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Qu S, Jia W, Nie Y, Shi W, Chen C, Zhao Z, Song W. AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 39062458 PMCID: PMC11275012 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of protein disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Research suggests that AGR2 can function as an oncogene, with its heightened expression linked to the advancement of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers through invasion and metastasis. Notably, AGR2 not only serves as a pro-oncogenic agent but also as a downstream targeting protein, indirectly fostering cancer progression. This comprehensive review delves into the established functions and expression patterns of AGR2, emphasizing its pivotal role in cancer progression, particularly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. Furthermore, AGR2 emerges as a potential cancer prognostic marker and a promising target for immunotherapy, offering novel avenues for the treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ye Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
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Chevet E, Bassal F, Beq S, Bonhomme B, Boisteau E, Calloch J, Cazals-Hatem D, Delom F, Fessart D, Evrard S, Hrstka R, Hupp T, Lièvre A, Louis E, Mariau J, Meuwis MA, Ogier-Denis E, Paradis V, Pernot S, Pineau R, Treton X, Velasco V, Vieujean S. AGR2 protein expression in colorectal tumour epithelialcompartment. Gut 2022; 72:gutjnl-2022-328739. [PMID: 36591613 PMCID: PMC10715535 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chevet
- U1242, INSERM, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - F Bassal
- Thabor Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Emeric Boisteau
- U1242, INSERM, Rennes, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Dominique Cazals-Hatem
- Gastroenterology, IBD and intestinal failure department, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- Bordeaux II University, Talence, France
- U1312, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Fessart
- Bordeaux II University, Talence, France
- U1312, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Evrard
- Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux II University, Talence, France
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted Hupp
- University of Edinbhurg, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Louis
- Hepato-gastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège and laboratory of translational gastroenterology, GIGA institute, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marie-Alice Meuwis
- Hepato-gastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège and laboratory of translational gastroenterology, GIGA institute, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- U1242, INSERM, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Valerie Paradis
- Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Clichy, France
| | | | - R Pineau
- U1242, INSERM, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
- University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Treton
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Beaujon, MICI et Assistance Nutritive, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Vieujean
- Hepato-gastroenterology and digestive oncology, University Hospital CHU of Liège and laboratory of translational gastroenterology, GIGA institute, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
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3
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Boisteau E, Posseme C, Di Modugno F, Edeline J, Coulouarn C, Hrstka R, Martisova A, Delom F, Treton X, Eriksson LA, Chevet E, Lièvre A, Ogier-Denis E. Anterior gradient proteins in gastrointestinal cancers: from cell biology to pathophysiology. Oncogene 2022; 41:4673-4685. [PMID: 36068336 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most of the organs of the digestive tract comprise secretory epithelia that require specialized molecular machines to achieve their functions. As such anterior gradient (AGR) proteins, which comprise AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3, belong to the protein disulfide isomerase family, and are involved in secretory and transmembrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are generally expressed in epithelial cells with high levels in most of the digestive tract epithelia. To date, the vast majority of the reports concern AGR2, which has been shown to exhibit various subcellular localizations and exert pro-oncogenic functions. AGR2 overexpression has recently been associated with a poor prognosis in digestive cancers. AGR2 is also involved in epithelial homeostasis. Its deletion in mice results in severe diffuse gut inflammation, whereas in inflammatory bowel diseases, the secretion of AGR2 in the extracellular milieu participates in the reshaping of the cellular microenvironment. AGR2 thus plays a key role in inflammation and oncogenesis and may represent a therapeutic target of interest. In this review, we summarize the already known roles and mechanisms of action of the AGR family proteins in digestive diseases, their expression in the healthy digestive tract, and in digestive oncology. At last, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications underlying the biology of AGR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Boisteau
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Posseme
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Di Modugno
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Martisova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Xavier Treton
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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de Moraes CL, Cruz E Melo N, Valoyes MAV, Naves do Amaral W. AGR2 and AGR3 play an important role in the clinical characterization and prognosis of basal like breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:e242-e252. [PMID: 34462207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC) represents an important molecular subtype of breast cancer characterized by an aggressive behavior, molecular pathology poorly understood and a limited treatment. OBJECTIVE We aim to search for molecular differences between non-BLBC and BLBC tumors in order to propose possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers using databases. Metodology: Microarray processed data were downloaded from GEO database considering non-BLBC and BLBC. Enrichment analysis was evaluated using GO consortium and Ingenuity, protein-protein interaction, gene Ontology and co-expression analysis using STRING. Gene expression data was extracted using TCGA, METABRIC and Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner v4.2 databases. The Survival was evaluated using The Kaplan-Meier plotter. RESULTS Were identified 58 upregulated and 58 downregulated genes enriched in signaling pathways like PDGF, Angiogenesis, Integrin and WNT. AGR2 and AGR3 expression were reduced in BLBC in relation to non-BLBC tumors, patients aged ≤51 years, and with negativity of ER, PR and HER-2 and nodal status. Low expression of AGR2 and AGR3 were associated with worse OS and RFS for all breast cancer cases. But according to the molecular stratification, low AGR2 conferred worst OS in luminal A, worst RFS in BLBC and good OS and RFS in luminal B. High AGR3 conferred worse OS and RFS in BLBC, but low AGR3 attributed worse OS in luminal A. CONCLUSION AGR2 and AGR3 expression were able to differentiate non-BLBC from BLBC. Downregulation of AGR2 and AGR3 was associated with BLBC clinical phenotype. Furthermore, both genes behave different when considering prognosis and molecular stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Leão de Moraes
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Natália Cruz E Melo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maira Andrea Valoyes Valoyes
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Cancer Institute of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemar Naves do Amaral
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Li J, Hu J, Luo Z, Zhou C, Huang L, Zhang H, Chi J, Chen Z, Li Q, Deng M, Chen J, Tao K, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. AGR2 is controlled by DNMT3a-centered signaling module and mediates tumor resistance to 5-Aza in colorectal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111644. [PMID: 31614132 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a member of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, is upregulated in various human cancers and reportedly has oncogenic activities. However, the functional roles of AGR2 and its regulation in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we showed that AGR2 promoted CRC tumorigenesis and progression in vitro and in vivo and acted as an independent prognostic factor of poor outcome. AGR2 was negatively regulated by DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) through directly methylating AGR2 promoter and by a DNMT3a-SPRY2-miR-194 axis. Moreover, AGR2 mediated the resistance to 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) treatment. Knockdown of AGR2 improved the therapeutic effect of 5-Aza in human CRC xenograft tumor model. Thus, our work supports AGR2's oncogenic role in CRC, reveals DNMT3a-mediated epigenetic modulation on AGR2 promoter, and uncovers a new DNMT3a signaling module controlling expression of AGR2. Upregulated AGR2 offset 5-Aza mediated epigenetic therapy. This work might provide potential targets for clinical anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meizhou Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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6
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Martisova A, Sommerova L, Kuricova K, Podhorec J, Vojtesek B, Kankova K, Hrstka R. AGR2 silencing contributes to metformin-dependent sensitization of colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4964-4973. [PMID: 31612008 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing epidemiological evidence indicating an association between diabetes mellitus and the increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). The preferred initial and most widely used pharmacological agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is metformin, which in parallel reduces the risk of CRC and improves patient prognosis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) appears to be tightly associated with the beneficial metabolic effects of metformin, serving as a cellular energy sensor activated in response to a variety of conditions that deplete cellular energy levels. Such conditions include nutrient starvation (particularly glucose), hypoxia and exposure to toxins that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of metformin on CRC cell lines, with different levels of anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) expression, exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin, alone or in combination with metformin. AGR2 has recently emerged as a factor involved in colon carcinogenesis. In AGR2-knockout cells, markedly higher levels of phosphorylated-AMPK were observed in comparison with control cells transfected with GFP-scrambled guide RNA, which indicated that the presence of AGR2 may interfere with the metformin-dependent activation of AMPK. In addition, metformin in combination with 5-FU and oxaliplatin induced ROS production and attenuated autophagy. This effect was enhanced in AGR2-knockout cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martisova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kuricova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Podhorec
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kankova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
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Impact of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibition on the Proteomic Profile of Lung Adenocarcinoma as Measured by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080806. [PMID: 31370342 PMCID: PMC6721529 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an important chaperone in lung adenocarcinoma, with relevant protein drivers such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and EML4-ALK (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like protein4 fused to anaplastic lymphoma kinase) depending on it for their correct function, therefore HSP90 inhibitors show promise as potential treatments for lung adenocarcinoma. To study responses to its inhibition, HSP90 was pharmacologically interrupted by geldanamycin and resorcinol derivatives or with combined inhibition of HSP90 plus HSP70 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed to identify proteomic profiles associated with inhibition which will help to understand the biological basis for the responses. HSP90 inhibition resulted in altered protein profiles that differed according the treatment condition studied. Results revealed 254 differentially expressed proteins after treatments, among which, eukaryotic translation initiation factor3 subunit I (eIF3i) and citrate synthase demonstrated their potential role as response biomarkers. The differentially expressed proteins also enabled signalling pathways involved in responses to be identified; these included apoptosis, serine-glycine biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. The proteomic profiles identified here contribute to an improved understanding of HSP90 inhibition and open possibilities for the detection of potential response biomarkers which will be essential to maximize treatment efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Alsereihi R, Schulten HJ, Bakhashab S, Saini K, Al-Hejin AM, Hussein D. Leveraging the Role of the Metastatic Associated Protein Anterior Gradient Homologue 2 in Unfolded Protein Degradation: A Novel Therapeutic Biomarker for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070890. [PMID: 31247903 PMCID: PMC6678570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers can help in tracking disease progress, predict patients’ survival, and considerably affect the drive for successful clinical management. The present review aims to determine how the metastatic-linked protein anterior gradient homologue 2 (AGR2) operates to affect cancer progression, and to identify associated potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, particularly in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Studies that show a high expression level of AGR2, and associate the protein expression with the resilience to chemotherapeutic treatments or with poor cancer survival, are reported. The primary protein structures of the seven variants of AGR2, including their functional domains, are summarized. Based on experiments in various biological models, this review shows an orchestra of multiple molecules that regulate AGR2 expression, including a feedback loop with p53. The AGR2-associated molecular functions and pathways including genomic integrity, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, stemness, and inflammation, are detailed. In addition, the mechanisms that can enable the rampant oncogenic effects of AGR2 are clarified. The different strategies used to therapeutically target AGR2-positive cancer cells are evaluated in light of the current evidence. Moreover, novel associated pathways and clinically relevant deregulated genes in AGR2 high CNS tumors are identified using a meta-analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alsereihi
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80218, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kulvinder Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Microbiology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Alves MR, E Melo NC, Barros-Filho MC, do Amaral NS, Silva FIDB, Baiocchi Neto G, Soares FA, de Brot Andrade L, Rocha RM. Downregulation of AGR2, p21, and cyclin D and alterations in p53 function were associated with tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3188-3199. [PMID: 29845750 PMCID: PMC6051166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 protein belongs to a family of chaperone‐like proteins, namely protein disulfide isomerase. Generally, AGR2 is highly expressed in mucus‐secreting cells and endocrine organs, and in this study, we aimed to evaluate AGR2 and cell cycle molecules in epithelial ovarian cancer and its implications on prognosis. One hundred seventy‐five patient's samples that were diagnosed with primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma were selected. All the patients were treated with platinum‐taxane standard chemotherapy after surgery and CA125 serum levels were routinely determined. Four‐micrometer‐thick sections were processed by immunohistochemistry using an automated immunostainer, Ventana BenchMark AutoStainer with AGR2, cyclin D1, p21WAF1, and p53. Forty‐nine of 167 cases (29.3%) showed strong to moderate cytoplasmic marking of AGR2, and 118 (70.7%) had weak to negative expression. The absence of the AGR2 protein was observed in high‐grade serous carcinoma (P < .001) and significantly associated with disease‐free survival (DFS; P = .034). The expression of G1‐S phase‐regulatory proteins showed loss of p21 in high‐grade serous carcinoma (P < .001) and was related with poor DFS (P = .003). Strong and diffuse immunoexpression of p53 plus complete absence of p53 staining was interpreted as likely indicating a TP53 gene mutation. This result showed worse DFS alone (P = .012) and combined with low levels of AGR2 (P = .005). The expression profile of AGR2 and cell cycle proteins here presented was showed as good prognosis marker in epithelial ovarian cancer. This finding suggests AGR2 and as putative biomarker of disease progression in chemotherapy‐treated high‐grade serous carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Cruz E Melo
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Tian S, Hu J, Tao K, Wang J, Chu Y, Li J, Liu Z, Ding X, Xu L, Li Q, Cai M, Gao J, Shuai X, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Secreted AGR2 promotes invasion of colorectal cancer cells via Wnt11-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364:198-207. [PMID: 29427622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a member of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, is present in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. Although AGR2 is overexpressed in various human cancers and reported to promote aggressive tumor features, little is known regarding AGR2's extracellular functions during tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that secreted AGR2 promotes cell migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, secreted AGR2 elevated Wnt11 expression, triggering non-canonical Wnt signaling: the Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Knockdown of Wnt11 or pretreatment with CaMKII and JNK inhibitors reversed the secreted AGR2's migration-promoting effect. Further studies revealed that AGR2 antagonized canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling via activating CaMKII. Collectively, our study uncovers a critical role of Wnt11-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling (CaMKII and JNK pathways) in secreted AGR2's promoted migration of CRC cells. These results raise the possibility that secreted AGR2 may be a potential therapeutic target towards inhibiting CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Chu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xueliang Ding
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Luming Xu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoming Shuai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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11
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Milewski D, Balli D, Ustiyan V, Le T, Dienemann H, Warth A, Breuhahn K, Whitsett JA, Kalinichenko VV, Kalin TV. FOXM1 activates AGR2 and causes progression of lung adenomas into invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007097. [PMID: 29267283 PMCID: PMC5755924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most prominent public health challenges, accounting for the highest incidence and mortality among all human cancers. While pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (PIMA) is one of the most aggressive types of non-small cell lung cancer, transcriptional drivers of PIMA remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that Forkhead box M1 transcription factor (FOXM1) is highly expressed in human PIMAs and associated with increased extracellular mucin deposition and the loss of NKX2.1. To examine consequences of FOXM1 expression in tumor cells in vivo, we employed an inducible, transgenic mouse model to express an activated FOXM1 transcript in urethane-induced benign lung adenomas. FOXM1 accelerated tumor growth, induced progression from benign adenomas to invasive, metastatic adenocarcinomas, and induced SOX2, a marker of poorly differentiated tumor cells. Adenocarcinomas in FOXM1 transgenic mice expressed increased MUC5B and MUC5AC, and reduced NKX2.1, which are characteristics of mucinous adenocarcinomas. Expression of FOXM1 in KrasG12D transgenic mice increased the mucinous phenotype in KrasG12D-driven lung tumors. Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2), an oncogene critical for intracellular processing and packaging of mucins, was increased in mouse and human PIMAs and was associated with FOXM1. FOXM1 directly bound to and transcriptionally activated human AGR2 gene promoter via the -257/-247 bp region. Finally, using orthotopic xenografts we demonstrated that inhibition of either FOXM1 or AGR2 in human PIMAs inhibited mucinous characteristics, and reduced tumor growth and invasion. Altogether, FOXM1 is necessary and sufficient to induce mucinous phenotypes in lung tumor cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adenoma/genetics
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Progression
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/metabolism
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucoproteins
- Oncogene Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- David Milewski
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Balli
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tien Le
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen (NCT) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen (NCT) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tanya V. Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, the Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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The prognostic value of AGR2 expression in solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15500. [PMID: 29138453 PMCID: PMC5686151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) in tumours remains inconclusive. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature evidence and assessed the association between AGR2 expression and prognosis in solid tumours. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS)/progression-free survival (PFS). All analyses were performed by STATA 12.0, with the hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect size estimate. A total of 20 studies containing 3285 cases were included. Pooled analyses revealed that AGR2 overexpression had an unfavourable impact on OS (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32-2.81) and time to tumour progression (TTP) (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR 1.60 95% CI 1.06-2.40) in solid tumour patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that AGR2 overexpression in breast cancer patients was significantly associated with poor OS (HR 3.02, 95% CI 1.03-8.81) and TTP (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.17-3.20). Excluding breast cancer, AGR2 overexpression was also found to have a significant correlation with poor OS in the remaining solid tumour patients (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19). Overall, AGR2 might be a potential biomarker to predict prognosis in solid tumour patients.
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13
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Pan F, Yang W, Li W, Yang XY, Liu S, Li X, Zhao X, Ding H, Qin L, Pan Y. Conjugation of gold nanoparticles and recombinant human endostatin modulates vascular normalization via interruption of anterior gradient 2-mediated angiogenesis. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317708547. [PMID: 28714365 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317708547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed the potential of normalizing tumor vessels in anti-angiogenic treatment. Recombinant human endostatin is an anti-angiogenic agent which has been applied in clinical tumor treatment. Our previous research indicated that gold nanoparticles could be a nanoparticle carrier for recombinant human endostatin delivery. The recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticle conjugates normalized vessels, which improved chemotherapy. However, the mechanism of recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticle-induced vascular normalization has not been explored. Anterior gradient 2 has been reported to be over-expressed in many malignant tumors and involved in tumor angiogenesis. To date, the precise efficacy of recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles on anterior gradient 2-mediated angiogenesis or anterior gradient 2-related signaling cohort remained unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore whether recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles could normalize vessels in metastatic colorectal cancer xenografts, and we further elucidated whether recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles could interrupt anterior gradient 2-induced angiogenesis. In vivo, it was indicated that recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles increased pericyte expression while inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and anterior gradient 2 expression in metastatic colorectal cancer xenografts. In vitro, we uncovered that recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles reduced cell migration and tube formation induced by anterior gradient 2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Treatment with recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles attenuated anterior gradient 2-mediated activation of MMP2, cMyc, VE-cadherin, phosphorylation of p38, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Our findings demonstrated recombinant human endostatin-gold nanoparticles might normalize vessels by interfering anterior gradient 2-mediated angiogenesis in metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wende Yang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Liu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ding
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Qin
- 2 Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Pan
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Tohti M, Li J, Tang C, Wen G, Abdujilil A, Yizim P, Ma C. Serum AGR2 as a useful biomarker for pituitary adenomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 154:19-22. [PMID: 28092730 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate whether the serum Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2) can be used as a potential biomarker screening in the diagnosis of Pituitary adenomas(PAs). PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum AGR2 protein levels were preoperatively measured in 163 PA patients, 43 patients with other sellar lesions excluding PAs, 7 patients with prostate cancer as a positive control and 20 normal people(10 female and 10 male) using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Differences in the serum AGR2 level between different groups were analyzed for statistical significance with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The data showed that serum AGR2 level was significantly higher in the serum of PA patients (250.10±79.14ng/ml) than the patients with other sellar lesions (220.84±79.62ng/ml, P=0.017) and normal people (163.67±50.38ng/ml, P <0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used. The detected area under the curve (AUC) was 0.835. The calculated optimal cut-off point for AGR2 level in serum samples was 158.63ng/ml (Youden index=0.564). The sensitivity was 91.4% and the specificity was 65.0%. Despite the variety of PA clinical features, the serum level of AGR2 are definite in PAs, although there may be a difference between male or female patients. CONCLUSION Our data suggests AGR2 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatemin Tohti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 91 Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Guodao Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Abdukeyum Abdujilil
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 91 Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Parhat Yizim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 91 Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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15
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Tohti M, Li J, Ma C, Li W, Lu Z, Hu Y. Expression of AGR2 in pituitary adenomas and its association with tumor aggressiveness. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2878-2882. [PMID: 26722256 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the expression of anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) to determine its clinical significance in pituitary adenoma (PA), and to evaluate the potential effect of AGR2 on the diagnosis, therapy or prognosis of PA. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of AGR2 in 117 PA tissue samples. Western blotting was performed to confirm the expression profile of AGR2 in different subtypes of PAs. The data showed that in 117 different histological subtypes of PA, 51.3% exhibited AGR2-positive expression. Although AGR2 expression occurred more frequently in PAs secreting growth hormone (GH; 62.5%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; 80.0%) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 75.0%),the positive expression rate of AGR2 showed no statistically significant differences between PA subtypes (P>0.05). The association between AGR2 expression and clinical parameters was analyzed using a χ2 test, or Fisher's exact probability test when appropriate. The result showed that the aggressiveness of PA was significantly associated with AGR2 expression, and that in the majority of aggressive PAs, AGR2 was negative (P<0.001). In conclusion, the current study detected the expression of AGR2 in different subtypes of PAs for the first time. The data indicated that GH-, ACTH- and FSH-secreting PAs present marginally more frequently with AGR2 expression, howeverm the association was not significant (P>0.05). AGR2 may be a target for the study of PA aggressiveness, and a potential index for the diagnosis or prognosis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatemin Tohti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Wanchun Li
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Feng Q, Zhou Y, Shi SD, Li EL, Wu RS, Li KH, Wu LQ. AGR2 regulates IFITM3 expression to promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1585-1591. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i10.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) expression on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and to explore the possible mechanism.
METHODS: The expression of AGR2 and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent tissues was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. The expression of AGR2 mRNA and protein was examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2. The cellular growth ability was examined by CCK-8 assay, and the colony formation ability was detected by colony formation assay. Flow cytometry assay was used to determine the apoptosis index. The expression level of IFITM3 protein was examined by Western blot.
RESULTS: AGR2 and IFITM3 mRNA and protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent tissues. The pcDNA3.1-AGR2 was successfully constructed, and HepG2 cells with stable expression of AGR2 were established. The expression levels of AGR2 mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2 were higher than those in the negative control cells, and the cellular growth ability of HepG2 cells after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2 was significantly increased. IFITM3 protein expression was also increased after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2.
CONCLUSION: Raised AGR2 expression can increase the expression of IFITM3 and promote the proliferation of hepatocellular cells.
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Mizuuchi Y, Aishima S, Ohuchida K, Shindo K, Fujino M, Hattori M, Miyazaki T, Mizumoto K, Tanaka M, Oda Y. Anterior gradient 2 downregulation in a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a prognostic factor indicative of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Transl Med 2015; 95:193-206. [PMID: 25418581 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, has been implicated in various cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is known to promote cancer progression. However, the prognostic value of AGR2 expression and the interaction with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remain unclear. We investigated the clinical significance of AGR2 and EMT markers in PDAC patients by immunohistochemical analyses. Although AGR2 expression was not observed in normal pancreas, all pancreatic precursor neoplastic lesions were positive for AGR2, even at the earliest stages, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-1A, AGR2 expression was reduced in 27.7% (54/195 cases) of PDAC patients. AGR2 downregulation correlated with EMT markers (vimentin overexpression and reduced membranous E-cadherin expression), high Union for International Cancer Control stage (P<0.0001), high histological cellular grade (P<0.0001), and adverse outcome (P<0.0001). In vitro, targeted silencing of AGR2 in cancer cells using siRNA reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasiveness, and migration, but did not alter EMT markers. To confer a more aggressive phenotype and induce EMT in PDAC cells, we co-cultured PDAC cell lines with primary-cultured pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and found that AGR2 was downregulated in co-cultured PDAC cells compared with PDAC monocultures. Treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β), secreted from PSCs, decreased AGR2 expression, whereas inhibition of TGF-β signaling using recombinant soluble human TGF-β receptor type II and TGF-β-neutralizing antibodies restored AGR2 expression. We conclude that AGR2 downregulation is a useful prognostic marker, induced by EMT, and that secreted TGF-β from PSCs may partially contribute to AGR2 downregulation in PDAC patients. AGR2 downregulation does not induce EMT or a more aggressive phenotype, but is a secondary effect of these processes in advanced PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuuchi
- 1] Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Reserch Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Shindo
- 1] Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan [2] Reserch Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujino
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Hattori
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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