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Gómez E, Galván-Hidalgo JM, Pérez-Cuéllar G, Huerta-Landa KA, González-Hernández A, Gómez-García O, Andrade-Pavón D, Ramírez-Apan T, Rodríguez Hernández KD, Hernández S, Cano-Sánchez P, Gómez-Velasco H. New Organotin (IV) Compounds Derived from Dehydroacetic Acid and Thiosemicarbazides: Synthesis, Rational Design, Cytotoxic Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Simulation. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:7901843. [PMID: 37920233 PMCID: PMC10620030 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7901843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotin complexes were prepared through a one-pot reaction with three components by reacting thiosemicarbazide or 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide or 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide, dehydroacetic acid (DHA) and dibutyl, diphenyl, dicyclohexyl, and bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]tin(IV) oxides; all complexes were characterized by infrared (IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 119Sn NMR revealed chemical shifts corresponding to a pentacoordinated environment in solution. The X-ray crystallography of the two complexes evidenced the formation of monomeric complexes with a pentacoordinated geometry around tin via three donor atoms from the ligand, the sulfur of the thiol, the nitrogen of the imine group, and the oxygen of the pyran ring. The geometries of the five-coordinated complexes 3a (Bu2SnL3), 3c (Ph2SnL3), and 3d (Cy2SnL3) acid were intermediate between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal, and complex 1a (Bu2SnL1) adopted a bipyramidal trigonal geometry (BPT). The sulforhodamine B assay assessed the cytotoxicity of organotin(IV) complexes against the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (human mammary adenocarcinoma) cell lines and one normal COS-7 (African green monkey kidney fibroblast). The IC50 values evidenced a significant antiproliferative effect on cancer cells; the complexes were more potent than the positive cisplatin control and the corresponding ligands, dehydroacetic acid thiosemicarbazone (L1), dehydroacetic acid-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (L2), and dehydroacetic acid-N(4)-phenylthiosemicarbazone (L3). The IC50 values also indicated that the organotin(IV) complexes were more cytotoxic against the triple-negative breast cell line MDA-MB-231 than MCF-7, inducing significant morphological alterations. The interactions of organotin(IV) 1c (Ph2SnL1), 1d (Cy2SnL1), and 1e (((CH3)3SiCH2)2SnL1) were evaluated with ss-DNA by fluorescence; intensity changes of the fluorescence were indicative of the displacement of ethidium bromide (EB), confirming the interaction of the organotin(IV) complexes with ss-DNA; the results showed a DNA binding affinity. The thermodynamic parameters obtained through isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the interaction of 1c (Ph2SnL1), with ss-ADN, was exothermic. Molecular docking studies also demonstrated that the organotin(IV) complexes were intercalated in DNA by conventional hydrogen bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and π-alkyl interactions. These complexes furthermore showed a greater affinity towards DNA than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gómez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Galván-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Cuéllar
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karoline Alondra Huerta-Landa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo González-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Gómez-García
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Dulce Andrade-Pavón
- Departamento Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Colonia Nueva Industrial Vallejo 07738, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Teresa Ramírez-Apan
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Daniela Rodríguez Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Simón Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Homero Gómez-Velasco
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Alcaldía Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Marc G, Stana A, Tertiş M, Cristea C, Ciorîţă A, Drăgan ȘM, Toma VA, Borlan R, Focșan M, Pîrnău A, Vlase L, Oniga S, Oniga O. Discovery of New Hydrazone-Thiazole Polyphenolic Antioxidants through Computer-Aided Design and In Vitro Experimental Validation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13277. [PMID: 37686082 PMCID: PMC10487687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is linked to a series of diseases; therefore, the development of efficient antioxidants might be beneficial in preventing or ameliorating these conditions. Based on the structure of a previously reported compound with good antioxidant properties and on computational studies, we designed several catechol derivatives with enhanced antioxidant potential. The compounds were synthesized and physicochemically characterized, and their antioxidant activity was assessed through different antiradical, electron transfer and metal ions chelation assays, their electrochemical behavior and cytotoxicity were studied. The results obtained in the in vitro experiments correlated very well with the in silico studies; all final compounds presented very good antioxidant properties, generally superior to those of the reference compounds used. Similarly, the results obtained from studying the compounds' electrochemical behavior were in good agreement with the results of the antioxidant activity evaluation assays. Regarding the compounds' cytotoxicity, compound 7b had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect against all cell lines. In conclusion, through computer-aided design, we developed several catechol thiazolyl-hydrazones with excellent antioxidant properties, of which compound 7b, with two catechol moieties in its structure, exhibited the best antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.M.); (O.O.)
| | - Anca Stana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.M.); (O.O.)
| | - Mihaela Tertiş
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, RO-400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Alexandra Ciorîţă
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Ștefan-Mihai Drăgan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Clinicilor Street No. 4-7, RO-400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.-M.D.); (V.-A.T.)
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Clinicilor Street No. 4-7, RO-400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (Ș.-M.D.); (V.-A.T.)
- Institute of Biological Research, Republicii Street No. 48, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, RO-400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Borlan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Monica Focșan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Adrian Pîrnău
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Smaranda Oniga
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creangă Street, RO-400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, RO-400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.M.); (O.O.)
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Long H, Zhu W, Wei L, Zhao J. Iron homeostasis imbalance and ferroptosis in brain diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e298. [PMID: 37377861 PMCID: PMC10292684 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is maintained through the normal function of blood-brain barrier and iron regulation at the systemic and cellular levels, which is fundamental to normal brain function. Excess iron can catalyze the generation of free radicals through Fenton reactions due to its dual redox state, thus causing oxidative stress. Numerous evidence has indicated brain diseases, especially stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, are closely related to the mechanism of iron homeostasis imbalance in the brain. For one thing, brain diseases promote brain iron accumulation. For another, iron accumulation amplifies damage to the nervous system and exacerbates patients' outcomes. In addition, iron accumulation triggers ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent type of programmed cell death, which is closely related to neurodegeneration and has received wide attention in recent years. In this context, we outline the mechanism of a normal brain iron metabolism and focus on the current mechanism of the iron homeostasis imbalance in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Meanwhile, we also discuss the mechanism of ferroptosis and simultaneously enumerate the newly discovered drugs for iron chelators and ferroptosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Long
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wangshu Zhu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Liming Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jungong Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Maltarollo VG, da Silva EB, Kronenberger T, Sena Andrade MM, de Lima Marques GV, Cândido Oliveira NJ, Santos LH, Oliveira Rezende Júnior CD, Cassiano Martinho AC, Skinner D, Fajtová P, M Fernandes TH, Silveira Dos Santos ED, Rodrigues Gazolla PA, Martins de Souza AP, da Silva ML, Dos Santos FS, Lavorato SN, Oliveira Bretas AC, Carvalho DT, Franco LL, Luedtke S, Giardini MA, Poso A, Dias LC, Podust LM, Alves RJ, McKerrow J, Andrade SF, Teixeira RR, Siqueira-Neto JL, O'Donoghue A, de Oliveira RB, Ferreira RS. Structure-based discovery of thiosemicarbazones as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:959-985. [PMID: 37435731 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Discovery of novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors using a structure-based drug discovery strategy. Materials & methods: Virtual screening employing covalent and noncovalent docking was performed to discover Mpro inhibitors, which were subsequently evaluated in biochemical and cellular assays. Results: 91 virtual hits were selected for biochemical assays, and four were confirmed as reversible inhibitors of SARS CoV-2 Mpro with IC50 values of 0.4-3 μM. They were also shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-1 Mpro and human cathepsin L. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated the stability of the Mpro inhibitor complexes and the interaction of ligands at the subsites. Conclusion: This approach led to the discovery of novel thiosemicarbazones as potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elany Barbosa da Silva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Marina Mol Sena Andrade
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriel V de Lima Marques
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nereu J Cândido Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucianna H Santos
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Celso de Oliveira Rezende Júnior
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana C Cassiano Martinho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Thaís H M Fernandes
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
| | - Eduardo da Silveira Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
| | - Poliana A Rodrigues Gazolla
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana P Martins de Souza
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Milene Lopes da Silva
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabíola S Dos Santos
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Stefânia N Lavorato
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, 47810-047, Brazil
| | - Ana C Oliveira Bretas
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopardi Franco
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Luedtke
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Miriam A Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Antti Poso
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Luiz C Dias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Ricardo J Alves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - James McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Saulo F Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Departamento de Produção de Matéria-Prima, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90160-093, Brazil
| | - Róbson R Teixeira
- Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Anthony O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, USA
| | - Renata B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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Bingul M, Ercan S, Boga M, Bingul AA. Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Potentials of Novel 4,6-Dimethoxyindole based Unsymmetrical Azines: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, In Silico ADME Prediction and Biological Evaluations. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2193417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bingul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Selami Ercan
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Boga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Kashif M, Sivaprakasam P, Vijendra P, Waseem M, Pandurangan AK. A Recent Update on Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Interventions of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3428-3441. [PMID: 38038007 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128264355231121064704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been identified as a progressive brain disorder associated with memory dysfunction and the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of τ protein. Mitochondria is crucial in maintaining cell survival, cell death, calcium regulation, and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction and linked calcium overload have been involved in the pathogenesis of AD. CRM2 (Collapsin response mediator protein-2) is involved in endosomal lysosomal trafficking as well as autophagy, and their reduced level is also a primary culprit in the progression of AD. In addition, Cholinergic neurotransmission and neuroinflammation are two other mechanisms implicated in AD onset and might be protective targets to attenuate disease progression. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is another crucial target for AD treatment. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and brain mutually benefitted each other, dysbiosis in gut microbiota affects the brain functions and leads to AD progression with increased AD-causing biomarkers. Despite the complexity of AD, treatment is only limited to symptomatic management. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for novel therapeutics that target associated pathways responsible for AD pathology. This review explores the role of different mechanisms involved in AD and possible therapeutic targets to protect against disease progression. BACKGROUND Amidst various age-related diseases, AD is the most deleterious neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 24 million people globally. Every year, approximately 7.7 million new cases of dementia have been reported. However, to date, no novel disease-modifying therapies are available to treat AD. OBJECTIVE The aim of writing this review is to highlight the role of key biomarker proteins and possible therapeutic interventions that could play a crucial role in mitigating the ongoing prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information about the disease was collected through multiple search engines, including PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical Trials, and Google Scholar. RESULTS Accumulated pieces of evidence reveal that extracellular aggregation of β-amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles of τ protein are peculiar features of perpetuated Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further, the significant role of mitochondria, calcium, and cholinergic pathways in the pathogenesis of AD makes the respiratory cell organelle a crucial therapeutic target in this neurodegenerative disease. All currently available drugs either delay the clinical damage to cells or temporarily attenuate some symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The pathological features of AD are extracellular deposition of β-amyloid, acetylcholinesterase deregulation, and intracellular tangles of τ protein. The multifactorial heterogeneity of disease demands more research work in this field to find new therapeutic biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Kashif
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Prathibha Sivaprakasam
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Poornima Vijendra
- Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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7
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Demir Y, Türkeş C, Çavuş MS, Erdoğan M, Muğlu H, Yakan H, Beydemir Ş. Enzyme inhibition, molecular docking, and density functional theory studies of new thiosemicarbazones incorporating the 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde motif. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 356:e2200554. [PMID: 36575148 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New Schiff base-bearing thiosemicarbazones (1-13) were obtained from 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzaldehyde and various isocyanates. The structures of the synthesized molecules were elucidated in detail. Density functional theory calculations were also performed to determine the spectroscopic properties of the compounds. Moreover, the enzyme inhibition activities of these compounds were investigated. They showed highly potent inhibition effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) (KI values are in the range of 51.11 ± 6.01 to 278.10 ± 40.55 nM, 60.32 ± 9.78 to 300.00 ± 77.41 nM, and 64.21 ± 9.99 to 307.70 ± 61.35 nM for AChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). In addition, molecular docking studies were performed, confirmed by binding affinities studies of the most potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Muhammet S Çavuş
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Musa Erdoğan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Halit Muğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yakan
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Education, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey.,The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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Synthesis and molecular modeling studies of 1-benzyl-2-indolinones as selective AChE inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1705-1723. [PMID: 36524535 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Possible bioisosteres can be developed by replacing the 1-indanone ring (one of three pharmacophore groups) of donepezil with an indoline ring. As H2S donors, thioamide, thiocarbamate and thiourea groups are also critically important. Materials & methods: The 1-benzyl-2-indolinones 6a-n were designed using molecular modeling and synthesized, and their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects were then investigated. Results: The compounds 6h (inhibition constant [Ki] = 0.22 μM; selectivity index [SI] = 26.22), 6i (Ki = 0.24 μM; SI = 25.83), 6k (Ki = 0.22 μM; SI = 28.31) and 6n (Ki = 0.21 μM; SI = 27.14) were approximately twofold more effective against and >12-fold more selective for acetylcholinesterase compared with donepezil (Ki = 0.41 μM; SI = 2.12). Analysis of molecular dynamics simulations with compounds 6k and 6n indicated that the preferred binding might be at allosteric binding pocket 4 of the enzyme. Conclusion: Benzyl substitution at the 1-position of the indole ring significantly increased potency and selectivity.
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Research Progress on the Biological Activities of Metal Complexes Bearing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrazones. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238393. [PMID: 36500482 PMCID: PMC9739244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Due to the abundant and promising biological activities of aromatic hydrazones, it is of great significance to study the biological activities of their metal complexes for the research and development of metal-based drugs. In this review, we focus on the metal complexes of polycyclic aromatic hydrazones, which still do not receive much attention, and summarize the studies related to their biological activities. Although the large number of metal complexes in phenylhydrazone prevent them all from being summarized, the significant value of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons themselves (such as naphthalene and anthracene) as pharmacophores are also considered. Therefore, the bioactivities of the metal complexes of naphthylhydrazone and anthrahydrazone are focused on, and the recent research progress on the metal complexes of anthrahydrazone by the authors is also included. In terms of biological activities, these complexes mainly show antibacterial and anticancer activities, along with less bioactivities. The present review demonstrates that the structural design and bioactivities of these complexes are fundamental, which also indicates a certain structure-activity relationship (SAR) in some substructural areas. However, a systematic and comprehensive conclusion of the SAR is still not available, which suggests that more attention should be paid to the bioactivities of the metal complexes of polycyclic aromatic hydrazones since their potential in structural design and biological activity remains to be explored. We hope that this review will attract more researchers to devote their interest and energy into this promising area.
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Alzheimer's disease: Updated multi-targets therapeutics are in clinical and in progress. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pan R, Luo S, Huang Q, Li W, Cai T, Lai K, Shi X. The Associations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Ferritin with Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1115-1125. [PMID: 35754266 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has suggested that iron accumulation plays an important role in the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the potential mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the associations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin, an indicator for brain iron load, with neurodegenerative and inflammatory changes in AD. METHODS The study involved 302 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). They were classified as normal controls (A-T-N-, n = 48), AD continuum (A+TN-, n = 46; A+TN+, n = 166), and suspected non-AD pathology (A-TN+, n = 42), according to the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) system. Group comparisons of CSF ferritin among groups were performed using one-way ANOVA. Linear regression models were used to test the relationships between CSF ferritin and cognitive assessments, and the associations between CSF ferritin and other biomarkers, respectively. RESULTS We found that CSF ferritin showed significant differences among the ATN groups, with higher concentration in more advanced categories (A+TN+). Furthermore, CSF ferritin level was independently related to cognitive performance (MMSE, ADAS-Cog13, and ADNI-mem). Linear regression analysis indicated positive relationships between CSF ferritin and phosphorylated tau and total tau, rather than Aβ42. Significant associations were revealed between CSF ferritin and inflammatory proteins, including TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2, ICAM1, VCAM1, TGF-β1, IL-9, and IP-10, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insight into iron dysfunction in AD pathology and highlight elevated brain iron as a possible mechanism of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation along AD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pan
- School of Nursing, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Foreign Languages, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Cai
- School of Medicine and Medical Laboratory Science, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Kelin Lai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Huizhou Health Sciences Polytechnic, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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Sohtun WP, Kathiravan A, Asha Jhonsi M, Aashique M, Bera S, Velusamy M. Synthesis, crystal structure, BSA binding and antibacterial studies of Ni(II) complexes derived from dithiocarbazate based ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Synthesis, molecular modeling and cholinesterase inhibitory effects of 2-indolinone-based hydrazinecarbothioamides. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2133-2151. [PMID: 34755546 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-Indolinone-based hydrazinecarbothioamides carrying a 3-phenylsulfonamide moiety (7-9) were designed by replacement of donepezil's pharmacophore group indanone with a 2-indolinone ring. Method: Compounds 7-9 were synthesized by reaction of N-(3-sulfamoylphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (6) with 1H-indolin-2,3-diones (1-3). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory effects of compounds 7-9 were assayed. Molecular modeling studies of 5-chloro-1,7-dimethyl-substituted compound 8e were carried out to determine the possible binding interactions at the active site of AChE. Results: Compound 8e showed the strongest inhibition against AChE (Ki = 0.52 ± 0.11 μM) as well as the highest selectivity (SI = 37.69). The selectivity for AChE over BuChE of compound 8e was approximately 17-times higher than donepezil and 26-times higher than galantamine. Conclusion: Further development of compounds 7-9 may present new promising agents for Alzheimer's treatment.
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Zaib S, Munir R, Younas MT, Kausar N, Ibrar A, Aqsa S, Shahid N, Asif TT, Alsaab HO, Khan I. Hybrid Quinoline-Thiosemicarbazone Therapeutics as a New Treatment Opportunity for Alzheimer's Disease‒Synthesis, In Vitro Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Computational Modeling Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216573. [PMID: 34770983 PMCID: PMC8587653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The limited pharmacological approaches based on cholinesterase inhibitors only provide symptomatic relief to AD patients. Moreover, the adverse side effects such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, and headaches associated with these drugs and numerous clinical trial failures present substantial limitations on the use of medications and call for a detailed insight of disease heterogeneity and development of preventive and multifactorial therapeutic strategies on urgent basis. In this context, we herein report a series of quinoline-thiosemicarbazone hybrid therapeutics as selective and potent inhibitors of cholinesterases. A facile multistep synthetic approach was utilized to generate target structures bearing multiple sites for chemical modifications and establishing drug-receptor interactions. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were fully established using readily available spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). In vitro inhibitory results revealed compound 5b as a promising and lead inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.12 ± 0.02 μM, a 5-fold higher potency than standard drug (galantamine; IC50 = 0.62 ± 0.01 μM). The synergistic effect of electron-rich (methoxy) group and ethylmorpholine moiety in quinoline-thiosemicarbazone conjugates contributes significantly in improving the inhibition level. Molecular docking analysis revealed various vital interactions of potent compounds with amino acid residues and reinforced the in vitro results. Kinetics experiments revealed the competitive mode of inhibition while ADME properties favored the translation of identified inhibitors into safe and promising drug candidates for pre-clinical testing. Collectively, inhibitory activity data and results from key physicochemical properties merit further research to ensure the design and development of safe and high-quality drug candidates for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Rubina Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Naghmana Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Sehar Aqsa
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Noorma Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Tahira Tasneem Asif
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
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Pohanka M. Inhibitors of Cholinesterases in Pharmacology: the Current Trends. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1532-1542. [PMID: 31656151 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cholinesterases are a wide group of low molecular weight compounds with a significant role in the current pharmacology. Besides the pharmacological importance, they are also known as toxic compounds like military nerve agents. In the pharmacology, drugs for Alzheimer disease, myasthenia gravis and prophylaxis of poisoning by nerve agents can be mentioned as the relevant applications. Besides this, anti-inflammation and antiphrastic drugs are other pharmacological applications of these inhibitors. This review is focused on a survey of cholinesterase inhibitors with known or expected pharmacological impact and indications of their use. Recent literature with comments is provided here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Pirolla NFF, Batista VS, Dias Viegas FP, Gontijo VS, McCarthy CR, Viegas C, Nascimento-Júnior NM. Alzheimer's Disease: Related Targets, Synthesis of Available Drugs, Bioactive Compounds Under Development and Promising Results Obtained from Multi-target Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:505-538. [PMID: 32814524 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999200819144544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the therapeutic targets involved in Alzheimer's disease as well as the available drugs and their synthetic routes. Bioactive compounds under development are also exploited to illustrate some recent research advances on the medicinal chemistry of Alzheimer's disease, including structure-activity relationships for some targets. The importance of multi-target approaches, including some examples from our research projects, guides new perspectives in search of more effective drug candidates. This review comprises the period between 2001 and early 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália F F Pirolla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Victor S Batista
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caitlin R McCarthy
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry (PeQuiM), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Synthesis, and Molecular Modelling (LaQMedSOMM), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Jardim Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
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Yusof ENM, Kwong HC, Karunakaran T, Ravoof TBSA, Tiekink ERT. Di- n-but-yl[ N'-(3-meth-oxy-2-oxidobenzyl-idene)- N-phenyl-carbamohydrazono-thio-ato]tin(IV): crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational study. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:286-293. [PMID: 33953953 PMCID: PMC8061100 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title diorganotin Schiff base derivative, [Sn(C4H9)2(C15H13N3O2S)], features a penta-coordinated tin centre defined by the N,O,S-donor atoms of the di-anionic Schiff base ligand and two methyl-ene-C atoms of the n-butyl substituents. The resultant C2NOS donor set defines a geometry inter-mediate between trigonal-bipyramidal and square-pyramidal. In the crystal, amine-N-H⋯O(meth-oxy) hydrogen bonding is found in a helical, supra-molecular chain propagating along the b-axis direction. The chains are assembled into a layer parallel to (01) with methyl-ene-C-H⋯π(phen-yl) inter-actions prominent; layers stack without directional inter-actions between them. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface showed the presence of weak methyl-ene-C-H⋯π(phen-yl) inter-actions and short H⋯H contacts in the inter-layer region. Consistent with the nature of the identified contacts, the stabilization of the crystal is dominated by the dispersion energy term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Nadia Md Yusof
- Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Huey Chong Kwong
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Thiruventhan Karunakaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Thahira B. S. A. Ravoof
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Foundry of Reticular Materials for Sustainability (FORMS), Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul, Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Thakur A, Patwa J, Sharma A, Flora SJ. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, BSA, and in-vitro reactivation study of imidazopyridine oxime against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Med Chem 2021; 18:273-287. [PMID: 33563155 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210208223240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To synthesize and evaluate the fused heterocyclic imidazopyridine oxime as a reactivator against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. BACKGROUND Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) include parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and diazinon which are commonly used in agriculture for enhancing agricultural productivity via killing crop-damaging pests. However, people may get exposed to OPs pesticides unintentionally/intentionally via ingestion, inhalation or dermal. The current treatment regimen includes reactivator such as mono or bis-pyridinium oximes along with anticholinergic and an anticonvulsant drugs are recommended for the treatment of OP poisoning. Unfortunately, the drawback of the existing reactivator is that owing to the permanent charge present on the pyridinium makes them inefficient to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reactivate OP-inhibited central nervous system (CNS) acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, there is a need of reactivator that could cross the BBB and reactivate the OP inhibited acetylcholinesterase. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were synthesis, molecular docking, BSA binding and in-vitro estimation of oximes of various substituted imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. METHOD The reactivators were synthesized in three steps and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking study was performed on 2WHP and 3ZLV PDB using Autodock tool. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of oximes was calculated experimentally and drug-likeness properties of the oximes were calculated In silico using mole inspiration and Swiss ADME software. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The reactivation potential of the oximes was determined by in vitro enzymatic assay. RESULT in-silico study inferred that synthesized molecules fulfilled the parameters that required for a successful CNS drug candidate. Further, in-vitro enzymatic assay indicated reasonable reactivation potential of the oximes against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed static quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by oxime. The binding constant value and number of binding sites were found 0.24 mol-1 and 1 respectively. CONCLUSION The results of study concluded that this scaffold could be used for further designing of more efficient uncharged reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Thakur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Jayant Patwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
| | - Swaran Jeet Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base Camp, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, . India
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of (Piperidin-1-yl)quinolin-3-yl)methylene)hydrazinecarbothioamides as Potent Inhibitors of Cholinesterases: A Biochemical and In Silico Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030656. [PMID: 33513837 PMCID: PMC7866225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by central cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and intellectual decline poses a major public health problem affecting millions of people around the globe. Despite several clinically approved drugs and development of anti-Alzheimer’s heterocyclic structural leads, the treatment of AD requires safer hybrid therapeutics with characteristic structural and biochemical properties. In this endeavor, we herein report a microwave-assisted synthesis of a library of quinoline thiosemicarbazones endowed with a piperidine moiety, achieved via the condensation of 6/8-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-3-carbaldehydes and (un)substituted thiosemicarbazides. The target N-heterocyclic products were isolated in excellent yields. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were fully established using readily available spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). Anti-Alzheimer potential of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds was evaluated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. The in vitro biochemical assay results revealed several compounds as potent inhibitors of both enzymes. Among them, five compounds exhibited IC50 values less than 20 μM. N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-((8-methyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinolin-3-yl)methylene)hydrazine carbothioamide emerged as the most potent dual inhibitor of AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 9.68 and 11.59 μM, respectively. Various informative structure–activity relationship (SAR) analyses were also concluded indicating the critical role of substitution pattern on the inhibitory efficacy of the tested derivatives. In vitro results were further validated through molecular docking analysis where interactive behavior of the potent inhibitors within the active pocket of enzymes was established. Quinoline thiosemicarbazones were also tested for their cytotoxicity using MTT assay against HepG2 cells. Among the 26 novel compounds, there were five cytotoxical and 18 showed proliferative properties.
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Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and quantum chemical studies of a dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex with an N,S-substituted pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gleason A, Bush AI. Iron and Ferroptosis as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:252-264. [PMID: 33111259 PMCID: PMC8116360 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, has a devastating personal, familial, and societal impact. In spite of profound investment and effort, numerous clinical trials targeting amyloid-β, which is thought to have a causative role in the disease, have not yielded any clinically meaningful success to date. Iron is an essential cofactor in many physiological processes in the brain. An extensive body of work links iron dyshomeostasis with multiple aspects of the pathophysiology of AD. In particular, regional iron load appears to be a risk factor for more rapid cognitive decline. Existing iron-chelating agents have been in use for decades for other indications, and there are preliminary data that some of these could be effective in AD. Many novel iron-chelating compounds are under development, some with in vivo data showing potential Alzheimer's disease-modifying properties. This heretofore underexplored therapeutic class has considerable promise and could yield much-needed agents that slow neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gleason
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Potential Therapeutic Role of Phytochemicals to Mitigate Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010023. [PMID: 33379372 PMCID: PMC7823298 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decline in cognitive function and neuronal damage. Although the precise pathobiology of AD remains elusive, accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the underlying causes of AD. Mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA that encode mitochondrial components may cause mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, the dysfunction of electron transport chain complexes, along with the interactions of mitochondrial pathological proteins are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress (OS) and vice versa. Neuroinflammation is another potential contributory factor that induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Phytochemicals or other natural compounds have the potential to scavenge oxygen free radicals and enhance cellular antioxidant defense systems, thereby protecting against OS-mediated cellular damage. Phytochemicals can also modulate other cellular processes, including autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, pharmacological intervention via neuroprotective phytochemicals can be a potential strategy to combat mitochondrial dysfunction as well as AD. This review focuses on the role of phytochemicals in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Bellia F, Grasso GI, Ahmed IMM, Oliveri V, Vecchio G. Carnoquinolines Target Copper Dyshomeostasis, Aberrant Protein-Protein Interactions, and Oxidative Stress. Chemistry 2020; 26:16690-16705. [PMID: 32627921 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal dysregulation, oxidative stress, protein modification, and aggregation are factors strictly interrelated and associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. As such, all of these aspects represent valid targets to counteract neurodegeneration and, therefore, the development of metal-binding compounds with other properties to combat multifactorial disorders is definitely on the rise. Herein, the synthesis and in-depth analysis of the first hybrids of carnosine and 8-hydroxyquinoline, carnoquinolines (CarHQs), which combine the properties of the dipeptide with those of 8-hydroxyquinoline, are reported. CarHQs and their copper complexes were characterized through several techniques, such as ESI-MS and NMR, UV/Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. CarHQs can modulate self- and copper-induced amyloid-β aggregation. These hybrids combine the antioxidant activity of their parent compounds. Therefore, they can simultaneously scavenge free radicals and reactive carbonyl species, thanks to the phenolic group and imidazole ring. These results indicate that CarHQs are promising multifunctional candidates for neurodegenerative disorders and they are worthy of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Ida Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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26
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Probing 4-(diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde-based thiosemicarbazones as multi-target directed ligands against cholinesterases, carbonic anhydrases and α-glycosidase enzymes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104554. [PMID: 33383322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the fading of 'one drug-one target' approach, Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDL) has become a central idea in modern Medicinal Chemistry. The present study aimed to design, develop and characterize a novel series of 4-(Diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde based thiosemicarbazones (3a-p) and evaluates their biological activity against cholinesterase, carbonic anhydrases and α-glycosidase enzymes. The hCA I isoform was inhibited by these novel 4-(diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde-based thiosemicarbazones (3a-p) in low nanomolar levels, the Ki of which differed between 407.73 ± 43.71 and 1104.11 ± 80.66 nM. Against the physiologically dominant isoform hCA II, the novel compounds demonstrated Kis varying from 323.04 ± 56.88 to 991.62 ± 77.26 nM. Also, these novel 4-(diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde based thiosemicarbazones (3a-p) effectively inhibited AChE, with Ki values in the range of 121.74 ± 23.52 to 548.63 ± 73.74 nM. For BChE, Ki values were obtained with in the range of 132.85 ± 12.53 to 618.53 ± 74.23 nM. For α-glycosidase, the most effective Ki values of 3b, 3k, and 3g were with Ki values of 77.85 ± 10.64, 96.15 ± 9.64, and 124.95 ± 11.44 nM, respectively. We have identified inhibition mechanism of 3b, 3g, 3k, and 3n on α-glycosidase AChE, hCA I, hCA II, and BChE enzyme activities. Hydrazine-1-carbothioamide and hydroxybenzylidene moieties of compounds play an important role in the inhibition of AChE, hCA I, and hCA II enzymes. Hydroxybenzylidene moieties are critical for inhibition of both BChE and α-glycosidase enzymes. The findings of in vitro and in silico evaluations indicate 4-(diethylamino)-salicylaldehyde-based thiosemicarbazone scaffold to be a promising hit for drug development for multifactorial diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
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27
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Mezeiova E, Chalupova K, Nepovimova E, Gorecki L, Prchal L, Malinak D, Kuca K, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Donepezil Derivatives Targeting Amyloid-β Cascade in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:772-800. [PMID: 30819078 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190228122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing impact on society. Because currently available therapy has only a short-term effect, a huge number of novel compounds are developed every year exploiting knowledge of the various aspects of AD pathophysiology. To better address the pathological complexity of AD, one of the most extensively pursued strategies by medicinal chemists is based on Multi-target-directed Ligands (MTDLs). Donepezil is one of the currently approved drugs for AD therapy acting as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In this review, we have made an extensive literature survey focusing on donepezil-derived MTDL hybrids primarily targeting on different levels cholinesterases and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. The targeting includes direct interaction of the compounds with Aβ, AChE-induced Aβ aggregation, inhibition of BACE-1 enzyme, and modulation of biometal balance thus impeding Aβ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chalupova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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28
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Almeida CM, de Carvalho JGM, Fujimori M, França EL, Honorio-França AC, Parreira RLT, Orenha RP, Gatto CC. Structural investigation of group 10 metal complexes with thiosemicarbazone: crystal structure, mass spectrometry, Hirshfeld surface and in vitro antitumor activity. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Matesanz AI, Caballero AB, Lorenzo C, Espargaró A, Sabaté R, Quiroga AG, Gamez P. Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Amyloid-β Aggregation: Effect of Metal Coordination. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6978-6987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Matesanz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (M-07), School of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Caballero
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Lorenzo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (M-07), School of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adoración G. Quiroga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry (M-07), School of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Sahni S, Gillson J, Park KC, Chiang S, Leck LYW, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. NDRG1 suppresses basal and hypoxia-induced autophagy at both the initiation and degradation stages and sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129625. [PMID: 32335136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is an established stress-response protein. This study investigated the effects of NDRG1 on autophagic degradation and how this can be therapeutically exploited. METHODS Cell culture, western analysis, confocal microscopy, acridine orange staining, cholesterol determination, cellular proliferation assessment and combination index (CI) estimation. RESULTS NDRG1 expression suppressed autophagic degradation and autolysosome formation, measured by increased p62 expression and reduced co-localization between the well-characterized, autophagosomal and lysosomal markers, LC3 and LAMP2, respectively. NDRG1 elicited autophagic suppression at the initiation stage of autophagy. The NDRG1-inducer and anti-cancer agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4,-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), was able to induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). Over-expression of NDRG1 further sensitized cells to LMP mediated by both Dp44mT, or the redox active Dp44mT‑copper complex. This sensitization may be mediated via a decrease in cholesterol levels upon NDRG1 expression, as cholesterol stabilizes lysosomal membranes. However, the effect of NDRG1 on cholesterol appeared independent of the key energy homeostasis sensor, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), whose activation was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by NDRG1. Finally, Dp44mT synergistically potentiated the anti-proliferative activity of Gemcitabine that activates autophagy. In fact, Dp44mT and Gemcitabine (Combination Index (CI): 0.38 ± 0.07) demonstrated higher synergism versus the autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1 and Gemcitabine (CI: 0.64 ± 0.19). CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, this study demonstrated a dual-inhibitory mechanism of NDRG1 on autophagic activity, and that NDRG1 expression sensitized cells to Dp44mT-induced LMP. Considering the ability of Dp44mT to inhibit autophagy, studies demonstrated the potential of combination therapy for cancer treatment of Dp44mT with Gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Josef Gillson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shannon Chiang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Lionel Yi Wen Leck
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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31
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Ramachandran E, Gandin V, Bertani R, Sgarbossa P, Natarajan K, Bhuvanesh NSP, Venzo A, Zoleo A, Mozzon M, Dolmella A, Albinati A, Castellano C, Reis Conceição N, C. Guedes da Silva MF, Marzano C. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Novel Cu(II) Complexes of 6-Methyl-2-Oxo-1,2-Dihydroquinoline-3-Carbaldehyde-4n-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones. Molecules 2020; 25:E1868. [PMID: 32316698 PMCID: PMC7221752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde-thiosemicarbazones-N-4-substituted pro-ligands and their Cu(II) complexes (1, -NH2; 2, -NHMe; 3, -NHEt) have been prepared and characterized. In both the X-ray structures of 1 and 3, two crystallographically independent complex molecules were found that differ either in the nature of weakly metal-binding species (water in 1a and nitrate in 1b) or in the co-ligand (water in 3a and methanol in 3b). Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measurements carried out on complexes 1 and 3 confirmed the presence of such different species in the solution. The electrochemical behavior of the pro-ligands and of the complexes was investigated, as well as their biological activity. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibited a high cytotoxicity against human tumor cells and 3D spheroids derived from solid tumors, related to the high cellular uptake. Complexes 2 and 3 also showed a high selectivity towards cancerous cell lines with respect to non-cancerous cell lines and were able to circumvent cisplatin resistance. Via the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging technique, preliminary insights into the biological activity of copper complexes were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswaran Ramachandran
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.R.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
- Chemistry Research Center, National Engineering College, K. R. Nagar, Kovilpatti, Tamilnadu 628503, India
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Roberta Bertani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.R.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.R.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Karuppannan Natarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641020, India
| | | | - Alfonso Venzo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alfonso Zoleo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.V.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mirto Mozzon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.R.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Dolmella
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Alberto Albinati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Nuno Reis Conceição
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.R.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.)
| | - M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.R.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.)
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
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Ma L, Wang H, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang S, Bu M. Novel Steroidal 5α,8α-Endoperoxide Derivatives with Semicarbazone/Thiosemicarbazone Side-chain as Apoptotic Inducers through an Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway: Design, Synthesis and Biological Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051209. [PMID: 32156024 PMCID: PMC7179397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel steroidal 5α,8α-endoperoxide derivatives bearing semicarbazone (7a–g) or thiosemicarbazone (7h–k) side chain were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicities in four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and A549) using the MTT assay in vitro. The results showed that compound 7j exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 = 3.52 μM), being more potent than ergosterol peroxide. Further cellular mechanism studies in HepG2 cells indicated that compound 7j triggered the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which was associated with up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, activation levels of the caspase cascade, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The above findings indicated that compound 7j may be used as a promising skeleton for antitumor agents with improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ma
- Research Institute of Medicine & Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China;
| | - Haijun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Song Zhang
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China;
| | - Ming Bu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0452-266-3881
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Bal-Demirci T, Güveli Ş, Yeşilyurt S, Özdemir N, Ülküseven B. Thiosemicarbazone ligand, nickel(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes based on vitamin B6 vitamer: The synthesis, different coordination behaviors and antioxidant activities. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Wu Z, Palanimuthu D, Braidy N, Salikin NH, Egan S, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Novel multifunctional iron chelators of the aroyl nicotinoyl hydrazone class that markedly enhance cellular NAD + /NADH ratios. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1967-1987. [PMID: 31895471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial condition leading to cognitive decline and represents a major global health challenge in ageing populations. The lack of effective AD therapeutics led us to develop multifunctional nicotinoyl hydrazones to target several pathological characteristics of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesised 20 novel multifunctional agents based on the nicotinoyl hydrazone scaffold, which acts as a metal chelator and a lipophilic delivery vehicle, donating a NAD+ precursor to cells, to target metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio. KEY RESULTS The most promising compound, 6-methoxysalicylaldehyde nicotinoyl hydrazone (SNH6), demonstrated low cytotoxicity, potent iron (Fe)-chelation efficacy, significant inhibition of copper-mediated Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress alleviation, effective donation of NAD+ to NAD-dependent metabolic processes (PARP and sirtuin activity) and enhanced cellular NAD+ /NADH ratios, as well as significantly increased median Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan (to 1.46-fold of the control); partly decreased BACE1 expression, resulting in significantly lower soluble amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ1-40 levels; and favourable blood-brain barrier-permeation properties. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the ability of these nicotinoyl hydrazones to increase NAD+ was dependent on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the aldehyde- or ketone-derived moiety. Aldehyde-derived hydrazones containing the ONO donor set and electron-donating groups were required for NAD+ donation and low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nicotinoyl hydrazones, particularly SNH6, have the potential to act as multifunctional therapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for NAD+ precursors for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Guo Y, Yang H, Huang Z, Tian S, Li Q, Du C, Chen T, Liu Y, Sun H, Liu Z. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Dual-Target Inhibitors against Alzheimer's Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:E489. [PMID: 31979317 PMCID: PMC7038160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel compounds 6a-h, 8i-1, 10s-v, and 16a-d were synthesized and evaluated, together with the known analogs 11a-f, for their inhibitory activities towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The inhibitory activities of AChE and BChE were evaluated in vitro by Ellman method. The results show that some compounds have good inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE. Among them, compound 8i showed the strongest inhibitory effect on both AChE (eeAChE IC50 = 0.39 μM) and BChE (eqBChE IC50 = 0.28 μM). Enzyme inhibition kinetics and molecular modeling studies have shown that compound 8i bind simultaneously to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the catalytic sites (CAS) of AChE and BChE. In addition, the cytotoxicity of compound 8i is lower than that of Tacrine, indicating its potential safety as anti-Alzheimer's disease (anti-AD) agents. In summary, these data suggest that compound 8i is a promising multipotent agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Sen Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qihang Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chenxi Du
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tingkai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Alcaraz R, Muñiz P, Cavia M, Palacios Ó, Samper KG, Gil-García R, Jiménez-Pérez A, García-Tojal J, García-Girón C. Thiosemicarbazone-metal complexes exhibiting cytotoxicity in colon cancer cell lines through oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:110993. [PMID: 32088593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer and has a high incidence in developed countries. At present, specific treatments are being required to allow individualized therapy depending on the molecular alteration on which the drug may act. The aim of this project is to evaluate whether HPTSC and HPTSC* thiosemicarbazones (HPTSC = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and HPTSC* = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone), and their complexes with different transition metal ions as Cu(II), Fe(III) and Co(III), have antitumor activity in colon cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-480), that have different oncogenic characteristics. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and the involvement of oxidative stress in its mechanism of action was analyzed by quantifying the superoxide dismutase activity, redox state by quantification of the thioredoxin levels and reduced/oxidized glutathione rate and biomolecules damage. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by measurements of the levels of caspase 9 and 3 and the index of histones. All the metal-thiosemicarbazones have antitumor activity mediated by oxidative stress. The HPTSC*-Cu was the compound that showed the best antitumor and apoptotic characteristics for the cell line SW480, that is KRAS gene mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alcaraz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Pilar Muñiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Mónica Cavia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Óscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katia G Samper
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Gil-García
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos García-Girón
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Avd Islas Baleares, 3, 09006 Burgos, Spain
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Bonaccorso C, Marzo T, La Mendola D. Biological Applications of Thiocarbohydrazones and Their Metal Complexes: A Perspective Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 13:E4. [PMID: 31881715 PMCID: PMC7169414 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although organic compounds account for more than 99% of currently approved clinical drugs, the established clinical use of cisplatin in cancer or auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis have paved the way to several research initiatives to identify metal-based drugs for a wide range of human diseases. Nitrogen and sulfur donor ligands, characterized by different binding motifs, have been the subject in recent years of one of the main research areas in coordination chemistry. Among the nitrogen/sulfur compounds, very little is known about thiocarbohydrazones (TCH), the higher homologues of the well-known thiosemicarbazones (TSC), and their metal complexes. The extra hydrazine moiety provides the ligands of variable metal binding modes, structural diversity and promising biological implications. The interesting coordination chemistry of TCH has mainly been focused on symmetric derivatives, which are relatively simple to synthesize while few examples of asymmetric ligands have been reported. This informative review on TCHs and their metal complexes will be helpful for improving the design of metal-based pharmaceuticals for applications ranging from anticancer to antinfective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Bonaccorso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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The Efficacy of Iron Chelators for Removing Iron from Specific Brain Regions and the Pituitary-Ironing out the Brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030138. [PMID: 31533229 PMCID: PMC6789569 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelation therapy, either subcutaneous or orally administered, has been used successfully in various clinical conditions. The removal of excess iron from various tissues, e.g., the liver spleen, heart, and the pituitary, in beta thalassemia patients, has become an essential therapy to prolong life. More recently, the use of deferiprone to chelate iron from various brain regions in Parkinson’s Disease and Friederich’s Ataxia has yielded encouraging results, although the side effects, in <2% of Parkinson’s Disease(PD) patients, have limited its long-term use. A new class of hydroxpyridinones has recently been synthesised, which showed no adverse effects in preliminary trials. A vital question remaining is whether inflammation may influence chelation efficacy, with a recent study suggesting that high levels of inflammation may diminish the ability of the chelator to bind the excess iron.
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Yang GJ, Liu H, Ma DL, Leung CH. Rebalancing metal dyshomeostasis for Alzheimer's disease therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1159-1170. [PMID: 31486954 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative malady that is associated with the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Metal ions are critical for the development and upkeep of brain activity, but metal dyshomeostasis can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. This review highlights the association between metal dyshomeostasis and AD pathology, the feasibility of rebalancing metal homeostasis as a therapeutic strategy for AD, and a survey of current drugs that action via rebalancing metal homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the challenges that should be overcome by researchers in the future to enable the practical use of metal homeostasis rebalancing agents for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
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40
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Bingül M. Synthesis and characterisation of novel 4,6-dimethoxyindole-7- and -2-thiosemicarbazone derivatives: Biological evaluation as antioxidant and anticholinesterase candidates. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819868386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two sets of novel indole-based thiosemicarbazone systems 8a–d and 9a–d are prepared by the Schiff base condensation reaction of indole carbaldehydes 4 and 6 with a range of thiosemicarbazides 7a–d in high yields and purity. The antioxidant properties of the synthesised compounds 8a–d and 9a–d are determined by employing three different assays, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate–free radical scavenging, ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] cationic radical decolarization and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity. The anticholinesterase properties of the products are investigated by acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays. The methyl-substituted compounds 8b and 9b display the highest inhibition for the ABTS assay and absorbance values for the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay, while compound 9c shows the best activity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate assay. Moderate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase is determined in the case of compound 8b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bingül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Avcu Altiparmak E, Ozen Eroglu G, Ozcelik E, Özdemir N, Erdem Kuruca S, Arsu N, Ülküseven B, Bal‐Demirci T. The formation of a metallosupramolecular porous helicate through salicylaldehydethiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic activity, DNA binding and DFT calculations. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Avcu Altiparmak
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering FacultyIstanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa 34320 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Guneş Ozen Eroglu
- Department of Molecular MedicineAziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University 34093 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Ozcelik
- Chemistry DepartmentYildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Namık Özdemir
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of EducationOndokuz Mayıs University 55139 Samsun Turkey
| | - Serap Erdem Kuruca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineIstanbul University 34093 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nergis Arsu
- Chemistry DepartmentYildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus 34220 Esenler, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bahri Ülküseven
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering FacultyIstanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa 34320 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tulay Bal‐Demirci
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering FacultyIstanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa 34320 Istanbul Turkey
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Salem ME, Hosny M, Darweesh AF, Elwahy AHM. Synthesis of novel bis- and poly(aryldiazenylthiazoles). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1620283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa E. Salem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hosny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Darweesh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Shtyrlin YG, Petukhov AS, Strelnik AD, Shtyrlin NV, Iksanova AG, Pugachev MV, Pavelyev RS, Dzyurkevich MS, Garipov MR, Balakin KV. Chemistry of pyridoxine in drug design. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Bingul M, Şenkuytu E, Saglam MF, Boga M, Kandemir H, Sengul IF. Synthesis, photophysical and antioxidant properties of carbazole-based bis-thiosemicarbazones. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Reimerová P, Stariat J, Bavlovič Piskáčková H, Jansová H, Roh J, Kalinowski DS, Macháček M, Šimůnek T, Richardson DR, Štěrbová-Kovaříková P. Novel SPME fibers based on a plastic support for determination of plasma protein binding of thiosemicarbazone metal chelators: a case example of DpC, an anti-cancer drug that entered clinical trials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2383-2394. [PMID: 30820631 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an alternative method to dialysis and ultrafiltration for the determination of plasma protein binding (PPB) of drugs. It is particularly advantageous for complicated analytes where standard methods are not applicable. Di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC) is a lead compound of novel thiosemicarbazone anti-cancer drugs, which entered clinical trials in 2016. However, this agent exhibited non-specific binding on filtration membranes and had intrinsic chelation activity, which precluded standard PPB methods. In this study, using a simple and fast procedure, we prepared novel SPME fibers for extraction of DpC based on a metal-free, silicon string support, covered with C18 sorbent. Reproducibility of the preparation process was demonstrated by the percent relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤ 9.2% of the amount of DpC extracted from PBS by several independently prepared fibers. The SPME procedure was optimized by evaluating extraction and desorption time profiles. Suitability of the optimized protocol was verified by examining reproducibility, linearity, and recovery of DpC extracted from PBS or plasma. All samples extracted by SPME were analyzed using an optimized and validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. The developed procedure was applied to the in vitro determination of PPB of DpC at two clinically relevant concentrations (500 and 1000 ng/mL). These studies showed that DpC is highly bound to plasma proteins (PPB ≥ 88%) and this did not differ significantly between both concentrations tested. This investigation provides novel data in the applicability of SPME for the determination of PPB of chelators, as well as useful information for the clinical development of DpC. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Reimerová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Stariat
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jansová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šimůnek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030719. [PMID: 30743990 PMCID: PMC6386829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect around one billion people worldwide. They can arise from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A progressive neurodegenerative process and neuroinflammation occur, and no current therapies can prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. To date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and the discovery of new targets and novel therapies are of upmost importance. Neurodegenerative diseases, like in other age-related disorders, the progression of pathology begins many years before the onset of symptoms. Many efforts in this field have led to the conclusion that exits some similar events among these diseases that can explain why the aging brain is so vulnerable to suffer neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge about these diseases by summarizing the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes and consequences, and the proposed novel therapeutic approaches.
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Long JM, Maloney B, Rogers JT, Lahiri DK. Novel upregulation of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by microRNA-346 via targeting of APP mRNA 5'-untranslated region: Implications in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:345-363. [PMID: 30470799 PMCID: PMC6514885 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the devastating symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of the processing products of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide precursor protein (APP). APP's non-pathogenic functions include regulating intracellular iron (Fe) homeostasis. MicroRNAs are small (~ 20 nucleotides) RNA species that instill specificity to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In most cases, RISC inhibits mRNA translation through the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) sequence. By contrast, we report a novel activity of miR-346: specifically, that it targets the APP mRNA 5'-UTR to upregulate APP translation and Aβ production. This upregulation is reduced but not eliminated by knockdown of argonaute 2. The target site for miR-346 overlaps with active sites for an iron-responsive element (IRE) and an interleukin-1 (IL-1) acute box element. IREs interact with iron response protein1 (IRP1), an iron-dependent translational repressor. In primary human brain cultures, miR-346 activity required chelation of Fe. In addition, miR-346 levels are altered in late-Braak stage AD. Thus, miR-346 plays a role in upregulation of APP in the CNS and participates in maintaining APP regulation of Fe, which is disrupted in late stages of AD. Further work will be necessary to integrate other metals, and IL-1 into the Fe-miR-346 activity network. We, thus, propose a "FeAR" (Fe, APP, RNA) nexus in the APP 5'-UTR that includes an overlapping miR-346-binding site and the APP IRE. When a "healthy FeAR" exists, activities of miR-346 and IRP/Fe interact to maintain APP homeostasis. Disruption of an element that targets the FeAR nexus would lead to pathogenic disruption of APP translation and protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Long
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bryan Maloney
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jack T. Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Jin J, Hu J, Qin Y, Zhang J, Zhao J, Yue L, Hou H. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of a thiourea tripyridyl dinuclear Cu(ii) complex. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03371h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The framework of the copper complex and its biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Jiyong Hu
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan 467036
- China
| | - Yue Qin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan 467036
- China
| | - Junshuai Zhang
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan 467036
- China
| | - Jin’an Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan 467036
- China
| | - Liang Yue
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Pingdingshan 467036
- China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
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Nnah IC, Wessling-Resnick M. Brain Iron Homeostasis: A Focus on Microglial Iron. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040129. [PMID: 30477086 PMCID: PMC6316365 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element required for important brain functions including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Disruptions in brain iron homeostasis underlie many neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that accumulation of brain iron and chronic neuroinflammation, characterized by microglia activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, are hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’ s disease. While substantial efforts have led to an increased understanding of iron metabolism and the role of microglial cells in neuroinflammation, important questions still remain unanswered. Whether or not increased brain iron augments the inflammatory responses of microglial cells, including the molecular cues that guide such responses, is still unclear. How these brain macrophages accumulate, store, and utilize intracellular iron to carry out their various functions under normal and disease conditions is incompletely understood. Here, we describe the known and emerging mechanisms involved in microglial cell iron transport and metabolism as well as inflammatory responses in the brain, with a focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel C Nnah
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sharma A, Pachauri V, Flora SJS. Advances in Multi-Functional Ligands and the Need for Metal-Related Pharmacology for the Management of Alzheimer Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1247. [PMID: 30498443 PMCID: PMC6249274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the age linked neurodegenerative disorder with no disease modifying therapy currently available. The available therapy only offers short term symptomatic relief. Several hypotheses have been suggested for the pathogenesis of the disease while the molecules developed as possible therapeutic agent in the last decade, largely failed in the clinical trials. Several factors like tau protein hyperphosphorylation, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation, decline in acetyl cholinesterase and oxidative stress might be contributing toward the pathogenesis of AD. Additionally, biometals dyshomeostasis (Iron, Copper, and Zinc) in the brain are also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, targeting these metal ions may be an effective strategy for the development of a drug to treat AD. Chelation therapy is currently employed for the metal intoxication but we lack a safe and effective chelating agents with additional biological properties for their possible use as multi target directed ligands for a complex disease like AD. Chelating agents possess the ability to disaggregate Aβ aggregation, dissolve amyloid plaques, and delay the cognitive impairment. Thus there is an urgent need to develop disease modifying therapeutic molecules with multiple beneficial features like targeting more than one factor responsible of the disease. These molecules, as disease modifying therapeutic agents for AD, should possess the potential to inhibit Aβ-metal interactions, the formation of toxic Aβ aggregates; and the capacity to reinstate metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Vidhu Pachauri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - S J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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