1
|
Sadanala BD, Trivedi R. Ferrocenyl Azoles: Versatile N-Containing Heterocycles and their Anticancer Activities. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300347. [PMID: 38984727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene has gained its momentum after the discovery of biological activities of ferrocifen and ferroquine. These ferrocenyl drugs have been designed by replacing the aromatic moiety of the organic drugs, tamoxifen and chloroquine respectively, with a ferrocenyl unit. The promising biological activities of these ferrocenyl drugs have paved a path to explore the medicinal applications of several ferrocenyl conjugates. In these conjugates, the ferrocenyl moiety has played a vital role in enhancing or imparting the anticancer activity to the molecule. The ferrocenyl conjugates induce the cytotoxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and thereby damaging the DNA. In medicinal chemistry, the five membered nitrogen heterocycles (azoles) play a significant role due to their rigid ring structure and hydrogen bonding ability with the biomolecules. Several potent drug candidates with azole groups have been in use as chemotherapeutics. Considering the importance of ferrocenyl moiety and azole groups, several ferrocenyl azole conjugates have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Hence, in the view of a wide scope in the development of potent drugs based on ferrocenyl azole conjugates, herein we present the details of synthesis and the anticancer activities of ferrocenyl compounds bearing azole groups such as imidazole, triazoles, thiazole and isoxazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Deepthi Sadanala
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC campus Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., 201 002, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalita T, Choudhury A, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP, Bhat HR. A Review on Synthetic Thiazole Derivatives as an Antimalarial Agent. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e240124226141. [PMID: 38279721 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638276379231223101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole is a widely studied core structure in heterocyclic chemistry and has proven to be a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry. The presence of thiazole in both naturally occurring and synthetic pharmacologically active compounds demonstrates the adaptability of these derivatives. METHODS The current study attempted to review and compile the contributions of numerous researchers over the last 20 years to the medicinal importance of these scaffolds, with a primary focus on antimalarial activity. The review is based on an extensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and other renowned journal sites for a thorough literature survey involving various research and review articles. RESULTS A comprehensive review of the antimalarial activity of the thiazole scaffold revealed potential therapeutic targets in Plasmodium species. Furthermore, the correlation of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies from various articles suggests that the thiazole ring has therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION This article intends to point researchers in the right direction for developing potential thiazole-based compounds as antimalarial agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tutumoni Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hatkhowapara, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Munnik BL, Kaschula CH, Harding CR, Chellan P. Investigation of new ferrocenyl-artesunate derivatives as antiparasitics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15786-15797. [PMID: 37681434 PMCID: PMC10628858 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Artesunate (Ars) is a semisynthetic antimalarial drug and is a part of the artemisinin-based combination therapy arsenal employed for malaria treatment. The drug functions mainly by activation of its endoperoxide bridge leading to increased oxidative stress in malaria parasites. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the antiparasitic effects of combining ferrocene and Arsvia short or long chain ester or amide linkages (C1-C4). The compounds were evaluated for growth inhibition activity on the apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). All the complexes demonstrated good activity against T. gondii with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.28-1.2 μM) and good to excellent antimalarial activity against a chloroquine sensitive strain of P. falciparum (NF54). Further investigations on T. gondii revealed that the likely mode of action (MoA) is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, immunofluorescence microscopy suggested a novel change in the morphology of the parasite by complex C3, an artesunate-ferrocenyl ethyl amide complex. The complexes were not cytotoxic or showed low cytotoxicity to two normal cell lines tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Munnik
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dey S, Das A, Yadav RN, Boruah PJ, Bakli P, Baishya T, Sarkar K, Barman A, Sahu R, Maji B, Paul AK, Hossain MF. Visiblelight-induced ternary electron donor-acceptor complex enabled synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives and the assessment of their antioxidant and antidiabetic therapeutic potential. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1771-1779. [PMID: 36727530 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A mild and eco-friendly visible-light-induced synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole from readily accessible thiosemicarbazide, carbonyl, and phenacyl bromide in the absence of a metal catalyst and/or any extrinsic photosensitizer is reported. This approach only requires a source of visible light and a green solvent at room temperature to produce the medicinally privileged scaffolds of hydrazinyl-thiazole derivatives in good to outstanding yields. Experimental studies support the in situ formation of a visible-light-absorbing, photosensitized colored ternary EDA complex. The next step is to prepare a pair of radicals in an excited state, which makes it easier to prepare thiazole derivatives through a SET and PCET process. DFT calculations additionally supported the mechanistic analysis of the course of the reaction. The antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of some of the compounds in the synthesized library were tested in vitro. All the investigated compounds demonstrated appreciable antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the reducing power experiment and the IC50 values of the DPPH radical scavenging experiment. Furthermore, the IC50 values for 4c, 4d, and 4g also demonstrated a strong α-amylase inhibitory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India.
| | - Arindam Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India.
| | - Ram Naresh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222003, U.P, India
| | | | - Prerana Bakli
- Department of Chemistry, NIT, Meghalaya, Shillong-793003, India
| | - Tania Baishya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Koushik Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, WB, India
| | - Anup Barman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India.
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, Nadia, WB, India
| | - Amit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry, NIT, Meghalaya, Shillong-793003, India
| | - Md Firoj Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling-734013, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raut DG, Bhosale RB, Lawand AS, Hublikar MG, Kadu VD, Patil SB, Choudhari PB. Syntheses, Molecular Docking and Biological Evaluation of 2-(2- hydrazinyl)thiazoles as Potential Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Significant Anticancer Agents. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 16:96-106. [PMID: 36056853 DOI: 10.2174/2772270816666220902094019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, researchers have worked on the development of new methods for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using polyethylene glycol as a green solvent. In this context, we report the synthesized 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles for their in vitro antioxidant, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vitro anti-cancer activities. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to develop novel antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. METHODS At the outset, the condensation of substituted acetophenones 1, thiosemicarbazide 2, and α-haloketones 3 was carried out using PEG-400 (20 mL) in the presence of 5 mol% glacial acetic acid to afford thiosemicarbazones intermediate. Furthermore, these thiosemicarbazones were reacted with α-haloketones 3 to obtain appropriate 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles. The synthesized compounds were in vitro tested for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. RESULTS In vitro evaluation report showed that nearly all molecules possessed potential antioxidant activity against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide radical (SOR) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity. Most 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazoles derivatives have shown potential anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium as a reference standard. 2-(2-Hydrazinyl) thiazoles derivatives showed significant anticancer activity for human leukemia cell line K-562 compared to adriamycin as a reference standard. CONCLUSION All tested compounds showed potential 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity. Among the tested series, 4b, 4d and 4e exhibited good hydrogen peroxide and 4b, 4e, 4f and 4g showed excellent superoxide radical scavenging activity. In addition, the 4b, 4e and 4g compounds revealed potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity against standard diclofenac sodium drug. 2-(2-Hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives, such as 4c and 4d, showed significant anticancer activity against human leukemia cell line K-562. Thus, these molecules provide an interesting template for the design and development of new antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya G Raut
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413255 Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghunath B Bhosale
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413255 Maharashtra, India
| | - Anjana S Lawand
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413255 Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh G Hublikar
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413255 Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas D Kadu
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur - 413255 Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep B Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Shivajirao Kadam College of Pharmacy Kasbe Digraj, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prafulla B Choudhari
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, 416013 Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel ferrocene-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids: A facile environment-friendly regioselective synthesis, structure elucidation, and their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
7
|
Anzaldo B, Sharma P, Villamizar CP, Gutierrez Perez R, Toscano RA. 2-Amino-4-ferrocenyl-thia-zole. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:818-820. [PMID: 35974822 PMCID: PMC9361361 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C8H7N2S)], was synthesized by the direct reaction of acetyl-ferrocene, thio-urea and resublimed iodine. The structure shows one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The amino-thia-zole ring makes an angle of 14.53 (13)° with the ferrocenyl ring to which it is attached. In the crystal, pairs of complex mol-ecules inter-act via inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a cyclic dimer which then inter-acts with other dimers through C-H⋯π inter-actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertin Anzaldo
- Instituto de Química, Circuito Exterior Cd. Universitaria, PO Box 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Instituto de Química, Circuito Exterior Cd. Universitaria, PO Box 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia. P. Villamizar
- Instituto de Química, Circuito Exterior Cd. Universitaria, PO Box 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rene Gutierrez Perez
- Lab. Síntesis de Complejos, Fac. Cs. Quím.-BUAP, Ciudad Universitaria, PO Box 156, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rubén A. Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Circuito Exterior Cd. Universitaria, PO Box 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
One‐pot three‐component reaction; synthesis of new symmetrically bridge 4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylene)di‐pyrimidines under solvent free conditions. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Peter S, Morifi E, Aderibigbe BA. Hybrid Compounds Containing a Ferrocene Scaffold as Potential Antimalarials. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus Alice 5700, Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Eric Morifi
- School of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Division University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Private Bag X3 WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Blessing A. Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus Alice 5700, Eastern Cape South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Dey
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734013
| | - Arindam Das
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734013
| | - Md. Firoj Hossain
- Department of Chemistry University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling 734013
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis and biological evaluations of mono‐ and bis‐ferrocene uracil derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
13
|
Minić A, Pešić MS, Novaković SB, Bogdanović GA, Todosijević A, Komatina DI, Stevanović D. Synthesis, structural and electrochemical characterization of novel ferrocene-containing tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Ma J, Zhai Y, Chen J, Zhou X, Shi W, Zhang J, Li G, Hou HW. Synthesis of pyridine-bridged bisferrocene and its pH value adjustable photoelectric properties. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Singh L, Fontinha D, Francisco D, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M, Singh K. Molecular Design and Synthesis of Ivermectin Hybrids Targeting Hepatic and Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium Parasites. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1750-1762. [PMID: 32011136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a powerful endectocide, which reduces the incidence of vector-borne diseases. Besides its strong insecticidal effect on mosquito vectors of the disease, ivermectin inhibits Plasmodium falciparum sporogonic and blood stage development and impairs Plasmodium berghei development inside hepatocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we present the first report on structural modification of ivermectin to produce dual-action molecular hybrids with good structure-dependent in vitro activity against both the hepatic and erythrocytic stages of P. berghei and P. falciparum infection, suggesting inclusion of ivermectin antimalarial hybrids in malaria control strategies. The most active hybrid displayed over threefold and 10-fold higher in vitro activity than ivermectin against hepatic and blood stage infections, respectively. Although an overwhelming insecticidal effect against Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes in laboratory conditions was not noticed, in silico docking analysis supports allosteric binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels similar to ivermectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143 005 , India
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Denise Francisco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Antonio M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143 005 , India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Minić A, Van de Walle T, Van Hecke K, Combrinck J, Smith PJ, Chibale K, D'hooghe M. Design and synthesis of novel ferrocene-quinoline conjugates and evaluation of their electrochemical and antiplasmodium properties. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111963. [PMID: 31865015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tropical disease malaria is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths annually, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa. Although the number of malaria cases is declining, there still is an urgent need for novel antimalarial agents. The emergence of hybrid antimalarial agents and the precedence set by the antimalarial drug ferroquine (FQ) prompted us to design new ferrocene-containing quinoline structures. Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of three different series of ferrocene-quinoline conjugates and a class of ferrocene-containing heterotricycles in good to high yields. For all twenty novel ferrocenyl derivatives, electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and antiplasmodium evaluation against a chloroquine-susceptible NF54 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was conducted, pointing to three compounds showing submicromolar potency. Subsequently, cytotoxicity assays against a Chinese Hamster Ovarian cell line and evaluation against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum for these three compounds revealed selective and promising antiplasmodium activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Minić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Priština, Knjaza Miloša 7, 38220, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hopsital, Obervatory, 7925, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hopsital, Obervatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chopra R, Singh L, Chibale K, Singh K. Synthesis, In Silico Molecular Docking, ADME Evaluation and In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of Pyrimidine‐Based Hybrid Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chopra
- Department of ChemistryUGC Centre for Advanced Study-IIGuru Nanak Dev University Amritsar – 143005 India
| | - Lovepreet Singh
- Department of ChemistryUGC Centre for Advanced Study-IIGuru Nanak Dev University Amritsar – 143005 India
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of ChemistrySouth African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research UnitInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of ChemistryUGC Centre for Advanced Study-IIGuru Nanak Dev University Amritsar – 143005 India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Xiao J, Sun Z, Kong F, Gao F. Current scenario of ferrocene-containing hybrids for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111791. [PMID: 31669852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules have the potential to enhance the efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant organisms, and Ferroquine, a ferrocene hybrid, has demonstrated great potency in clinical trials against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria. Accordingly, hybridization of ferrocene with other antimalarial pharmacophores represents a promising strategy to develop novel antimalarial candidates. This work attempts to systematically review the recent study of ferrocene hybrids in the design and development of antimalarial agents, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed to provide an insight for rational design of more effective antibacterial candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peter S, Aderibigbe BA. Ferrocene-Based Compounds with Antimalaria/Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193604. [PMID: 31591298 PMCID: PMC6804011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and cancer are chronic diseases. The challenge with drugs available for the treatment of these diseases is drug toxicity and resistance. Ferrocene is a potent organometallic which have been hybridized with other compounds resulting in compounds with enhanced biological activity such as antimalarial and anticancer. Drugs such as ferroquine were developed from ferrocene and chloroquine. It was tested in the 1990s as an antimalarial and is still an effective antimalarial. Many researchers have reported ferrocene compounds as potent compounds useful as anticancer and antimalarial agents when hybridized with other pharmaceutical scaffolds. This review will be focused on compounds with ferrocene moieties that exhibit either an anticancer or antimalarial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, Eastern Cape 5700, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Combination Therapy Strategies for the Treatment of Malaria. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193601. [PMID: 31591293 PMCID: PMC6804225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector- and blood-borne infection that is responsible for a large number of deaths around the world. Most of the currently used antimalarial therapeutics suffer from drug resistance. The other limitations associated with the currently used antimalarial drugs are poor drug bioavailability, drug toxicity, and poor water solubility. Combination therapy is one of the best approaches that is currently used to treat malaria, whereby two or more therapeutic agents are combined. Different combination therapy strategies are used to overcome the aforementioned limitations. This review article reports two strategies of combination therapy; the incorporation of two or more antimalarials into polymer-based carriers and hybrid compounds designed by hybridization of two antimalarial pharmacophores.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Organometallic binuclear Pd(II) complex: Synthesis, crystal structure and in-vitro antitumor activity study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Montes-González I, Alsina-Sánchez AM, Aponte-Santini JC, Delgado-Rivera SM, Durán-Camacho GL. Perspectives of ferrocenyl chalcones: synthetic scaffolds toward biomedical and materials science applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ferrocene and its derivatives constitute versatile and interesting scaffolds for the global chemical enterprise due to its multiple applications that range from biomedical to materials science. Ferrocenyl derivatives are the leading compounds in our research for the syntheses and characterization as well as their potential biological applications. Among them, our recent focus has been in ferrocenyl chalcones as a framework for further derivatization. The proposed modifications consist on the incorporation of heterocyclic moieties into the ferrocenyl chalcone core. This can be afforded either by introducing a heterocyclic aromatic moiety as a substituent or functionalizing the α-β unsaturated system. Another modification explored is the formation of ammonium or pyridinium salts to increase water solubility. Studied ferrocenyl chalcones exhibit remarkable stability, physical, and electrochemical properties. These factors have led the approaches for them to be precursors of biologically active compounds (cancer, bacteria, malaria, and neurobiological diseases). Moreover, other potential applications include molecular materials, redox-sensors, and polymers. Our goal in this mini review is to highlight the chemistry of ferrocene derivatives with particular prominence to those ferrocenyl chalcones studied in our laboratory and their applications. Moreover, we are providing a background on ferrocene, chalcones, and ferrocenyl chalcones, emphasizing the methodologies with preeminent yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Montes-González
- Department of Chemistry , University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus , San Juan , Puerto Rico
| | - Ambar M. Alsina-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus , San Juan , Puerto Rico
| | - Juan C. Aponte-Santini
- Department of Chemistry , University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus , San Juan , Puerto Rico
| | - Sara M. Delgado-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus , San Juan , Puerto Rico
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gupta P, Singh L, Singh K. The hybrid antimalarial approach. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
26
|
Guo Y, Ruan BF. The crystal structure of (4-nitrophenyl) (5-ferrocenyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl) methanone, C 21H 12F 3FeN 3O 3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2018-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C21H14F3FeN3O3, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.961(3) Å, b = 11.136(4) Å, c = 11.588(4) Å, α = 76.357(10)°, β = 84.998(10)°, γ = 76.989(10)° V = 972.1(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0509, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1304, T = 273(2) K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Haijiang Normal University , Shiyan 442500 , People’s Repulic of China
| | - Ban-Feng Ruan
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , People’s Repulic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Oderinlo OO, Tukulula M, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Taylor D, Smith VJ, Khanye SD. New thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives combined with organometallic ferrocene: Synthesis, structure and antiparasitic activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Heinrich C. Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine; University of Cape Town; Observatory Cape Town 7925 South Africa
| | - Vincent J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Setshaba D. Khanye
- Department of Chemistry; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim H, Lee J, Shin H, Sohn JH. Boric Ester and Thiourea as Coupling Partners in a Copper-Mediated Oxidative Dehydrosulfurative Carbon–Oxygen Cross-Coupling Reaction. Org Lett 2018; 20:1961-1965. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Dajeon 305-706, Korea
| | - Jihong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Dajeon 305-706, Korea
| | - Hyunik Shin
- Yonsung Fine Chemicals R&D Center, 602 Innoplex 2, 306 Sinwon-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380 Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Dajeon 305-706, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Synthesis, antimicrobial and photoelectric potency of new ferrocene-based congeners. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Parveen H, Alsharif MA, Alahmdi MI, Mukhtar S, Azam A. Novel Pyrimidine-based Ferrocenyl substituted Organometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. Alahmdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayeed Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Tabuk; Tabuk 71491 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia; Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo Y, Wang SQ, Ding ZQ, Zhou J, Ruan BF. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of novel ferrocene bisamide derivatives containing pyrimidine-moiety. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
32
|
Raut DG, Bhosale RB. One-pot PEG-mediated syntheses of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives: novel route. J Sulphur Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2017.1371175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya G. Raut
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur, India
| | - Raghunath B. Bhosale
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Are Antimalarial Hybrid Molecules a Close Reality or a Distant Dream? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00249-17. [PMID: 28289029 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00249-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains has led to a situation of haste in the scientific and pharmaceutical communities. Hence, all their efforts are redirected toward finding alternative chemotherapeutic agents that are capable of combating multidrug-resistant parasite strains. In light of this situation, scientists have come up with the concept of hybridization of two or more active pharmacophores into a single chemical entity, resulting in "antimalarial hybrids." The approach has been applied widely for generation of lead compounds against deadly diseases such as cancer and AIDS, with a proven potential for use as novel drugs, but is comparatively new in the sphere of antimalarial drug discovery. A sudden surge has been evidenced in the number of studies on the design and synthesis of hybrids for treating malaria and may be regarded as proof of their potential advantages over artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). However, it is evident from recent studies that most of the potential advantages of antimalarial hybrids, such as lower toxicity, better pharmacokinetics, and easier formulation, have yet to be realized. A number of questions left unaddressed at present need to be answered before this approach can progress to the late stages of clinical development and prove their worth in the clinic. To the best of our knowledge, this compilation is the first attempt to shed light on the shortcomings that are surfacing as more and more studies on molecular hybridization of the active pharmacophores of known antimalarials are being published.
Collapse
|
34
|
Larik FA, Saeed A, Fattah TA, Muqadar U, Channar PA. Recent advances in the synthesis, biological activities and various applications of ferrocene derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | | | - Urooj Muqadar
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University; 45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shaveta, Mishra S, Singh P. Hybrid molecules: The privileged scaffolds for various pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:500-536. [PMID: 27598238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The practice of polypharmacology is not a new concept but the approaches which are being adopted for administering the two or more drugs together are varied from time to time. Taking two or more drugs simultaneously, co-formulation of two or more active agents in a single tablet and development of hybrid molecular entities capable to modulate multiple targets are the three popular approaches for multidrug therapy. The simultaneous use of more than one drug for the chemotherapy of a single disease demands a lot of patient compliance. Hence the present form of polypharmacology is gaining popularity in the form of hybrid molecules (multiple ligand approach). From the last 1-2 decades, the synthesis of hybrid molecules by the combination of different biologically relevant moieties has been under constant escalation along with their evaluation as diverse range of pharmacological agents and as potent drugs. This review is focused on the biological potential of hybrid molecules with particular mention of those exhibiting anti-fungal, anti-tuberculosis, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. A comparison of the drug potency of the hybrid molecules with their individual counterparts is discussed for quantifying the significance of the concept of molecular hybridisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaveta
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sahil Mishra
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pavadai E, El Mazouni F, Wittlin S, de Kock C, Phillips MA, Chibale K. Identification of New Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Pharmacophore and Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:548-62. [PMID: 26915022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, which the Plasmodium falciparum relies on exclusively for survival, has emerged as a promising target for antimalarial drugs. In an effort to discover new and potent PfDHODH inhibitors, 3D-QSAR pharmacophore models were developed based on the structures of known PfDHODH inhibitors and the validated Hypo1 model was used as a 3D search query for virtual screening of the National Cancer Institute database. The virtual hit compounds were further filtered based on molecular docking and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area binding energy calculations. The combination of the pharmacophore and structure-based virtual screening resulted in the identification of nine new compounds that showed >25% inhibition of PfDHODH at a concentration of 10 μM, three of which exhibited IC50 values in the range of 0.38-20 μM. The most active compound, NSC336047, displayed species-selectivity for PfDHODH over human DHODH and inhibited parasite growth with an IC50 of 26 μM. In addition to this, 13 compounds inhibited parasite growth with IC50 values of ≤ 50 μM, 4 of which showed IC50 values in the range of 5-12 μM. These compounds could be further explored in the identification and development of more potent PfDHODH and parasite growth inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah El Mazouni
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , 6001 Forest Park Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, United States
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas , 6001 Forest Park Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Singh K, Kaur T. Pyrimidine-based antimalarials: design strategies and antiplasmodial effects. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The versatility in the design strategies of pyrimidine scaffold offer considerable opportunity for developing antimalarials capable of hitting different biological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Tavleen Kaur
- Department of Nephrology
- Guru Nanak Dev Hospital
- Amritsar
- India
| |
Collapse
|