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Li J, Chen D, Suo J, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Deng Z, Zhang Q, Ma B. Triptolide induced spermatogenesis dysfunction via ferroptosis activation by promoting K63-linked GPX4 polyubiquitination in spermatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 399:111130. [PMID: 38960301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is a major bioactive compound derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TwHF) known for its medicinal properties, but it also exhibits potential toxic effects. It has been demonstrated to induce severe male reproductive toxicity, yet the precise mechanism behind this remains unclear, which limits its broad clinical application. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying testicular damage and spermatogenesis dysfunction induced by TP in mice, using both mouse models and the spermatocyte-derived cell line GC-2spd. In the present study, it was found that TP displayed significant testicular microstructure damaged and spermatogenesis defects including lower concentration and abnormal morphology by promoting ROS formation, MDA production and restraining GSH level, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression in vivo. Furthermore, Ferrostatin-1 (FER-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, was found to significantly reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, alleviate testicular microstructural damage, and enhance spermatogenic function in mice. Besides, notably decreased cell viability, collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated DNA damage were observed in vitro. The above-mentioned phenomenon could be reversed by pre-treatment of FER-1, indicating that ferroptosis participated in the TP-mediated spermatogenesis dysfunction. Mechanistically, TP could enhance GPX4 ubiquitin degradation via triggering K63-linked polyubiquitination of GPX4, thereby stimulating ferroptosis in spermatocytes. Functionally, GPX4 deletion intensified ferroptosis and exacerbated DNA damage in GC-2 cells, while GPX4 overexpression mitigated ferroptosis induced by TP. Overall, these findings for the first time indicated a vital role of ferroptosis in TP induced-testicular injury and spermatogenic dysfunction through promoting GPX4 K63-linked polyubiquitination, which hopefully offers a potential therapeutic avenue for TP-related male reproductive damage. In addition, this study also provides a theoretical foundation for the improved clinical application of TP or TwHF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Suo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhewen Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Jacoblinnert K, Reilly M, Da Costa R, Schenke D, Jacob J. Effects of an Anti-Fertility Product on Reproductive Structures of Common Vole Males and Residues of Compounds. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:450. [PMID: 38927330 PMCID: PMC11200569 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Some rodent species cause significant damage to agriculture and forestry, and some can transmit pathogens to humans and livestock. The common vole (Microtus arvalis) is widespread in Europe, and its population outbreaks have resulted in massive crop loss. Bait-based fertility control could contribute to rodent pest management. Bait containing 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide (TP), registered as ContraPest®, was delivered to male common voles for 14 or 28 consecutive days. The effects on reproductive structures and residues in the liver and testes were assessed. There was no effect on testis weight, sperm viability, sperm motility and oxidative stress in sperm cells. Results regarding the mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm, DNA fragmentation and progressively motile sperm cells were inconclusive. However, there was an increase in morphological sperm defects in voles treated for 14/28 days and fewer normal sperm cells in voles treated for 28 days. There were no TP residues in the testes, few and low TP residues and no VCD residues in liver tissues, making considerable secondary exposure to non-target species unlikely. Treatments with VCD + TP seemed to have minor effects on the reproductive organs of males. Further studies should evaluate the effect of VCD + TP on females and on the reproductive success of common voles and other pest rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Jacoblinnert
- Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics—Rodent Research, 48161 Muenster, Germany (J.J.)
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Marion Reilly
- Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics—Rodent Research, 48161 Muenster, Germany (J.J.)
| | - Raul Da Costa
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Detlef Schenke
- Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jens Jacob
- Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics—Rodent Research, 48161 Muenster, Germany (J.J.)
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Shan Y, Zhao J, Wei K, Jiang P, Xu L, Chang C, Xu L, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Bian Y, Zhou M, Schrodi SJ, Guo S, He D. A comprehensive review of Tripterygium wilfordii hook. f. in the treatment of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases: Bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1282610. [PMID: 38027004 PMCID: PMC10646552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic and autoimmune diseases are a group of immune system-related disorders wherein the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's tissues and organs. This excessive immune response leads to inflammation, tissue damage, and functional impairment. Therapeutic approaches typically involve medications that regulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and target specific damaged organs. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has been widely studied in recent years for its application in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Numerous studies have shown that preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and immunosuppressive effects, which effectively improve the symptoms and quality of life of patients with autoimmune diseases, whereas the active metabolites of T. wilfordii have been demonstrated to inhibit immune cell activation, regulate the production of inflammatory factors, and modulate the immune system. However, although these effects contribute to reductions in inflammatory responses and the suppression of autoimmune reactions, as well as minimize tissue and organ damage, the underlying mechanisms of action require further investigation. Moreover, despite the efficacy of T. wilfordii in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, its toxicity and side effects, including its potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, warrant a thorough assessment. Furthermore, to maximize the therapeutic benefits of this plant in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and enable more patients to utilize these benefits, efforts should be made to strengthen the regulation and standardized use of T. wilfordii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Bian
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kurbel S. Jerne's "immune network theory", of interacting anti-idiotypic antibodies applied to immune responses during COVID-19 infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300071. [PMID: 37300287 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Niels Kaj Jerne has proposed the "immune network theory" of interactions among anti-idiotypic antibodies, able to interfere with humoral responses to certain antigens. After the occurrence of the primary generation of antibodies, against an antigenic epitope, idiotypes of these antibodies induce anti-idiotypic antibodies that modulate the intensity of the first response, and so on. Adverse effects following SARS-COV-2 COVID-19 vaccines are occasionally similar to the symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Rare events linked to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines also resemble some rarely reported COVID-19 complications. Safety data from product information by European Medicines Agency suggest that spectra do overlap for four main vaccines. The proposition is that vaccine events and COVID-19 complications are related to anti-idiotypic antibodies whose spatial shape can lead to interactions with ACE2 molecules, in individuals with a prolonged Spike protein synthesis. The vaccines target cells by their affinity to the vaccine vector, or to engulf lipid nanoparticles. Anti-idiotypic antibodies shaped similarly to the Spike protein possibly interact with ACE2 molecules and cause diverse signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kurbel
- Medical Faculty, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula, Croatia
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AbdulHussein AH, Al-Taee MM, Radih ZA, Aljuboory DS, Mohammed ZQ, Hashesh TS, Riadi Y, Hadrawi SK, Najafi M. Mechanisms of cancer cell death induction by triptolide. Biofactors 2023; 49:718-735. [PMID: 36876465 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a hot topic issue in cancer research and therapy. Although cancer therapy including radiotherapy and anti-cancer drugs can kill malignant cells within the tumor, cancer cells can develop a wide range of mechanisms to resist the toxic effects of anti-cancer agents. Cancer cells may provide some mechanisms to resist oxidative stress and escape from apoptosis and attack by the immune system. Furthermore, cancer cells may resist senescence, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death by modulating several critical genes. The development of these mechanisms leads to resistance to anti-cancer drugs and also radiotherapy. Resistance to therapy can increase mortality and reduce survival following cancer therapy. Thus, overcoming mechanisms of resistance to cell death in malignant cells can facilitate tumor elimination and increase the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy. Natural-derived molecules are intriguing agents that may be suggested to be used as an adjuvant in combination with other anticancer drugs or radiotherapy to sensitize cancer cells to therapy with at least side effects. This paper aims to review the potential of triptolide for inducing various types of cell death in cancer cells. We review the induction or resistance to different cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagic cell death, senescence, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis following the administration of triptolide. We also review the safety and future perspectives for triptolide and its derivatives in experimental and human studies. The anticancer potential of triptolide and its derivatives may make them effective adjuvants for enhancing tumor suppression in combination with anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yassine Riadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salema K Hadrawi
- Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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6
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Hou Z, Yan M, Li H, Wang W, You S, Wang M, Du T, Gong H, Li W, Guo L, Wei S, Zhang B, Ji M, Chen X. Variable p53/Nrf2 crosstalk contributes to triptolide-induced hepatotoxic process. Toxicol Lett 2023; 379:67-75. [PMID: 36990132 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the potential mechanism of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. We found a novel and variable role of p53/Nrf2 crosstalk in triptolide-induced hepatotoxic process. Low doses of triptolide led to adaptive stress response without obvious toxicity, while high levels of triptolide caused severe adversity. Correspondingly, at the lower levels of triptolide treatment, nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as its downstream efflux transporters multidrug resistance proteins and bile salt export pump expressions were significantly enhanced, so did p53 pathways that also increased; at a toxic concentration, total and nuclear accumulations of Nrf2 decreased, while p53 showed an obvious nuclear translocation. Further studies showed the cross-regulation between p53 and Nrf2 after different concentrations of triptolide treatment. Under mild stress conditions, Nrf2 induced p53 highly expression to maintain the pro-survival outcome, while p53 showed no obvious effect on Nrf2 expression and transcriptional activity. Under high stress conditions, the remaining Nrf2 as well as the largely induced p53 mutually inhibited each other, leading to a hepatotoxic result. Nrf2 and p53 could physically and dynamically interact. Low levels of triptolide enhanced the interaction between Nrf2 and p53. Reversely, p53/Nrf2 complex dissociated at high levels of triptolide treatment. Altogether, variable p53/Nrf2 crosstalk contributes to triptolide-induced self-protection and hepatotoxicity, by modulating which may be a potential strategy for triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity intervention.
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7
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Wen W, Guo P, Xue HY, Lun Wong H. Development of local injectable, bone-targeting nanocarriers of triptolide for treatment of bone-only metastasis. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122092. [PMID: 35985525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is known for its diverse pharmacological activities but also its delivery and toxicity issues. This study aimed at exploiting TP's anticancer effects at lower risk of systemic toxicity by developing local-injectable "bone-targeting TP nanoparticle" (TPN) for bone-only metastasis treatment. The lipid/oil-based TPNs decorated with alendronate (ALE) achieved size of 70.4-111.2 nm with good dispersion stability. The drug encapsulation efficiency reached 97 % and drug release profiles were in biphasic, controlled manner lasting for 5 days in medium with serum proteins and calcium. TPNs were more cytotoxic than free TP against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (IC50: 16.40 ± 0.80 nM vs 25.45 ± 1.83 nM, P < 0.05) but less cytotoxic against MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (P < 0.05). When combined with paclitaxel or docetaxel, low dose TPN (containing 10 nM) significantly increased the effectiveness of the two chemotherapy drugs against MDA-MB-231 (IC50 values decreased from 7.3 nM to 2.5 nM for docetaxel; from 4.6 nM to 1.1 nM), indicating potent chemosensitization effects. Retardation of in vitro cancer cell migration by TPN was also observed in the standard scratch assay. ALE decoration significantly enhanced the TPN affinity for both calcium hydroxyapatite and porcine bone chip models, which led to enhancement in TP retention in the bones up to 8.1-fold versus free drug. Overall, TPN demonstrated good potential as a local-injectable, bone-targeted nanotherapy tailored for eradication of bone-only metastasis at reduced risk of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wucheng Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Pengbo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ho Lun Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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8
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Hu Y, Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhou H, Yang T. The molecular pathogenesis of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979307. [PMID: 36091841 PMCID: PMC9449346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major pharmacologically active ingredient and toxic component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. However, its clinical potential is limited by a narrow therapeutic window and multiple organ toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, TP-induced hepatotoxicity shows significant inter-individual variability. Over the past few decades, research has been devoted to the study of TP-induced hepatotoxicity and its mechanism. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity. Studies have demonstrated that TP-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with CYP450s, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), oxidative stress, excessive autophagy, apoptosis, metabolic disorders, immunity, and the gut microbiota. These new findings provide a comprehensive understanding of TP-induced hepatotoxicity and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yang, ; Hua Zhou,
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yang, ; Hua Zhou,
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9
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Zhu D, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Xie M, Li J, Yao S, Li M, Lou Z, Cai Y, Sun X. Mechanochemical preparation of triptolide-loaded self-micelle solid dispersion with enhanced oral bioavailability and improved anti-tumor activity. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1398-1408. [PMID: 35532137 PMCID: PMC9090408 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2069879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a compound isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb, possesses potent anti-tumor, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory properties, but was clinically limited due to its poor solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity. Considering the environment-friendly, low-cost mechanochemical techniques and potential dissolution enhancement ability of Na2GA, an amorphous solid dispersion (Na2GA&TP-BM) consisting of TP and Na2GA were well-prepared to address these issues. The performance of Na2GA&TP-BM was improved through ball milling, such as from crystalline state to an amorphous solid dispersion, suitable nano micelle size and surface potential, and increased solubility. This change had a significant improvement of pharmacokinetic behavior in mice and could be able to extend the blood circulation time of the antitumor drug. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor study showed that Na2GA&TP-BM displayed more potent cytotoxicity to tumor cells. The work illustrated an environment-friendly and safe preparation of the TP formulation, which was promising to enhance the oral bioavailability and antitumor ability of TP, might be considered for efficient anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabu Zhu
- First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Xie
- First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shen Yao
- First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuanrong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Sun R, Dai J, Ling M, Yu L, Yu Z, Tang L. Delivery of triptolide: a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:194. [PMID: 35443712 PMCID: PMC9020428 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural product with various biological activities, triptolide (TP) has been reported in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-autoimmune studies. However, the narrow therapeutic window, poor water solubility, and fast metabolism limit its wide clinical application. To reduce its adverse effects and enhance its efficacy, research and design of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) based on nanomaterials is one of the most viable strategies at present. This review summarizes the reports and studies of TDDS combined with TP in recent years, including passive and active targeting of drug delivery systems, and specific delivery system strategies such as polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and stimulus-responsive polymer nanoparticles. The reviewed literature presented herein indicates that TDDS is a multifunctional and efficient method for the delivery of TP. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of TDDS are sorted out, aiming to provide reference for the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and advanced nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingyue Dai
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingjian Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Longguang Tang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China.
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11
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Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Zheng Y. Therapeutic potential of triptolide in autoimmune diseases and strategies to reduce its toxicity. Chin Med 2021; 16:114. [PMID: 34743749 PMCID: PMC8572577 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing epidemiology of autoimmune disease worldwide, there is an urgent need for effective drugs with low cost in clinical treatment. Triptolide, the most potent bioactive compound from traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F, possesses immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory activity. It is a potential drug for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, but its clinical application is still restricted due to severe toxicity. In this review, the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of triptolide in autoimmune diseases are summarized. Triptolide exerts therapeutic effect by regulating the function of immune cells and the expression of cytokines through inflammatory signaling pathways, as well as maintaining redox balance and gut microbiota homeostasis. Meanwhile, the research progress on toxicity of triptolide to liver, kidney, reproductive system, heart, spleen, lung and gastrointestinal tract has been systematically reviewed. In vivo experiments on different animals and clinical trials demonstrate the dose- and time- dependent toxicity of triptolide through different administration routes. Furthermore, we focus on the strategies to reduce toxicity of triptolide, including chemical structural modification, novel drug delivery systems, and combination pharmacotherapy. This review aims to reveal the potential therapeutic prospect and limitations of triptolide in treating autoimmune diseases, thus providing guiding suggestions for further study and promoting its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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12
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Tan OJ, Loo HL, Thiagarajah G, Palanisamy UD, Sundralingam U. Improving oral bioavailability of medicinal herbal compounds through lipid-based formulations - A Scoping Review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153651. [PMID: 34340903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous medicinal herbal compounds demonstrate promising therapeutic potential, their clinical application is often limited by their poor oral bioavailability. To circumvent this barrier, various lipid-based herbal formulations have been developed and trialled with promising experimental results. PURPOSE This scoping review aims to describe the effect of lipid-based formulations on the oral bioavailability of herbal compounds. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across three electronic databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library) between January 2010 and January 2021 to identify relevant studies. The articles were rigorously screened for eligibility. Data from eligible studies were then extracted and collated for synthesis and descriptive analysis using Covidence. RESULTS A total of 109 studies were included in the present review: 105 animal studies and four clinical trials. Among the formulations investigated, 50% were emulsions, 34% lipid particulate systems, 12% vesicular systems, and 4% were other types of lipid-based formulations. Within the emulsion system classification, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems were observed to produce the best improvements in oral bioavailability, followed by mixed micellar formulations. The introduction of composite lipid-based formulations and the use of uncommon surfactants such as sodium oleate in emulsion preparation was shown to consistently enhance the bioavailability of herbal compounds with poor oral absorption. Interestingly, the lipid-based formulations of magnesium lithospermate B and Pulsatilla chinensis produced an absolute bioavailability greater than 100% indicating the possibility of prolonged systemic circulation. With respect to chemical conjugation, D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was the most frequently used and significantly improved the bioavailability of its phytoconstituents. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that there is no distinct lipid-based formulation superior to the other. Bioavailability improvements were largely dependent on the nature of the phytoconstituents. This scoping review, however, provided a detailed summary of the most up-to-date evidence on phytoconstituents formulated into lipid preparations and their oral bioavailability. We conclude that a systematic review and meta-analysis between bioavailability improvements of individual phytoconstituents (such as kaempferol, morin and myricetin) in various lipid-based formulations will provide a more detailed association. Such a review will be highly beneficial for both researchers and herbal manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oi Jin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Hooi Leong Loo
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Gayathiri Thiagarajah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Usha Sundralingam
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
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13
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Zhao D, Feng SX, Zhang HJ, Zhang N, Liu XF, Wan Y, Zhou YX, Li JS. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of five rhubarb anthraquinones in rats after oral administration of effective fraction of anthraquinones from rheum officinale. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:916-925. [PMID: 34110981 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1940353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhubarb, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, shows a wide range of physiological activities and pharmacological benefits. Rhubarb anthraquinones are perceived as the pharmacologically active compounds of Rhubarb, and understanding metabolism of them is crucial to assure safety and effectiveness of clinical application. In this study, the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of five rhubarb anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion) were systematically investigated after oral administration of rhubarb extract to rats.An HPLC method was developed and validated for quantitation of five rhubarb anthraquinones in rat plasma, tissues, urine and faeces to investigate the Pharmacokinetic characteristics. The results showed that the proposed method was suitable for the quantification of five anthraquinones in plasma, tissue and excreta samples with satisfactory linear (r > 0.99), precision (<10%) and recovery (85.12-104.20%). The plasma concentration profiles showed a quick absorption with the mean Tmax of 0.42-0.75 h and t1/2 of 6.60-15.11 h for five anthraquinones. The analytes were widely distributed in most of the tissues. Approximately 0.13-10.59% and 28.47-81.14% of five anthraquinones were recovered in urine and faeces within 132 h post-dosing, which indicated the major elimination route was faeces excretion.In summary, this study lays a foundation for elucidating the pharmacokinetic rule of rhubarb anthraquinone and the important data can provide reliable scientific resource for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su-Xiang Feng
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue-Fang Liu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Jian-Sheng Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P. R. China, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Multiple-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Loading Triptolide Attenuate Injury of a Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8825640. [PMID: 33708996 PMCID: PMC7932791 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8825640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which is associated with extracellular deposition of amyloid-β proteins (Aβ). It has been reported that triptolide (TP), an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent extracted from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, shows potential neuroprotective effects pertinent to AD. However, the clinical use of TP for AD could be hampered due to its high toxicity, instability, poor water solubility, and nonspecific biodistribution after administration. In this paper, we reported a kind of multiple-coated PLGA nanoparticle with the entrapment of TP and surface coated by chitosan hydrochloride, Tween-80, PEG20000, and borneol/mentholum eutectic mixture (MC-PLGA-TP-NP) as a novel nasal brain targeting preparation for the first time. The obtained MC-PLGA-TP-NP was 147.5 ± 20.7 nm with PDI of 0.263 ± 0.075, zeta potential of 14.62 ± 2.47 mV, and the entrapment efficiency and loading efficiency of 93.14% ± 4.75% and 1.17 ± 0.08%, respectively. In comparison of TP, MC-PLGA-TP-NP showed sustained-release profile and better transcellular permeability to Caco-2 cells in vitro. In addition, our data showed that MC-PLGA-TP-NP remarkably reduced the cytotoxicity, attenuated the oxidative stress, and inhibited the increase of the intracellular Ca2+ influx in differentiated PC12 cells induced by Aβ1-42. Therefore, it can be concluded that MC-PLGA-TP-NP is a promising preparation of TP, which exerts a better neuroprotective activity in the AD cellular model.
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15
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Ren Q, Li M, Deng Y, Lu A, Lu J. Triptolide delivery: Nanotechnology-based carrier systems to enhance efficacy and limit toxicity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105377. [PMID: 33484817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) possesses a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities involved in the treatment of various diseases. However, widespread usages of TP raise the urgent issues of the severe toxicity, which hugely limits its further clinical application. The novel functional nanostructured delivery system, which is of great significance in enhancing the efficacy, reducing side effects and improving bioavailability, could improve the enrichment, penetration and controlled release of drugs in the lesion location. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been dedicated to designing and developing a variety of TP delivery systems with the intention of alleviating the adverse toxicity effects and enhancing the bioavailability. In this review, we briefly summarized and discussed the recent functionalized nano-TP delivery systems for the momentous purpose of guiding further development of novel TP delivery systems and providing perspectives for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Meimei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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16
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V. E, Krishnan K, Bhattacharyya A, R. S. Advances in Ayurvedic medicinal plants and nanocarriers for arthritis treatment and management: A review. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Transdermal Delivery Systems of Natural Products Applied to Skin Therapy and Care. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215051. [PMID: 33143260 PMCID: PMC7662758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are favored because of their non-toxicity, low irritants, and market reacceptance. We collected examples, according to ancient wisdom, of natural products to be applied in transdermal delivery. A transdermal delivery system, including different types of agents, such as ointments, patches, and gels, has long been used for skin concerns. In recent years, many novel transdermal applications, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and microneedles, have been reported. Nanosized drug delivery systems are widely applied in natural product deliveries. Nanosized materials notably enhance bioavailability and solubility, and are reported to improve the transdermal permeation of many substances compared with conventional topical formulations. Natural products have been made into nanosized biomaterials in order to enhance the penetration effect. Before introducing the novel transdermal applications of natural products, we present traditional methods within this article. The descriptions of novel transdermal applications are classified into three parts: liposomes, emulsions, and lipid nanoparticles. Each section describes cases that are related to promising natural product transdermal use. Finally, we summarize the outcomes of various studies on novel transdermal agents applied to skin treatments.
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18
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Liu C, Jiang TT, Yuan ZX, Lu Y. Self-Assembled Casein Nanoparticles Loading Triptolide for the Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20948352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a broad-spectrum antitumor drug, has very poor solubility and oral bioavailability, which limits its clinical use. Compared with conventional formulations of TP, a casein (Cas)-based drug delivery system has been reported to have significant advantages for the improvement of solubility and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. In this paper, we report the successful preparation of TP-loaded Cas nanoparticles (TP-Cas) using the self-assembly characteristics of Cas in water and the optimization of the formulation by evaluation of entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE). Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was adopted to characterize the TP-Cas. Results showed that the obtained TP-Cas were approximately spherical with a particle size of 128.7 ± 11.5 nm, EE of 72.7 ± 4.7 %, and LE of 8.0% ± 0.5%. Furthermore, in vitro release behavior of TP-Cas in PBS (pH = 7.4) was also evaluated, showing a sustained-release profile. Additionally, an in vivo study in rats displayed that the mean plasma concentration of TP after oral administration of TP-Cas was significantly higher than that treated with TP oral suspension. The C max value for TP-Cas (8.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL) was significantly increased compared with the free TP (0.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL). Accordingly, the area under the curve (AUC0-8) of TP-Cas was 2.8 ± 0.8 mg/L·h, 4.3-fold higher than that of TP suspension (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/L·h). Therefore, it can be concluded that TP-Cas enhanced the absorption and improved oral bioavailability of TP. Taking the good oral safety of Cas into consideration, TP-Cas should be a more promising preparation of TP for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxia Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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20
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Wasp Venom Possesses Potential Therapeutic Effect in Experimental Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6394625. [PMID: 32328136 PMCID: PMC7165351 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6394625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Wasp venom (WV), which is considered as a traditional folk medicine in Jingpo nationality in Yunnan, China, relieves rheumatoid arthritis. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of wasp venom ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in experimental rats. We established a model of type II collagen- (CII-) induced arthritis (CIA) in SD rats and examined the inhibition of inflammation and autoimmune response. The antiarthritic effects of WV were evaluated through the paw swelling, and histopathological score and histopathology changes of the affected paw were assessed. The anti-inflammation effects were assayed by the level of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and the number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood. The alteration of the T cell subset ratio in the spleen of rats was detected by flow cytometry, and at the same time, the viscera index and immune serum globulin levels were evaluated. The results suggested that various doses of WV (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly alleviated paw swelling and arthritis score in CIA rats with the untreated control (P < 0.05). WV (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) relieved synovial tissue lesions of ankle joints and histopathology scores of synoviocyte hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration with vehicle group (P < 0.05). Regarding immunological regulation, 0.5 mg/kg WV lowered the immune serum globulin levels (P < 0.05), and we further found that WV (0.5 mg/kg) suppressed the immune response of Th cells, while enhancing the functions of Tc cells and Treg cells in spleen cells markedly (P < 0.05). The immunosuppressive action of WV displayed was analogous to its inhibitory effect on IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, COX-2, and PGE2 levels in rat serum. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that WV exhibited antiarthritic activity, which might be associated with their inhibitory effects on immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory action.
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Key role of organic cation transporter 2 for the nephrotoxicity effect of triptolide in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105959. [PMID: 31644961 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TwHF), a traditional Chinese Medicine, is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its severe nephrotoxicity limits its extensive application. The nephrotoxic mechanism of Triptolide (TP), the main pharmacological and toxic component of TwHF, has not been fully revealed. This study was designed to explore the nephrotoxicity of TP in the RA state and the potential molecular mechanism. A rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was constructed and administered with TP for 28 days in vivo. Results showed that the kidney injury induced by TP was aggravated in the CIA state, the concentration of TP in the renal cortex was higher than that of the medulla after TP administration in the CIA rats, and the expression of organic cation transporter 2 (Oct2) in kidney was up-regulated under CIA condition. Besides, rat kidney slice study demonstrated that TP was transported by Oct2 and this was confirmed by transient silencing and overexpression of OCT2 in HEK-293T cells. Furthermore, cytoinflammatory models on HK-2 and HEK-293T cell lines were constructed by exposure of TNF-α or IL-1β to further explore the TP's renal toxicity. Results suggested that TNF-α exposure aggravated TP's toxicity and up-regulated the protein expression of OCT2 in both cell lines. TNF-α treatment also increased the function of OCT2 and finally OCT2 silencing confirmed OCT2 mediated nephrotoxicity of TP in HEK-293T cells. In summary, the exposure of TNF-α in RA state induced the expression of OCT2, which transported more TP into kidney cortex, subsequently exacerbated the kidney injury.
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Song W, Liu M, Wu J, Zhai H, Chen Y, Peng Z. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide: A Potential Antitumor Drug. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:147-154. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180816141506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:Triptolide, a bioactive component in Tripterygium wilfordii extracts, possess strong antiproliferative activity on all 60-National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer cell lines. However, the widespread use of triptolide in the clinical practice is greatly limited for its multi-organ toxicity and narrow therapeutic window. All the toxic characteristics of triptolide are associated with the pharmacokinetics especially its distribution and accumulation in the target organ.Methods:The literature review was done using PubMed search, SciFinder and Google Scholar databases with specific keywords such as triptolide, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interaction, transporters, metabolism, modification to collect the related full-length articles and abstracts from 2000 to 2018.Results:Oral triptolide is rapidly and highly absorbed. Grapefruit juice affects oral absorption, increasing the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) by 153 % and the maximum concentration (Cmax) by 141 %. The AUC and the Cmax are not dose proportional. Triptolide distributes into the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney. Biotransformation of triptolide in rats includes hydroxylation, sulfate, glucuronide, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutathione (GSH) conjugation and combinations of these pathways. Less than 4 % of triptolide was recovered from the feces, bile and urine within 24 h. After repeating dosage, triptolide was eliminated quickly without accumulation in vivo. As a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, triptolide could have clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with those proteins substrates/inhibitors.Conclusion:The findings of this review confirm the importance of pharmacokinetic character for understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junjun Wu
- Lab of Structure Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Lab of Structure Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Xu Y, Chen X, Zhong D. A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for the determination of triptolide and its application to pharmacokinetic research in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4422. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Lin C, Zhang X, Chen H, Bian Z, Zhang G, Riaz MK, Tyagi D, Lin G, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lu A, Yang Z. Dual-ligand modified liposomes provide effective local targeted delivery of lung-cancer drug by antibody and tumor lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptide. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:256-266. [PMID: 29334814 PMCID: PMC6058720 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1425777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abilities of a drug delivery system to target and penetrate tumor masses are key factors in determining the system’s chemotherapeutic efficacy. Here, we explored the utility of an anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (anti-CA IX) antibody and CPP33 dual-ligand modified triptolide-loaded liposomes (dl-TPL-lip) to simultaneously enhance the tumor-specific targeting and increase tumor cell penetration of TPL. In vitro, the dl-TPL-lip increased the cytotoxicity of TPL in CA IX-positive lung cancer cells, which showed tunable size (137.6 ± 0.8 nm), high-encapsulation efficiency (86.3 ± 2.6%) and sustained release. Dl-TPL-lip significantly improved the ability of liposomes to penetrate 3 D tumor spheroids and exhibited a superior inhibiting effect. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies in rats that received TPL liposomal formulations by endotracheal administration showed a reduced concentration of TPL (17.3%–30.6% compared to free TPL) in systemic circulation. After pulmonary administration in orthotopic lung tumor-bearing mice, dl-TPL-lip significantly enhanced TPL anti-cancer efficacy without apparent systemic toxicity. This dual-ligand modified liposomal vehicle presents a potential system for localized and targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Lin
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xue Zhang
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hubiao Chen
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ge Zhang
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | | | - Deependra Tyagi
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ge Lin
- b School of Biomedical Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- c School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- d Changshu Research Institute , Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone , Changshu , China
| | - Aiping Lu
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China.,d Changshu Research Institute , Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone , Changshu , China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- a School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong , China.,d Changshu Research Institute , Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone , Changshu , China
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Vliegenthart ADB, Wei C, Buckley C, Berends C, de Potter CMJ, Schneemann S, Del Pozo J, Tucker C, Mullins JJ, Webb DJ, Dear JW. Characterization of Triptolide-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Imaging and Transcriptomics in a Novel Zebrafish Model. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:380-391. [PMID: 28962522 PMCID: PMC5837554 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a vine extract used in traditional Chinese medicines and associated with
hepatotoxicity. In vitro data suggest that inhibition of RNA synthesis
may be the mechanism of toxicity. For studying drug-induced liver injury the zebrafish has
experimental, practical and financial advantages compared with rodents. The aim of this
study was to explore the mechanism of triptolide toxicity using zebrafish as the model
system. The effect of triptolide exposure on zebrafish larvae was determined with regard
to mortality, histology, expression of liver specific microRNA-122 and liver volume.
Fluorescent microscopy was used to track toxicity in the
Tg(-2.8lfabp:GFP)as3 zebrafish line. Informed by microscopy,
RNA-sequencing was used to explore the mechanism of toxicity. Triptolide exposure resulted
in dose-dependent mortality, a reduction in the number of copies of microRNA-122 per
larva, hepatocyte vacuolation, disarray and oncotic necrosis, and a reduction in liver
volume. These findings were consistent across replicate experiments. Time-lapse imaging
indicated the onset of injury was 6 h after the start of exposure, at which point,
RNA-sequencing revealed that 88% of genes were down-regulated. Immune response associated
genes were up-regulated in the triptolide-treated larvae including nitric oxide synthase.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increased mortality. Triptolide induces hepatotoxicity
in zebrafish larvae. This represents a new model of drug-induced liver injury that
complements rodents. RNA sequencing, guided by time-lapse microscopy, revealed early
down-regulation of genes consistent with previous invitro studies, and
facilitated the discovery of mechanistic inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunmin Wei
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Agency, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - Cécile Berends
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - Carmelita M J de Potter
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah Schneemann
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25?9RG, UK
| | - Carl Tucker
- Biomedical Research Resources, The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - David J Webb
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
| | - James W Dear
- Edinburgh University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16?4TJ, UK
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Wang Y, Guo SH, Shang XJ, Yu LS, Zhu JW, Zhao A, Zhou YF, An GH, Zhang Q, Ma B. Triptolide induces Sertoli cell apoptosis in mice via ROS/JNK-dependent activation of the mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:311-327. [PMID: 28905938 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), an oxygenated diterpene, has a variety of beneficial pharmacodynamic activities but its clinical applications are restricted due to severe testicular injury. This study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced testicular injury in vitro and in vivo. TP (5-50000 nmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the viability of TM4 Sertoli cells with an IC50 value of 669.5-269.45 nmol/L at 24 h. TP (125, 250, and 500 nmol/L) dose-dependently increased the accumulation of ROS, the phosphorylation of JNK, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in TM4 cells. These processes were attenuated by co-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 1 mmol/L). Furthermore, TP treatment inhibited the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm into the nucleus as well as the expression of downstream genes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT) and hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1), thus abrogating Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 significantly potentiated TP-induced apoptosis of TM4 cells. The above results from in vitro experiments were further validated in male mice after oral administration of TP (30, 60, and 120 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 14 d), as evidenced by the detected indexes, including dose-dependently decreased SDH activity, increased MDA concentration, altered testicle histomorphology, elevated caspase-3 activation, apoptosis induction, increased phosphorylation of JNK, and decreased gene expression of NQO1, CAT and HO-1 as well as nuclear protein expression of Nrf2 in testicular tissue. Our results demonstrate that TP activates apoptosis of Sertoli cells and injury of the testis via the ROS/JNK-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway and down-regulates Nrf2 activation.
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Fan D, Guo Q, Shen J, Zheng K, Lu C, Zhang G, Lu A, He X. The Effect of Triptolide in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Basic Research towards Clinical Translation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020376. [PMID: 29373547 PMCID: PMC5855598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a major extract of the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF), has been shown to exert potent pharmacological effects, especially an immunosuppressive effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its multiorgan toxicity prevents it from being widely used in clinical practice. Recently, several attempts are being performed to reduce TP toxicity. In this review, recent progress in the use of TP for RA, including its pharmacological effects and toxicity, is summarized. Meanwhile, strategies relying on chemical structural modifications, innovative delivery systems, and drug combinations to alleviate the disadvantages of TP are also reviewed. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and perspectives in their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Fan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Qingqing Guo
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jiawen Shen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Kang Zheng
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu M, Duan J, Zhou X, Zhu H. Compatibility with Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Alleviates the Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii via Modulating the Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010305. [PMID: 29351251 PMCID: PMC5796250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) and the representative active component triptolide show positive therapeutic effect on the autoimmune disorders and simultaneously ineluctable hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Combinational application of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) weakens the toxicity of TW according the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. This article was aimed at the mechanism of decreasing toxicity of TW by the combinational application of PN and RG. Biochemical and pathohistological analysis were utilized to assess the toxicity on liver and kidney in rats administrated with TW, TW-PN, TW-RG and TW-PN-RG for 3 and 7 days. Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics profiling of triptolide and wilforlide A was determined based on the plasma concentration analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). TW-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the marker for liver injury, was enhanced from 22.83 ± 1.29 to 40.73 ± 1.42 King's unit/100 mL (p < 0.01) at day 7. TW-PN-RG decreased the serum ALP of TW-treated rats at 30.15 ± 1.27 King's unit/100 mL (p < 0.01). For nephrotoxicity, TW pronouncedly elevated serum creatinine (SCr) in rats from 20.33 ± 1.77 to 49.82 ± 2.35 μmol/L (p < 0.01). However, rats treated with TW-PN-RG showed lower SCr at 30.48 ± 1.98 μmol/L (p < 0.01). Moreover, TW-PN-RG significantly decreased the TW-induced elevation of total bilirubin (T-BIL), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (Bun), and reversed the TW-resulted pathohistological characteristics of liver and kidney. The delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) and reduced maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of triptolide and wilforlide A were explored in rats with combinational formulas. Synergism of PN and RG obviously prolonged the half-life (t1/2) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd), but exerted no action on the clearance rate. The compatibility of TW, PN and RG influences intracorporal process of both triptolide and wilforlide A on the steps of absorption and tissue distribution contributing to less toxicity of TW on liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichun Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yiqun Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mengzhu Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
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Development of triptolide-nanoemulsion gels for percutaneous administration: physicochemical, transport, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:88. [PMID: 29202753 PMCID: PMC5715633 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This work aimed to provide useful information on the use of nanoemulsions for the percutaneous administration of triptolide. Lipid nanosystems have great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion gels were prepared to enhance percutaneous permeation. Microstructure and in vitro/in vivo percutaneous delivery characteristics of triptolide (TPL)-nanoemulsions and TPL-nanoemulsion gels were compared. The integrity of the nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion gels during transdermal delivery and its effects on the surface of skin were also investigated. The penetration mechanisms of nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion gels were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The transport characteristics of fluorescence-labelled nanoemulsions were probed using laser scanning confocal microscopy. A chronic dermatitis/eczema model in mice ears and the pharmacodynamic of the TPL-nanoemulsion gels were also investigated. Results Compared to TPL gels, significantly greater cumulative amounts of TPL-nanoemulsion gels and TPL-nanoemulsions penetrated rat skin in vitro. The in vivo microdialysis showed the concentration–time curve AUC0–t for TPL-NPs is bigger than the TPL-gels. At the same time, TPL-NPs had a larger effect on the surface of skin. By hydrating keratin and changing the structure of both the stratum corneum lipids and keratin, nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion gels influence skin to promote percutaneous drug penetration. Both hairfollicles and the stratum corneum are also important in this transdermal drug delivery system. Moderate and high dosages of the TPL-nanoemulsion gels can significantly improve the symptoms of dermatitis/eczema inflammation and edema erythematic in mice ears and can reduce the expression of IFN-γ and IL-4. Moreover, the TPL-nanoemulsion gels cause less gastrointestinal damage than that of the Tripterygium wilfordii oral tablet does. Conclusions Nanoemulsions could be suitable for transdermal stably releasing drugs and maintaining the effective drug concentration. The TPL-nanoemulsion gels provided higher percutaneous amounts than other carriers did. These findings suggest that nanoemulsion gels could be promising percutaneous carriers for TPL. The TPL-nanoemulsion gels have a significant treatment effect on dermatitis/eczema in the mice model and is expected to provide a new, low-toxicity and long-term preparation for the clinical treatment of dermatitis/eczema in transdermal drug delivery systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-017-0323-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Xi C, Peng S, Wu Z, Zhou Q, Zhou J. WITHDRAWN: Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017:S1382-6689(17)30271-5. [PMID: 29037923 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shaojun Peng
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Zhengping Wu
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Internet and Education Technology Center, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China.
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Yuan ZX, Jia L, Lim LY, Lin JC, Shu G, Zhao L, Ye G, Liang XX, Ji H, Fu HL. Renal-targeted delivery of triptolide by entrapment in pegylated TRX-20-modified liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5673-5686. [PMID: 28848346 PMCID: PMC5557620 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s141095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, 3,5-dipentadecyloxybenzamidine hydrochloride (TRX-20)-modified liposomes were reported to specifically target mesangial cells (MCs) in glomeruli. To further gain a better understanding of the characteristics and potential application for glomerular diseases of TRX-20-modified liposomes, we synthesized TRX-20 and prepared TRX-20-modified liposomes (TRX-LPs) with different molar ratios - 6% (6%-TRX-LP), 11% (11%-TRX-LP), and 14% (14%-TRX-LP) - of TRX-20 to total lipid in the present study. All TRX-LPs exhibited concentration-dependent toxicity against the MCs at a lipid concentration ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 mg/mL with IC50 values of 3.45, 1.13, and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. Comparison of the cell viability of TRX-LPs indicated that high levels of TRX-20 caused severe cell mortality, with 11%-TRX-LP showing the higher cytoplasmic accumulation in the MCs. Triptolide (TP) as a model drug was first loaded into 11%-TRX-LP and the liposomes were further modified with PEG5000 (PEG-TRX-TP-LP) in an attempt to prolong their circulation in blood and enhance TP-mediated immune suppression. Due to specific binding to MCs, PEG-TRX-TP-LP undoubtedly showed better anti-inflammatory action in vitro, evidenced by the inhibition of release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated MCs, compared with free TP at the same dose. In vivo, the PEG-TRX-TP-LP effectively attenuated the symptoms of membranous nephropathic (MN) rats and improved biochemical markers including proteinuria, serum cholesterol, and albumin. Therefore, it can be concluded that the TRX-modified liposome is an effective platform to target the delivery of TP to glomeruli for the treatment of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-xiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Lu Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People’ Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, Centre for Optimization of Medicines, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ju-chun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Xiao-xia Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Hongming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People’ Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua-lin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan
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Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:531-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Li Z, Yan M, Cao L, Fang P, Guo Z, Hou Z, Zhang B. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Accelerates the Clearance of Triptolide through P-gp In Vitro. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1090-1096. [PMID: 28509400 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is an active ingredient isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TWHF), which is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disease in the clinic. However, its adverse reactions of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity have been frequently reported which limited its clinical application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) effecting on the elimination of TP in HK-2 cells and the role of the efflux transporters of P-gp and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in this process. An ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) analytical method was established to determine the intracellular concentration of TP. In order to study the role of efflux transporters of P-gp and MRPs in GA impacting on the accumulation of TP, the inhibitors of efflux transporters (P-gp: verapamil; MRPs: MK571) were used in this study. The results showed that GA could enhance the elimination of TP and reduce the TP accumulation in HK-2 cells. Verapamil and MK571 could increase the intracellular concentration of TP; in addition, GA co-incubation with verapamil significantly increased the TP cellular concentration compared with the control group. In conclusion, GA could reduce the accumulation of TP in HK-2 cells, which was related to P-gp. This is probably one of the mechanisms that TP combined with GA to detoxify its toxicity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingjuan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pingfei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sun Q, Li W, Li H, Wang X, Wang Y, Niu X. Preparation, Characterization and Anti-Ulcer Efficacy of Sanguinarine Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmacology 2017; 100:14-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000454882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Recent expansion of pharmaceutical nanotechnologies and targeting strategies in the field of phytopharmaceuticals for the delivery of herbal extracts and bioactives. J Control Release 2016; 241:110-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shi F, Zhao Y, Firempong CK, Xu X. Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies of linalool-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2320-2328. [PMID: 26986932 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Linalool (LL) is associated with numerous pharmacological activities. However, its poor solubility usually results in poor bioavailability, and further limited its applications. Objective To reduce volatilization and improve bioavailability of LL, linalool-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (LL-NLCs) were prepared. Materials and methods LL-NLCs were prepared using high-pressure homogenization method and optimized via response surface methodology-central composite design, followed by characterization, including particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in vitro release study. Rats were administered 300 mg × kg (-) (1) LL with each preparation (LL-NLCs or LL) via oral gavage. Results LL-NLCs had a PS of 52.72 nm with polydispersity index of 0.172, and ZP of -16.0 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading gave 79.563 and 7.555%, respectively. The cumulative release of LL from free LL reached 51.414% at 180 min, while LL from LL-NLCs was 15.564%. All the pharmacokinetics parameters of LL-NLCs were better than those of LL, including Cmax (from 1915.45 to 2182.45 ng × mL (-) (1)), AUC0-t (from 76003.40 to 298948.46 ng × min × mL (-) (1)) and relative bioavailability (393.34%). The t1/2, MRT and tmax of LL-NLCs (110.50, 146.66 and 60 min) were also longer than that of LL (44.72, 45.66 and 40 min). Discussion and conclusion LL-NLCs were for the first time prepared and its oral administration in rats thoroughly investigated. LL-NLCs exhibited sustained release effect and increased absorption of LL. Therefore, these findings might provide a potential possibility for clinical application of LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , PR China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , PR China
| | - Caleb Kesse Firempong
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , PR China
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Zhang L, Wang T, Li Q, Huang J, Xu H, Li J, Wang Y, Liang Q. Fabrication of novel vesicles of triptolide for antirheumatoid activity with reduced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2663-73. [PMID: 27354796 PMCID: PMC4907735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) displays a strong immunosuppression function in immune-mediated diseases, especially in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, in addition to its medical and health-related functions, TP also exhibits diverse pharmacological side effects, for instance, liver and kidney toxicity and myelosuppression. In order to reduce the side effects, a nano drug carrier system (γ-PGA-l-PAE-TP [PPT]), in which TP was loaded by a poly-γ-glutamic acid-grafted l-phenylalanine ethylester copolymer, was developed. PPT was characterized by photon scattering correlation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrated that the average diameter of the drug carrier system is 98±15 nm, the polydispersity index is 0.18, the zeta potential is −35 mV, and the TP encapsulation efficiency is 48.6% with a controlled release manner. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry revealed that PPT could decrease toxicity and apoptosis induced by free TP on RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The detection of reactive oxygen species showed that PPT could decrease the cellular reactive oxygen species induced by TP. Compared with the free TP-treated group, PPT improved the survival rate of the mice (P<0.01) and had no side effects or toxic effects on the thymus index (P>0.05) and spleen index (P>0.05). The blood biochemical indexes revealed that PPT did not cause much damage to the kidney (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), liver (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), or blood cells (P>0.05). Meanwhile, hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining indicated that PPT reduced the damage of free TP on the liver, kidney, and spleen. Our results demonstrated that PPT reduced free TP toxicity in vitro and in vivo and that it is a promising fundamental drug delivery system for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengteng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhou W, Cai B, Shan J, Wang S, Di L. Discovery and Current Status of Evaluation System of Bioavailability and Related Pharmaceutical Technologies for Traditional Chinese Medicines--Flos Lonicerae Japonicae--Fructus Forsythiae Herb Couples as an Example. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28812-40. [PMID: 26690115 PMCID: PMC4691079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have attracted extensive interest throughout the world due to their long history of health protection and disease control, and the internalization of TCM preparations or patented drugs has been considered a wind vane in the process of TCM modernization. However, multi-target effects, caused by multiple components in TCMs, hinder not only the construction of the quality evaluation system (bioavailability), but also the application of pharmaceutical technologies, which results in the poor efficacy in clinical practice. This review describes the methods in the literature as well as in our thoughts about how to identify the marker components, establish the evaluation system of bioavailability, and improve the bioavailability in TCM preparations. We expect that the current study will be positive and informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Nanjing Engineering Research Center for Industrialization of Chinese Medicine Pellets, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Baochang Cai
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shouchuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Nanjing Engineering Research Center for Industrialization of Chinese Medicine Pellets, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Xue M, Zhang L, Yang MX, Zhang W, Li XM, Ou ZM, Li ZP, Liu SH, Li XJ, Yang SY. Berberine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles are concentrated in the liver and ameliorate hepatosteatosis in db/db mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5049-57. [PMID: 26346310 PMCID: PMC4531046 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s84565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) shows very low plasma levels after oral administration due to its poor absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously demonstrated that BBR showed increased gastrointestinal absorption and enhanced antidiabetic effects in db/db mice after being entrapped into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). However, whether BBR-loaded SLNs (BBR-SLNs) also have beneficial effects on hepatosteatosis is not clear. We investigated the effects of BBR-SLNs on lipid metabolism in the liver using histological staining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that oral administration of BBR-SLNs inhibited the increase of body weight and decreased liver weight in parallel with the reduction of serum alanine transaminase and liver triglyceride levels in db/db mice. The maximum drug concentration in the liver was 20-fold higher than that in the blood. BBR-SLNs reduced fat accumulation and lipid droplet sizes significantly in the liver, as indicated by hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. The expression of lipogenic genes, including fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were downregulated, while lipolytic gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) was upregulated in BBR-SLN-treated livers. In summary, we have uncovered an unexpected effect of BBR-SLNs on hepatosteatosis treatment through the inhibition of lipogenesis and the induction of lipolysis in the liver of db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chao Yang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-xing Yang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-min Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chao Yang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-min Ou
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-peng Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chao Yang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-huan Liu
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-jun Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-yu Yang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Ma B, Qi H, Li J, Xu H, Chi B, Zhu J, Yu L, An G, Zhang Q. Triptolide disrupts fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) levels in male mice testes followed by testicular injury: A GC-MS based metabolomics study. Toxicology 2015. [PMID: 26219505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is the major active ingredient of Tripterygium Glycosides (TG), a traditional Chinese medicine with very potent anti-inflammatory effects and has been used in China for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and many other inflammatory diseases. However, clinical application of triptolide is restricted due to its multiple side effects, especially male infertility. The mechanism of triptolide on reproduction toxicity remains unclear. In the present study, a GC-MS based metabolomic approach was employed to evaluate the mechanism of triptolide-induced reproductive toxicity as well as identify potential novel biomarkers for the early detection of spermatogenesis dysfunction. In brief, male mice were divided into two groups with or without triptolide intraperitoneal injection at 60 μg/kg/day for 2 weeks and toxic effect of triptolide on testicular tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis, testis histopathologic analysis, and sperm quantity analysis. Metabolomics technology was then performed to evaluate systematically the endogenous metabolites profiling. Our results demonstrated that triptolide suppressed the marker-enzymes of spermatogenesis and testosterone levels, decreased sperm counts, reduced the gonad index and destroyed the microstructure of testis. Multivariate data analysis revealed that mice with triptolide induced testicular toxicity could be distinctively differentiated from normal animals and 35 and 39 small molecule metabolites were changed significantly in testis and serum, respectively (Fold-changes >1.5, P<0.05), in triptolide-treated mice. Abnormal level of fatty acids, an important energy source of sertoli cells with critical role in maintaining normal function of the testis tissue, was observed in triptolide-treated mice. Additionally, the protein expressions of PPAR, a transcription factor known to play a pivotal role in lipid and energy metabolism was significantly decreased in the testis tissue of triptolide-treated mice. In summary, our study represents the first comprehensive GC-MS based metabolomics analysis of triptolide-induced testicular toxicity. We reported for the first time that exposure to triptolide led to marked changes of a panel of endogenous metabolites in both testis and serum. The impairment of spermatogenesis may be caused by abnormal lipid and energy metabolism in testis via the down-regulation of PPARs mediated by triptolide. The presence of research suggested that PPARs and its related fatty acids metabolism may serve as potential targets for intervention or treatment of male infertility induced by triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Kong LL, Zhuang XM, Yang HY, Yuan M, Xu L, Li H. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein Gene Expression and Function Enhances Triptolide-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11747. [PMID: 26134275 PMCID: PMC4488747 DOI: 10.1038/srep11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major active principle of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. and very effective in treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, TP induced hepatotoxicity limited its clinical applications. Our previous study found that TP was a substrate of P-glycoprotein and its hepatobiliary clearance was markedly affected by P-gp modulation in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and specific inhibitor tariquidar were used to investigate the impact of P-gp down regulation on TP-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that when the function of P-gp was inhibited by mdr1a-1 siRNA or tariquidar, the systemic and hepatic exposures of TP were significantly increased. The aggravated hepatotoxicity was evidenced with the remarkably lifted levels of serum biomarkers (ALT and AST) and pathological changes in liver. The other toxicological indicators (MDA, SOD and Bcl-2/Bax) were also significantly changed by P-gp inhibition. The data analysis showed that the increase of TP exposure in mice was quantitatively correlated to the enhanced hepatotoxicity, and the hepatic exposure was more relevant to the toxicity. P-gp mediated clearance played a significant role in TP detoxification. The risk of herb-drug interaction likely occurs when TP is concomitant with P-gp inhibitors or substrates in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Lei Kong
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhuang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liang Xu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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Zhang L, Chang JH, Zhang BQ, Liu XG, Liu P, Xue HF, Liu LY, Fu Q, Zhu M, Liu CZ. The pharmacokinetic study on the mechanism of toxicity attenuation of rhubarb total free anthraquinone oral colon-specific drug delivery system. Fitoterapia 2015; 104:86-96. [PMID: 26036751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarb is commonly used as laxatives in Asian countries, of which anthraquinones are the major active ingredients, but there are an increased number of concerns regarding the nephrotoxicity of anthraquinones. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rhubarb anthraquinones in rats after orally administered with rhubarb and rhubarb total free anthraquinone oral colon-specific drug delivery granules (RTFA-OCDD-GN), and then explained why these granules could reduce the nephrotoxicity of anthraquinones when they produced purgative efficacy. A sensitive and reliable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been fully validated for simultaneous determination of the five active components of rhubarb, and successfully applied to investigate and compare the remarkable differences in pharmacokinetic study of rhubarb anthraquinones after orally administered with rhubarb and RTFA-OCDD-GN. The results showed that, compared with rhubarb group, the AUC, Cmax, t1/2z and Vz/F of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin and chrysophanol in rats receiving the RTFA-OCDD-GN were significantly decreased, and the Tmax of the four analytes was prolonged. Moreover, the Tmax of rhein, the Cmax of chrysophanol and emodin all have significant differences (P<0.05). Simultaneously, anthraquinone prototype excretion rates in urine and feces of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were all increased. These findings suggested that oral colon-specific drug delivery technology made anthraquinone aglycone to colon-specific release after oral administration. This allowed anthraquinones to not only play the corresponding purgative effect but also avoid intestinal absorption and promote excretion. And thereby greatly reduced the nephrotoxicity of rhubarb. The result is a new breakthrough in rhubarb toxicity attenuated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-hua Chang
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-qi Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Xi-gang Liu
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Pei Liu
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - He-fei Xue
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Li-yan Liu
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Cui-zhe Liu
- Hebei Province key Laboratory of Research and Development for Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P. R. China.
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Li X, Mao Y, Li K, Shi T, Yao H, Yao J, Wang S. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study in mice of triptolide-loaded lipid emulsion and accumulation effect on pancreas. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1344-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1028603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Yuling Mao
- School of Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Tianyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Huimin Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China, and
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Department of Foreign Language, School of Social Sciences and Literary, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China,
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Lipid nanoparticles protect from edelfosine toxicity in vivo. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tai T, Huang X, Su Y, Ji J, Su Y, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Glycyrrhizin accelerates the metabolism of triptolide through induction of CYP3A in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:358-363. [PMID: 24486211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Triptolide (TP), a major active component of Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses various pharmacological activities with narrow therapeutic window and severe toxicities. Glycyrrhizin (GL), the principal bioactive ingredient of licorice root extract, has been reported to be concomitantly administered with TP in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the aim of potentiated efficacy and reduced toxicity. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of GL on the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP and related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Control group and GL group (pretreated with GL at 100 mg/kg/day for seven consecutive days). After oral administration of TP at a single dose of 450 μg/kg, plasma concentrations of TP were determined using HPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using Phoenix WinNonlin 6.3 software. Since CYP3A is the primary isoform of cytochrome P450s responsible for the metabolism of TP, we further determined to what extent ketoconazole (KCZ), a potent CYP3A inhibitor, could influence the effect of GL on the pharmacokinetics of TP by comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP in GL group (pretreated with GL) and GL+KCZ group (pretreated with both GL and KCZ), as well as verified whether pretreatment of GL could induce the activity of hepatic CYP3A by comparing the AUC parameters after intravenous administration of midazolam (MDZ), a typical probe drug for CYP3A, in rats pretreated with vehicle or GL. RESULTS Our study revealed marked differences in pharmacokinetic profiling patterns of TP between male and female rats in the Control group; the plasma level of TP in males was far lower than that in females. After pretreatment with GL, the pharmacokinetic profiles of TP were significantly altered in both male and female rats; a remarkable decrease was found in the value of AUC∞, MRT∞ and t1/2 in the GL group, compared with the Control group. But such a decrease was reversed by KCZ; compared with the GL group, the values of AUC∞, MRT∞ and t1/2 were significantly increased in the GL+KCZ group. Pretreatment with GL notably increased the AUC∞ of 1׳-hydroxymidazolam (OH-MDZ) and the ratio of AUC∞ of OH-MDZ to MDZ, demonstrating induction of the activity of CYP3A by GL. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with GL significantly accelerates the metabolic elimination of TP from the body mainly through induction of hepatic CYP3A activity. These results may help explain why toxicity of TP may be attenuated with concomitant use of GL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tai
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuwen Su
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jinzi Ji
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yijing Su
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Fidler JM, An J, Carter BZ, Andreeff M. Preclinical antileukemic activity, toxicology, toxicokinetics and formulation development of triptolide derivative MRx102. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:961-74. [PMID: 24619497 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triptolide induces cancer cell apoptosis by inhibiting RNA synthesis and signaling pathways like NF-κB. We compared triptolide prodrug MRx102 to triptolide to determine whether it displayed comparable efficacy and improved toxicology and toxicokinetic profiles. METHODS MV4-11 AML cells and cells from AML patients were analyzed for MRx102- and triptolide-induced cytotoxicity/apoptosis. MRx102 and triptolide were compared in toxicology/toxicokinetics studies in rat and dog using a new emulsion formulation. RESULTS MRx102 induced cytotoxicity in MV4-11 cells (IC50 = 15.2 nM, 7.29 nM for triptolide) and apoptosis in cells from AML patients (EC50 = 40.6 nM and 2.13 nM for triptolide). MRx102 and triptolide induced apoptosis in CD34+CD38- AML stem/progenitor cells with a similar difference in activity (EC50, MRx102 = 40.8 nM, triptolide = 2.14 nM). In a rat toxicology comparison using a new intravenous emulsion formulation, the MRx102 MTD was 4.5 mg/kg for males and 3 mg/kg for females; the triptolide MTD was 0.63 mg/kg for males and 0.317 mg/kg for females. The MRx102 NOAEL was 1.5-3.0 mg/kg, and the triptolide NOAEL was 0.05-0.15 mg/kg. Mean plasma concentrations for both MRx102 and triptolide decreased rapidly from a high C max following i.v. injection. Plasma triptolide levels stabilized at a consistent level through 2 h after MRx102 injection. Triptolide T 1/2,e values for MRx102-injected rats (~0.85 to ~3.7 h) were markedly greater than triptolide-injected rats (~0.15 to ~0.39 h), indicating more extended triptolide exposure with MRx102. MRx102 dog toxicology and toxicokinetics results are presented. CONCLUSIONS MRx102 was 20- to 60-fold safer than triptolide comparing rat NOAELs. This may be due to the improved toxicokinetic profile of MRx102 compared to triptolide using the emulsion formulation, with no high C max and more consistent early exposure to triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Fidler
- MyeloRx LLC, 941 Railroad Avenue, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA,
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Zhang C, Peng F, Liu W, Wan J, Wan C, Xu H, Lam CW, Yang X. Nanostructured lipid carriers as a novel oral delivery system for triptolide: induced changes in pharmacokinetics profile associated with reduced toxicity in male rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1049-63. [PMID: 24591827 PMCID: PMC3934590 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s55144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
After oral administration in rodents, triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide compound, active as anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-fertility, anti-cystogenesis, and anticancer agent, is rapidly absorbed into the blood circulation (from 5.0 to 19.5 minutes after dosing, depending on the rodent species) followed by a short elimination half-life (from about 20 minutes to less than 1 hour). Such significant and rapid fluctuations of TP in plasma likely contribute to its toxicity, which is characterized by injury to hepatic, renal, digestive, reproductive, and hematological systems. With the aim of prolonging drug release and improving its safety, TP-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TP-NLCs), composed of Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid) and Capryol™ 90 (liquid lipid), were developed using a microemulsion technique. The formulated TP-NLCs were also characterized and in vitro release was evaluated using the dialysis bag diffusion technique. In addition, the pharmacokinetics and toxicology profiles of TP-NLCs were compared to free TP and TP-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (TP-SLNs; containing Compritol 888 ATO only). Results demonstrate that TP-NLCs had mean particle size of 231.8 nm, increased drug encapsulation with a 71.6% efficiency, and stable drug incorporation for over 1-month. TP-NLCs manifested a better in vitro sustained-release pattern compared to TP-SLNs. Furthermore, TP-NLCs prolonged mean residence time (MRT)0–t (P<0.001, P<0.001), delayed Tmax (P<0.01, P<0.05) and decreased Cmax (P<0.01, P<0.05) compared to free TP and TP-SLNs, respectively, which was associated with reduced subacute toxicity in male rats. In conclusion, our data suggest that TP-NLCs are superior to TP-SLNs and could be a promising oral delivery system for a safer use of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Fan Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Jiangling Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Chunxi Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Huibi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan ; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher Waikei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan ; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
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Preparation and characterization of Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glycoside nanoparticle using supercritical anti-solvent process. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2695-711. [PMID: 24549173 PMCID: PMC3958876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare nanosized Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glycoside (GTW) powders by the supercritical antisolvent precipitation process (SAS), and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects. Ethanol was used as solvent and carbon dioxide was used as an antisolvent. The effects of process parameters such as precipitation pressure (15–35 MPa), precipitation temperature (45–65 °C), drug solution flow rates (3–7 mL/min) and drug concentrations (10–30 mg/mL) were investigated. The nanospheres obtained with mean diameters ranged from 77.5 to 131.8 nm. The processed and unprocessed GTW were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of the GTW nanoparticles on adjuvant-induced arthritis in albino rats. The processed and unprocessed GTW were tested against Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). It was concluded that physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity of GTW nanoparticles could be improved by physical modification, such as particle size reduction using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. Further, SAS process was a powerful methodology for improving the physicochemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity of GTW.
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Zhuang XM, Shen GL, Xiao WB, Tan Y, Lu C, Li H. Assessment of the Roles of P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 in Triptolide-induced Liver Toxicity in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocyte Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2158-65. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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