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Lyu Y, Zheng J, Wang S. Photoelectrochemical Lithium Extraction from Waste Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301526. [PMID: 38538545 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The amount of global hybrid-electric and all electric vehicle has increased dramatically in just five years and reached an all-time high of over 10 million units in 2022. A good deal of waste lithium (Li)-containing batteries from dead vehicles are invaluable unconventional resources with high usage of Li. However, the recycle of Li by green approaches is extremely inefficient and rare from waste batteries, giving rise to severe environmental pollutions and huge squandering of resources. Thus, in this mini review, we briefly summarized a green and promising route-photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for extracting the Li from the waste lithium-containing batteries. This review first focuses on the critical factors of PEC performance, including light harvesting, charge-carrier dynamics, and surface chemical reactions. Subsequently, the conventional and PEC technologies applying in the area of Li recovery processes are analyzed and discussed in depth, and the potential challenges and future perspective for rational and healthy development of PEC Li extraction are provided positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Lyu
- School of Physical and Chemistry, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jianyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Liu X, Wu F, Qu G, Zhang T, He M. Recycling and reutilization of smelting dust as a secondary resource: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119228. [PMID: 37806275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Smelting dust is a toxic waste produced in metal-mineral pyrometallurgical processes. To eliminate or reduce the adverse environmental impacts of smelting dust, valuable components need to be selectively separated from the toxic components present in the waste. This paper reviews the chemical composition, phase composition and particle size distribution characteristics of smelting dust, and the results show that smelting dust has excellent physicochemical characteristics for recovering valuable metals. The process flow, critical factors, development status, advantages and disadvantages of traditional technologies such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and biometallurgy were discussed in depth. Conventional treatment methods typically prioritize separating and reclaiming specific elements with high concentrations. However, these methods face challenges such as excessive chemical usage and limited selectivity, which can hinder the sustainable utilization of smelting dust. With the increasing scarcity of resources and strict environmental requirements, a single treatment process can hardly fulfil the demand, and a physical field-enhanced technology for releasing and separating valuable metals is proposed. Through analysing the effect of electric field, microwave and ultrasound on recovering valuable metals from smelting dust, the enhancement mechanism of physical field on the extraction process was clarified. This paper aimed to provide reference for the resource utilization of smelting dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenghui Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Minjie He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
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Zhou J, Leung TK, Peng Z, Li X, Chen K, Yuan J, Leung MKH. Balancing Volmer Step by Superhydrophilic Dual-Active Domains for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300441. [PMID: 37118851 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is largely determined by balancing the Volmer step in alkaline media. Bifunctionality as a proposed strategy can divide the work of water dissociation and intermediates (OH* and H*) adsorption/desorption. However, sluggish OH* desorption plagues water re-adsorption, which leads to poisoning effects of active sites. Some active sites may even directly act as spectators and do not participate in the reaction. Furthermore, the activity comparison under approximate nanostructure between bifunctional effect and single-exposed active sites is not fully understood. Here, a facile three-step strategy is adopted to successfully grow molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) on cobalt-containing nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Co-NCNTs), forming obvious dual active domains. The active sites on domains of Co-NCNTs and MoS2 and the tuned electronic structure at the heterointerface trigger the bifunctional effect to balance the Volmer step and improve the catalytic activity. The HER driven by the bifunctional effect can significantly optimize the Gibbs free energy of water dissociation and hydrogen adsorption, resulting in fast reaction kinetics and superior catalytic performance. As a result, the Co-NCNTs/MoS2 catalyst outperforms other HER electrocatalysts with low overpotential (58 and 84 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline and neutral conditions, respectively), exceptional stability, and negligible degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhou
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Kei Leung
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zehua Peng
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keda Chen
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael K H Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Chen Z, Lai W, Xu Y, Xie G, Hou W, Zhanchang P, Kuang C, Li Y. Anodic oxidation of ciprofloxacin using different graphite felt anodes: Kinetics and degradation pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124262. [PMID: 33213981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is ubiquitous in the environment which poses a certain threat to human and ecology. In this investigation, the physical and electrochemical properties of graphite felt (GF) anodes which affected the anodic oxidation (AO) performance, and the CIP removal effect of GF were evaluated. The GFs were used as anodes for detection of ·OH with coumarin (COU) as molecule probe and removal of CIP in a 150 mL electrolytic cell with Pt cathode (AO-GF/Pt system). The results showed that hydrophilic GF (B-GF) owned higher sp3/sp2 and more oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing functional groups than the hydrophobic GF (A-GF). Moreover, B-GF possessed higher oxygen evolution potential (1.12 V), more active sites and stronger ·OH generation capacity. Above mentioned caused that B-GF exhibited more superior properties for CIP removal. The best efficiencies (96.95%, 99.83%) were obtained in the AO-B-GF/Pt system at 6.25 mAcm-2 after 10 min (k1, 0.356 min-1) and 60 min (k2, 0.224 min-1), respectively. Furthermore, nine degradation pathways of CIP in AO-B-GF/Pt system were summarized as the cleavage of the piperazine ring, cyclopropyl group, quinolone ring and F atom by ·OH. It provides new insights into the removal and degradation pathways of CIP with GF in AO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyao Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weikang Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guangyan Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Waner Hou
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pan Zhanchang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaozhi Kuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Oxidative dissolution of synthetic vivianites as a method for the crystallization of molecular structural motifs. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kuang C, Xu Y, Lai W, Xie G, Pan Z, Zheng L, Talawar MP, Ling J, Ye S, Zhou X. Novel electrodes for cathode electro-Fenton oxidation coupled with anodic oxidation system for advanced treatment of livestock wastewater. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gajda I, Greenman J, Santoro C, Serov A, Atanassov P, Melhuish C, Ieropoulos IA. Multi-functional microbial fuel cells for power, treatment and electro-osmotic purification of urine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2019; 94:2098-2106. [PMID: 31423040 PMCID: PMC6686702 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, a small-scale ceramic microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a novel type of metal-carbon-derived electrocatalyst containing iron and nicarbazin (Fe-NCB) was developed, to enhance electricity generation from neat human urine. Substrate oxidation at the anode provides energy for the separation of ions and recovery from urine without any chemical or external power additions. RESULTS The catalyst was shown to be effective in clear electrolyte synthesis of high pH, compared with a range of carbon-based metal-free materials. Polarisation curves of tested MFCs showed up to 53% improvement (44.8 W m-3) in performance with the use of Fe-NCB catalyst.Catholyte production rate and pH directly increased with power performance while the conductivity decreased showing visually clear extracted liquid in the best-performing MFCs. CONCLUSIONS Iron based catalyst Fe-NCB was shown to be a suitable electrocatalyst for the air-breathing cathode, improving power production from urine-fed MFCs. The results suggest electrochemical treatment through electro-osmotic drag while the electricity is produced and not consumed. Electro-osmotic production of clear catholyte is shown to extract water from urine against osmotic pressure. Recovering valuable resources from urine would help to transform energy intensive treatments to resource production, and will create opportunities for new technology development. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gajda
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - John Greenman
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of EnglandBristolUK
- Department of Applied SciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Carlo Santoro
- Center for Micro‐Engineered Materials (CMEM), Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Alexey Serov
- Center for Micro‐Engineered Materials (CMEM), Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Center for Micro‐Engineered Materials (CMEM), Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Chris Melhuish
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of EnglandBristolUK
| | - Ioannis A Ieropoulos
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of EnglandBristolUK
- Department of Applied SciencesUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
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Huang H, Han C, Wang G, Feng C. Lignin combined with polypyrrole as a renewable cathode material for H2O2 generation and its application in the electro-Fenton process for azo dye removal. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Xue Y, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Jin W. Reinforced As(III) oxidation by the in-situ electro-generated hydrogen peroxide on MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets modified carbon felt in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xue Y, Zheng S, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Jin W. Alkaline electrochemical advanced oxidation process for chromium oxidation at graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:156-163. [PMID: 28544901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for chromium oxidation and Cr-contaminated waste disposal were reported in this study. The highly graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes g-MWCNTs modified electrode was prepared for the in-situ electrochemical generation of HO2-. RRDE test results illustrated that g-MWCNTs exhibited much higher two-electron oxygen reduction activity than other nanocarbon materials with peak current density of 1.24 mA cm-2, %HO2- of 77.0% and onset potential of -0.15 V (vs. Hg/HgO). It was originated from the highly graphitized structure and good electrical conductivity as illustrated from the Raman, XRD and EIS characterizations, respectively. Large amount of reactive oxygen species (HO2- and ·OH) were in-situ electro-generated from the two-electron oxygen reduction and chromium-induced alkaline electro-Fenton-like reaction. The oxidation of Cr(III) was efficiently achieved within 90 min and the conversion ratio maintained more than 95% of the original value after stability test, offering an efficient and green approach for the utilization of Cr-containing wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shili Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Xue Y, Maduraiveeran G, Wang M, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Jin W. Hierarchical oxygen-implanted MoS 2 nanoparticle decorated graphene for the non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. Talanta 2017; 176:397-405. [PMID: 28917767 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the extensive applications of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in biological, environmental and chemical engineering, it is of great importance to investigate sensitive and selective sensing platform towards the detection of H2O2. Herein, oxygen-implanted MoS2 nanoparticles decorated graphene nanocomposite is synthesized via a facile one-pot solvothermal method for the sensitive detection of H2O2 in alkaline media. The structure and morphology of the MoS2/graphene nanocomposites were systematically characterized, showing that Mo-O bonds are formed and oxygen is implanted into the crystal structure in the nanocomposite. As a result, the MoS2/graphene composite exhibited enhanced electron transfer kinetics and excellent electro-reduction performance towards H2O2 in alkaline media. Under optimum conditions, the fabricated sensor demonstrated a wide linear response towards H2O2 in the range of 0.25-16mM with a low detection limit of 0.12μM and high sensitivity of 269.7μAmM-1cm-2. Besides, the constructed sensor presented a good selectivity to H2O2 with the presence of other interfering species. Therefore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for the detection and determination of H2O2 in real sample, indicating great potential for the practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Mingyong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shili Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Xue Y, Cai W, Zheng S, Yan W, Hu J, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Jin W. W-doped MoS2 nanosheets as a highly-efficient catalyst for hydrogen peroxide electroreduction in alkaline media. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel W-doped MoS2 electrocatalysts have been successfully fabricated through a facile one-pot solvothermal method and employed for the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR) in emerging alkaline H2O2-based fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Weiquan Cai
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Shili Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wenyi Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jiugang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Zhi Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wei Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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