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Siracusano S, Giacobello F, Tonella S, Oldani C, Aricò AS. Ce-radical Scavenger-Based Perfluorosulfonic Acid Aquivion ® Membrane for Pressurised PEM Electrolysers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3906. [PMID: 37835954 PMCID: PMC10575047 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A Ce-radical scavenger-based perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) Aquivion® membrane (C98 05S-RSP) was developed and assessed for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser applications. The membrane, produced by Solvay Specialty Polymers, had an equivalent weight (EW) of 980 g/eq and a thickness of 50 μm to reduce ohmic losses at a high current density. The electrochemical properties and gas crossover through the membrane were evaluated upon the formation of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) in a range of temperatures between 30 and 90 °C and at various differential pressures (ambient, 10 and 20 bars). Bare extruded (E98 05S) and reinforced (R98 05S) PFSA Aquivion® membranes with similar EWs and thicknesses were assessed for comparison in terms of their performance, stability and hydrogen crossover under the same operating conditions. The method used for the membrane manufacturing significantly influenced the interfacial properties, with the electrodes affecting the polarisation resistance and H2 permeation in the oxygen stream, as well as the degradation rate, as observed in the durability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Siracusano
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Stefano Tonella
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate (MI), Italy; (S.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Claudio Oldani
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate (MI), Italy; (S.T.); (C.O.)
| | - Antonino S. Aricò
- CNR-ITAE, Institute of Advanced Energy Technologies, National Research Council, Via Salita S. Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (A.S.A.)
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2
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Hoof L, Pellumbi K, Heuser S, Siegmund D, junge Puring K, Apfel UP. Wassermanagement als Schlüsselparameter für die Skalierung eines CO
2
‐Elektrolyseurs. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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3
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Kuhnert E, Heidinger M, Sandu D, Hacker V, Bodner M. Analysis of PEM Water Electrolyzer Failure Due to Induced Hydrogen Crossover in Catalyst-Coated PFSA Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:348. [PMID: 36984735 PMCID: PMC10053853 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a leading candidate for the development of a sustainable hydrogen infrastructure. The heart of a PEMWE cell is represented by the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which consists of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) with catalyst layers (CLs), flow fields, and bipolar plates (BPPs). The weakest component of the system is the PEM, as it is prone to chemical and mechanical degradation. Membrane chemical degradation is associated with the formation of hydrogen peroxide due to the crossover of product gases (H2 and O2). In this paper, membrane failure due to H2 crossover was addressed in a membrane-focused accelerated stress test (AST). Asymmetric H2O and gas supply were applied to a test cell in OCV mode at two temperatures (60 °C and 80 °C). Electrochemical characterization at the beginning and at the end of testing revealed a 1.6-fold higher increase in the high-frequency resistance (HFR) at 80 °C. The hydrogen crossover was measured with a micro-GC, and the fluoride emission rate (FER) was monitored during the ASTs. A direct correlation between the FER and H2 crossover was identified, and accelerated membrane degradation at higher temperatures was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kuhnert
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Heidinger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Sandu
- AiDEXA GmbH, Bergmanngasse 45/10, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Viktor Hacker
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Merit Bodner
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Experimental investigation of anion exchange membrane water electrolysis for a tubular microbial electrosynthesis cell design. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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6
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Rodríguez-Peña M, Barrios Pérez JA, Llanos J, Saez C, Barrera-Díaz CE, Rodrigo MA. Toward real applicability of electro-ozonizers: Paying attention to the gas phase using actual commercial PEM electrolyzers technology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133141. [PMID: 34871614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on increasing the TRL of electro-ozonizer technology by evaluating the effect of electrolyte composition and operation conditions on the production of ozone, using an actual commercial cell, CONDIAPURE®, in conditions similar to what could be expected in a real application. Not only is attention paid to the changes in the concentration of ozone in the liquid phase, but also to those observed in the gas phase. The electrolyte and its recirculation flowrate, as well as operation temperatures and pressures are found to have significant influence on production rates. The most efficient way to produce ozone is operating at low temperatures and high pressures. In this work, 0.25 and 0.21 mg O3/min were obtained operating at 10 A in electrolytes consisting of aqueous solutions of perchloric and sulfuric acid, respectively, in tests carried out at 13 °C and 2 bars of gauge pressure. The negative effect of scavengers that appear electrochemically along the production of ozone is very important and seems to be partially compensated when organics are present in the solution due to the competition between the reaction of these scavengers with ozone or organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodríguez-Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J A Barrios Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C E Barrera-Díaz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P. 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering. School of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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7
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Rodríguez-Peña M, Barrios Pérez J, Lobato J, Saez C, Barrera-Díaz C, Rodrigo M. Scale-up in PEM electro-ozonizers for the degradation of organics. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Parache F, Schneider H, Turpin C, Richet N, Debellemanière O, Bru É, Thieu AT, Bertail C, Marot C. Impact of Power Converter Current Ripple on the Degradation of PEM Electrolyzer Performances. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020109. [PMID: 35207031 PMCID: PMC8877858 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an endurance test of 3000 h was conducted on four equivalent proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers to identify and quantify the impact of an electric ripple current on their durability. Three different typical power converter waveforms and frequencies were explored. Signals were added to the same direct current carrier and also tested for reference. Performance comparison based on polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that the ripple current favors degradation. Triangular waveform and a frequency of 10 kHz were identified as the most degrading conditions, leading to a sharp increase in high-frequency resistance (HFR) and the emergence of mass transport limitations due to the enhanced degradation of titanium mesh. Moreover, reversible losses were observed and further explorations are needed to decorrelate them from our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Parache
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’énergie Université de Toulouse (LAPLACE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse(INPT), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France; (H.S.); (C.T.); (É.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Henri Schneider
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’énergie Université de Toulouse (LAPLACE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse(INPT), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France; (H.S.); (C.T.); (É.B.)
| | - Christophe Turpin
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’énergie Université de Toulouse (LAPLACE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse(INPT), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France; (H.S.); (C.T.); (É.B.)
| | - Nicolas Richet
- Air Liquide, Research & Development, Paris Innovation Campus, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78354 Jouy en Joses, France; (N.R.); (O.D.); (A.T.T.); (C.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Olivier Debellemanière
- Air Liquide, Research & Development, Paris Innovation Campus, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78354 Jouy en Joses, France; (N.R.); (O.D.); (A.T.T.); (C.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Éric Bru
- Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’énergie Université de Toulouse (LAPLACE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse(INPT), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), 31077 Toulouse, France; (H.S.); (C.T.); (É.B.)
| | - Anh Thao Thieu
- Air Liquide, Research & Development, Paris Innovation Campus, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78354 Jouy en Joses, France; (N.R.); (O.D.); (A.T.T.); (C.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Caroline Bertail
- Air Liquide, Research & Development, Paris Innovation Campus, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78354 Jouy en Joses, France; (N.R.); (O.D.); (A.T.T.); (C.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Christine Marot
- Air Liquide, Research & Development, Paris Innovation Campus, 1 Chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78354 Jouy en Joses, France; (N.R.); (O.D.); (A.T.T.); (C.B.); (C.M.)
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9
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Pushkarev A, Pushkareva I, Solovyev M, Prokop M, Bystron T, Rajagopalan S, Bouzek K, Grigoriev S. On the influence of porous transport layers parameters on the performances of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kang Z, Alia SM, Young JL, Bender G. Effects of various parameters of different porous transport layers in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Razmjooei F, Farooqui A, Reissner R, Gago AS, Ansar SA, Friedrich KA. Elucidating the Performance Limitations of Alkaline Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis: Dominance of Anion Concentration in Membrane Electrode Assembly. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Razmjooei
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Azharuddin Farooqui
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Regine Reissner
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Aldo Saul Gago
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Syed Asif Ansar
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Kaspar Andreas Friedrich
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center (DLR) Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- Institute of Building Energetics, Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage (IGTE) University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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12
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Enhanced performance of a PtCo recombination catalyst for reducing the H2 concentration in the O2 stream of a PEM electrolysis cell in the presence of a thin membrane and a high differential pressure. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Wu W, Wu XY, Wang SS, Lu CZ. Catalytic hydrogen evolution and semihydrogenation of organic compounds using silicotungstic acid as an electron-coupled-proton buffer in water-organic solvent mixtures. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Towards uniformly distributed heat, mass and charge: A flow field design study for high pressure and high current density operation of PEM electrolysis cells. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Toghyani S, Afshari E, Baniasadi E. Metal foams as flow distributors in comparison with serpentine and parallel flow fields in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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