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Essalmi S, Lotfi S, BaQais A, Saadi M, Arab M, Ait Ahsaine H. Design and application of metal organic frameworks for heavy metals adsorption in water: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9365-9390. [PMID: 38510487 PMCID: PMC10951820 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing apprehension surrounding heavy metal pollution in both environmental and industrial contexts has spurred extensive research into adsorption materials aimed at efficient remediation. Among these materials, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have risen as versatile and promising contenders due to their adjustable properties, expansive surface areas, and sustainable characteristics, compared to traditional options like activated carbon and zeolites. This exhaustive review delves into the synthesis techniques, structural diversity, and adsorption capabilities of MOFs for the effective removal of heavy metals. The article explores the evolution of MOF design and fabrication methods, highlighting pivotal parameters influencing their adsorption performance, such as pore size, surface area, and the presence of functional groups. In this perspective review, a thorough analysis of various MOFs is presented, emphasizing the crucial role of ligands and metal nodes in adapting MOF properties for heavy metal removal. Moreover, the review delves into recent advancements in MOF-based composites and hybrid materials, shedding light on their heightened adsorption capacities, recyclability, and potential for regeneration. Challenges for optimization, regeneration efficiency and minimizing costs for large-scale applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Essalmi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, MohammedV University in Rabat Morocco
- Université de Toulon, AMU, CNRS, IM2NP CS 60584 Toulon Cedex 9 France
| | - S Lotfi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, MohammedV University in Rabat Morocco
| | - A BaQais
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University P. O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - M Saadi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, MohammedV University in Rabat Morocco
| | - M Arab
- Université de Toulon, AMU, CNRS, IM2NP CS 60584 Toulon Cedex 9 France
| | - H Ait Ahsaine
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Centre des Sciences des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, MohammedV University in Rabat Morocco
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Kurchavov D, Rustambek U, Haddad M, Ottochian A, Lefèvre G, Ciofini I, Lair V, Volovitch P. Influence of PEG-containing cation on molecular state of water in water – Acetate based ionic liquids mixtures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kang CSM, Hutt OE, Pringle JM. Halide-Free Synthesis of New Difluoro(oxalato)borate [DFOB] - -Based Ionic Liquids and Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200115. [PMID: 35451216 PMCID: PMC9401595 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of next-generation batteries requires the development of safe, compatible electrolytes that are stable and do not cause safety problems. The difluoro(oxalato)borate ([DFOB]- ) anion has been used as an electrolyte additive to aid with stability, but such an approach has most commonly been carried out using flammable solvent electrolytes. As an alternative approach, utilisation of the [DFOB]- anion to make ionic liquids (ILs) or Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals (OIPCs) allows the advantageous properties of ILs or OIPCs, such as higher thermal stability and non-volatility, combined with the benefits of the [DFOB]- anion. Here, we report the synthesis of new [DFOB]- -based ILs paired with triethylmethylphosphonium [P1222 ]+ , and diethylisobutylmethylphosphonium [P122i4 ]+ . We also report the first OIPCs containing the [DFOB]- anion, formed by combination with the 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium [C2 mpyr]+ cation, and the triethylmethylammonium [N1222 ]+ cation. The traditional synthetic route using halide starting materials has been successfully replaced by a halide-free tosylate-based synthetic route that is advantageous for a purer, halide free product. The synthesised [DFOB]- -based salts exhibit good thermal stability, while the ILs display relatively high ionic conductivity. Thus, the new [DFOB]- -based electrolytes show promise for further investigation as battery electrolytes both in liquid and solid-state form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S. M. Kang
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin University221 Burwood HwyBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
| | - Oliver E. Hutt
- Boron Molecular500 Princes HwyNoble ParkVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer M. Pringle
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin University221 Burwood HwyBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
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Wylie L, Hakatayama-Sato K, Go C, Oyaizu K, Izgorodina EI. Electrochemical characterization and thermodynamic analysis of TEMPO derivatives in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10205-10217. [PMID: 33481976 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the reversibility of the reduction process of three TEMPO derivatives - TEMPOL, 4-cyano-TEMPO, and 4-oxo-TEMPO. The [C2mim][BF4] and [C4mpyr][OTf] ionic liquids (ILs) were used to perform cyclic voltammetry (CV) to analyse the redox potentials of the TEMPO derivatives. The former was previously shown to quench the aminoxy anion of TEMPO through a proton transfer reaction with the cation, whereas the latter supported the irreversibility of the TEMPO reduction process. In CV results on TEMPO derivatives, it was shown that [C4mpyr][OTf] could allow for a high degree of reversibility in the reduction of 4-cyano-TEMPO and a moderate degree of reversibility in the reduction of TEMPOL. In comparison, reduction of 4-cyano-TEMPO was predominantly irreversible in [C2mim][BF4], whilst TEMPOL showed complete irreversibility. 4-Oxo-TEMPO did not show any notable reduction reversibility in either IL tested. Reduction potentials showed little variation between the derivatives and 0.2 V variation between the ILs, with the most negative reduction potential being observed at -1.43 V vs. Fc/Fc+ for TEMPOL in [C4mpyr][OTf]. To explain the varying degrees of reversibility of the reduction process, four types of side reactions involving proton transfer to the aminoxy anion were studied using highly correlated quantum chemical methods. Proton transfer from the IL cation was shown to have the ability to quench all three aminoxy anions depending on the IL used. On average, TEMPOL was shown to be the most susceptible to proton transfer from the IL cation, having an average Gibbs free energy (GFE) of 10.5 kJ mol-1 more negative than that of 4-cyano-TEMPO, which was shown to have the highest GFE of proton transfer. Side reactions between water and aminoxy anions were also seen to have the potential to contribute to degradation of the aminoxy anions tested, with 4-oxo-TEMPO being shown to be the most reactive to degradation with water with a GFE of -12.6 kJ mol-1. 4-Oxo-TEMPO was found to be highly susceptible to self-quenching by its aminoxy anion and radical form with highly negative proton transfer GFEs of -47.9 kJ mol-1 and -57.7 kJ mol-1, respectively. Overall, 4-cyano-TEMPO is recommended as being the most stable of the aminoxy anions tested with TEMPOL, thus providing a viable alternative to improve solubility should the IL be tuned to maximize its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wylie
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kan Hakatayama-Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Choitsu Go
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Kuusik I, Kook M, Pärna R, Kisand V. Ionic Liquid Vapors in Vacuum: Possibility to Derive Anodic Stabilities from DFT and UPS. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5255-5265. [PMID: 33681566 PMCID: PMC7931180 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) investigations of several gas-phase ionic liquid (IL) ion pairs have been conducted. [EMIM][OTF], [PYR14][OTF], [EMIM][DCA], [PYR14][DCA], [PYR14][TCM], [PYR14][FSI], [PYR14][PF6], [S222][TFSI], [P4441][TFSI], and [EMMIM][TFSI] vapor UPS spectra are presented for the first time. The experimental low-binding-energy cutoff value (highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO energy) of the ionic liquid ion pairs, which is of great interest, has been measured. Many studies use calculated gas-phase electronic properties to estimate the liquid-phase electrochemical stability. Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to interpret the experimental data. The gas-phase photoelectron spectra in conjunction with the theoretical calculations are able to verify most HOMO energies and assign them to the cation or anion. The hybrid M06 functional is shown to offer a very good description of the ionic liquid electronic structure. In some cases, the excellent agreement between the UPS spectra and the M06 calculation validates the conformer found and constitutes as a first indirect experimental determination of ionic liquid ion-pair structure. Comparisons with recent theoretical studies are made, and implications for electrochemical applications are discussed. The new data provide a much-needed reference for future ab initio calculations and support the argument that modeling of IL cations and anions separately is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Kuusik
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rainer Pärna
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vambola Kisand
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Shirota H, Ando M, Kakinuma S, Takahashi K. Ultrafast Dynamics in Nonaromatic Cation Based Ionic Liquids: A Femtosecond Raman-Induced Kerr Effect Spectroscopic Study. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shirota
- Department of Chemistry, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shohei Kakinuma
- Department of Chemistry, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Šantić A, Brinkkötter M, Portada T, Frkanec L, Cremer C, Schönhoff M, Moguš-Milanković A. Supramolecular ionogels prepared with bis(amino alcohol)oxamides as gelators: ionic transport and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17070-17078. [PMID: 35496933 PMCID: PMC9053178 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular ionogels composed of an ionic liquid (IL) immobilized in a network of self-assembled low-molecular weight molecules have been attracting considerable interest due to their applicability as smart electrolytes for various electrochemical applications. Despite considerable scientific effort in this field, the design of a mechanically and thermally stable yet highly conductive supramolecular ionogels still remains a challenge. In this article, we report on a series of novel ionogels of three ILs containing different cations (imidazolium/pyrrolidinium) and anions (tetrafluoroborate/bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) prepared using (S,S)-bis(amino alcohol)oxamides as gelators. The gelation behaviour of the oxamide compound depends strongly on the structural features of amino alcohol substituents. Among them, (S,S)-bis(valinol)oxamide (capable of gelling all three ILs) and (S,S)-bis(phenylalaninol)oxamide (capable of gelling ILs based on bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with a concentration as low as ≈0.2 wt%) are highly efficient. All investigated supramolecular ionogels retain the high ionic conductivity and ion diffusion coefficients of their parent IL, even for high gelator concentrations. Further, at low temperatures we observe an enhancement of the ionic conductivity in ionogels of (i) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate which can be attributed to specific interactions between ionic species and gelator molecules and (ii) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide due to inhibited crystallization. In contrast to ionic transport, mechanical strength of the ionogels shows a wider variation depending on the type and concentration of the oxamide gelator. Among all the ionogels, that of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide prepared with 1 wt% (S,S)-bis(phenylalaninol)oxamide exhibits the best performance: optical transparency, stability over a wide temperature range, high conductivity and high mechanical strength. The results presented here reveal the versatile nature of bis(amino alcohol)oxamides as gelators and their high potential for preparing functionalized IL-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Šantić
- Laboratory for Functional Materials, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Marc Brinkkötter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tomislav Portada
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Cornelia Cremer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andrea Moguš-Milanković
- Laboratory for Functional Materials, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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Jablonskas D, Ivanov M, Banys J, Giffin GA, Passerini S. Dielectric spectroscopy of Pyr14TFSI and Pyr12O1TFSI ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Holze R. Ionic conductivities of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethansulfonate. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02723-9_1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Holze R. Ionic conductivities of N-methoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02723-9_1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Fadeeva TA, Husson P, DeVine JA, Costa Gomes MF, Greenbaum SG, Castner EW. Interactions between water and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:064503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4928065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Fadeeva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Pascale Husson
- CNRS, UMR 6296, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 80026, F-63171 Aubière, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jessalyn A. DeVine
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Greenbaum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Edward W. Castner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Chaban VV, Voroshylova IV. Systematic refinement of Canongia Lopes-Pádua force field for pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6242-9. [PMID: 25826190 DOI: 10.1021/jp5122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reliable force field (FF) is a central issue in successful prediction of physical chemical properties via computer simulations. While Canongia Lopes-Pádua (CL&P) FF provides good to excellent thermodynamics and structure of pure room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), it suffers from drastically and systematically underestimated ionic motion. This occurs due to neglected partial electron transfer from the anion to the cation, resulting in unphysically small simulated self-diffusion and conductivity and high shear viscosities. We report a systematic refinement of the CL&P FF for six pyrrolidinium-based RTILs (1-N-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide, triflate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, tetrafluoroborate, chloride). The elaborated procedure accounts for specific cation-anion interactions in the liquid phase. Once these interactions are described effectively, experimentally determined transport properties can be reproduced with an acceptable accuracy. Together with the original CL&P parameters, our force field fosters computational investigation of ionic liquids. In addition, the reported results shed more light on the chemical nature of cation-anion binding in various families of RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Chaban
- †Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 12247-014 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iuliia V Voroshylova
- ‡CIQ/REQUIMTE - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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WITHDRAWN: Ionic liquid mixtures with tunable physicochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An advanced ionic liquid-lithium salt electrolyte mixture based on the bis(fluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Yang HM, Song XL, Yang TL, Liang ZH, Fan CM, Hao XG. Electrochemical synthesis of flower shaped morphology MOFs in an ionic liquid system and their electrocatalytic application to the hydrogen evolution reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kaintz A, Baker G, Benesi A, Maroncelli M. Solute diffusion in ionic liquids, NMR measurements and comparisons to conventional solvents. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11697-708. [PMID: 23968276 DOI: 10.1021/jp405393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion coefficients of a variety of dilute solutes in the series of 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imides ([Prn1][Tf2N], n = 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10), trihexyltetracedecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [P14,666][Tf2N], and assorted imidazolium ionic liquids are measured using pulsed field gradient (1)H NMR. These data, combined with available literature data, are used to try to uncover the solute and solvent characteristics most important in determining tracer diffusion rates. Discussion is framed in terms of departures from simple hydrodynamic predictions for translational friction using the ratio ζobs/ζSE, where ζobs is the observed friction, determined from the measured diffusion coefficient D via ζobs = kBT/D, and ζSE = 6πηR is the Stokes friction on a sphere of radius R (determined from the solute van der Waals volume) in a solvent with viscosity η. In the case of neutral solutes, the primary determinant of whether hydrodynamic predictions are accurate is the relative size of solute versus solvent molecules. A single correlation, albeit with considerable scatter, is found between ζobs/ζSE and the ratio of solute-to-solvent van der Waals volumes, ζobs/ζSE = {1 + a(VU/VV)(-p)}, with constants a = 1.93 and p = 1.88. In the case of small solutes, the observed friction is over 100-fold smaller than predictions of hydrodynamic models. The dipole moment of the solute has little effect on the friction, whereas solute charge has a marked effect. For monovalent solutes of size comparable to or smaller than the solvent ions, the observed friction is comparable to or even greater than what is predicted by hydrodynamics. These general trends are shown to be quite similar to what is observed for tracer diffusion in conventional solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kaintz
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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