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Yin J, Kang Y, McGrath AP, Chapman K, Sjodt M, Kimura E, Okabe A, Koike T, Miyanohana Y, Shimizu Y, Rallabandi R, Lian P, Bai X, Flinspach M, De Brabander JK, Rosenbaum DM. Molecular mechanism of the wake-promoting agent TAK-925. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2902. [PMID: 35614071 PMCID: PMC9133036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The OX2 orexin receptor (OX2R) is a highly expressed G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in the brain that regulates wakefulness and circadian rhythms in humans. Antagonism of OX2R is a proven therapeutic strategy for insomnia drugs, and agonism of OX2R is a potentially powerful approach for narcolepsy type 1, which is characterized by the death of orexinergic neurons. Until recently, agonism of OX2R had been considered 'undruggable.' We harness cryo-electron microscopy of OX2R-G protein complexes to determine how the first clinically tested OX2R agonist TAK-925 can activate OX2R in a highly selective manner. Two structures of TAK-925-bound OX2R with either a Gq mimetic or Gi reveal that TAK-925 binds at the same site occupied by antagonists, yet interacts with the transmembrane helices to trigger activating microswitches. Our structural and mutagenesis data show that TAK-925's selectivity is mediated by subtle differences between OX1 and OX2 receptor subtypes at the orthosteric pocket. Finally, differences in the polarity of interactions at the G protein binding interfaces help to rationalize OX2R's coupling selectivity for Gq signaling. The mechanisms of TAK-925's binding, activation, and selectivity presented herein will aid in understanding the efficacy of small molecule OX2R agonists for narcolepsy and other circadian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, No. 26 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Aaron P McGrath
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Megan Sjodt
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Eiji Kimura
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Okabe
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Koike
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyanohana
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rameshu Rallabandi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Peng Lian
- BioHPC at the Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mack Flinspach
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Coleman P, de Lecea L, Gotter A, Hagan J, Hoyer D, Kilduff T, Kukkonen JP, Porter R, Renger J, Siegel JM, Sutcliffe G, Upton N, Winrow CJ. Orexin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3. IUPHAR/BPS GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY CITE 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34927075 DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/f51/2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [42]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [109]. Currently the only orexin receptor ligands in clinical use are suvorexant and lemborexant, which are used as hypnotics. Orexin receptor crystal structures have been solved [134, 133, 54, 117, 46].
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3
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Karhu L, Magarkar A, Bunker A, Xhaard H. Determinants of Orexin Receptor Binding and Activation-A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2609-2622. [PMID: 30786708 PMCID: PMC6727383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
assess the stability of two previously suggested binding modes
for the neuropeptide orexin-A in the OX2 receptor through
extensive molecular dynamics simulations. As the activation determinants
of the receptor remain unknown, we simulated an unliganded receptor
and two small-molecular ligands, the antagonist suvorexant and the
agonist Nag26 for comparison. Each system was simulated in pure POPC
membrane as well as in the 25% cholesterol–POPC membrane. In
total, we carried out 36 μs of simulations. Through this set
of simulations, we report a stable binding mode for the C-terminus
of orexin-A. In addition, we suggest interactions that would promote
orexin receptor activation, as well as others that would stabilize
the inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Karhu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Aniket Magarkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56 , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56 , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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4
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Bai Q, Pérez-Sánchez H, Shi Z, Li L, Shi D, Liu H, Yao X. Computational studies on horseshoe shape pocket of human orexin receptor type 2 and boat conformation of suvorexant by molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1221-1231. [PMID: 29450984 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The FDA approved drug suvorexant binds to the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2 R with the boat conformation. The horseshoe shape pocket plays an important role on the biological activity of OX2 R in the cell membrane. To study the binding mechanism between the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2 R and boat conformation of suvorexant, the crystal structures of wild type and N324A mutant of OX2 R in complex with antagonist suvorexant are chosen to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, QM/MM, and MMGBSA calculations. By comparison with the wild type of OX2 R, the results show the 1,2,3-triazole and p-toluamide groups of suvorexant are changed in the N324A mutant of OX2 R during 200 ns MD simulations. The QM/MM and weak interaction analysis are employed to calculate the non-covalent bonds interaction between suvorexant and key residues in the wild type and N324A mutant of OX2 R. The MMGBSA calculations indicate the entropy energy is an important influence factor for suvorexant affinity in the distorted horseshoe shape pocket of OX2 R. Our results not only show the horseshoe shape pocket of OX2 R is the necessary conformation for the binding of antagonist suvorexant, but also give the important sites and structural features for antagonist design of OX2 R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Bai
- Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Computer Science Department, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Zhuoyu Shi
- Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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5
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Cataldi NI, Lux-Lantos VA, Libertun C. Perinatal programming of the orexinergic (hypocretinergic) system in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary by testosterone. Peptides 2018; 99:117-127. [PMID: 28442349 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orexins A/B derived from hypothalamic prepro-orexin (PPO) are agonists for orexin receptors 1 (OX1) and 2 (OX2). Previously, we showed clear sex differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal orexinergic system in adult rodents. Here, we studied the effect of sexual brain differentiation on the orexinergic system in neuroendocrine structures regulating reproduction. We evaluated: a: proestrous and neonatally androgenized female rats; b: adult males, untreated or gonadectomized in adulthood and injected with oil or estradiol and progesterone (E2/P4); c: control and demasculinized males (perinatally treated with flutamide and later castration) injected either with oil or E2/P4 in adulthood. Rats were sacrificed at 12:00 and 18:00h; blood samples and brains were collected. Hormones were measured using radioimmunoassay. PPO, OX1 and OX2 mRNAs were quantified by qPCR in medial basal hypothalamus, anterior hypothalamus, adenohypophysis, and cortex. Western blots for OX1 were done in the same structures. In normal females, gonadotropins surged at 18:00h coinciding with significant elevations of PPO, OX1 and OX2 mRNAs and OX1 protein in hypothalamus and pituitary; no increases were observed at noon. Afternoon changes were absent in masculinized females. Demasculinized males when treated with E2/P4 showed high PPO, OX1 and OX2 mRNAs and OX1 protein expression in hypothalamus and pituitary at 12:00 and 18:00h compared vehicle-treated controls. The same steroid treatment was ineffective in males with normal brain masculinization. Here we show that neonatal testosterone shapes the sexual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary orexinergic system in synchronicity to establishing the brain sex differences of the reproductive axis. The female brain controls gonadotropin surges and concurrent elevations of all studied components of the orexinergic system, suggesting its participation as a possible link between food intake, behavior and hormonal control of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Libertun
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Crystal Structures of Human Orexin 2 Receptor Bound to the Subtype-Selective Antagonist EMPA. Structure 2018; 26:7-19.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Thompson MD, Sakurai T, Rainero I, Maj MC, Kukkonen JP. Orexin Receptor Multimerization versus Functional Interactions: Neuropharmacological Implications for Opioid and Cannabinoid Signalling and Pharmacogenetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040079. [PMID: 28991183 PMCID: PMC5748636 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are neuropeptides formed by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor peptide, which are produced by neurons found in the lateral hypothalamus. The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for these ligands, the OX₁ and OX₂ orexin receptors, are more widely expressed throughout the central nervous system. The orexin/hypocretin system has been implicated in many pathways, and its dysregulation is under investigation in a number of diseases. Disorders in which orexinergic mechanisms are being investigated include narcolepsy, idiopathic sleep disorders, cluster headache and migraine. Human narcolepsy has been associated with orexin deficiency; however, it has only rarely been attributed to mutations in the gene encoding the precursor peptide. While gene variations within the canine OX₂ gene hcrtr2 have been directly linked with narcolepsy, the majority of human orexin receptor variants are weakly associated with diseases (the idiopathic sleep disorders, cluster headache and polydipsia-hyponatremia in schizophrenia) or are of potential pharmacogenetic significance. Evidence for functional interactions and/or heterodimerization between wild-type and variant orexin receptors and opioid and cannabinoid receptors is discussed in the context of its relevance to depression and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego 92093, CA, USA.
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8620, Japan.
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Torino 10124, Italy.
| | - Mary C Maj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Saint George's University, Saint George's 11739, Grenada.
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 11739, Finland.
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland.
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8
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Haghparast A, Fatahi Z, Arezoomandan R, Karimi S, Taslimi Z, Zarrabian S. Functional roles of orexin/hypocretin receptors in reward circuit. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:139-154. [PMID: 29054286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in 1998, it has become clear that the orexinergic system plays an important role in regulating a number of functions including food, sex, social connections, and most prominently reward-related behaviors. Orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project extensively to other brain areas, two most important of which are the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens that are involved in reward processing. In this review, we have presented the work in our laboratory along with the work of others and have discussed the possible functions we can infer from the research. We discuss the anatomy of the orexinergic system and its components followed by a presentation of other connected brain areas. The second part of this review discusses observed results from the morphine conditioned place preference test that sheds light on the possible role of the involved areas in reward processing. The complex circuits involved in reward processing are only beginning to be understood and we need to deepen our understanding regarding the nature of the interactions between all brain areas involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Arezoomandan
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Abstract
The human orexin/hypocretin receptors (hOX1R and hOX2R) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the diverse functions of the orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides. Orexins/hypocretins produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus stimulate their cognate GPCRs in multiple regions of the central nervous system to control sleep and arousal, circadian rhythms, metabolism, reward pathways, and other behaviors. Dysfunction of orexin/hypocretin signaling is associated with human disease, and the receptors are active targets in a number of therapeutic areas. To better understand the molecular mechanism of the orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides, high-resolution three-dimensional structures of hOX1R and hOX2R are critical. We have solved high-resolution crystal structures of both human orexin/hypocretin receptors bound to high-affinity antagonists. These atomic structures have elucidated how different small molecule antagonists bind with high potency and selectivity, and have also provided clues as to how the native ligands may associate with their receptors. The orexin/hypocretin receptor coordinates, now available to the broader academic and drug discovery community, will facilitate rational design of new therapeutics that modulate orexin/hypocretin signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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10
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Turku A, Borrel A, Leino TO, Karhu L, Kukkonen JP, Xhaard H. Pharmacophore Model To Discover OX1 and OX2 Orexin Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8263-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ainoleena Turku
- Faculty of Pharmacy,
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Faculty of Pharmacy,
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo O. Leino
- Faculty of Pharmacy,
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Karhu
- Faculty of Pharmacy,
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P. Kukkonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Faculty of Pharmacy,
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Heidmann B, Gatfield J, Roch C, Treiber A, Tortoioli S, Brotschi C, Williams JT, Bolli MH, Abele S, Sifferlen T, Jenck F, Boss C. Discovery of Highly Potent Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists via a Scaffold-Hopping Approach. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2132-2146. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibia Heidmann
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Simone Tortoioli
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Jodi T. Williams
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Stefan Abele
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - François Jenck
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development; Gewerbestrasse 16 4123 Allschwil Switzerland
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12
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Yin J, Babaoglu K, Brautigam CA, Clark L, Shao Z, Scheuermann TH, Harrell CM, Gotter AL, Roecker AJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ, Rosenbaum DM. Structure and ligand-binding mechanism of the human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:293-9. [PMID: 26950369 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orexin (also known as hypocretin) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate sleep and other behavioral functions in mammals, and are therapeutic targets for sleep and wake disorders. The human receptors hOX1R and hOX2R, which are 64% identical in sequence, have overlapping but distinct physiological functions and potential therapeutic profiles. We determined structures of hOX1R bound to the OX1R-selective antagonist SB-674042 and the dual antagonist suvorexant at 2.8-Å and 2.75-Å resolution, respectively, and used molecular modeling to illuminate mechanisms of antagonist subtype selectivity between hOX1R and hOX2R. The hOX1R structures also reveal a conserved amphipathic α-helix, in the extracellular N-terminal region, that interacts with orexin-A and is essential for high-potency neuropeptide activation at both receptors. The orexin-receptor crystal structures are valuable tools for the design and development of selective orexin-receptor antagonists and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay Clark
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas H Scheuermann
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles M Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Karhu L, Turku A, Xhaard H. Modeling of the OX1R-orexin-A complex suggests two alternative binding modes. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:9. [PMID: 25957175 PMCID: PMC4469407 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-015-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Interactions between the orexin peptides and their cognate OX1 and OX2 receptors remain poorly characterized. Site-directed mutagenesis studies on orexin peptides and receptors have indicated amino acids important for ligand binding and receptor activation. However, a better understanding of specific pairwise interactions would benefit small molecule discovery. Results We constructed a set of three-dimensional models of the orexin 1 receptor based on the 3D-structures of the orexin 2 receptor (released while this manuscript was under review), neurotensin receptor 1 and chemokine receptor CXCR4, conducted an exhaustive docking of orexin-A16–33 peptide fragment with ZDOCK and RDOCK, and analyzed a total of 4301 complexes through multidimensional scaling and clustering. The best docking poses reveal two alternative binding modes, where the C-terminus of the peptide lies deep in the binding pocket, on average about 5–6 Å above Tyr6.48 and close to Gln3.32. The binding modes differ in the about 100° rotation of the peptide; the peptide His26 faces either the receptor’s fifth transmembrane helix or the seventh helix. Both binding modes are well in line with previous mutation studies and partake in hydrogen bonding similar to suvorexant. Conclusions We present two binding modes for orexin-A into orexin 1 receptor, which help rationalize previous results from site-directed mutagenesis studies. The binding modes should serve small molecule discovery, and offer insights into the mechanism of receptor activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-015-0036-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Karhu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Crystal structure of the human OX2 orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant. Nature 2014; 519:247-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Thompson MD, Xhaard H, Sakurai T, Rainero I, Kukkonen JP. OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor pharmacogenetics. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:57. [PMID: 24834023 PMCID: PMC4018553 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin peptide mutations are rare in humans. Even though human narcolepsy is associated with orexin deficiency, this is only extremely rarely due to mutations in the gene coding prepro-orexin, the precursor for both orexin peptides. In contrast, coding and non-coding variants of the OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors have been identified in many human populations; sometimes, these have been associated with disease phenotype, although most confer a relatively low risk. In most cases, these studies have been based on a candidate gene hypothesis that predicts the involvement of orexins in the relevant pathophysiological processes. In the current review, the known human OX1/HCRTR1 and OX2/HCRTR2 genetic variants/polymorphisms as well as studies concerning their involvement in disorders such as narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness, cluster headache, polydipsia-hyponatremia in schizophrenia, and affective disorders are discussed. In most cases, the functional cellular or pharmacological correlates of orexin variants have not been investigated—with the exception of the possible impact of an amino acid 10 Pro/Ser variant of OX2 on orexin potency—leaving conclusions on the nature of the receptor variant effects speculative. Nevertheless, we present perspectives that could shape the basis for further studies. The pharmacology and other properties of the orexin receptor variants are discussed in the context of GPCR signaling. Since orexinergic therapeutics are emerging, the impact of receptor variants on the affinity or potency of ligands deserves consideration. This perspective (pharmacogenetics) is also discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- University of Toronto Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Orexin A and B in vitro modify orexins receptors expression and gonadotropins secretion of anterior pituitary cells of proestrous rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 188:25-30. [PMID: 24333629 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Orexin A and orexin B (hypocretins) are neuropeptides synthesized mainly by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus and projections throughout the brain. They are agonists at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2G protein-coupled receptors. They have been related to arousal, sleep and feeding, autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Their role in the brain control of gonadotropins secretion was postulated in rodents and humans. Previously, we demonstrated the participation of the orexinergic system in attaining successful reproduction in in vivo studies. METHODS We studied in vitro the effects of both neuropeptides, in the presence or absence of selective antagonists, on the mRNA expression of orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors in anterior pituitary cells of proestrous rats, as well as the direct effects on FSH and LH secretion. RESULTS Both orexin A and orexin B increased FSH and LH secretion; these effects were suppressed by the orexin 1 receptor blocking agent SB-334867 and the orexin 2 receptor antagonists JNJ-10397049. Orexin A and orexin B decreased OX1 receptor mRNA expression and this effect was modified only when both blocking agents were present. Neither orexin A nor the blocking drugs by themselves modified OX2 receptor mRNA expression. Orexin B treatment increased the mRNA expression of OX2 receptor. The effect was abolished only by the OX2 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSION In an in vitro model, we demonstrated a direct effect of orexins on gonadotropins release and orexins receptors expression, underlining the hypothesis that orexins participate in the brain control of pituitary functions.
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Xu TR, Yang Y, Ward R, Gao L, Liu Y. Orexin receptors: Multi-functional therapeutic targets for sleeping disorders, eating disorders, drug addiction, cancers and other physiological disorders. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Lebold TP, Bonaventure P, Shireman BT. Selective orexin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4761-9. [PMID: 23891187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The orexin, or hypocretin, neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) are produced on neurons in the hypothalamus which project to key areas of the brain that control sleep-wake states, modulation of food intake, panic, anxiety, emotion, reward and addictive behaviors. These neuropeptides exert their effects on a pair of G-protein coupled receptors termed the orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptors. Emerging biology suggests the involvement of these receptors in psychiatric disorders as they are thought to play a key role in the regulation of multiple systems. This review is intended to highlight key selective OX1 or OX2 small-molecule antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry P Lebold
- Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Kukkonen JP. Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C2-32. [PMID: 23034387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexins and their G protein-coupled receptors, OX(1) and OX(2), were discovered in 1998, and since then, their role has been investigated in many functions mediated by the central nervous system, including sleep and wakefulness, appetite/metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. Orexins also have peripheral actions of less clear physiological significance still. Cellular responses to the orexin receptor activity are highly diverse. The receptors couple to at least three families of heterotrimeric G proteins and other proteins that ultimately regulate entities such as phospholipases and kinases, which impact on neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. This article is a 10-year update of my previous review on the physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system. I seek to provide a comprehensive update of orexin physiology that spans from the molecular players in orexin receptor signaling to the systemic responses yet emphasizing the cellular physiological aspects of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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Gotter AL, Webber AL, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVI. Orexin Receptor Function, Nomenclature and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:389-420. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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21
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Effects of orexins A and B on expression of orexin receptors and progesterone release in luteal and granulosa ovarian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 178:56-63. [PMID: 22749989 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B are neuropeptides controlling sleep-wakefulness, feeding and neuroendocrine functions via their G protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1R and orexin-2R. They are synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and project throughout the brain. Orexins and orexin receptors have also been described outside the brain. Previously we demonstrated the presence of both receptors in the ovary, their increased expression during proestrous afternoon and the dependence on the gonadotropins. Here we studied the effects of orexins on the mRNA expression of both receptors, by quantitative real-time PCR, on luteal cells from superovulated rat ovaries and granulosa cells from diethylstilbestrol-treated rat ovaries. Effects on progesterone secretion were also measured. In luteal cells, 1 nM of either orexin-A or orexin-B decreased progesterone secretion. Orexin-A treatment increased expression of both orexin-1R and orexin-2R mRNA. The effect on orexin-1R mRNA expression was abolished by an orexin-1R selective receptor antagonist SB-334867 and the effect on orexin-2R mRNA expression was abolished by a selective orexin-2R antagonist JNJ-10397049. Orexin-B did not modify orexin-1R mRNA expression, but increased orexin-2R mRNA expression. The effect of orexin-B on orexin-2R was abolished by a selective orexin-2R antagonist. Neither the expression of orexin receptors nor progesterone secretions by granulosa cells were affected by orexins. FSH, as positive control, increased both steroid hormones secretion, but did not induce the expression of OX receptors in granulosa cells isolated from late preantral/early antral follicles. Finally in ovaries obtained immediately after sacrifice, the expression of orexin-1R and orexin-2R was higher in superovulated rat ovaries compared to control or diethylstilbestrol treated rat ovaries. A selective presence and function of both orexinergic receptors in luteal and granulosa cells is described, suggesting that the orexinergic system may have a functional role in the ovary.
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Heifetz A, Morris GB, Biggin PC, Barker O, Fryatt T, Bentley J, Hallett D, Manikowski D, Pal S, Reifegerste R, Slack M, Law R. Study of Human Orexin-1 and -2 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors with Novel and Published Antagonists by Modeling, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3178-97. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - G. Benjamin Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Barker
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Fryatt
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bentley
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Hallett
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sandeep Pal
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Reifegerste
- Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Slack
- Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Law
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
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Putula J, Kukkonen JP. Mapping of the binding sites for the OX1 orexin receptor antagonist, SB-334867, using orexin/hypocretin receptor chimaeras. Neurosci Lett 2012; 506:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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