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Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
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Nunes JA, Ferreira da Silva-Júnior E. Hybrid-Compounds Against Trypanosomiases. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1319-1329. [PMID: 35579157 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220509202352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a global public health problem associated with approximately 20 conditions. Among these, Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by T. brucei gambiense or T. brucei rhodesiense, affect mainly the populations of the countries from the American continent and sub- Saharan Africa. Pharmacological therapies used for such illnesses are not yet fully effective. In this context, the search for new therapeutic alternatives against these diseases becomes necessary. A drug design tool, recently recognized for its effectiveness in obtaining ligands capable of modulating multiple targets for complex diseases, concerns molecular hybridization. Therefore, this review aims to demonstrate the importance of applying molecular hybridization in facing the challenges of developing prototypes as candidates for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Therefore, studies involving different chemical classes that investigated and used hybrid compounds in recent years were compiled in this work, such as thiazolidinones, naphthoquinones, quinolines, and others. Finally, this review covers several applications of the exploration of molecular hybridization as a potent strategy in the development of molecules potentially active against trypanosomiases, in order to provide information that can help in designing new drugs with trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves Nunes
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Brazil
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From rational design to serendipity: Discovery of novel thiosemicarbazones as potent trypanocidal compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Agrawal N, Bhardwaj A. An appraisal on synthetic and pharmaceutical perspectives of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide scaffold. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:346-363. [PMID: 35610776 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) exhibit multifaceted biological properties, wherein antimicrobial, anticancer, antitrypanosomal, and anti-inflammatory properties are included. Because of their various activities in clinical practice and research, they have a wide spectrum of uses and possibilities. QdNOs have received a significant amount of attention, and research into their medicinal chemistry is still a part of experimental investigation and analytical studies. In this review, QdNOs are classified depending on their actions, which include antibacterial and anti-mycobacterial, anticancer or antitumor, antimalarial, antifungal, and other activities. In a conclusion, it's important to base the development of novel synthetic techniques and the design of new QdNO derivatives on the most up-to-date knowledge gleaned from recent research. With the summarised structure-activity relationship of fascinating QdNOs, this review aims to provide insights into the developments in the chemistry and biological activity of QdNO derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Aditya Bhardwaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides: a review of the importance of their structure in the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Discovery of derivatives of 6(7)-amino-3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides: novel, hypoxia-selective HIF-1α inhibitors with strong antiestrogenic potency. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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The role of imidazole and benzimidazole heterocycles in Chagas disease: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112692. [PMID: 32818869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), a potentially life-threatening disease. Little by little, remarkable progress has been achieved against CD, although it is still not enough. In the absence of effective chemotherapy, many research groups, organizations and pharmaceutical companies have focused their efforts on the search for compounds that could become viable drugs against CD. Within the wide variety of reported derivatives, this review summarizes and provides a global vision of the situation of those compounds that include broadly studied heterocycles in their structures due to their applications in medicinal chemistry: imidazole and benzimidazole rings. Therefore, the intention of this work is to present a compilation, as much as possible, of all the reported information, regarding these imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives against T. cruzi, as a starting point for future researchers in this field.
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Buravchenko GI, Scherbakov AM, Korlukov AА, Dorovatovskii PV, Shchekotikhin AE. Revision of the Regioselectivity of the Beirut Reaction of Monosubstituted Benzofuroxans with Benzoylacetonitrile. 6-Substituted quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4- dioxides: Structural Characterization and Estimation of Anticancer Activity and Hypoxia Selectivity. Curr Org Synth 2020; 17:29-39. [PMID: 32103715 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666191210100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides have a broad range of biological activity that causes a growing interest in their derivatives for drug discovery. Recent studies demonstrated that quinoxaline 1,4- dioxides have a promising anticancer activity and good hypoxia-selectivity. OBJECTIVE The preparation, isolation, structure characterization, and screening for anticancer activity of the first representatives of 6-substituted quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides have been described. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of 7- and 6-halogeno-3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides was synthesized by the Beirut reaction. The cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT test (72 h incubation) in normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (1% O2) conditions. RESULTS We found that during the Beirut reaction between a benzofuroxan bearing an electron withdrawing group and benzoylacetonitrile in the presence of triethylamine, in addition to well-known 7-substituted quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides 7-11a, the 6-isomers 7-11b are formed. Moreover, the yield of the 6- isomers increased with the increase in the electron-withdrawing character of the substituent. For benzofuroxans with CO2Me and CF3 groups, 6-substituted quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides 10-11b were the major products. Despite similarities in physicochemical and spectroscopic properties, the obtained isomers exhibit considerable differences in their anticancer activity and hypoxia selectivity. CONCLUSION Substituents and their electronic effects play a key role in the formation of 7- and 6-substituted quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides in the Beirut reaction and in the cytotoxicity properties of the obtained isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I Buravchenko
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russian Federation.,Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander А Korlukov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov str., Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Dorovatovskii
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1 Akademika Kurchatova pl., Moscow 123182, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey E Shchekotikhin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russian Federation.,Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russian Federation
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Xu YN, Zhu MZ, Tian SK. Chiral α-Amino Acid/Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation of α-Branched β-Ketoesters with Allylic Amines: Highly Enantioselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14936-14942. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Meng-Zeng Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Chugunova EA, Samsonov VA, Gazizov AS, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA, Sinyashin OG. 2H-Benzimidazole N-oxides: synthesis, chemical properties, and biological activity. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Synthesis of potential anti- Trypanosoma cruzi azole-naftifine analogues by azide–alkyne click reaction. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Abonia R, Garay A, Castillo JC, Insuasty B, Quiroga J, Nogueras M, Cobo J, Butassi E, Zacchino S. Design of Two Alternative Routes for the Synthesis of Naftifine and Analogues as Potential Antifungal Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030520. [PMID: 29495412 PMCID: PMC6017661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two practical and efficient approaches have been implemented as alternative procedures for the synthesis of naftifine and novel diversely substituted analogues 16 and 20 in good to excellent yields, mediated by Mannich-type reactions as the key step of the processes. In these approaches, the γ-aminoalcohols 15 and 19 were obtained as the key intermediates and their subsequent dehydration catalyzed either by Brønsted acids like H₂SO₄ and HCl or Lewis acid like AlCl₃, respectively, led to naftifine, along with the target allylamines 16 and 20. The antifungal assay results showed that intermediates 18 (bearing both a β-aminoketo- and N-methyl functionalities in their structures) and products 20 were the most active. Particularly, structures 18b, 18c, and the allylamine 20c showed the lowest MIC values, in the 0.5-7.8 µg/mL range, against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Interesting enough, compound 18b bearing a 4-Br as the substituent of the phenyl ring, also displayed high activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC80 = 7.8 µg/mL, being fungicide rather than fungistatic with a relevant MFC value = 15.6 µg/mL against C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abonia
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos (GICH), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Alexander Garay
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos (GICH), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos (GICH), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360 Cali, Colombia.
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Avenida Central del Norte, A. A. 150003 Tunja, Colombia.
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos (GICH), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos (GICH), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A. A. 25360 Cali, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Justo Cobo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Butassi
- Área de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, CP 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Susana Zacchino
- Área de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, CP 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Nocquet PA, Henrion S, Macé A, Carboni B, Villalgordo JM, Carreaux F. The Allyl Cyanate/Isocyanate Rearrangement: An Efficient Tool for the Stereocontrolled Formation of Allylic C-N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Nocquet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Sylvain Henrion
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Macé
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Bertrand Carboni
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Jose Manuel Villalgordo
- VillaPharma Research; Parque Tecnologico de Fuente Alamo, Ctra El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Av. Azul 30320 Murcia Spain
| | - François Carreaux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
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Cheng G, Sa W, Cao C, Guo L, Hao H, Liu Z, Wang X, Yuan Z. Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides: Biological Activities and Mechanisms of Actions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 27047380 PMCID: PMC4800186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) have manifold biological properties, including antimicrobial, antitumoral, antitrypanosomal and antiinflammatory/antioxidant activities. These diverse activities endow them broad applications and prospects in human and veterinary medicines. As QdNOs arouse widespread interest, the evaluation of their medicinal chemistry is still in progress. In the meantime, adverse effects have been reported in some of the QdNO derivatives. For example, genotoxicity and bacterial resistance have been found in QdNO antibacterial growth promoters, conferring urgent need for discovery of new QdNO drugs. However, the modes of actions of QdNOs are not fully understood, hindering the development and innovation of these promising compounds. Here, QdNOs are categorized based on the activities and usages, among which the antimicrobial activities are consist of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and anticandida activities, and the antiprotozoal activities include antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, antitrichomonas, and antiamoebic activities. The structure-activity relationship and the mode of actions of each type of activity of QdNOs are summarized, and the toxicity and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed, providing insight for the future research and development of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wei Sa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Identification of a new amide-containing thiazole as a drug candidate for treatment of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1398-404. [PMID: 25512408 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03814-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the parasitic infection Chagas' disease was described over 100 years ago, even now there are not suitable drugs. The available drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole have limited efficacies and tolerances, with proven mutagenic effects. Attempting to find appropriate drugs to deal with this problem, here we report on the development and pharmacological characterization of new amide-containing thiazoles. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of new candidates against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. The lead amide-containing thiazole derivative had potent in vitro activity, an absence of both in vitro mutagenic and in vivo clastogenic effects, and excellent in vitro selectivity and in vivo tolerance. The compound suppressed parasitemia in mice, modifying the anti-T. cruzi antibodies like the reference drug, benznidazole, and displayed the lowest mortality among the tested drugs. The present evidence suggests that this compound is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent surpassing the lead optimization stage in drug development and leading to a candidate for preclinical study.
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17
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Present status of quinoxaline motifs: Excellent pathfinders in therapeutic medicine. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:688-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Álvarez G, Varela J, Márquez P, Gabay M, Arias Rivas CE, Cuchilla K, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Chorilli M, Leal SM, Escobar P, Serna E, Torres S, Yaluff G, Vera de Bilbao NI, González M, Cerecetto H. Optimization of antitrypanosomatid agents: identification of nonmutagenic drug candidates with in vivo activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3984-99. [PMID: 24749923 DOI: 10.1021/jm500018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, was described thousands of years ago. Currently, it affects millions of people, mostly in Latin America, and there are not suitable drugs for treating it. As an attempt to find appropriate drugs to deal with this problem, we report here on the design, synthesis, and characterization of 82 new compounds. Trypanosomicidal behavior in vitro showed more than 20 outstanding derivatives with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Furthermore, we studied the nonspecific toxicity against mammalian cells determining their selectivity and also performed mutagenicity studies. Proof of concept, in vivo studies, was conducted with two of the most promising derivatives (77 and 80). They were identified as candidates because they have (i) very simple and cost-effective syntheses; (ii) activity against different stages and strains of the parasite showing excellent in vivo behavior during the acute phase of Chagas disease; and (iii) neither nonspecific toxicity nor mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pieczonka AM, Strzelczyk A, Sadowska B, Mlostoń G, Stączek P. Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of hydrazones derived from 3-oxido-1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazides. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:389-95. [PMID: 23648974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work we reported the synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activities of hydrazones 6 obtained from 3-oxido-1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazides 4. All new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Hydrazones 6 were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against four Gram-positive and four Gram-negative strains of bacteria as well as one fungal species. Three of the tested compounds appeared to be promising agents against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. They were also tested against twelve clinical isolates of S. aureus and their cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblasts and HeLa human tumor cell line was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Pieczonka
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
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Sensibilidad al benzonidazol de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi sugiere la circulación de cepas naturalmente resistentes en Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2012. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v32i2.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Parrilha GL, Dias RP, Rocha WR, Mendes IC, Benítez D, Varela J, Cerecetto H, González M, Melo CM, Neves JK, Pereira VR, Beraldo H. 2-Acetylpyridine- and 2-benzoylpyridine-derived thiosemicarbazones and their antimony(III) complexes exhibit high anti-trypanosomal activity. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Merlino A, Benitez D, Campillo NE, Páez JA, Tinoco LW, González M, Cerecetto H. Amidines bearing benzofuroxan or benzimidazole 1,3-dioxide core scaffolds as Trypanosoma cruzi-inhibitors: structural basis for their interactions with cruzipain. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haddadin MJ, El-Khatib M, Shoker TA, Beavers CM, Olmstead MM, Fettinger JC, Farber KM, Kurth MJ. Quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines and their 5-N-oxide: alkoxylation of methyl-substituted quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines to acetals and orthoesters. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8421-7. [PMID: 21905671 DOI: 10.1021/jo201687x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the alkoxylation of methyl-substituted quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines to give acetals and orthoesters in high yields. Routes to the precursors of this alkoxylation reaction as well as other quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnoline and their 5-oxide derivatives are reported. Most of these quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines were prepared by cyclization of the corresponding 2-amino-3-(2-nitrophenyl)quinoxaline, which, in turn, result from an unusual Beirut reaction from benzofurazan oxides plus 2-nitrobenzylcyanides. Mechanistic explanations for these intriguing reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Benitez D, Cabrera M, Hernández P, Boiani L, Lavaggi ML, Di Maio R, Yaluff G, Serna E, Torres S, Ferreira ME, Vera de Bilbao N, Torres E, Pérez-Silanes S, Solano B, Moreno E, Aldana I, López de Ceráin A, Cerecetto H, González M, Monge A. 3-Trifluoromethylquinoxaline N,N'-dioxides as anti-trypanosomatid agents. Identification of optimal anti-T. cruzi agents and mechanism of action studies. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3624-36. [PMID: 21506600 DOI: 10.1021/jm2002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For a fourth approach of quinoxaline N,N'-dioxides as anti-trypanosomatid agents against T. cruzi and Leishmania, we found extremely active derivatives. The present study allows us to state the correct requirements for obtaining optimal in vitro anti-T. cruzi activity. Derivatives possessing electron-withdrawing substituents in the 2-, 3-, 6-, and 7-positions were the most active compounds. With regard to these features and taking into account their mammal cytotoxicity, some trifluoromethylquinoxaline N,N'-dioxides have been proposed as candidates for further clinical studies. Consequently, mutagenicity and in vivo analyses were performed with the most promising derivatives. In addition, with regard to the mechanism of action studies, it was demonstrated that mitochondrial dehydrogenases are involved in the anti-T. cruzi activity of the most active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Benitez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The need for better drugs to treat patients with Chagas disease remains urgent. This review summarizes the advancements in drug development over the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Drug development efforts are almost exclusively occurring as preclinical research, although phase II studies for the antifungal drug, posaconazole, and a prodrug of ravuconazole are being planned. Several recent laboratory investigations demonstrate anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of novel small molecules in animal models. These include nonpeptidic cruzain inhibitors, novel inhibitors of the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme, new compounds (arylimidamides) related to pentamidine, derivatives of nifurtimox, compounds using ruthenium complexes, and several natural products. The recent implementation of a high-throughput screen of more than 300 000 compounds against intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes done at the Broad Institute is an important development, yielding approximately 300 selective inhibitors, many of which may serve as leads for medicinal chemistry efforts. SUMMARY Progress is slow, but recent advancements in both drug development and advocacy for research on neglected diseases are encouraging. Efforts to define a target product profile and to harmonize methodologies for testing drugs for Chagas disease are described herein.
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Massive screening yields novel and selective Trypanosoma cruzi triosephosphate isomerase dimer-interface-irreversible inhibitors with anti-trypanosomal activity. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5767-72. [PMID: 20889239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM), an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that exhibits high catalytic rates of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate- and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate-isomerization only in its dimeric form, was screened against an in-house chemical library containing nearly 230 compounds belonging to different chemotypes. After secondary screening, twenty-six compounds from eight different chemotypes were identified as screening positives. Four compounds displayed selectivity for TcTIM over TIM from Homo sapiens and, concomitantly, in vitro activity against T. cruzi.
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Merlino A, Benitez D, Chavez S, Da Cunha J, Hernández P, Tinoco LW, Campillo NE, Páez JA, Cerecetto H, González M. Development of second generation amidinohydrazones, thio- and semicarbazones as Trypanosoma cruzi-inhibitors bearing benzofuroxan and benzimidazole 1,3-dioxide core scaffolds. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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