensive diagnostic cardiographic measurements were taken twice, prior to oil application and after a 21day dermal oil exposure. Oil-treated birds showed a decrease in cardiac systolic function, as characterized by an increased left ventricular internal dimension-systole and left ventricular stroke volume as well as concurrent decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening when compared to both control birds' and the treated birds' time zero values. These changes are indicative of a possible dilative cardiomyopathy induced by oil exposure, although further elucidation of possible collagen damage is recommended. Arrhythmias including tachycardia in two treated birds and bradycardia in all treated birds were documented, indicating further clinically significant abnormalities induced by MC252 oil that warrant further investigation. A statistically significant increase in free calcium concentration, important to muscular and neurologic function in treated birds was also noted. This study documents that weathered MC252 oil caused clinically significant cardiac dysfunction that could result in mortality and decrease recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - K Horak
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J E Link
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA, USA
| | - S J Bursian
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station Center, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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17
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Alexander CR, Hooper MJ, Cacela D, Smelker KD, Calvin CS, Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cunningham FL, Hanson-Dorr KC, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Link J, Shriner SA, Godard-Codding CAJ. Reprint of: CYP1A protein expression and catalytic activity in double-crested cormorants experimentally exposed to Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:68-75. [PMID: 28571624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were orally exposed to Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 (DWH) oil to investigate oil-induced toxicological impacts. Livers were collected for multiple analyses including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) enzymatic activity and protein expression. CYP1A enzymatic activity was measured by alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) assays. Activities specific to the O-dealkylation of four resorufin ethers are reported: benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD). CYP1A protein expression was measured by western blot analysis with a CYP1A1 mouse monoclonal antibody. In study 1, hepatic BROD, EROD, and PROD activities were significantly induced in DCCO orally exposed to 20ml/kg body weight (bw) oil as a single dose or daily for 5 days. Western blot analysis revealed hepatic CYP1A protein induction in both treatment groups. In study 2 (5ml/kg bw oil or 10ml/kg bw oil, 21day exposure), all four hepatic ARODs were significantly induced. Western blots showed an increase in hepatic CYP1A expression in both treatment groups with a significant induction in birds exposed to 10ml/kg oil. Significant correlations were detected among all 4 AROD activities in both studies and between CYP1A protein expression and both MROD and PROD activities in study 2. EROD activity was highest for both treatment groups in both studies while BROD activity had the greatest fold-induction. While PROD activity values were consistently low, the fold-induction was high, usually 2nd highest to BROD activity. The observed induced AROD profiles detected in the present studies suggest both CYP1A4/1A5 DCCO isoforms are being induced after MC252 oil ingestion. A review of the literature on avian CYP1A AROD activity levels and protein expression after exposure to CYP1A inducers highlights the need for species-specific studies to accurately evaluate avian exposure to oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Hooper
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Kim D Smelker
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Caleshia S Calvin
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Steve J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Susan A Shriner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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18
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Reprint of: Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:4-10. [PMID: 28559122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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19
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Harr KE, Cunningham FL, Pritsos CA, Pritsos KL, Muthumalage T, Dorr BS, Horak KE, Hanson-Dorr KC, Dean KM, Cacela D, McFadden AK, Link JE, Healy KA, Tuttle P, Bursian SJ. Weathered MC252 crude oil-induced anemia and abnormal erythroid morphology in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) with light microscopic and ultrastructural description of Heinz bodies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:29-39. [PMID: 28734789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Injury assessment of birds following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010 was part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. One reported effect was hemolytic anemia with the presence of Heinz bodies (HB) in birds, however, the role of route and magnitude of exposure to oil is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine if double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritis; DCCO) exposed orally and dermally to artificially weathered crude oil would develop hemolytic anemia including HB and reticulocytosis. In the oral experiment, sub-adult, mixed-sex DCCOs were fed control (n = 8) or oil-injected fish with a daily target dose of 5 (n = 9) or 10 (n = 9) ml oil/kg for 21 days. Then, subadult control (n = 12) and treated (n = 13) cormorant groups of similar sex-ratio were dermally treated with approximately 13ml of water or weathered MC252 crude oil, respectively, every 3 days for 6 dosages approximating 20% surface coverage. Collected whole blood samples were analyzed by light (new methylene blue) and transmission electron microscopy. Both oral and dermal treatment with weathered DWH MC252 crude oil induced regenerative, but inadequately compensated, anemia due to hemolysis and hematochezia as indicated by decreased packed cell volume, relative increase in reticulocytes with lack of difference in corrected reticulocyte count, and morphologic evidence of oxidant damage at the ultrastructural level. Hemoglobin precipitation, HB formation, degenerate organelles, and systemic oxidant damage were documented. Heinz bodies were typically <2µm in length and smaller than in mammals. These oblong cytoplasmic inclusions were difficult to see upon routine blood smear evaluation and lacked the classic button appearance found in mammalian red blood cells. They could be found as light, homogeneous blue inclusions upon new methylene blue staining. Ultrastructurally, HB appeared as homogeneous, electron-dense structures within the cytosol and lacked membranous structure. Oxidant damage in avian red blood cells results in degenerate organelles and precipitated hemoglobin or HB with different morphology than that found in mammalian red blood cells. Ultrastructural evaluation is needed to definitively identify HB and damaged organelles to confirm oxidant damage. The best field technique based on the data in this study is assessment of PCV with storage of blood in glutaraldehyde for possible TEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal E Harr
- URIKA, LLC. 8712 53rd Pl W, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA.
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - Chris A Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Karen L Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Brian S Dorr
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/USDA/WS/NWRC, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA.
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Andrew K McFadden
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katherine A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA.
| | - Pete Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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20
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Reprint of: Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:19-28. [PMID: 28571622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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21
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Bursian SJ, Dean KM, Harr KE, Kennedy L, Link JE, Maggini I, Pritsos C, Pritsos KL, Schmidt RE, Guglielmo CG. Effect of oral exposure to artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon crude oil on blood chemistries, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, organ weights and histopathology in western sandpipers (Calidris mauri). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:91-97. [PMID: 28413080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shorebirds were among birds exposed to Mississippi Canyon 252 (MC252) crude oil during the 2010 Deep Water Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) was chosen as one of four species for initial oral dosing studies conducted under Phase 2 of the avian toxicity studies for the DWH Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). Thirty western sandpipers were assigned to one of three treatment groups, 10 birds per group. The control group was sham gavaged and the treatment groups were gavaged with 1 or 5mL oil kg bw-1 daily for 20 days. Periodic blood samples for hemoglobin measurements were collected during the trial. A final blood sample used to determine hemoglobin concentration in addition to complete blood counts, plasma clinical chemistries, haptoglobin concentration and plasma electrophoresis was collected when birds were euthanized and necropsied on day 21. Tissues were removed, weighed and processed for subsequent histopathological evaluation. There were numerical decreases in hemoglobin concentrations in oil-dosed birds over the 21-day trial, but values were not significantly different compared to controls on day 21. There were no significant differences between controls and oiled birds in complete blood counts, plasma chemistries, haptoglobin concentration, and plasma electrophoresis endpoints. Of the hepatic oxidative stress endpoints assessed, the total antioxidant capacity assessment (Trolox equivalents) for the control group was lower compared to the 1mL oil kg bw-1 group. Absolute liver weights in the 5mL oil kg bw-1 group were significantly greater compared to controls. While not conclusive, the numerical decrease in hemoglobin concentration and significant increase in absolute liver weight are consistent with exposure to oil. Histological changes in the adrenal gland could be considered a non-specific indicator of stress resulting from exposure to oil. It is possible that the quantity of oil absorbed was not sufficient to induce clearly evident hemolytic anemia or that the western sandpiper is relatively insensitive to ingested oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, United States.
| | | | - Lisa Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Ivan Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9.
| | - Chris Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Karen L Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - R E Schmidt
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, 6020 Rutland Drive #14, Carmichael, CA 95608, United States.
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9.
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22
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Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Carney MW, Cunningham FL, Dorr B, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy KA, Horak KE, Link JE, Lipton I, McFadden AK, McKernan MA, Harr KE. Changes in white cell estimates and plasma chemistry measurements following oral or external dosing of double-crested cormorants, Phalacocorax auritus, with artificially weathered MC252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:40-51. [PMID: 28844686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scoping studies were designed whereby double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritus) were dosed with artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil either daily through oil injected feeder fish, or by application of oil directly to feathers every three days. Preening results in oil ingestion, and may be an effective means of orally dosing birds with toxicant to improve our understanding of the full range of physiological effects of oral oil ingestion on birds. Blood samples collected every 5-6 days were analyzed for a number of clinical endpoints including white blood cell (WBC) estimates and differential cell counts. Plasma biochemical evaluations were performed for changes associated with oil toxicity. Oral dosing and application of oil to feathers resulted in clinical signs and statistically significant changes in a number of biochemical endpoints consistent with petroleum exposure. In orally dosed birds there were statistically significant decreases in aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, glucose, and total protein concentrations, and increases in plasma urea, uric acid, and phosphorus concentrations. Plasma electrophoresis endpoints (pre-albumin, albumin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin concentrations and albumin: globulin ratios) were decreased in orally dosed birds. Birds with external oil had increases in urea, creatinine, uric acid, creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), phosphorus, calcium, chloride, potassium, albumin, alpha-1 globulin and alpha-2 globulin. Decreases were observed in AST, beta globulin and glucose. WBC also differed between treatments; however, this was in part driven by monocytosis present in the externally oiled birds prior to oil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Michael W Carney
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kate A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | | | - Jane E Link
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Ian Lipton
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | | | - Kendal E Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, 8712 53rd Pl W., Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA
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23
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Dean KM, Bursian SJ. Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: What we know about the effects of oil on birds? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:1-3. [PMID: 28899549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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24
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Alexander CR, Hooper MJ, Cacela D, Smelker KD, Calvin CS, Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cunningham FL, Hanson-Dorr KC, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Link J, Shriner SA, Godard-Codding CAJ. CYP1A protein expression and catalytic activity in double-crested cormorants experimentally exposed to deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:79-86. [PMID: 28390242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) were orally exposed to Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 (DWH) oil to investigate oil-induced toxicological impacts. Livers were collected for multiple analyses including cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) enzymatic activity and protein expression. CYP1A enzymatic activity was measured by alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (AROD) assays. Activities specific to the O-dealkylation of four resorufin ethers are reported: benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase (BROD), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD). CYP1A protein expression was measured by western blot analysis with a CYP1A1 mouse monoclonal antibody. In study 1, hepatic BROD, EROD, and PROD activities were significantly induced in DCCO orally exposed to 20ml/kg body weight (bw) oil as a single dose or daily for 5 days. Western blot analysis revealed hepatic CYP1A protein induction in both treatment groups. In study 2 (5ml/kg bw oil or 10ml/kg bw oil, 21day exposure), all four hepatic ARODs were significantly induced. Western blots showed an increase in hepatic CYP1A expression in both treatment groups with a significant induction in birds exposed to 10ml/kg oil. Significant correlations were detected among all 4 AROD activities in both studies and between CYP1A protein expression and both MROD and PROD activities in study 2. EROD activity was highest for both treatment groups in both studies while BROD activity had the greatest fold-induction. While PROD activity values were consistently low, the fold-induction was high, usually 2nd highest to BROD activity. The observed induced AROD profiles detected in the present studies suggest both CYP1A4/1A5 DCCO isoforms are being induced after MC252 oil ingestion. A review of the literature on avian CYP1A AROD activity levels and protein expression after exposure to CYP1A inducers highlights the need for species-specific studies to accurately evaluate avian exposure to oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Kim D Smelker
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Caleshia S Calvin
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Steve J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center-Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Katherine E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Susan A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:1-7. [PMID: 28376347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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26
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:199-208. [PMID: 28349871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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