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Synthesis, antitumor activities and functional mechanism of purine derivatives harboring phenyl moieties through three carbon bridges. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Abdelaziz OA, El Husseiny WM, Selim KB, Eisa HM. Synthesis, Antitumor Activity, and In Silico Drug Design of New Thieno[2,3- d]Pyrimidine-4-One Derivatives as Nonclassical Lipophilic Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45455-45468. [PMID: 36530275 PMCID: PMC9753513 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a new series of 20 compounds bearing the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-one scaffold was achieved. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was performed over 60 cell lines of human tumor at single and five dose concentrations. Compounds 20, 22, and 23 exhibited potent growth inhibitions toward the majority of the tested NCI 60 cell lines. Compounds 20 and 23 were the most active compounds with (MG-MID) TGI, GI50, and LC50 values of 16.2, 3.3, 50.1 and 67.7, 6.6, 100, respectively. Also, both compounds showed 7- and 4-fold better activity, respectively, than the standard antitumor agent 5-fluorouracil. Therefore, compounds 20 and 23 were selected to measure their ability to inhibit the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (DHFR) in comparison to methotrexate (MTX) as a reference drug. Compound 20 was a more potent inhibitor of DHFR (IC50 = 0.20 μM) than MTX (IC50 = 0.22 μM). Molecular modeling studies were performed in the DHFR active site, and it showed compatibility with the results obtained from biological studies. Finally, the results showed that compound 20 is a strong antitumor agent and potent inhibitor of DHFR. In addition, this compound induced cell-cycle arrest in SNB-75 cells in the G2/M phase and the apoptosis process in the Pre-G phase. Compound 20 also increased the level of both caspases-3 and 9 by 11.8- and 50.3-fold, respectively.
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Cytotoxic Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Lines of Chalcones Derived from a Natural Precursor and Their Molecular Docking Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144387. [PMID: 35889260 PMCID: PMC9318862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity and understand possible cytotoxic mechanisms via an in silico study of eleven chalcones synthesized from two acetophenones. Five were synthesized from a prenylacetophenone isolated from a plant that grows in the Andean region of the Atacama Desert. The cytotoxic activity of all the synthesized chalcones was tested against breast cancer cell lines using an MTT cell proliferation assay. The results suggest that the prenyl group in the A-ring of the methoxy and hydroxyl substituents of the B-ring appear to be crucial for the cytotoxicity of these compounds. The chalcones 12 and 13 showed significant inhibitory effects against growth in MCF-7 cells (IC50 4.19 ± 1.04 µM and IC50 3.30 ± 0.92 µM), ZR-75-1 cells (IC50 9.40 ± 1.74 µM and IC50 8.75 ± 2.01µM), and MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 6.12 ± 0.84 µM and IC50 18.10 ± 1.65 µM). Moreover, these chalcones showed differential activity between MCF-10F (IC50 95.76 ± 1.52 µM and IC50 95.11 ± 1.97 µM, respectively) and the tumor lines. The in vitro results agree with molecular coupling results, whose affinity energies and binding mode agree with the most active compounds. Thus, compounds 12 and 13 can be considered for further studies and are candidates for developing new antitumor agents. In conclusion, these observations give rise to a new hypothesis for designing chalcones with potential cytotoxicity with high potential for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Xia D, Liu H, Cheng X, Maraswami M, Chen Y, Lv X. Recent Developments of Coumarin-based Hybrids in Drug Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:269-283. [PMID: 34986774 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin scaffold is a highly significant O-heterocycle, namely benzopyran-2-ones, form an elite class of naturally occurring compounds that possess promising therapeutic perspectives. Based on its broad spectrum of biological activities, the privileged coumarin scaffold is applied to medicinal and pharmacological treatments by several rational design strategies and approaches. Structure-activity relationships of the coumarin-based hybrids with various bioactivity fragments revealed significant information toward the further development of highly potent and selective disorder therapeutic agents. The molecular docking studies between coumarins and critical therapeutic enzymes demonstrated mode of action by forming noncovalent interactions with more than one receptor, further rationally confirm information about structure-activity relationships. This review summarizes recent developments relating to coumarin-based hybrids with other pharmacophores aiming to numerous feasible therapeutic enzymatic targets to combat various therapeutic fields, including anticancer, antimicrobic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguo Xia
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yiting Chen
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, 350108, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianhai Lv
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
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Chawla P, Teli G, Gill RK, Narang RK. An Insight into Synthetic Strategies and Recent Developments of Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy Moga Punjab India
- Pooja Chawla Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy Moga 142001 Punjab India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy Moga Punjab India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry ISF College of Pharmacy Moga Punjab India
| | - Raj Kumar Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutics ISF College of Pharmacy Moga Punjab India
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Santi C, Scimmi C, Sancineto L. Ebselen and Analogues: Pharmacological Properties and Synthetic Strategies for Their Preparation. Molecules 2021; 26:4230. [PMID: 34299505 PMCID: PMC8306772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is the leader of selenorganic compounds, and starting from its identification as mimetic of the key antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, several papers have appeared in literature claiming its biological activities. It was the subject of several clinical trials and it is currently in clinical evaluation for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Given our interest in the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of selenorganic derivatives with this review, we aimed to collect all the papers focused on the biological evaluation of ebselen and its close analogues, covering the timeline between 2016 and most of 2021. Our analysis evidences that, even if it lacks specificity when tested in vitro, being able to bind to every reactive cysteine, it proved to be always well tolerated in vivo, exerting no sign of toxicity whatever the administered doses. Besides, looking at the literature, we realized that no review article dealing with the synthetic approaches for the construction of the benzo[d][1,2]-selenazol-3(2H)-one scaffold is available; thus, a section of the present review article is completely devoted to this specific topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Sancineto
- Group of Catalysis and Green Organic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1, 06122 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (C.S.)
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Ouyang Y, Li J, Chen X, Fu X, Sun S, Wu Q. Chalcone Derivatives: Role in Anticancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:894. [PMID: 34208562 PMCID: PMC8234180 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones (1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) are precursors for flavonoids and isoflavonoids, which are common simple chemical scaffolds found in many naturally occurring compounds. Many chalcone derivatives were also prepared due to their convenient synthesis. Chalcones as weandhetic analogues have attracted much interest due to their broad biological activities with clinical potentials against various diseases, particularly for antitumor activity. The chalcone family has demonstrated potential in vitro and in vivo activity against cancers via multiple mechanisms, including cell cycle disruption, autophagy regulation, apoptosis induction, and immunomodulatory and inflammatory mediators. It represents a promising strategy to develop chalcones as novel anticancer agents. In addition, the combination of chalcones and other therapies is expected to be an effective way to improve anticancer therapeutic efficacy. However, despite the encouraging results for their response to cancers observed in clinical studies, a full description of toxicity is required for their clinical use as safe drugs for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances of the chalcone family as potential anticancer agents and the mechanisms of action. Besides, future applications and scope of the chalcone family toward the treatment and prevention of cancer are brought out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ouyang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Y.O.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Y.O.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Y.O.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Y.O.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (Y.O.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (X.F.)
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8
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Wróbel A, Drozdowska D. Recent Design and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on the Modifications of DHFR Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:910-939. [PMID: 31622199 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191016151018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been known for decades as a molecular target for antibacterial, antifungal and anti-malarial treatments. This enzyme is becoming increasingly important in the design of new anticancer drugs, which is confirmed by numerous studies including modelling, synthesis and in vitro biological research. This review aims to present and discuss some remarkable recent advances in the research of new DHFR inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. METHODS The scientific literature of the last decade on the different types of DHFR inhibitors has been searched. The studies on design, synthesis and investigation structure-activity relationships were summarized and divided into several subsections depending on the leading molecule and its structural modification. Various methods of synthesis, potential anticancer activity and possible practical applications as DHFR inhibitors of new chemical compounds were described and discussed. RESULTS This review presents the current state of knowledge on the modification of known DHFR inhibitors and the structures and searches for about eighty new molecules, designed as potential anticancer drugs. In addition, DHFR inhibitors acting on thymidylate synthase (TS), carbon anhydrase (CA) and even DNA-binding are presented in this paper. CONCLUSION Thorough physicochemical characterization and biological investigations highlight the structure-activity relationship of DHFR inhibitors. This will enable even better design and synthesis of active compounds, which would have the expected mechanism of action and the desired activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wróbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Białystok, Poland
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Cuthbertson CR, Arabzada Z, Bankhead A, Kyani A, Neamati N. A Review of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of One-Carbon Enzymes: SHMT2 and MTHFD2 in the Spotlight. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:624-646. [PMID: 33860190 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key hallmark of cancer and shifts cellular metabolism to meet the demands of biomass production necessary for abnormal cell reproduction. One-carbon metabolism (1CM) contributes to many biosynthetic pathways that fuel growth and is comprised of a complex network of enzymes. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil were pioneering drugs in this field and are still widely used today as anticancer agents as well as for other diseases such as arthritis. Besides dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase, two other enzymes of the folate cycle arm of 1CM have not been targeted clinically: serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD). An increasing body of literature suggests that the mitochondrial isoforms of these enzymes (SHMT2 and MTHFD2) are clinically relevant in the context of cancer. In this review, we focused on the 1CM pathway as a target for cancer therapy and, in particular, SHMT2 and MTHFD2. The function, regulation, and clinical relevance of SHMT2 and MTHFD2 are all discussed. We expand on previous clinical studies and evaluate the prognostic significance of these critical enzymes by performing a pan-cancer analysis of patient data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas and a transcriptional coexpression network enrichment analysis. We also provide an overview of preclinical and clinical inhibitors targeting the folate pathway, the methionine cycle, and folate-dependent purine biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Cuthbertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zahra Arabzada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armita Kyani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Galassi R, Luciani L, Gambini V, Vincenzetti S, Lupidi G, Amici A, Marchini C, Wang J, Pucciarelli S. Multi-Targeted Anticancer Activity of Imidazolate Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds by Inhibition of DHFR and TrxR in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Chem 2021; 8:602845. [PMID: 33490036 PMCID: PMC7821381 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.602845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of phosphane gold(I) compounds, made of azoles and phosphane ligands, was evaluated for a screening on the regards of Breast Cancer cell panels (BC). The compounds possess N-Au-P or Cl-Au-P bonds around the central metal, and they differ for the presence of aprotic or protic polar groups in the azoles and/or the phosphane moieties to tune their hydrophilicity. Among the six candidates, only the compounds having the P-Au-N environment and not displaying neither the hydroxyl nor carboxyl groups in the ligands were found active. The compounds were screened by MTT tests in SKBR3, A17, and MDA-MB231 cancer cells, and two compounds (namely the 4,5-dicyano-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-(triphenylphosphane, 5, and 4,5-dichloro-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-triphenylphosphane, 6) were found very cytotoxic, with the most active with an IC50 value of 3.46 μM in MDA-MB231 cells. By performing enzymatic assays in the treated cells lysates, the residual enzymatic activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been measured after cell treatment for 4 or 12 h in comparison with control cells. Upon 12 h of treatment, the activity of DHFR was significantly reduced in both SKBR3 and A17 cells by compounds 5 and 6, but not in human MDA-MB231 cells; interestingly, it was found remarkably high after 4 h of treatment, revealing a time dependence for the DHFR enzymatic assays. The DHFR inhibition data have been compared to those for the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), the most recognized molecular target for gold compounds. For this latter, similar residual activities (i.e., 37 and 49% for the match of SKBR3 cells and compound 5 or 6, respectively) were found. Binding studies on the regards of ct-DNA (calf-thymus-DNA) and of plasma transporters proteins, such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) and ATF (apo transferrin), were performed. As expected for gold compounds, the data support strong binding to proteins (Ksv values range: 1.51 ÷ 2.46 × 104 M−1) and a weaker interaction with ct-DNA's minor groove (Ksv values range: 1.55 ÷ 6.12 × 103 M−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Drugs and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Jastrząb A, Skrzydlewska E. Regulacja układu zależnego od tioredoksyny jako element farmakoterapii w chorobach z zaburzeniami równowagi redoks. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streszczenie
Działanie wielu czynników egzogennych, a także zaburzone procesy metaboliczne komórek przyczyniają się do nasilonego wytwarzania oksydantów, a to zaburza równowagę redoks, wywołując zmiany metaboliczne, w tym śmierci lub transformacji nowotworowej komórek. Jednak każda komórka zawiera antyoksydanty, które mają zapobiegać tego typu sytuacjom. Jednym z układów antyoksydacyjnych, funkcjonujących w komórkach, jest układ zależny od tioredoksyny, w skład którego wchodzą: tioredoksyna (Trx), reduktaza tioredoksyny (TrxR) oraz peroksydaza tioredoksyny (TPx), które mogą redukować utlenione składniki komórek kosztem fosforanu dinukleotydu nikotynoamidoadeninowego (NADPH). Działanie takie wynika z budowy przestrzennej Trx oraz TrxR, która umożliwia wytworzenie wewnątrzcząsteczkowego mostka disulfidowego w obrębie cząsteczki tioredoksyny oraz dwóch międzycząsteczkowych mostków selenosulfidowych w obrębie dimeru reduktazy tioredoksyny. Inną, równie istotną funkcją układu zależnego od tioredoksyny jest regulowanie ekspresji wielu białek za pośrednictwem takich czynników jak czynnik transkrypcyjnego NF-κB oraz kinaza regulująca apoptozę (ASK-1), które uruchamiają kaskady przemian metabolicznych prowadzących ostatecznie do proliferacji lub apoptozy komórek. Wzrost ekspresji/aktywności składników systemu zależnego od Trx obserwuje się w rozwoju wielu nowotworów. Dlatego też poszukiwanie selektywnych inhibitorów tioredoksyny lub reduktazy tioredoksyny jest obecnie jednym z głównych kierunków badań w farmakoterapii nowotworów. Wykazano, że wiele naturalnie występujących związków polifenolowych pochodzenia naturalnego o działaniu antyoksydacyjnym (np. kwercetyna czy kurkumina) powoduje inaktywację układu Trx-TrxR. Jednocześnie wiele syntetycznych związków, w tym związki kompleksowe, które stosowane są w terapii przeciwnowotworowej (np. cisplatyna, auranofina, moteksafina gadolinu), również hamują działanie układu zależnego od Trx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jastrząb
- Zakład Chemii Nieorganicznej i Analitycznej , Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
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12
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Gao F, Huang G, Xiao J. Chalcone hybrids as potential anticancer agents: Current development, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2049-2084. [PMID: 32525247 DOI: 10.1002/med.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergency of drug-resistant cancers and the low specificity of anticancer agents have been the major challenges in the control and treatment of cancer, making an urgent need to develop novel anticancer agents with high efficacy. Chalcones, precursors of flavonoids and isoflavonoids, exhibit structural heterogeneity and can act on various drug targets. Chalcones which demonstrated potential in vitro and in vivo activity against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant cancers, are useful templates for the development of novel anticancer agents. Hybridization of chalcone moiety with other anticancer pharmacophores could provide the hybrids which have the potential to overcome drug resistance and improve the specificity, so it represents a promising strategy to develop novel anticancer agents. This review emphasizes the development, the mechanisms of action as well as structure-activity relationships of chalcone hybrids with potential therapeutic application for many cancers in recent 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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13
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Liu C, Han X, Yu PJ, Chen LZ, Xue W, Liu XH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of myricetin-pentadienone hybrids as potential anti-inflammatory agents in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103597. [PMID: 32028063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Some important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide are thought to play key roles in the destruction of cartilage and bone tissue in joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, a series of new myricetin-pentadienone hybrids were designed and synthesized. Majority of them effectively inhibited the expressions liposaccharide-induced secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and NO in RAW264.7. The most prominent compound 5o could significantly decrease production of above inflammatory factors with IC50 values of 5.22 µM, 8.22 µM and 9.31 µM, respectively. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that it could inhibit the expression of thioredoxin reductase, resulting in inhibiting of cell signaling pathway nuclear factor (N-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Significantly, compound 5o was found to effectively inhibit Freund's complete adjuvant induced rat adjuvant arthritis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Pei Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Liu Zeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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14
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Dong J, Gao J. Design, synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of coumarin-chalcone hybrids as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103530. [PMID: 31887477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) have been extensively studied as a potential target for the development of anticancer drugs. Herein, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of coumarin-chalcone hybrids as TrxR inhibitors. Most of them exhibited enhancing anticancer activity than Xanthohumol (Xn). The representative Xn-2 (IC50 = 3.6 μM) was a fluorescence agent, wherein drug uptake can be readily monitored in living cells by red fluorescence imaging. Xn-2 down-regulated the expression of TrxR, remarkedly induced ROS accumulation to activate mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, Xn-2 inhibited cancer cell metastasis and abolished the colony formation ability of cancer cells. Taken together, these results highlight that compound Xn-2 may be a promising theranostic TrxR inhibitor for human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenda Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Junqiang Dong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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15
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DHFR Inhibitors: Reading the Past for Discovering Novel Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061140. [PMID: 30909399 PMCID: PMC6471984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors are an important class of drugs, as evidenced by their use as antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. Progress in understanding the biochemical basis of mechanisms responsible for enzyme selectivity and antiproliferative effects has renewed the interest in antifolates for cancer chemotherapy and prompted the medicinal chemistry community to develop novel and selective human DHFR inhibitors, thus leading to a new generation of DHFR inhibitors. This work summarizes the mechanism of action, chemical, and anticancer profile of the DHFR inhibitors discovered in the last six years. New strategies in DHFR drug discovery are also provided, in order to thoroughly delineate the current landscape for medicinal chemists interested in furthering this study in the anticancer field.
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16
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Lu S, Obianom ON, Ai Y. Novel hybrids derived from aspirin and chalcones potently suppress colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1722-1732. [PMID: 30429977 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths around the world despite the availability of many approved small molecules for treatment. The issues lie in the potency, selectivity and targeting of these compounds. Therefore, new strategies and targets are needed to optimize and develop novel treatments for CRC. Here, a group of novel hybrids derived from aspirin and chalcones were designed and synthesized based on recent reports of their individual benefits to CRC targeting and selectivity. The most active compound 7h inhibited proliferation of CRC cell lines with better potency compared to 5-fluorouracil, a currently used therapeutic agent for CRC. Importantly, 7h had 8-fold less inhibitory activity against non-cancer CCD841 cells. In addition, 7h inhibited CRC growth via the inhibition of the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Furthermore, 7h induced apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, as well as increasing ROS in CRC cells. Finally, 7h significantly retarded the CRC cell growth in a mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that 7h may have potential to treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- College of Pharmacy , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Hubei 430065 , PR China .
| | - Obinna N Obianom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , MD 21201 , USA .
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , MD 21201 , USA .
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17
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Mellado M, Madrid A, Reyna M, Weinstein-Oppenheimer C, Mella J, Salas CO, Sánchez E, Cuellar M. Synthesis of chalcones with antiproliferative activity on the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line: Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Models. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Zhou S, Li S, Zhang W, Tong H, Li S, Yan Y. MiR-139 promotes differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells by regulating DHFR gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:632-641. [PMID: 30078180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important regulatory role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells (MDSCs). In particular, miR-139 can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and its expression is down-regulated during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effect and potential mechanism of miR-139 in bovine MDSCs. The expression of miR-139 was found to be significantly increased during bovine MDSC differentiation by stem-loop reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification. Statistical analysis of the myotube fusion rate was done through immunofluorescence detection of desmin, and western blotting was used to measure the change in protein expression of the muscle differentiation marker genes MYOG and MYH3. The results showed that the miR-139 mimic could enhance the differentiation of bovine MDSCs, whereas the inhibitor had the opposite effect. By using the dual-luciferase reporter system, miR-139 was found to target the 3'-untranslated region of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and regulate its expression. In addition, the expression of miR-139 was found to be regulated by its host gene phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) via inhibition of the latter by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Overall, our findings indicate that miR-139 plays an important role in regulating the differentiation of bovine MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Quqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huili Tong
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqin Yan
- The Laboratory of Cell and Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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19
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, Han X, Liu R, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:5-39. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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20
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Li H, Fang F, Liu Y, Xue L, Wang M, Guo Y, Wang X, Tian C, Liu J, Zhang Z. Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase as antitumor agents: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel nonclassical 6-substituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines with a three- to five-carbon bridge. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2674-2685. [PMID: 29691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bridge homologation of the previously reported nonclassical two-carbon-bridged antifolate, 2,4-diamino-6-phenethylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine (wm-5a), afforded the three-, four- and five-carbon-bridged antifolate analogues 3.1-3.5, 4.1-4.2 and 5.1-5.5. The target compounds, with substituents at various positions on the carbon bridges, were efficiently synthesized by aldol condensation or Wittig reaction and followed by reduction. Elongation of the two-carbon bridge to three-, four- or five-carbon bridges, and also saturation of the carbon bridges, provided compounds with good inhibitory activity against recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR). Analogue 3.5, which has a three-carbon bridge, inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 and HCT116 cells to a greater extent than the other analogues. Compound 3.5 was also the most potent inhibitor of rhDHFR (IC50 = 0.06 μM), and was approximately 38-fold more potent than the two-carbon-bridged lead compound. Docking studies revealed that both the length and flexibility of the saturated carbon bridge in 3.5 were important for high potency. Flow cytometry studies indicated that compound 3.5 arrested HL-60 cells in the S-phase and induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis of HL-60 cells treated with 3.5 showed a dose-dependent upregulation of DHFR protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Liangmin Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Perking University, 100191, China.
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21
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Shi D, Hu G, Zhang B, Li X, Liu R, Han X, Yao X, Fang J. Synthesis of naphthazarin derivatives and identification of novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor as potential anticancer agent. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:435-447. [PMID: 28987605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes play a crucial role in regulating multiple redox-based signaling pathways and have attracted increasing attention as promising anticancer drug targets. We report here the synthesis of a panel of naphthazarin derivatives and discovery of 2-methyl-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3, 2-methylnaphthazarin) as a potent cytotoxic agent with a submicromolar half maximal inhibitory concentration to the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Mechanism studies reveal that the compound selectively inhibits TrxR to induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Knockdown of TrxR sensitizes the cells to 3 insults, while overexpression of the functional enzyme confers resistance to the compound treatment, underpinning the physiological significance of targeting TrxR by 3. Clarification of the interaction of compound 3 with TrxR unveils a mechanism underlying the cellular action of the compound, and sheds light in considering development of the compound as a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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22
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Ramsay RR, Tipton KF. Assessment of Enzyme Inhibition: A Review with Examples from the Development of Monoamine Oxidase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1192. [PMID: 28714881 PMCID: PMC6152246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of many drugs involve enzyme inhibition. This is exemplified by the inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO) and the cholinsterases (ChE) that have been used for several pharmacological purposes. This review describes key principles and approaches for the reliable determination of enzyme activities and inhibition as well as some of the methods that are in current use for such studies with these two enzymes. Their applicability and potential pitfalls arising from their inappropriate use are discussed. Since inhibitor potency is frequently assessed in terms of the quantity necessary to give 50% inhibition (the IC50 value), the relationships between this and the mode of inhibition is also considered, in terms of the misleading information that it may provide. Incorporation of more than one functionality into the same molecule to give a multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) requires careful assessment to ensure that the specific target effects are not significantly altered and that the kinetic behavior remains as favourable with the MTDL as it does with the individual components. Such factors will be considered in terms of recently developed MTDLs that combine MAO and ChE inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8QP, UK.
| | - Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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23
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Fu DJ, Song J, Hou YH, Zhao RH, Li JH, Mao RW, Yang JJ, Li P, Zi XL, Li ZH, Zhang QQ, Wang FY, Zhang SY, Zhang YB, Liu HM. Discovery of 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines hybrids as potential apoptosis inducers. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1076-1088. [PMID: 28763643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines hybrids bearing a 1,2,3-triazole linker were synthesized by molecular hybridization strategy and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against three selected cancer cell lines (MGC-803, EC-109 and PC-3). The first structure-activity relationship (SAR) for these 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines is explored in this report with evaluation of 15 variants of the structural class. Among these chemical derivatives, 3-(((1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (11E) showed the more potent inhibitory effect against three cell lines than 5-Fu. Cellular mechanism studies in MGC-803 cells elucidated 11E inhibited colony formation and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Furthermore, compound 11E caused morphological changes, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced apoptosis through the apoptosis-related proteins in MGC-803 cells. It was the first time, to our knowledge, that 5,6-diaryl-1,2,4-triazines bearing a 1,2,3-triazole linker were used as potential apoptosis inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Jian Song
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Yu-Hui Hou
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Ruo-Han Zhao
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Jia-Huan Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Ruo-Wang Mao
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Ping Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Zhong-Hua Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Fei-Yan Wang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yan-Bing Zhang
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, China.
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24
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Ng HL, Ma X, Chew EH, Chui WK. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Coupled Bioactive Scaffolds as Potential Anticancer Agents for Dual Targeting of Dihydrofolate Reductase and Thioredoxin Reductase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1734-1745. [PMID: 28177228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes are involved in the process of tumor cell growth and survival. The 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine scaffold is well-established as a useful scaffold for DHFR inhibition, while chalcones have been reported to be inhibitors of TrxR. In this study, 15 novel compounds designed by the structural combination of the 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine and chalcone scaffolds via a diether linker were successfully synthesized and characterized. All of the compounds demonstrated dual inhibition against DHFR and TrxR when they were assessed by in vitro enzyme assays. The compounds also exhibited antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 and HCT116 cells. The more potent analogs 14 and 15 were found to inhibit cellular DHFR and TrxR activities in HCT116 cells. Therefore, this study provided compelling evidence that 14 and 15 could exert their anticancer property via multitarget inhibition at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Eng-Hui Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wai-Keung Chui
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
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25
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Wang M, Yang J, Yuan M, Xue L, Li H, Tian C, Wang X, Liu J, Zhang Z. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of a series of novel 6-substituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potential nonclassical lipophilic antifolates targeting dihydrofolate reductase. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 128:88-97. [PMID: 28152430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been a well-recognized target for the treatment of many diseases. Based on 8,10-dideazaminopterins, which are classical antifolates that potently inhibit DHFR, we have designed a series of novel 2,4-diamino-6-substituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines. By removing the glutamate moiety and introducing lipophilic groups, we hoped to improve passive diffuse through the cell membranes. The target compounds were efficiently synthesized using one-pot procedure and evaluated in vitro for DHFR inhibition and antitumor activity. Compounds 5e, 5h, 5i and 5k were the most potent inhibitors of recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR) with IC50 values in the range 0.2-1.0 μM. Analysis using flow cytometric indicated that the effect of compound 5k on cell cycle progression was linked to induction of S phase arrest. Compounds 5g, 5h, 5i and 5k showed broad spectrum antitumor activity against four different tumor cell lines, with IC50 values in the range 0.07-23 μM. Molecular docking investigations showed that the trimethoyphenyl ring of compound 5k occupied a position near the cofactor-binding site in the rhDHFR-inhibitor complex, with close intermolecular contacts with Asp21, Phe31, Ser59, Ile60 and Pro61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liangmin Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Mehmood T, Maryam A, Zhang H, Li Y, Khan M, Ma T. Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via oxidative stress, NF-κB inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biofactors 2017; 43:63-72. [PMID: 27628030 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyelephantopin (DET), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone present in Chinese medicinal herb, Elephantopus scaber has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory as well as anticancer effects in various cancer cells of human origin in vitro. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying DET-induced apoptosis remains largely unexplored, particularly in human hepatocellular carcinoma G2 (HepG2) cells. In the present study, we found that DET inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This DET-mediated apoptosis was found to be associated with reactive oxygen species generation, glutathione depletion and decreased activity of thioredoxin reductase, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, Bcl-2 family proteins modulation, cytochrome c release, caspases-3 activation, PARP cleavage and inhibition of NF-κB activation. DET inhibited the constitutive as well as induced-translocation of NF-κB into nucleus and augmented the apoptotic effect of Gemcitabine. IKK-16 (NF-κB inhibitor) further enhanced the cytotoxicity of DET and gemcitabine indicating that DET induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells at least partially through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that DET inhibits the translocation of constitutive as well as induced-NF-κB into nucleus by decreasing phosphorylation of IкBα. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with 3 mM NAC reversed DET-mediated cell death and NF-κB inhibition, indicating that DET exerts its anticancer effects mainly through oxidative stress. Therefore, DET may be developed into a lead chemotherapeutic drug as a single agent or in combination with clinical drugs for the effective treatment of liver cancer. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(1):63-72, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Mehmood
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Amara Maryam
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, People's Republic of China
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Discovery of novel dual VEGFR2 and Src inhibitors using a multistep virtual screening approach. Future Med Chem 2016; 9:7-24. [PMID: 27995811 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Simultaneous inhibition of VEGFR2 and Src may enhance the efficacy of VEGFR2-targeted cancer therapeutics. Hence, development of dual inhibitors on VEGFR2 and Src can be a useful strategy for such treatments. MATERIALS & METHODS A multistep virtual screening protocol, comprising ligand-based support vector machines method, drug-likeness rules filter and structure-based molecular docking, was developed and employed to identify dual inhibitors of VEGFR2 and Src from a large commercial chemical library. Kinase inhibitory assays and cell viability assays were then used for experimental validation. RESULTS A set of compounds belonging to six different molecular scaffolds was identified and sent for biological evaluation. Compound 3c belonging to the 2-amino-3-cyanopyridine scaffold exhibited good antiproliferative effect and dual-target activities against VEGFR2 and Src. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the ability of the multistep virtual screening approach to identify novel multitarget agents.
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