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Zheng Y, Zhou Z, Jiao M, Wang L, Zhang J, Wu W, Wang J. Lamellar membrane with orderly aligned glycine molecules for efficient proton conduction. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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2
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214252. [PMID: 36430726 PMCID: PMC9694323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.
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Nanohybrid graphene oxide membranes functionalized using 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Jamil A, Rafiq S, Iqbal T, Khan HAA, Khan HM, Azeem B, Mustafa MZ, Hanbazazah AS. Current status and future perspectives of proton exchange membranes for hydrogen fuel cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135204. [PMID: 35660058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The world is on the lookout for sustainable and environmentally benign energy generating systems. Fuel cells (FCs) are regarded as environmentally friendly technology since they address a variety of environmental issues, such as hazardous levels of local pollutants, while also delivering economic advantages owing to their high efficiency. A fuel cell is a device that changes chemical energy contained in fuels (such as hydrogen and methanol) into electrical energy. A wide variety of FCs are commercially available; however, proton exchange membranes for hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received overwhelming attention owing to their potential to significantly reduce our energy consumption, pollution emissions, and reliance on fossil fuels. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a critical element; it is made of semipermeable polymer and serves as a barrier between the cathode and anode during fuel cell construction. Additionally, membranes function as an insulator between the cathode and anode, facilitating proton exchange and inhibiting electron exchange between the electrodes. Due to the excellent features such as durability and proton conductivity, Nafion membranes are commercially viable and have been in use for a long time. However, Nafion membranes are costly, and their proton exchange capacities degrade over time at higher temperatures and low relative humidity. Other types of membranes have been considered in addition to Nafion membranes. This article discusses the problems connected with several types of PEMs, as well as the strategies adopted to improve their characteristics and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Jamil
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (New Campus), Pakistan.
| | - Sikander Rafiq
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (New Campus), Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Iqbal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (New Campus), Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Aroosa Aslam Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Haris Mahmood Khan
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (New Campus), Pakistan
| | - Babar Azeem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - M Z Mustafa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abdulkader S Hanbazazah
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Song J, Sun L, Duan J, Wang W, Qu S. Preparation and performance of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes enhanced with ammonium ionic liquid and graphene oxide. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211069929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of proton exchange membranes with excellent performance has always been under focus for improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In this study, novel ternary composite proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), triethylamine phosphate (TEAP) as the ammonium ionic liquid (AIL), and graphene oxide (GO) were prepared. The prepared membranes were characterized for their physical, physico-chemical, structural, morphological, thermal, mechanical, and electrical characteristics. The thermal stability of the SPEEK membrane was improved by the addition of GO and TEAP. GO was inserted into the composite membrane to form proton transfer channels. The amine ions in AIL formed acid–base pairs with the sulfonic acid group, whereas the oxygen-containing group on GO formed hydrogen bonds with the phosphate group. These groups interacted with each other to form a honeycomb-like structure, which anchored the AIL in the membrane and reduced its loss, providing additional sites for proton transport at higher temperatures. The proton conductivity of the SPEEK/AIL/GO-2 membrane reached 17.345 mS/cm at 120°C, which was 2.09 times higher than that of the pristine SPEEK membrane. This study provides the possibility for better preparation of proton exchange membranes used for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxun Song
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihai Duan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuguo Qu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
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Wang Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Li N, Hu Z, Chen S. Double-filler composite sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) membranes with graphite carbon nitride and graphene oxide as polyelectrolyte for fuel cells. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Raja Pugalenthi M, Ramesh Prabhu M. The Pore filled SPEEK nanofibers matrix combined with ethylene diamine modified SrFeO3 nanoneedles for the cation exchange membrane fuel cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Feng Y, Zhong S, Cui X, Li Y, Ding C, Cui L, Wang M, Yang Y, Liu W. The synergistic effect of polyorganosilicon and sulfonic groups functionalized graphene oxide on the performance of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone ketone) polyelectrolyte material. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Feroze Gooty Saleha W, Nalajala N, Neergat M. Polyaryletherketone in energy conversion and storage devices – a highly tailorable material with versatile properties. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Feroze Gooty Saleha
- Advanced Polymer Design & Development Research Laboratory (APDDRL), School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP) Central Institute of Petrochemical Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Bengaluru India
| | | | - Manoj Neergat
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering (DESE) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) Mumbai India
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Haragirimana A, Li N, Ingabire PB, Hu Z, Chen S. Multi-component organic/inorganic blend proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s for fuel cells. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Effect of sulfated metal oxides on the performance and stability of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) nanocomposite proton exchange membrane for fuel cell applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Friedel-Crafts self-crosslinking of sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) composite proton exchange membrane doped with phosphotungstic acid and carbon-based nanomaterials for fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jin J, Zhao J, Shen S, Yu J, Cheng S, Pan B, Che Q. Constructing anhydrous proton exchange membranes based on cadmium telluride nanocrystal-doped sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/polyurethane composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:205707. [PMID: 32000158 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab71b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanocrystals with thiol stabilizers have been applied widely in the fields of energy storage and transformation. The aim of this work is to develop anhydrous proton exchange membranes (PEMs) by introducing CdTe nanocrystals bearing thioglycolic acid (tga) or mercaptopropionic acid (mpa) stabilizers into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and polyurethane (PU) systems. In the prepared SPEEK/PU/CdTe membranes, CdTe nanocrystals could provide desirable properties such as improving mechanical strength and enhancing proton conductivity by combining with phosphoric acid (PA) molecules. Successful preparation of SPEEK/PU/CdTe/PA membranes was demonstrated by the identification of high and stable proton conductivity and satisfactory thermal/chemical stability and mechanical properties. The fine appearance of membranes revealed uniform dispersion of components. Measurements of properties showed that the SPEEK(74%)/PU/CdTe-mpa(20/60/20)/100%PA membrane as a candidate anhydrous PEM is promising for use in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Specifically, the recommended membrane showed a proton conductivity of 1.18 × 10-1 S cm-1 at 160 °C and 3.96 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 100 °C, lasting for 600 h, and a tensile stress of 14.6 MPa at room temperature. Mixing inorganic CdTe nanocrystals with polymers to form inorganic/organic composite membranes is effective for producing anhydrous PEMs with cheaper polymers without functional groups to conduct protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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S. RRR, W. R, M. K, Y. WW, J. P. Recent Progress in the Development of Aromatic Polymer-Based Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1061. [PMID: 32384660 PMCID: PMC7285229 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) play a pivotal role in fuel cells; conducting protons from the anode to the cathode within the cell's membrane electrode assembles (MEA) separates the reactant fuels and prevents electrons from passing through. High proton conductivity is the most important characteristic of the PEM, as this contributes to the performance and efficiency of the fuel cell. However, it is also important to take into account the membrane's durability to ensure that it canmaintain itsperformance under the actual fuel cell's operating conditions and serve a long lifetime. The current state-of-the-art Nafion membranes are limited due to their high cost, loss of conductivity at elevated temperatures due to dehydration, and fuel crossover. Alternatives to Nafion have become a well-researched topic in recent years. Aromatic-based membranes where the polymer chains are linked together by aromatic rings, alongside varying numbers of ether, ketone, or sulfone functionalities, imide, or benzimidazoles in their structures, are one of the alternatives that show great potential as PEMs due totheir electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal strengths. Membranes based on these polymers, such as poly(aryl ether ketones) (PAEKs) and polyimides (PIs), however, lack a sufficient level of proton conductivity and durability to be practical for use in fuel cells. Therefore, membrane modifications are necessary to overcome their drawbacks. This paper reviews the challenges associated with different types of aromatic-based PEMs, plus the recent approaches that have been adopted to enhance their properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rafidah R. S.
- School of Engineering, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Rashmi W.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
| | - Khalid M.
- Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Wong W. Y.
- Fuel Cell Institute, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Priyanka J.
- Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
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Chakraborty I, Das S, Dubey B, Ghangrekar M. Novel low cost proton exchange membrane made from sulphonated biochar for application in microbial fuel cells. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Qu S, Zhang C, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen L, Yang Y, Kang B, Wang Y, Duan J, Wang W. Enhanced proton conductivity of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes at elevated temperature by incorporating (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-grafted graphene oxide. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Mao X, Xu M, Wu H, He X, Shi B, Cao L, Yang P, Qiu M, Geng H, Jiang Z. Supramolecular Calix[ n]arenes-Intercalated Graphene Oxide Membranes for Efficient Proton Conduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42250-42260. [PMID: 31644869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) membranes with 2D interlaminar channels have triggered intensive interest as ion conductors. Incorporating abundant ion-conducting sites into GO interlayers is recognized as an effective strategy to facilitate ion conduction. Herein, we designed supramolecular compounds, para-sulphonato-calix[n]arenes (p-SC[n]As), as versatile intercalators to acquire highly conductive and robust GO membranes. The SC[n]A with ultrahigh ionic exchange capacity (IECw, 5.37 mmol g-1) imparts sufficient proton donors, and its rigid framework imparts strong support of adjacent nanosheets. We designed three kinds of SC[n]As with the same IECw but different sizes as intercalators, endowing the GO/SC[n]A membranes with increasing ion concentration and d-spacing in the order of GO/SC[4]A < GO/SC[6]A < GO/SC[8]A. Therefore, the interlayers of GO/SC[8]A membranes afforded higher density of proton donors and could accommodate more water molecules to construct more continuous H-bond networks for proton transfer. Accordingly, the proton conductivities exhibited the same increasing trend, up to 327.0 mS cm-1 of GO/SC[8]A-30% at 80 °C, 100% RH, which was 2.80 times higher than that of the GO membrane. Moreover, the GO/SC[n]A membranes remained stable in wet state, along with a 66% elevation in mechanical performance compared to the GO membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunli Mao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Mingzhao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Xueyi He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Benbing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Haobo Geng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
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Fang Z, Xu H, Gao S, Wu Z, Yin Z, Wang J, Yang J, Zhu C. Synthesis of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s in a One‐Pot Polymerization Process and Their Nafion‐Blend Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Hulin Xu
- Beijing Qintian Science & Technology Development Co. Ltd. Beijing 100070 China
| | - Shuitao Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Zhechang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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19
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A novel membrane electrode assembly design for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Characterization and performance evaluation. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Carbon Nanomaterials in Renewable Energy Production and Storage Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04474-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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