1
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Clarke TB, Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Colón-Quintana G, Roy K, Rana A, Renault C, Hill ML, Dick JE. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9015-9080. [PMID: 39018111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Making a measurement over millions of nanoparticles or exposed crystal facets seldom reports on reactivity of a single nanoparticle or facet, which may depart drastically from ensemble measurements. Within the past 30 years, science has moved toward studying the reactivity of single atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, one at a time. This shift has been fueled by the realization that everything changes at the nanoscale, especially important industrially relevant properties like those important to electrocatalysis. Studying single nanoscale entities, however, is not trivial and has required the development of new measurement tools. This review explores a tale of the clever use of old and new measurement tools to study electrocatalysis at the single entity level. We explore in detail the complex interrelationship between measurement method, electrocatalytic material, and reaction of interest (e.g., carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, hydrazine oxidation, etc.). We end with our perspective on the future of single entity electrocatalysis with a key focus on what types of measurements present the greatest opportunity for fundamental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Megan L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Poderyte M, Ramanavicius A, Valiūnienė A. Exploring the Living Cell: Applications and Advances of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38557222 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2328135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A living cell is a complex network of molecular, biochemical and physiological processes. Cellular activities, such as ion transport, metabolic processes, and cell-cell interactions can be determined electrochemically by detecting the electrons or ions exchanged in these processes. Electrochemical methods often are noninvasive, and they can enable the real-time monitoring of cellular processes. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an advanced scanning probe electroanalysis technique that can map the surface topography and local reactivity of a substrate with high precision at the micro- or nanoscale. By measuring electrochemical signals, such as redox reactions, ion fluxes, and pH changes, SECM can provide valuable insights into cellular activity. As a result of its compatibility with liquid medium measurements and its nondestructive nature, SECM has gained popularity in living cell research. This review aims to furnish an overview of SECM, elucidating its principles, applications, and its potential to contribute significantly to advancements in cell biology, electroporation, and biosensors. As a multidisciplinary tool, SECM is distinguished by its ability to unravel the intricacies of living cells and offers promising avenues for breakthroughs in our understanding of cellular complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Poderyte
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Centre of Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Valiūnienė
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Rajapakse D, Meckstroth J, Jantz DT, Camarda KV, Yao Z, Leonard KC. Deconvoluting Kinetic Rate Constants of Catalytic Substrates from Scanning Electrochemical Approach Curves with Artificial Neural Networks. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:103-112. [PMID: 37090257 PMCID: PMC10120032 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracting information from experimental measurements in the chemical sciences typically requires curve fitting, deconvolution, and/or solving the governing partial differential equations via numerical (e.g., finite element analysis) or analytical methods. However, using numerical or analytical methods for high-throughput data analysis typically requires significant postprocessing efforts. Here, we show that deep learning artificial neural networks can be a very effective tool for extracting information from experimental data. As an example, reactivity and topography information from scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves are highly convoluted. This study utilized multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks trained on simulated SECM data to extract kinetic rate constants of catalytic substrates. Our key findings were that multilayer perceptron models performed very well when the experimental data were close to the ideal conditions with which the model was trained. However, convolutional neural networks, which analyze images as opposed to direct data, were able to accurately predict the kinetic rate constant of Fe-doped nickel (oxy)hydroxide catalyst at different applied potentials even though the experimental approach curves were not ideal. Due to the speed at which machine learning models can analyze data, we believe this study shows that artificial neural networks could become powerful tools in high-throughput data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinuka Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Josh Meckstroth
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Kyle Vincent Camarda
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Zijun Yao
- Department
of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Kansas, 2001 Eaton Hall, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
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4
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Kurapati N, Janda DC, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanogap-Resolved Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Implications for Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17956-17963. [PMID: 36512745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of adsorption-coupled electron-transfer (ACET) reactions can be identified experimentally. The electron transfer (ET) and specific adsorption of redox-active molecules are coupled in many electrode reactions with practical importance and fundamental interest. ACET reactions are often represented by a concerted mechanism. In reductive adsorption, an oxidant is simultaneously reduced and adsorbed as a reductant on the electrode surface through the ACET step. Alternatively, the non-concerted mechanism mediates outer-sphere reduction and adsorption separately when the reductant adsorption is reversible. In electrocatalysis, reversibly adsorbed reductants are ubiquitous and crucial intermediates. Moreover, electrocatalysis is complicated by the mixed mechanism based on simultaneous ACET and outer-sphere ET steps. In this work, we reveal the non-concerted mechanism for ferrocene derivatives adsorbed at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as simple models. We enable the transient voltammetric mode of nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to kinetically control the adsorption step, which is required for the discrimination of non-concerted, concerted, and mixed mechanisms. Experimental voltammograms are compared with each mechanism by employing finite element simulation. The non-concerted mechanism is supported to indicate that the ACET step is intrinsically slower than its outer-sphere counterpart by at least four orders of magnitude. This finding implies that an ACET step is facilitated thermodynamically but may not be necessarily accelerated or catalyzed by the adsorption of the reductant. SECM-based transient voltammetry will become a powerful tool to resolve and understand electrocatalytic ACET reactions at the elementary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donald C Janda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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5
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Jantz DT, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Kurapati N, Amemiya S, Leonard KC. Simultaneous Intelligent Imaging of Nanoscale Reactivity and Topography by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8906-8914. [PMID: 34129324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables reactivity and topography imaging of single nanostructures in the electrolyte solution. The in situ reactivity and topography, however, are convoluted in the real-time image, thus requiring another imaging method for subsequent deconvolution. Herein, we develop an intelligent mode of nanoscale SECM to simultaneously obtain separate reactivity and topography images of non-flat substrates with reactive and inert regions. Specifically, an ∼0.5 μm-diameter Pt tip approaches a substrate with an ∼0.15 μm-height active Au band adjacent to an ∼0.4 μm-wide slope of the inactive glass surface followed by a flat inactive glass region. The amperometric tip current versus tip-substrate distance is measured to observe feedback effects including redox-mediated electron tunneling from the substrate. The intelligent SECM software automatically terminates the tip approach depending on the local reactivity and topography of the substrate under the tip. The resultant short tip-substrate distances allow for non-contact and high-resolution imaging in contrast to other imaging modes based on approach curves. The numerical post-analysis of each approach curve locates the substrate under the tip for quantitative topography imaging and determines the tip current at a constant distance for topography-independent reactivity imaging. The nanoscale grooves are revealed by intelligent topography SECM imaging as compared to scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy without reactivity information and as unnoticed by constant-height SECM imaging owing to the convolution of topography with reactivity. Additionally, intelligent reactivity imaging traces abrupt changes in the constant-distance tip current across the Au/glass boundary, which prevents constant-current SECM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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6
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Jantz DT, Seuferling TE, Leonard KC. Numerical Deconvolution of Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Experiments on Platinum During Hydrogen Evolution. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Tess E. Seuferling
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
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7
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Caniglia G, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy and its potential for studying biofilms and antimicrobial coatings. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6133-6148. [PMID: 32691088 PMCID: PMC7442582 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are known to be well-organized microbial communities embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix, which supplies bacterial protection against external stressors. Biofilms are widespread and diverse, and despite the considerable large number of publications and efforts reported regarding composition, structure and cell-to-cell communication within biofilms in the last decades, the mechanisms of biofilm formation, the interaction and communication between bacteria are still not fully understood. This knowledge is required to understand why biofilms form and how we can combat them or how we can take advantage of these sessile communities, e.g. in biofuel cells. Therefore, in situ and real-time monitoring of nutrients, metabolites and quorum sensing molecules is of high importance, which may help to fill that knowledge gap. This review focuses on the potential of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a versatile method for in situ studies providing temporal and lateral resolution in order to elucidate cell-to-cell communication, microbial metabolism and antimicrobial impact, e.g. of antimicrobial coatings through the study of electrochemical active molecules. Given the complexity and diversity of biofilms, challenges and limitations will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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8
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Balla RJ, Jantz DT, Kurapati N, Chen R, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanoscale Intelligent Imaging Based on Real-Time Analysis of Approach Curve by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10227-10235. [PMID: 31310104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables high-resolution imaging by examining the amperometric response of an ultramicroelectrode tip near a substrate. Spatial resolution, however, is compromised for nonflat substrates, where distances from a tip far exceed the tip size to avoid artifacts caused by the tip-substrate contact. Herein, we propose a new imaging mode of SECM based on real-time analysis of the approach curve to actively control nanoscale tip-substrate distances without contact. The power of this software-based method is demonstrated by imaging an insulating substrate with step edges using standard instrumentation without combination of another method for distance measurement, e.g., atomic force microscopy. An ∼500 nm diameter Pt tip approaches down to ∼50 nm from upper and lower terraces of a 500 nm height step edge, which are located by real-time theoretical fitting of an experimental approach curve to ensure the lack of electrochemical reactivity. The tip approach to the step edge can be terminated at <20 nm prior to the tip-substrate contact as soon as the theory deviates from the tip current, which is analyzed numerically afterward to locate the inert edge. The advantageous local adjustment of tip height and tip current at the final point of tip approach distinguishes the proposed imaging mode from other modes based on standard instrumentation. In addition, the glass sheath of the Pt tip is thinned to ∼150 nm to rarely contact the step edge, which is unavoidable and instantaneously detected as an abrupt change in the slope of approach curve to prevent damage of the fragile nanotip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Dylan T Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1501 Wakarusa Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1501 Wakarusa Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , 219 Parkman Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
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9
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Pathirathna P, Balla RJ, Jantz DT, Kurapati N, Gramm ER, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Probing High Permeability of Nuclear Pore Complexes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Ca 2+ Effects on Transport Barriers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5446-5454. [PMID: 30907572 PMCID: PMC6535230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) solely mediates molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell to play important biological and biomedical roles. However, it is not well-understood chemically how this biological nanopore selectively and efficiently transports various substances, including small molecules, proteins, and RNAs by using transport barriers that are rich in highly disordered repeats of hydrophobic phenylalanine and glycine intermingled with charged amino acids. Herein, we employ scanning electrochemical microscopy to image and measure the high permeability of NPCs to small redox molecules. The effective medium theory demonstrates that the measured permeability is controlled by diffusional translocation of probe molecules through water-filled nanopores without steric or electrostatic hindrance from hydrophobic or charged regions of transport barriers, respectively. However, the permeability of NPCs is reduced by a low millimolar concentration of Ca2+, which can interact with anionic regions of transport barriers to alter their spatial distributions within the nanopore. We employ atomic force microscopy to confirm that transport barriers of NPCs are dominantly recessed (∼80%) or entangled (∼20%) at the high Ca2+ level in contrast to authentic populations of entangled (∼50%), recessed (∼25%), and "plugged" (∼25%) conformations at a physiological Ca2+ level of submicromolar. We propose a model for synchronized Ca2+ effects on the conformation and permeability of NPCs, where transport barriers are viscosified to lower permeability. Significantly, this result supports a hypothesis that the functional structure of transport barriers is maintained not only by their hydrophobic regions, but also by charged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J. Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Erin R. Gramm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
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10
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Zhao Z, Leonard KC, Boika A. Hot-Tip Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Theory and Experiments Under Positive and Negative Feedback Conditions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2970-2977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aliaksei Boika
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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11
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Hui J, Gossage ZT, Sarbapalli D, Hernández-Burgos K, Rodríguez-López J. Advanced Electrochemical Analysis for Energy Storage Interfaces. Anal Chem 2018; 91:60-83. [PMID: 30428255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Zachary T Gossage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Dipobrato Sarbapalli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Kenneth Hernández-Burgos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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12
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Kai T, Zhou M, Johnson S, Ahn HS, Bard AJ. Direct Observation of C2O4•– and CO2•– by Oxidation of Oxalate within Nanogap of Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16178-16183. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Kai
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyun S. Ahn
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Huang L, Li Z, Lou Y, Cao F, Zhang D, Li X. Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1389. [PMID: 30096895 PMCID: PMC6119995 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a chemical microscopy technique with high spatial resolution for imaging sample topography and mapping specific chemical species in liquid environments. With the development of smaller, more sensitive ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and more precise computer-controlled measurements, SECM has been widely used to study biological systems over the past three decades. Recent methodological breakthroughs have popularized SECM as a tool for investigating molecular-level chemical reactions. The most common applications include monitoring and analyzing the biological processes associated with enzymatic activity and DNA, and the physiological activity of living cells and other microorganisms. The present article first introduces the basic principles of SECM, followed by an updated review of the applications of SECM in biological studies on enzymes, DNA, proteins, and living cells. Particularly, the potential of SECM for investigating bacterial and biofilm activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyu Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuntian Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fahe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Jantz DT, Leonard KC. Characterizing Electrocatalysts with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
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15
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Kim J, Renault C, Nioradze N, Arroyo-Currás N, Leonard KC, Bard AJ. Nanometer Scale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10284-10289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboratoire
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93111, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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