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Li CY, Tian ZQ. Sixty years of electrochemical optical spectroscopy: a retrospective. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3579-3605. [PMID: 38421335 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sixty years ago, Reddy, Devanatan, and Bockris performed the first in situ electrochemical ellipsometry experiment, which ushered in a new era in the study of electrochemistry, using optical spectroscopy. After six decades of development, electrochemical optical spectroscopy, particularly electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy, has advanced from a phase of immaturity with few methods and limited applications to a phase of maturity with excellent substrate generality and significantly improved resolutions. Here, we divide the development of electrochemical optical spectroscopy into four phases, focusing on the proof-of-concept of different electrochemical optical spectroscopy studies, the emergence of plasmonic enhancement-based electrochemical optical spectroscopic (in particular vibrational spectroscopic) methods, the realization of electrochemical vibrational spectroscopy on well-defined surfaces, and the efforts to achieve operando spectroelectrochemical applications. Finally, we discuss the future development trend of electrochemical optical spectroscopy, as well as examples of new methodology and research paradigms for operando spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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2
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Wakolo SW, Syouji A, Sakai M, Nishiyama H, Inukai J. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy system for observation of water molecules in anion exchange membrane. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123875. [PMID: 38217988 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) provide one of the most feasible remedies to fuel cells' dependency on the dwindling Pt group catalysts. Nevertheless, AEMFCs still suffer reduced durability, which requires an in-depth understanding of their membranes. The low thermal endurance of the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) usually limits the direct application of powerful techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy. We sought to establish a system for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy capable of taking measurements inside an AEM rapidly and accurately without photodamage. A 785 nm CARS system was newly developed to study the water species in an AEM (QPAF-4) located vertically in a fuel cell. From the results of water measurement in a QPAF-4 membrane, the OH-related region was deconvoluted into nine Gaussian peaks: Five H-bonded OH peaks, non-H-bonded OH, OH-, and two CH peaks. The H-bonded species increased with increasing relative humidity, but the other species remained constant. These results open unlimited possibilities for studying and comparing different AEMFCs, enabling more rapid technology optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Wekesa Wakolo
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Syouji
- Center for Basic Education in Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakai
- Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nishiyama
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
| | - Junji Inukai
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan; Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan.
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3
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Maier M, Abbas D, Komma M, Mu'min MS, Thiele S, Böhm T. A comprehensive study on the ionomer properties of PFSA membranes with confocal Raman microscopy. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Modelling Methods and Validation Techniques for CFD Simulations of PEM Fuel Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-scale adoption of fuel cells system for sustainable power generation will require the combined use of both multidimensional models and of dedicated testing techniques, in order to evolve the current technology beyond its present status. This requires an unprecedented understanding of concurrent and interacting fluid dynamics, material and electrochemical processes. In this review article, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are analysed. In the first part, the most common approaches for multi-phase/multi-physics modelling are presented in their governing equations, inherent limitations and accurate materials characterisation for diffusion layers, membrane and catalyst layers. This provides a thorough overview of key aspects to be included in multidimensional CFD models. In the second part, advanced diagnostic techniques are surveyed, indicating testing practices to accurately characterise the cell operation. These can be used to validate models, complementing the conventional observation of the current–voltage curve with key operating parameters, thus defining a joint modelling/testing environment. The two sections complement each other in portraying a unified framework of interrelated physical/chemical processes, laying the foundation of a robust and complete understanding of PEMFC. This is needed to advance the current technology and to consciously use the ever-growing availability of computational resources in the next future.
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5
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Operando µ-Raman study of the membrane water content in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell: Effects of gas flow-field geometry and temperature. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Malkani AS, Anibal J, Chang X, Xu B. Bridging the Gap in the Mechanistic Understanding of Electrocatalysis via In Situ Characterizations. iScience 2020; 23:101776. [PMID: 33294785 PMCID: PMC7689167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalysis offers a promising strategy to take advantage of the increasingly available and affordable renewable energy for the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Attaining this promise requires a molecular level insight of the electrical interface that can be used to tailor the selectivity of electrocatalysts. Addressing this selectivity challenge remains one of the most important areas in modern electrocatalytic research. In this Perspective, we focus on the use of in situ techniques to bridge the gap in the fundamental understanding of electrocatalytic processes. We begin with a brief discussion of traditional electrochemical techniques, ex situ measurements and in silico analysis. Subsequently, we discuss the utility and limitations of in situ methodologies, with a focus on vibrational spectroscopies. We then end by looking ahead toward promising new areas for the application of in situ techniques and improvements to current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav S. Malkani
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jacob Anibal
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Chang
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Bingjun Xu
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Schiavone MM, Lamparelli DH, Zhao Y, Zhu F, Revay Z, Radulescu A. The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Microstructure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-polystyrene Ionic Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E187. [PMID: 32824025 PMCID: PMC7466101 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes based on the semi-crystalline syndiotactic-polystyrene (sPS) become hydrophilic, and therefore conductive, following the functionalization of the amorphous phase by the solid-state sulfonation procedure. Because the crystallinity of the material, and thus the mechanical strength of the membranes, is maintained and the resistance to oxidation decomposition can be improved by doping the membranes with fullerenes, the sPS becomes attractive for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells (PEMFC) and energy storage applications. In the current work we report the micro-structural characterization by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) method of sulfonated sPS films and sPS-fullerene composite membranes at different temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C, under the relative humidity (RH) level from 10% to 70%. Complementary characterization of membranes was carried out by FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and prompt-γ neutron activation analysis in terms of composition, following the specific preparation and functionalization procedure, and by XRD with respect to crystallinity. The hydrated ionic clusters are formed in the hydrated membrane and shrink slightly with the increasing temperature, which leads to a slight desorption of water at high temperatures. However, it seems that the conductive properties of the membranes do not deteriorate with the increasing temperature and that all membranes equilibrated in liquid water show an increased conductivity at 80 °C compared to the room temperature. The presence of fullerenes in the composite membrane induces a tremendous increase in the conductivity at high temperatures compared to fullerenes-free membranes. Apparently, the observed effects may be related to the formation of additional hydrated pathways in the composite membrane in conjunction with changes in the dynamics of water and polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Maddalena Schiavone
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan;
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zsolt Revay
- Technische Universität Müchen, Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz FRM II, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-M.S.); (F.Z.)
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8
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Schiavone MM, Iwase H, Takata SI, Radulescu A. The Multilevel Structure of Sulfonated Syndiotactic-Polystyrene Model Polyelectrolyte Membranes Resolved by Extended Q-Range Contrast Variation SANS. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:E136. [PMID: 31652905 PMCID: PMC6918273 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membranes based on sulfonated synditoactic polystyrene (s-sPS) were thoroughly characterized by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) over a wide Q-range in dry and hydrated states. Following special sulfonation and treatment procedures, s-sPS is an attractive material for fuel cells and energy storage applications. The film samples were prepared by solid-state sulfonation, resulting in uniform sulfonation of only the amorphous phase while preserving the crystallinity of the membrane. Fullerenes, which improve the resistance to oxidation decomposition, were incorporated in the membranes. The fullerenes seem to be chiefly located in the amorphous regions of the samples, and do not influence the formation and evolution of the morphologies in the polymer films, as no significant differences were observed in the SANS patterns compared to the fullerenes-free s-sPS membranes, which were investigated in a previous study. The use of uniaxially deformed film samples, and neutron contrast variation allowed for the identification and characterization of different structural levels with sizes between nm and μm, which form and evolve in both the dry and hydrated states. The scattering length density of the crystalline regions was varied using the guest exchange procedure between different toluene isotopologues incorporated into the sPS lattice, while the variation of the scattering properties of the hydrated amorphous regions was achieved using different H2O/D2O mixtures. Due to the deformation of the films, the scattering characteristics of different structures can be distinguished on specific detection sectors and at different detection distances after the sample, depending on their size and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Maddalena Schiavone
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Takata
- Materials and Life Science Division, Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (JPARC), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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9
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Laser focal point sequestration for Raman micro-spectroscopy of thermally sensitive fuel cell catalytic layers. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Loupe N, Doan J, Smotkin ES. Twenty years of operando IR, X-ray absorption, and Raman spectroscopy: Direct methanol and hydrogen fuel cells. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Feng K, Hou L, Tang B, Wu P. Does thermal treatment merely make a H2O-saturated Nafion membrane lose its absorbed water at high temperature? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9106-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Influences of thermal treatment on H2O-saturated Nafion microstructures are investigated by in situ FTIR, TGA, XRD and 2Dcos techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
| | - Beibei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
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13
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Li J, Pan M, Tang H. Understanding short-side-chain perfluorinated sulfonic acid and its application for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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14
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Ozmaian M, Naghdabadi R. Modeling and simulation of the water gradient within a Nafion membrane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3173-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Peng AZ, Morin A, Huguet P, Lanteri Y, Deabate S. Asymmetric bi-layer PFSA membranes as model systems for the study of water management in the PEMFC. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20941-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New bi-layer PFSA membranes made of Nafion® NRE212 and Aquivion™ E79-05s with different equivalent weights are prepared with the aim of managing water repartition in the PEMFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Z. Peng
- LITEN-DEHT-LCPEM
- CEA-Grenoble
- 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
- IEM (Institut Européen des Membranes)
- UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2)
| | - A. Morin
- LITEN-DEHT-LCPEM
- CEA-Grenoble
- 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - P. Huguet
- IEM (Institut Européen des Membranes)
- UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2)
- Université Montpellier 2
- Montpellier, France
| | - Y. Lanteri
- IEM (Institut Européen des Membranes)
- UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2)
- Université Montpellier 2
- Montpellier, France
| | - S. Deabate
- IEM (Institut Européen des Membranes)
- UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2)
- Université Montpellier 2
- Montpellier, France
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Hara M, Inukai J, Bae B, Hoshi T, Miyatake K, Uchida M, Uchida H, Watanabe M. Micro-Raman study on water distribution inside a Nafion membrane during operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Pomfret MB, Walker RA, Owrutsky JC. High-Temperature Chemistry in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: In Situ Optical Studies. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3053-3064. [PMID: 26292249 DOI: 10.1021/jz3012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid oxide fuels cells (SOFCs) are promising devices for versatile and efficient power generation with fuel flexibility, but their viability is contingent upon understanding chemical and material processes to improve their performance and durability. Newly developed in situ optical methods provide new insight into how carbon deposition varies with different hydrocarbon and alcohol fuels and depends on operating conditions. Some findings, such as heavier hydrocarbon fuels forming more carbon than lighter fuels, are expected, but other discoveries are surprising. For example, methanol shows a greater tendency to form carbon deposits than methane at temperatures below 800 °C, and kinetically controlled steam reforming with ethanol at high temperatures (∼800 °C) is less detrimental to SOFC performance than operating the device with dry methanol as the fuel. In situ optical techniques will continue to provide the chemical information and mechanistic insight that is critical for SOFCs to become a viable energy conversion technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Pomfret
- †Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Robert A Walker
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Owrutsky
- †Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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Hara M, Inukai J, Miyatake K, Uchida H, Watanabe M. Temperature dependence of the water distribution inside a Nafion membrane in an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell. A micro-Raman study. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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