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Boysen GA. Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of Research From 2011 to 2021. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:174-186. [PMID: 38412243 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dissociative identity disorder (DID) has historically been one of the most controversial topics in the study of psychopathology. Building on a previous review of empirical research on DID from 2000 to 2010, the present review examined DID research from 2011 to 2021. The research output included 56 case studies and 104 empirical studies. Within the empirical studies, approximately 1354 new cases of DID emerged, which resulted in an average samples of approximately 20. Reanalysis of previous samples was standard in the literature with only 40% of reported cases being new. Studies emerged from dozens of countries across the world, but the majority of cases were from Western counties, especially the United States. Diagnosis primarily relied upon validated measures, but 74% of all new cases came from six research groups. Overall, research on DID is steady but methodologically limited in ways that make generalization, especially about etiology, difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Boysen
- Department of Psychology, McKendree University, Lebanon, Illinois
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Tanner J, Zeffiro T, Wyss D, Perron N, Rufer M, Mueller-Pfeiffer C. Psychiatric Symptom Profiles Predict Functional Impairment. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30853916 PMCID: PMC6396718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mental illness often interferes with daily functioning and an individual's pattern of psychiatric signs and symptoms may predict risk of future disability. Understanding the linkage between psychiatric symptoms and impaired functioning is critical for accurate rehabilitation planning and legal assessment. Here, we investigated the stability of functional impairment measures over 18 months and their association with psychiatric symptoms. Moreover, we developed a clinical self-report measure that allows estimation of functional impairment levels over 18 month observation periods. Methods: Consecutively treated outpatients and daycare patients (N = 155) from several psychiatric units in Switzerland completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale, Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire, Multidimensional Inventory for Dissociation, Beck Depression Inventory, Brief Symptom Inventory, and WHO Disability Assessment Schedule at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 month follow-up examinations. The association between symptoms functional impairment over time was investigated using longitudinal linear mixed models. Penalized regression was used to identify questionnaire items that best predicted functional impairment. Results: We found high stability in the extent of functional impairment over 18 months. Fear of negative evaluation, fatigue, concentration problems, negative alterations in mood, and dissociative symptoms showed the strongest association with functional impairment measures. The empirically derived scale for functional impairment prediction explained between 0.62 and 0.77 of the variance in disability across various life domains. Conclusion: Given the capability for somatic and mental symptoms associated with social anxiety, depression, and dissociation to predict future disability, these symptoms have strong potential for guiding rehabilitation planning and prognostic evaluation in insurance medicine. The Functional Impairment Prediction Scale may serve as a valuable, empirical-based extension in legal assessments of how work capacity is affected by psychological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Tanner
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeffiro
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neurometrika, Potomac, MD, United States.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Wyss
- Center of Education and Research (COEUR), Psychiatric Services of the County of St. Gallen-North, Wil, Switzerland
| | - Noelle Perron
- Center of Education and Research (COEUR), Psychiatric Services of the County of St. Gallen-North, Wil, Switzerland.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rufer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller-Pfeiffer
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center of Education and Research (COEUR), Psychiatric Services of the County of St. Gallen-North, Wil, Switzerland
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